L.

Labour, division of, iv. 138.

_Lachês_, authenticity, i. 305, ii. 151; date, i. 304, 306, 308-10, 312, 315, 328, 331 _n._; subject and interlocutors, ii. 138; dramatic contrast of Lachês and Sokrates, 150; should lessons be received from a master of arms, 138; Sokrates refers to a professional judge, 139; the judge must prove his competence, Sokrates confesses incompetence, 140; marks of the Expert, 141; education--virtue must first be known, 142; courage, 143; example instead of definition, _ib._; not endurance, 144; intelligence of things terrible and not terrible, 145, iv. 138; such intelligence not possessed by professional artists, ii. 148; but is an inseparable part of knowledge of good and evil generally, 149; intelligence of good and evil generally--too wide, 146; apparent tendency of Plato's mind in looking for a solution, 147; compared with _Theagês_, 104; _Charmidês_, 168; _Politikus_, iii. 282-4; _Republic_, iv. 138.

Lactantius, the soul, ii. 425 _n._

Land, division of, twelve tribes, iv. 329; perpetuity of lots of, 326, 360; Aristotle on, 326 _n._; succession, 328, 404; distribution of annual produce, 361.

Language, _natural_ rectitude of, ii. 89; origin of, iii. 326 _n._, 328 _n._, 329 _n._; Leibnitz on a philosophical, 322 _n._; see _Names_.

Lassalle, on Herakleitus, iii. 101 _n._, 159 _n._, 309 _n._, 324 _n._; _Homo Mensura_, 297 _n._; _Kratylus_, 306 _n._, 307 _n._; _Timæus_, iv. 228 _n._

Lavoisier, discovery of composition of water, ii. 164 _n._

Law, its various meanings, ii. 91, 92 _n._; our idea of, less extensive than _Nomos_ (q. v.), i. 380 _n._, 382 _n._, ii. 92 _n._; and Nature, antithesis of, 333, 338, i. 197; also in Indian philosophy, 162; Sokrates' disobedience of, 434 _n._; the lawful is the profitable, ii. 36; the consecrated and binding customs, the decree of the city, social or civic opinion, 76; objection, discordance of, 78; is _good_ opinion of the city, true opinion, or finding out of reality, 77; real things are always accounted real, analogies, 79; of Cretan Minos divine and excellent, extant, 80, 90; to Plato only what _ought to be_ law, _is_, 88-90, iii. 317 _n._; reality found out by the Expert, ii. 87-88; fixed, recognised by Demokritus, i. 73; all proceedings of nature conducted according to fixed, iii. 286; of nature, Mill on number of ultimate, 132 _n._; no laws to limit scientific governor, 269; different view, iv. 319; government by fixed, the second-best, iii. 270; test of, goodness of ethical purpose and working, iv. 384; proëm to every important, 321; Cicero coincides, 322 _n._; the proëms, didactic or rhetorical homilies, 322; to serve as type for poets, 323; proëm to laws against heresy, 383; of Zaleukus and Charondas, 323 _n._

Law-administration, objects of punishment, to deter or reform, ii. 270, iv. 408; general coincidence of Platonic and Attic, 363 _n._, 374, 374 _n._, 403, 406, 430; many of Plato's laws are discharges of ethical antipathy, 411; penalties against contentious litigation, 410; oaths for dikasts, judges, and electors only, 413; thirty-seven nomophylakes, 332; many details left to nomophylakes, 341; assisted by select Dikasts, 362; limited power of fining, 360; necessity of precision in terms of accusation, 413 _n._; public and private causes, 339; public, three stages, 340, 415; criminal procedure, 362; distinction of damage and injury, 365; witnesses, 409; abuse of public trust, 412; evasion of military service, _ib._; varieties of homicide, 370-2; penalties, 370; wounds and beating, 372, 374, 408; heresy, and [Greek: u(/bris] to divine things or places, 375-386; neglect of parents, 399 _n._, 407; testaments, 404; divorce, 408; lunacy, 407; poison and sorcery, 407; libels, 409; fugitive slaves, 400; theft, 364, 409; property found, 398; fraudulent traders, 402; mendicants, 409; Benefit societies, 399; suretyship, 415; funerals, _ib._

Laws, the, see _Leges_.

