M.
Macaulay, Lord, Theology not a progressive science, ii. 428.
Mackintosh, Sir J., iv. 105 _n._
Madness, Plato's view, ii. 129; of philosophers, 383; varieties of, Eros one, iii. 11; see _Inspiration_.
Magic, Empedokles claims powers of, i. 47; Plato's laws against, iv. 407.
Magnet, analogy to poetic inspiration, ii. 128, 129.
Magnetic colony, see _Leges_.
Maine, meaning of natural justice, ii. 342 _n._; influence of Law in early societies, i. 382 _n._
Making and _doing_, ii. 155.
Malebranche, ii. 404 _n._, iv. 233.
Mallet, on _Sophistês_, iii. 245 _n._
Malthus, law of population, iv. 201; recognised by Plato and Aristotle, 202.
Man, Plato on antiquity of, iv. 307; construction of, 243; the cause of evil, 234; inconsistency _ib._ _n._; see _Body_, _Soul_, _Immortality_.
Manichæanism of _Leges_, iv. 389 _n._
Mansel, Dr., iii. 124 _n._
Mantineia, i. 211.
Marathon, iii. 406.
Marbach, i. 132 _n._
Mariandyni, iv. 343 _n._
Marriage, temporary for guardians, iv. 43, 175-8; object, 198; Plato's and modern sentiments, 192; Aristotle, 188, 198-201; laws in second _idéal_, 328, 332, 341, 344, 359, 405, 406; board of Matrons, 345; Malthus' law recognised by Plato and Aristotle, 202; divorce, 406.
Martin on _Timæus_, iv.** 218 _n._, 224 _n._, 233 _n._, 424 _n._; _Leges_, 355 _n._
Materialists, iii. 203, 223; meaning of _ens_, 231; argument against, 203, 224, 226, 228; reply open to, 224, 229.
Matter, Aristotle's _materia prima_, i. 72, iii. 397 _n._; [Greek: to\ dektiko\n] of _Timæus_, _ib._; four elements not primitive, iv. 238; prime, action of Ideas on, _ib._; Voltaire on, i. 168 _n._
Maximus Tyrius, on Plato's reminiscence, ii. 250 _n._; variety, iii. 400 _n._
Measure, Plato's conception, ii. 112, 117, iii. 260; [Greek: to\ me/trion] of Plato, 397 _n._; Platonic _idéal_, undefined results, ii. 374; Pythagorean [Greek: kairo/s], iii. 397 _n._; necessary, to choose pleasures rightly, ii. 293, 357 _n._, iii. 391; virtue a right estimate of pleasure and pain, ii. 293, 305; courage a just estimate of things terrible, 307; false estimates of pleasures habitual, iii. 353; true pleasures admit of, 357; directive sovereignty of, 391; how applied in _Protagoras_, _ib._; how explained in _Philêbus_, 393.
Medical Art, analogy of rhetoric to, iii. 31; reducible to rule, ii. 372 _n._; physician not bound by peremptory rules, iii. 269; no refined, allowed, iv. 28; Plato's view of, 250; synthetic character of ancient, 260 _n._
Megarics, transcendental, not ethical, i. 122; shared with Plato the eristic of Sokrates, 124, 126; logical position misrepresented by historians, 131; negative dialectic attributed by historians to, 371; not peculiar to, 387; the charge brought by contemporaries against Sokrates, 388; fallacies of, ii. 215, iii. 92; sophisms of Eubulides, i. 133; real character of, 135; alleged over-refinement in classification of, iii. 196 _n._; not the idealists of _Sophistês_, 244; controversy with Aristotle about Power, i. 135; Aristotle's arguments not valid, 136-8; Aristotle himself concedes the doctrine, 139 _n._; doctrine of Diodôrus Kronus, 140, 143; defended by Hobbes, _ib._; depends on question of universal regularity of sequence, 141; sophism of Diodôrus Kronus, _ib._, 143; Stilpon, 147; Cicero on, 135 _n._; Ritter, 129 _n._; Prantl, _ib._, 132 _n._; Zeller, 131 _n._; Winckelmann, 132 _n._; Marbach, _ib._; Tiedemann, _ib._; Stallbaum, _ib._; Deycks, 136 _n._; see _Eukleides_.
Melêtus, reply of Sokrates to, Plato and Xenophon compared, i. 456; Plato's views coincide with, iv. 211, 230 _n._, 381, 385, 411, i. 113.
Melissus of Samos, i. 93.
Memory, difference of [Greek: mnê/mê] and [Greek: a)na/mnêsis], iii. 350 _n._; see _Association_.
Ménage, on etymology, iii. 303 _n._
Menedêmus the Eretrian, i. 148; disallowed negative predications, 170.
_Menexenus_, its authenticity, i. 316, 338, iii. 412 _n._; date, i. 307, 309, 313, 324; anachronism, iii. 411; scenery and persons, 401; funeral harangues at Athens, _ib._, 404; Sokrates recites harangue learnt from Aspasia, 402; framed on the established type, 405; excited much admiration, 407; probable motives of Plato, _ib._, 410; contrast with _Leges_, iv. 315 _n._, 318; _Gorgias_, ii. 374, iii. 409.
_Menon_, date, i. 306-7, 308-10, 313, 315, 325 _n._, ii. 228 _n._, 246 _n._; purpose, 235; gives points in common between Sokrates and Sophists, 257; scenery and persons, 232; is virtue teachable, _ib._, 239, iii. 330 _n._; plurality of virtues, ii. 233; search for common property, 234; how is process of search useful, 237; Sokrates' cross-examination like effect of torpedo, _ib._; analogies, definitions of figure and colour, 235; Menon's definition, refuted, 236; theory of reminiscence, 237; illustrated by questioning Menon's slave, 238, 249 _n._, 251; metempsychosis, 249; little said of the _Ideas_, 253, 255 _n._; virtue is knowledge, 239; and so teachable, 240; relation of opinion to knowledge, 241, 255 _n._, 392 _n._, iii. 172 _n._; right opinion of good statesmen, from inspiration, ii. 242; highest virtue teachable, but all existing virtue is from inspiration, _ib._; virtue itself remains unknown, _ib._, 245; Sokrates' doctrine, universal desire of good, 243; compared with _Phædrus_ and _Phædon_, 249; _Protagoras_, 244; _Politikus_, iii. 283; _Timæus_, _Gorgias_, _Republic_, ii. 254 _n._
Mentiens, sophism, i. 128, 133.
Messênê, bad basis of government, iv. 310.
Metaphor, Herakleitus' exposition by, i. 28, 30, 37 _n._; Plato's tendency to found arguments on, 343, 353, _n._, ii. 337 _n._, iii. 65 _n._, 173, 207, 351, 364; doctrine of Ideas derived its plausibility from, i. 343; waxen memorial tablet in the mind, iii. 169; pigeon-cage, 171; souls' [Greek: knê=sis] compared to children's teething, 399 _n._; the steersman, iv. 53; Idea of Good in intellectual, as sun in visible, 63; the cave, iii. 257 _n._, iv. 67-70; analogy of state and individual, 11, 20, 39, 79-84, 96; exaggerated, 115, 121, 124; kosmos, absolute height and depth, 87.
Metaphysics, see _Ontology_.
Meteorology, of Anaxagoras, i. 58; Diogenes of Apollonia, 64; Sokrates avoided, 376.
Metempsychosis, included in all ancient speculations, ii. 390, 425 _n._; belief of Empedokles, i. 46; included in Plato's proof of soul's immortality, ii. 414; theory of, 237, 247, iv. 234; of ordinary men only, ii. 390, 416, 425; mythe, iii. 12, 14 _n._; general doctrine in Virgil, ii. 425 _n._
Method, revolutionised by Sokrates, i. _x_; obstetric, 367, ii. 251, iii. 112, 176; Aristotle's Dialectic and Demonstrative, i. 363; see _Dialectic_, _Negative_, _Inductive_.
Metics, admission of, iv. 362; Xenophon on, i. 238.
[Greek: Me/trion, to/], of Plato, iii. 397 _n._
Michelet, iv. 151 _n._
Middle ages, disputations in the, i. 397 _n._; views on causation, ii. 409 _n._
[Greek: Mi/gma], see _Chaos_.
Mill, Jas., on law of mental association, ii. 192 _n._; transmission of established morality of a society, 275 _n._; on the moral sense, iv. 128 _n._; ethical end, 105 _n._
Mill, J. S., on vague connotation of general terms, ii. 48 _n._; evils of informal debate, 220 _n._, 222 _n._; definition of fallacy, i. 129; heads of fallacies, ii. 218; fallacies of confusion, Descartes' argument, iii. 297 _n._; of Sufficient Reason, earliest example of, i. 6 _n._; relativity of knowledge, iii. 128 _n._; abstract names, 78 _n._; simple objects undefinable, i. 172 _n._; comparison of Form with particular phenomena, iii. 64 _n._; necessity of Verification, 168 _n._; _antecedent_, _consequent_, _simultaneous_, 165 _n._; assumption in axioms of arithmetic, 396 _n._; axioms of arithmetic and geometry, from induction, iv. 353 _n._; ultimate laws of nature, iii. 132 _n._; relation of art to science, 43 _n._; the beautiful, ii. 50 _n._; hostility to novel attempts at analysis of ethics, i. 387 _n._; _Liberty_, 395 _n._, ii. 367 _n._; Sokrates' Utilitarianism, 310 _n._; theory of syllogism, 255 _n._; approximation to Plato and Aristotle as to ideal state of society, iv. 199 _n._
Milton, on Plato's intolerance, iv. 379 _n._
Mind, doctrine of Parmenides, i. 26; identified with heat by Demokritus, 75; its seat in various parts of the body, Demokritus, 76; Sokrates' theory of natural state of human, 373; elenchus the sovereign purifier of, iii. 197; Sokrates' obstetric, 112; the self, ii. 11, 25; state of agent's, as to knowledge, frequent enquiry in Plato, 83; Plato's view, an assemblage of latent capacities, 164; knowledge is dominant agency in, 290; usefulness of negative result for training, 186; operation of pre-natal experience on, iii. 13; rhetoric should include a classification of minds and discourses, 32; _idéal_ unattainable, 42, 45; compared to paper, 169, 351; of each individual, tripartite, iv. 37; analogous to rulers, guardians, craftsmen, 39; high development of body and, equally necessary, ii. 422 _n._; relation to bodily organs, iii. 159, iv. 387 _n._; diseases of, from body, 250; no man voluntarily wicked, 249, 365-8; preservative and healing agencies, 250; treatment of, by itself, 251; rotations of kosmos to be studied, 252; see _Reason_, _Soul_.