Lectures, Plato's revealed solution of difficulties, an untenable hypothesis, i. 401; differ from dialogues in being given in his own name, 402; of Protagoras, ii. 301; contrasted with cross-examination, 277, 303; dialectic a test of the efficacy of the expository process, i. 358; worthless for instruction, ii. 136, 233 _n._, iii. 33-5, 49, 52, 54, 337 _n._; difference in _Timæus_ and _Kritias_, 53.

_Leges_, authenticity, i. 304, 306, 338, iv. 325 _n._, 389 _n._, 429; date, i. 313, 315, 324, iv. 272, 413 _n._; scene and persons, 272, 277; change in Plato's circumstances and feelings, 273, 320; analogous to Euripides' _Bacchæ_ and Aristophanes' _Nubes_, 277; Xenophon compared, i. 244; Plato's purpose, to remedy all misconduct, iv. 369; no evidence of Plato's study of practical working of different institutions, 397; large proportion of preliminary discussions and didactic exhortation, 281; soul prior to and more powerful than body, 386, 419; the good and the bad souls at work in universe, 386; all things full of gods, 388; Manichæanism in, 389 _n._; good identical with maximum of pleasure and minimum of pain, 292-297, 299-303; at least an useful fiction, 333; justice a good _per se_ and from its _consequences_, 294; what constitutes injustice, 367-9; no man voluntarily wicked, 365, 367; three causes of misguided proceedings, 366; punishment, to deter or reform, _ib._, 408; threefold division of good, 428; virtue fourfold, 417; the four virtues the highest, and source of all other, goods, 428; unity of state's end to be kept in view, 417; the end is the virtue of the citizens, _ib._; Nocturnal Council to comprehend and carry out this end, 416, 418, 425, 429; and enforce orthodox creed, 419; training of counsellors in _Epinomis_, 420, 424; basis of Spartan institutions too narrow, 282; Plato's state, a compromise of oligarchical and democratical sentiment, 333, 337; historical retrospect of society, 307-315; frequent destruction of communities, 307; difficulties of government, seven distinct natural titles to, 309; view of _the lot_, 310; imprudent to found government on any one title only, _ib._; illustrated by Argos, Messênê, Sparta, _ib._; Persia and Athens compared, 312; monarchy and democracy the _mother-polities_, _ib._; bad training of king's sons, _ib._; the Magnetic community, origin of, 274 _n._; its [Greek: u(po/thesis], 328 _n._; site and settlers, 320, 329, 336; circular form, unwalled, 344; defence of territory, rural police, 335; Spartan _Kryptia_ compared, 336; test of laws, goodness of ethical purpose and working, 284; general coincidence of Platonic and Attic law, 363 _n._, 374, 374 _n._, 403, 406, 430; many of Plato's laws are discharges of ethical antipathy, 411; state's laws, with their proëms, 321; the proëms, didactic or rhetorical homilies, 322; Cicero on, _ib._ _n._; to serve as type for poets, 323; training of the emotions through influence of the Muses, Apollo and Dionysus, 290, 347; endurance of pain in Spartan discipline, 285; drunkenness forbidden at Sparta, how far justifiable, 286; citizens tested against pleasure, 285; Dionysiac banquets, under a sober president, 289; elders require stimulus of wine, 297; precautions in electing minister of education, 338; age, and matter of teaching, 348, 350; the teaching simple and common to both sexes, 351; music and dancing, 291; three choruses, youths, mature men, and elders, 296, 305; elders, by example, to keep up purity of music, 297; prizes at musical and gymnastic festivals, 292, 337; but object of training, war, not prizes, 