_Minos_, authenticity, i. 306-7, 309, 336, 337 _n._, ii. 82, 93; in _Leges_ trilogy, 91; and _Hipparchus_ analogous and inferior to other works, 82; subject the characteristic property connoted by _law_, 76, 86; discussed by historical Sokrates, _ib._; its meanings, 91; three parts, objections, 76; is _good_ opinion of the city, true opinion, or finding out of reality, 77; real things always accounted real, analogies, 79; only what _ought to be_ law, _is_, 80, 88-9, iii. 281 _n._, 317 _n._; Expert finds out and certifies truth, ii. 87-9; laws of Cretan Minos divine and excellent, extant, 80, 90; Minos' character variously represented, 81; what does the lawgiver prescribe for health of mind--unanswered, _ib._; bad definitions of law, 86; Sokrates' reasoning unsound but Platonic, 88.
[Greek: Mnê/mê], derivation, iii. 302 _n._; difference of [Greek: a)na/mnêsis], 350 _n._
Mohl, Prof., on Hafiz, iii. 16 _n._
[Greek: Moi=rai], relation to Gods, iv. 221 _n._
Monad, the Pythagorean, i. 11-12; Platonic form of Pythagorean doctrine, 15 _n._; see _Number_.
Monarchy, and democracy the _mother-polities_, iv. 312; dissent of Aristotle, _ib._ _n._; monarch a Principal Cause, iii. 266; true government by the one scientific man, 268, 273; no laws to limit scientific governor, 269; _idéal_ attainable only in Saturnian period, 264, iv. 319; distinguished from general, rhetor, &c., iii. 271; aims at forming virtuous citizens, 272; Sokratic ideal differently worked out by Plato and Xenophon, 273; of Atlantis, iv. 268; bad education of kings' son, 312.
Monboddo, on Cartesian and Newtonian theories, ii. 402 _n._; on Ideas, 408 _n._; mind and body, iv. 387 _n._
Monkeys, Galen on structure of, iv. 257 _n._
Morality of a society, how transmitted, ii. 274; relation of art to, see _Education_, _Poetry_; _Ethics_.
More, Dr. Henry, emanative cause, ii. 403 _n._; metempsychosis, 427 _n._; relativity of knowledge, iii. 124 _n._
Moses, Plato compared to, iv. 256.
Motion, of atoms, the capital fact of Demokritean kosmos, i. 72; Zeno's arguments, 97; not denied as a phenomenal and relative fact, 102; form of, iii. 209-10, 232, 245 _n._; varieties of rectilinear, iv. 225 _n._; circular, the best, 225, 388-9; Diodôrus Kronus, i. 145; Aristotle nearly coincides with, 146; and Hobbes, _ib._; Monboddo on Aristotle and Plato, iv. 386 _n._
Motives, distinction of, ii. 357 _n._
Müller, Prof. Max, origin of language, iii. 326 _n._; vague use of words, i. 398 _n._
Munk, Dr. Edward, i. 311, 320, 401 _n._
Music, Pythagorean, of the spheres, i. 14; and speech illustrate coalescence of finite and infinite, iii. 340; Cynics' contempt for, i. 151, 155; Platonic sense, iv. 149; disparaged, ii. 355; education in, necessary for guardians, iv. 23; and dancing, effect on emotions, 347; excites love of the beautiful, 27; importance of, in education, 305; Aristotle on, 151 _n._, 306; Xenophon, _ib._, i. 228; Luther, iv. 151 _n._; gymnastic necessary to correct, 29; prizes at festivals, 292, 337, 358; three choruses, youths, mature men, elders, 296, 305; only grave allowed, 32, 168, 298 _n._; regulated by authority, 292-4, 349; to keep emotions in a proper state, 169; elders, by example, to keep up purity of music, 297; change for worse at Athens began in, 313, 314 _n._, 318; dangers of change in national, doctrine also of Damon, 315.
Mysticism, religious, in Empedokles, i. 47 _n._; mixture in Plato of poetical fancy and religious, with dialectic theory, iii. 16.
Mythe, general character of Plato's, ii. 415, iii. 310, iv. 255 _n._; disparaged, in _Sophistês_, iii. 265 _n._; Plato's resemblance to Hebrew writers, iv. 160 _n._; Aristotle on blending philosophy with, 255 _n._; probably often used by Sophists, ii. 267 _n._; of Prometheus and Epimetheus, 267; value of, 276; of Hades in _Gorgias_, 361; of soul in _Phædon_, 415; of pre-existent soul, iii. 12, 14 _n._; of the kosmos in _Politikus_, 265 _n._; _Timæus_, 409 _n._; _Kritias_, _ib._, iv. 268; of departed souls in _Republic_, 94; the choice of Herakles, i. 177; training by fictions, iv. 24, 154; Plato's view of the purpose of, _ib._, 303-5; Plato's and Homer's fictions contrasted, 153 _n._; retort open to poets, _ib._, 154 _n._; no repulsive fictions to be tolerated about gods or Hades, 25, 154; a better class to be substituted from religion for the existing fictions, 160; poet must avoid variety of imitation, 26, 155; type for narratives about men, 26; fiction as to origin of classes, 30; difficulty of procuring first admission for fiction, 158.
Mythology, prolonged belief in, iv. 152 _n._; Xenophanes' censure of, i. 16; Herakleitus', 26; Plato and the popular, 441 _n._, ii. 415, iii. 265 _n._, iv. 24, 155 _n._, 196, 238 _n._, 325, 328, 337, 398.
N.
Names, _relative_ and _non-relative_, iii. 232 _n._; Pythagorean theory, 304 _n._, 316 _n._; mystic sanctity of, 323 _n._; distinction of divine and human, 300 _n._; natural rectitude of, ii. 89, iii. 286 _n._, 300 _n._, 306 _n._; connected with doctrine of _Ideas_, 286 _n._, 327 _n._; difficult to harmonise with facts, 323; the essence of things, 305 _n._; things known only through names, not true, 320; the thing spoken of _suffers_, 287 _n._; forms of names and of things nameable, 289; didactic instruments made by law-giver on type of name-forms, 287, 290, 313; onomastic art, _ib._; proofs cited from etymology, 299, 300 _n._, 307 _n._; specimens of ancient etymologies, 307 _n._, 308 _n._, 309 _n._, 310 _n._, 311 _n._; not caricatures of sophists, 302, 304, 306-12, 314 _n._, 317 _n._, 321, 324; Plato's _idéal_, 325, 328 _n._, 330; compared with his views on social institutions, 327; _Homo Mensura_ the counter theory of language, 326 _n._; intrinsic aptitude of, for particular things, 289; consists in resemblance, 313; vary in degree of aptitude, 318; first imposer of, a Herakleitean, 302 _n._, 314-7, 319 _n._; how they have become disguised, 312; changes hard to follow, 315; Herakleitean theory admitted, 310; some names not consistent with it, 319; the theory uncertain, implicit trust not to be put in names, 321, 325; see _Language_.
Nature, course of, the ultimatum of Demokritus and moderns, i. 73, _ib._ _n._; all proceedings of, conducted according to fixed laws, iii. 286; Greek view of, hostile to philosophical speculation, i. 86; interdependence of, ii. 247; antithesis of law and, 333, 338, i. 197; also in Indian philosophy, 162; [Greek: phu/sei] and [Greek: kata\ phu/sin], iii. 294 _n._, iv. 309 _n._; Aristotle, 387 _n._; uncertainty of referring to, ii. 340, iv. 194, i. 162; meaning of law of, ii. 341 _n._; Mill on number of ultimate Laws of, iii. 132; no object in, mean to the philosopher, 61.
Necessary truth, iii. 253 _n._
Necessity, means _Freewill_ in Plato, iv. 221; kosmos produced by joint action of reason and, 238.
Negative, Plato's view of the, erroneous, iii. 236. 239; predications disallowed by Menedêmus, i. 170.
Negative Method, harshly censured by historians of philosophy, i. 123; preponderated in Plato's age, _ib._; erroneously attributed to Sophists and Megarics, 371, 387; the charge brought by contemporary Athenians against Sokrates, 388; Sokrates and Plato its champions, _vii_, _x_, 372; Sokrates the greatest Eristic of his age, 124; first applied negative analysis to the common consciousness, 385, 389 _n._; to social, political, ethical topics, 385; the Megarics shared with Plato the negative impulse of Sokrates, 126; Academics, 131 _n._; negative and affirmative veins in Plato distinct, 399, 403, 420; the negative extreme in _Parmenidês_, iii. 71, i. 125; overlooked in _Kriton_, 433; well illustrated in _Lysis_, ii. 177; the affirmative prominent in his old age, i. 408; its necessity as a condition of reasoned truth, 91, 371, 373, 387, 395 _n._, 421, ii. 186, i. 130; a value by itself, iii. 51, 70, 85, 149-50, 176, 184 _n._, 284, 422; a necessary preliminary to the affirmative, ii. 186, 201; essential to control of the affirmative, iii. 92 _n._, i. 123; its difficulties never solved, iii. 51; see _Dialectic_.
Nemesius, relativity of mental and sensational processes, iii. 122 _n._
Newton, accused of substituting physical for mental causes, ii. 402 _n._
Nile, inundation of, explanation of Anaxagoras, i. 58 _n._
[Greek: No/mimon], equivocal use, ii. 38.
Nominalism, first protest against Realism, Antisthenes, i. 164; of Stilpon, 167.