358; importance of music in education, 305; musical and literary education, fixed type, 292, 338, 349; poets to conform to ethical creed, 292-7; change for worse at Athens after Persian invasion, 313; this change began in music, 314; contrast in Demosthenes and _Menexenus_, 315 _n._, 318; dangers of change in national music, doctrine also of Damon, 315; Plato's aversion to dramatic poetry of Athens, 316, 350; peculiar to himself, 317; value of arithmetic, 330 _n._; purpose of teaching astronomy, 354; planets, Plato's idea of motions of, _ib._; circular motion best, 388, 389; hunting, meaning of, 356; hunting, how far permitted, 355; for religion, oracles of Dodona and Delphi to be consulted, 325, 337; temples and priests, 337; number of sacrifices determined by lawgiver, 357; only state worship allowed, 378; contrast with Sokratic teaching, iii. 148; Milton on, iv. 379 _n._; necessity of enforcing state religion, 378; [Greek: u(/bris] to divine things or places, 375; proëm to laws against, 383; impiety, from one of three heresies, 376; punishment, 376-9; majority of Greek world would have been included in one of the three varieties, 381; first heresy confuted, 386; argument inconsistent and unsatisfactory, 388; second confuted, 389; the third the worst, 384; confuted, 391; incongruity of Plato's doctrine, 393; dissent of Herodotus and Sokrates, 394; opposition to Plato's doctrine in Greece, 395; general Greek belief, 392, 394; division of citizens and land, twelve tribes, 329; four classes, property qualification for magistracies and voters, 331; perpetuity of lots of land, 326, 360; Aristotle on, 326 _n._; succession, 328; number of citizens, 326, 328; Aristotle on, 326 _n._; syssitia, 344, 359; same duties and training for women as men, 195; family ties mischievous, but cannot practically be got rid of, 327; to be watched over by magistrates, 328; marriage, _ib._, 332, 342, 344, 359, 405, 406; board of Matrons, 345; divorce, 406; treatment of infants, 346; orphans, guardians, 404, 406; limited inequality tolerated as to movable property, 330; modes of acquiring property, 397; length of prescription for ownership, 415; no private possession of gold or silver, no loans or interest, 331; slavery, 342, 400; Aristotle differs, 343 _n._; distribution of annual produce, 361; each artisan only one trade, _ib._; retailers, regulations about, _ib._, 401; punishment for fraud, 402; Benefit Societies, 399; Metics, 362; strangers and foreign travel of citizens, 414; electoral scheme, 333; thirty-seven nomophylakes, 332; assisted by select Dikasts, 362; many details left to, 341; the council, and other magistrates, 335; limited power of fining, 360; military commanders and council, 332; monthly military muster of whole population, 358; oaths for dikasts, judges, and electors only, 413; penal ties against contentious litigation, 410; judicial duties, public and private causes, 339; public, three stages, 340, 415; witnesses, 409; distinction of damage and injury, 365; sacrilege and high treason the gravest crimes, 363; abuse of public trust, 412; evasion of military service, 412; homicide, penalties, 370; varieties of, 370-2; wounds and beating, 372, 373, 408; poison and sorcery, 407; neglect of parents, _ib._; lunacy, _ib._; libels, 409; theft, 364, 409; suretyship, 415; mendicants, 409; funerals, 415; compared with earlier works, 275, 280; _Cyropædia_, 319; _Protagoras_, 301; _Gorgias_, ii. 362, iv. 301-2, 324; _Phædrus_, _ib._; _Philêbus_, 301; _Republic_, 298 _n._, 302, 319, 327, 390, 429; _Timæus_, 389 _n._