Nomos, idea of law less extensive than, i. 380 _n._, 382 _n._, ii. 92 _n._; omnipotence of King, i. 378, 380, 392 _n._, 424, ii. 333; Sokrates an exception, _ib._; Plato's and Aristotle's theory of politics to resist King, i. 393 _n._; Plato appeals to, iv. 24 _n._; Epiktêtus, i. 388 _n._; common sense of a community, its propagation, ii. 274; no common End among established [Greek: no/mima], iii. 282 _n._, iv. 204 _n._; see _Authority_, _Orthodoxy_.
Non-ens, see _Ens_.
Noumenon of Kant agrees with Parmenidês' ens, i. 21.
Nous, see _Reason_.
Number, the _principle_ of Pythagoreans, i. 9-12, 14; differs from Plato's Idea, 10; its modern application, _ib._ _n._, 14 _n._; limited to ten, according to Plato and Pythagoreans, 11 _n._; the Greek geometrical conception of, iii. 112 _n._; mean proportionals, iv. 224 _n._; see _Arithmetic_.
O.
Oaths, iv. 413.
Objective, and subjective views of ethics, Sokrates distinguished, i. 451; dissent coincident with subjective unanimity, _ib._; see _Relativity_.
Observation, astronomy must not be studied by, iv. 73; nor acoustics, 74.
Obstetric, of Sokrates, i. 367, ii. 251, iii. 112, 176.
Odysseus, ii. 56.
Oken, Pythagoreanism, i. 10 _n._
Old Age, iv. 2.
Oligarchy, iv. 79; Plato's second state a compromise of democracy and, 333, 337.
[Greek: O(mô/numa], first distinguished from [Greek: sunô/numa] by Aristotle, iii. 94 _n._
[Greek: O(mônu/môs], ii. 193.
One, in the Many, and Many in the One, aim of philosophy, i. 407; difficulties about many and, iii. 339; see _Idea_.
Ontology and physics, radically distinct points of view, i. 23 _n._; the science of Ens, first appears in the Eleates, 22; reconciliation of physics with, attempted unsuccessfully after Parmenides, 23 _n._; Plato blends ethics with, iii. 306; Aristotle's substratum for phenomenology, i. 24 _n._; tendency to embrace logical phantoms as real causes, ii. 404 _n._; see _Ens_, _Philosophy_.
Opinion, public, see _Authority_.
Opinion, Xenophanes' doctrine, i. 18; Parmenides', 20; Demokritus', 72; embraces all varieties of knowledge save of the Good, ii. 30; right, of good statesmen, derived from inspiration, 242; compared with knowledge, 241, 253, 255 _n._, iii. 167 _n._, 181 _n._; antithesis less marked in _Theætêtus_ than _Politikus_, 257; Plato's compared with modern views, ii. 254; the mind rises from sensation to opinion, then cognition, iii. 164; distinct from sensation, 166; true, knowledge is, 168; verification from experience, not recognised as necessary or possible, _ib._; if false, possible, 169, 181 _n._, 351; waxen memorial tablet in the mind, 169; false, is the confusion of cognitions and non-cognitions, refuted, 171; wherein different from knowledge, 172; true, not knowledge, communicated by rhetor, _ib._; true, _plus_ rational explanation, is knowledge, 173; analogy of elements and compounds, _ib._; rejected, 174; intercommunion of forms of _non-ens_ and of proposition, opinion, judgment, 213, 214; akin to proposition, and may be false, by partnership with form _non-ens_, 214; relation to kosmical soul, iv. 227; its matter, what is between ens and non-ens, 49; two grades of, Faith or Belief, and Conjecture, 67; true pleasure attached to true, iii. 351.
Opposites, only one to each thing, ii. 13 _n._
Optimism, ii. 393-6.
Orphans, iv. 406-7.
Orphic canon of life, iii. 390 _n._, iv. 15; coincidence of _Timæus_ with, 255 _n._
Orthodoxy, local infallibility claimed, but rarely severely enforced in Greece, iv. 396; less intolerance at Athens than elsewhere, iii. 277, iv. 126; Sophists conform to prevalent, 56; irresistible effect of public opinion in producing, i. 392, iv. 55; common sense of a community, its propagation, ii. 274; Plato on, i. _xi_, 342, 392 _n._, 424, iv. 69 _n._, 165; probable feelings of Plato, ii. 367; Sokrates in _Phædon_ contrasted with _Apology_, 421; inconsistently exacted in Plato's state, iii. 277-8, iv. 24, 156, 160, 327, 379, 430; three varieties of heresy, 376; proëm to laws against, 383; first confuted, 386; argument inconsistent and unsatisfactory, 388; second confuted, 389; contradicts _Republic_, 390; the third the worst, 384; confuted, 391; general Greek belief, 381, 391, 394; incongruity of Plato's doctrine, 393; opposition to Plato's doctrine in Greece, 395; Cicero, 379 _n._; Milton, _ib._; Bp. Butler, 166 _n._; book-burning, 379 _n._; see _Authority_.
[Greek: Ou)si/a], must be known before [Greek: pa/thê], ii. 243 _n._
P.
[Greek: Paiderasti/a], iii. 20 _n._, iv. 359.
Pain, see [Greek: a)lupi/a], _Pleasure_.
Paley, remarks illustrative of Sokratic dialectic, i. 377 _n._
Panætius, style, i. 406 _n._; on _Phædon_, 288, 334 _n._; Plato's immortality of the soul, ii. 423 _n._; dialogues of _Sokratici viri_, i. 112 _n._
Parmenidês, metaphysical and geometrical rather than physical, i. 23 _n._, 89; the absolute, 19-24, iii. 104; Herakleitus opposed to, i. 37; ens and non-ens, an inherent contradiction in human mind, 19; ens alone contains truth, phenomena probability, 24; ens erroneously identified by Aristotle with heat, _ib._ _n._; non-ens, iii. 243 _n._; opposition to _Homo Mensura_, 113; phenomena of, the object of modern physics, i. 23 _n._; mind, 26; theology, 19, 25; physics, 7 _n._, 90 _n._; two physical principles, 24; doctrine defended by Zeno, 93, 99, iii. 58; relation of Demokritus to, i. 66; with Pythagoras supplied basis of Platonic philosophy, 89; refutation of, in _Sophistês_, iii. 211, 223; summum genus enlarged by Eukleides, 196 _n._; and Sokrates blended by Eukleides, i. 118.
_Parmenidês_, the, date, i. 309, 315, 316 _n._, 338 _n._, iii. 71 _n._, 244 _n._; authenticity, i. 307-11, 320, 327, 338 _n._, 401 _n._, iii. 68 _n._, 69, 88 _n._, 185 _n._; criticism of dialogue generally, 82; its character, 56; purpose negative, 71, 85 _n._, 85, 93, 97, 108, i. 125; the genuine Platonic theory attacked, iii. 68; attack not unnatural, 71; its dialectic, compared with Zeno's, i. 100; scenery and personages, iii. 58; Sokrates impugns Zeno's doctrine, 59; and affirms Ideas separate from, but participable by, sensible objects, _ib._; objections, 60-7; no object in nature mean to the philosopher, 61, 195 _n._; ideas, how participable by objects, 63, 72, iv. 138; analogous difficulty of predication, i. 169; not merely conceptions, iii. 64, 74; "the third man," 64 _n._; not mere types, 65; not cognizable, since not relative to ourselves, _ib._, 72; cognizable only through unattained Idea of cognition, 66; which gods have, 67, 68 _n._; dilemma, ideas exist or philosophy impossible, 68; exercises required from students, 79; provisional assumption of hypotheses, and their consequences traced, _ib._; nine demonstrations from _unum est_ and _unum non est_, 81, 340; criticism of antinomies, 82, 85 _n._, 88 _n._, 99 _n._; exercises only specimens of method applicable to other antinomies, 91; more formidable than problems of Megarics, 92; these assumptions convey the minimum of determinate meaning, 94; different meanings of the same proposition in words, 95, 97 _n._; first demonstration a Reductio ad absurdum of _Unum non multa_, 96, 101; second, demonstrates _Both_ of what the first demonstrated _Neither_, 98, 101; third mediates, 100, 101; but unsatisfactory, 102; Plato's imagination of the _Instantaneous_, 100; found no favour, 102; the fourth and fifth, 101, 102; the sixth and seventh, 103; unwarranted steps in the reasoning, 105; seventh is founded on genuine doctrine of Parmenidês, 104; eighth and ninth, 106; conclusion compared to enigma in _Republic_, 108; compared with _Sophistês_ and _Politikus_, 187 _n._, 259; _Philêbus_, 97 _n._, 340 _n._, 343; _Republic_, iv. 138; _Euthydêmus_, ii. 200.
## Particulars, doctrine of Herakleitus, i. 29;
the one in the many, and many in one, aim of philosophy, 407; Herakleitean flux true of, but not of Ideas, iii. 320; universals amidst, 257; and universals, different dialogues compared, _ib._; difficulties about one and many, 339; natural coalescence of finite and infinite, 340; illustration from speech and music, 342; explanation insufficient, 343; no constant truth in, iv. 3 _n._; fluctuate, 50; ordinary men discern only, 49, 51; see _Phenomena_.
Pascal, on King _Nomos_, i. 381 _n._; Cartesian theory, ii. 401 _n._; justice, i. 231 _n._; authority, iv. 232.
[Greek: Pa/thê], must be known after [Greek: ou)si/a], ii. 243 _n._
Pathology of Plato, compared with Aristotle and Hippokrates, iv. 260.
Pausanias, the gods jealousy, iv. 164 _n._
Peloponnesian war, iii. 406.
Pentateuch, allegorical interpretation of, iv. 157 _n._; relation to Greek schemes, 256.
Pentathlos, the, ii. 114; expert of Plato and Aristotle, 119 _n._
Percept and concept, relative, iii. 75; prior to the percipient, 76 _n._
Perception, doctrine of Parmenides, i. 26; Empedokles, 44; Theophrastus, 46 _n._; Anaxagoras, opposed to Empedokles, 58; Diogenes of Apollonia, 62; Demokritus, 77; Plato, iii. 159; different views of Plato, 163; sensible, province wider in _Politikus_ than _Theætêtus_, 256; knowledge is sensible, 111, 113, 154, 173 _n._; identified with _Homo Mensura_, 123, 162 _n._; sensible perception does not include memory, 157; argument from analogy of seeing and not seeing at the same time, _ib._; knowledge lies in the mind's comparisons respecting sensible perceptions, 161; difference from modern views, 162; objects of conception and of, comprised in Plato's _ens_, 229, 231.