Lehrsch, iii. 308 _n._, 309 _n._

Leibnitz, interdependence of nature, ii. 248 _n._; agreement with Plato's metaphysics, _ib._; pre-existence of soul, _ib._; natural significant aptitude of letters, iii. 313 _n._; on a philosophical language, 322 _n._

Lenormant, iii. 306 _n._

Leukippus, i. 65, 66, iii. 243 _n._

Lewis, Sir G. C., ancient astronomy, iv. 355 _n._, 424 _n._

Liberty, excess of, at Athens, iv. 312.

Libraries, ancient, i. 270, 278 _n._, 280, 286; copying by _librarii_ and private friends, 281 _n._, 284 _n._; official MSS., _ib._; see _Alexandrine_, _Lykeum_, _Academy_.

Lichtenstädt, iv. 256 _n._

Light, Plato's theory, iv. 236.

Like known by like, i. 354 _n._, ii. 359 _n._; friend to like, 359.

Littré, the soul, iv. 257 _n._; synthetic character of ancient medicine, 260 _n._

Loans, disallowed, iii. 331.

Lobeck, iii. 304 _n._, 311 _n._, 312 _n._

Locke, atomic doctrine of primary and secondary qualities, i. 70; good identical with pleasure, ii. 306 _n._

Logic, influence of Herakleitus on development of, i. 37; of a science, Plato's different from Aristotelic and modern view, 358 _n._; objects of perception and of conception, comprised in Plato's _ens_, iii. 229, 231; concepts and percepts, relative, 75; in Sokrates, the subordination of terms, i. 455; position of Megarics in history of, 131 _n._; negative, of Antisthenes' school, 149; Kyrenaic theory, 197; elementary distinctions unfamiliar in Plato's time, ii. 13, 34 _n._, 235, 319, iii. 190, 222, 229, 241; the dialogues of search are lessons in method, 177, 188; collection of sophisms necessary for a theory of, i. 131; Aristotle first distinguished [Greek: o(mô/numa], [Greek: sunô/numa], and [Greek: kat' a)nalogi/an], iii. 94 _n._; generalisation and division, ii. 27; process of classification not much attended to, iii. 344; definition and division illustrated in _Phædrus_ and _Philêbus_, 29, 344; names relative and non-relative, 232; connotation of a word, to be known before its accidents and antecedents, ii. 242; logical subject has no real essence apart from predicates, i. 168 _n._; logical and concrete aggregates, ii. 52, 53; _concrete_, its Greek equivalent, 52 _n._; opposites, only one to each thing, 13 _n._; contraries, the Pythagorean "principia of existing things," i. 15 _n._; Herakleitus' theory, 30, 31; are excluded in nothing save the self-existent Idea, ii. 7 _n._; judgment, akin to proposition, and may be false by partnership with form _non-ens_, iii. 213-4; implied in every act of consciousness, 165 _n._; Plato's canon of belief, iv. 231; contradictory propositions not possible, i. 166 _n._; principle of contradiction, not laid down in Plato's time, iii. 99; logical maxim of, 239; function of copula, i. 170 _n._; misconceived by Antisthenes, iii. 221, 232 _n._, 251 _n._; Plato's view of causal reasoning, ii. 253; modern views on _à priori_ reasonings, difference of Plato's, 251; see _Fallacies_, _Predication_, _Proposition_.

Logographers, iii. 27 _n._, 36 _n._

Lot, principle of the, iv. 309, 310 _n._

Love, a moving force in Empedokles, i. 38; cause of, desire for what is akin to us or our own, ii. 182; see _Eros_.

Lucian, worthlessness of geometry, i. 384 _n._; on time wasted in philosophic training, 404 _n._

Lucretius, on Anaxagorean homoeomeries, i. 52 _n._; origin of language, iii. 329 _n._; on pleasure, 379 _n._, 387 _n._, i. 163 _n._; on justice, iv. 130 _n._; appearances of gods to men, 155 _n._; theology of, 162 _n._

[Greek: Lusite/loun], derivation, iii. 301 _n._

Luther, on music, iv. 151 _n._

Lykeum, Peripatetic school, i. 269; the library, founded for use of inmates and special visitors, 279 _n._; loss of library, 270.

Lykurgus, relation to Plato, i. 344 _n._

Lysias, rhetorical powers, iii. 48 _n._; Isokrates compared, 35, 37; unfairly treated in _Phædrus_, 47-8; rivalry with Plato, 408, 410 _n._, 411 _n._; oration against Æschines, i. 112.

_Lysis_, authenticity, i. 306, ii. 184 _n._; date, i. 308-10, 313, 326, ii. 184 _n._; subject suited for dialogue of search, 185; problem of _friendship_ too general, 186; debate partly real, partly verbal, 188; scenery and personages, 172; mode of talking with youth, 173; servitude of the ignorant, 176; lesson of humility, 177; illustrates Sokratic manner, _ib._; what is a friend, 178; appeal to maxims of poets, 179; likeness and unlikeness, _ib._, 188 _n._; the Indifferent, friend to Good, 180, 189; anxious to escape from felt evil, 180; illustrated by philosopher's condition, 181, 190; the _primum amabile_, _ib._, 191; cause of friendship, desire for what is akin to us or our own, 182; good akin, evil alien, to every one, 183; the Good and Beautiful as objects of attachment, 194; failure of enquiry, 184; compared with Cicero _De Amicitia_, 189 _n._; _Charmidês_, 172, 184 _n._