Pergamus, library of, i. 270 _n._, 280 _n._
Periander, iv. 7.
[Greek: Perie/chon] of Herakleitus, i. 35 _n._; compared with Nous of Anaxagoras, 56 _n._
Perikles, upheld the claims of intellect, ii. 373; rhetorical power, 370, 371.
Peripatetic school at the Lykeum, i. 269; change after death of Theophrastus, 272; loss of library, 270; see _Lykeum_.
Persian and Spartan kings eulogised, ii. 8; and Athens compared, iv. 312; invasion, 311, 313; customs blended with Spartan in _Cyropædia_, i. 222; government, 235.
Phædon the Eretrian, i. 148.
_Phædon_, the, authenticity, i. 334 _n._; first dialogue disallowed upon internal grounds, 288; date, 309-313, 315, ii. 377 _n._; affirmative and expository, 377; much transcendental assertion, iii. 56; purpose, ii. 382 _n._; antithesis and complement of _Symposion_, iii. 22; scenery and interlocutors, ii. 377; Sokrates to the last insists on freedom of debate, 379; value of exposition, 398; no tripartite soul, antithesis of soul and body, 384; life a struggle between soul and body, 386, 388, 422; emotions, a degenerate appendage of human nature, iii. 389; death emancipates, ii. 386, 388; yet soul may suffer punishment, inconsistency, 415; philosophy gives partial emancipation, 387; purification of soul, 388, i. 159; inseparable conjunction of pleasure with pain, iii. 38-9 71.; pleasures to be estimated by intelligence, 375; pleasures of intelligence more valuable than of sense, _ib._; courage of philosopher and ordinary citizens, different principles, ii. 308 _n._; the soul a mixture, refuted, 390; soul's pre-existence admitted, _ib._, iii. 122; soul is _essentially_ living and therefore immortal, ii. 413; proof of immortality includes pre-existence of all animals, and metempsychosis, 414; depends on assumption of Ideas, 412; metempsychosis of ordinary men only, 387, 415, 425; Plato's demonstration fails, iii. 16; not generally accepted, ii. 426; Sokrates' intellectual development, 391; turned on different views as to a true cause, 398; illustration of Comte's three stages of progress, 407; Sokrates' early study, 391; genesis of knowledge, _ib._; first doctrine of Cause, rejected, _ib._, 399; second doctrine, from Anaxagoras, 393, 401, 403; doctrine laid down in _Philêbus_, 407 _n._; Anaxagoras did not carry out his principle, 394, 407; Anaxagoras' _nous_, as understood by Sokrates, 402 _n._; causes efficient and co-efficient, 394, 400; third principle, assumption of Ideas as separate entia, 396, 403, 407, iv. 239 _n._; multitude of ideas, ii. 410; the only causes, 396; truth resides in ideas, 411; discussion of hypothesis, and of its consequences, distinct, 397, 411; ultimate appeal to extremely general hypothesis, _ib._; Sokrates' equanimity before death, 416, 417; Sokrates' soul--islands of the blest, 416; Sokrates' last words and death, 417; burial, 416; compared with _Apology_, i. 422 _n._, ii. 419-21; _Symposion_, 382, iii. 16-19; _Menon_, ii. 249; _Phædrus_, _ib._, iii. 16-19; _Politikus_, 262, 265 _n._; _Republic_, ii. 383, 412, 414 _n._; _Timæus_, 383, 407 _n._, 411-12.
_Phædrus_, its date, i. 263, 304-10, 313-4, 315, 319, _ib._ _n._, 323, 326 _n._, 327, 330, ii. 227, 228 _n._, iii. 36 _n._, 38; ancient criticism on, i. 319 _n._; considered by Tennemann as keynote of series, 302; assumptions of Schleiermacher inadmissible, 319, 329 _n._; much transcendental assertion, iii. 56; Eros differently understood, necessity for definition, 29; derivation of [Greek: e)/rôs], 308 _n._; of [Greek: mantikê\] and [Greek: oi)ônistikê/], 310 _n._; Eros, a variety of madness, 11; Eros disparaged, then panegyrised, by Sokrates, _ib._; mythe of pre-existent soul, 12, 14 _n._; soul's [Greek: knê=sis] compared to children's teething, 399 _n._; reminiscence of the Ideas, 13, 17, iv. 239 _n._; operation of pre-natal experience on man's intellectual faculties, iii. 13; reminiscence kindled by aspect of physical beauty, ii. 422, iii. 4, 14; debate on Rhetoric, 26; Sokrates' theory, all persuasion founded on a knowledge of the truth, 28; writing and speaking, as art, 27; is it teachable by system, 28; Sokrates compares himself with Lysias, 29; Lysias unfairly treated in, 47-8, 408, 410 _n._, 411 _n._; Sokrates' reason for attachment to dialectic, 258 _n._; the two processes of dialectic, 29, 39; exemplified in Sokrates' discourses, 29; essential to genuine rhetoric, 30, 34; rhetoric as a real art, is comprised in dialectic, 30, 34; analogy to medical art, 31; includes a classification of minds and discourses, and their mutual application, 32, 41, 45; books and lectures useless, 33, 34, 49, 51, 53-5; may _remind_, 33, 50; rhetorician must acquire real truth, 33, 34; theory more Platonic than Sokratic, 38; rhetorician insufficiently rewarded, 33; dialectician alone can teach, 37; _idéal_, cannot be realised, 51; except under hypothesis of pre-existence and reminiscence, 52; dialectic teaches minds unoccupied, rhetoric minds pre-occupied, 40; Plato's _idéal_ a philosophy, not an art, of rhetoric, 45; unattainable, 42, 46; comparison with the rhetorical teachers, 44; charge against rhetorical teachers not established, 47; compared with _Republic_, _Gorgias_, _Euthydêmus_, ii. 229; _Menon_, 249; _Phædon_, _ib._, 423, iii. 17-8, iv. 239 _n._; _Symposion_, iii. 1, 11, 15, 17-19; _Sophistês_, 257; _Politikus_, _ib._, 265 _n._; _Philêbus_, 398; _Timæus_ and _Kritias_, 53; _Leges_, iv. 324.
Phenicians, iv. 330 _n._, 352; appetite predominant in, 38.
Phenomena, early Greek explanation of, by polytheism, i. 2; doctrine of Xenophanes, 18; Parmenides, 20, 24, 66; of Parmenides, the object of modern physics, 23 _n._; of Parmenides contain only probability, not truth, 24; doctrine of Zeno, 93; Leontine Gorgias, 104 _n._; Herakleitus, 29; Anaxagoras, 59 _n._; Demokritus, 68; Kyrenaics, 197; the Ideas not fitted on to, iii. 78; Aristotle, i. 24 _n._; see _Particulars_.
_Philêbus_, authenticity, iii. 369 _n._; date, i. 307-9, 311-3, 315, iii. 369 _n._; peculiarity, 382; illustrates logical partition, 254, 344; merit as a didactic composition, 365, 368 _n._; method contrasted with _Theætêtus_, 335 _n._; recent editions, 365 _n._; reading in p. 17A, 341 _n._; subject and persons, 334; protest against Sokratic elenchus, 335; happiness and good used as correlative terms, _ib._; good, object of universal desire, _ib._, 371, 392 _n._; what mental condition will ensure happiness, 335; is it pleasure or wisdom, _ib._, 337; pleasures, and opposite cognitions, unlike each other, 336, 396; is good intense pleasure without any intelligence, 338; or intelligence without pleasure or pain, 339; such a life conceivable, at least second-best, 349; Plato inconsistent in putting the alternative, 372; emotions, a degenerate appendage of human nature, 389; contrast with other dialogues, 398; good a _tertium quid_, 339, 361; pleasure, of the infinite, intelligence a combining cause, 347; intelligence the determining, pleasure the indeterminate, 348, iv. 221; intelligence postulated by the Hedonists, iii. 374; analogy of intelligence and pleasure, 360; intelligence more cognate to good than pleasure is, 348, 361; pain, disturbance of system's fundamental harmony, pleasure the restoration, 348; pleasure pre-supposes pain, 349; except in the derivative pleasures of memory and expectation, _ib._; desire presupposes a bodily want and memory of previous satisfaction, 350; true pleasures attached to true opinions, 351; can pleasure be true or false, 286 _n._, 351, 352, 356, 380, _ib._ _n._, 382; false pleasures are pleasures falsely estimated, 353, 369 _n._; to Plato the absolute the only real, 385; true pleasures of beautiful colours, odours, sounds, acquisition of knowledge, &c., 356; pure pleasures admit of measure, 357; directive sovereignty of measure, 391, 393; pleasure not identical with [Greek: a)lupi/a], 353, 377; theory of pleasure-haters, partly true, 354; allusion in [Greek: oi( duscherei=s], 389 _n._; intense pleasures connected with bodily or mental distemper, 355, 391; but more pleasure in health, 356; intense pleasures not compatible with cognition, 362; same view enforced by Hedonists, 378, 387 _n._; Aristotle on, 376 _n._; drama, feelings excited by--[Greek: phtho/nos], 355 _n._; pleasure is generation, therefore not an End, nor the Good, 357; Aristippus and Aristotle on, 378 _n._; pleasure is an end, and cannot be compared with intelligence, a means. 373, 377 _n._; Plato's doctrine not defensible against pleasure-haters, 387, 390 _n._; Sokrates differs little from pleasure-haters, 389; gods and kosmos free from pleasure and pain, _ib._; comparison of man to kosmos unnecessary and confusing, 367; forced conjunction of kosmology and ethics, 391; difficulties about one and many, 339; natural coalescence of finite and infinite, 340; illustration from speech and music, 342; explanation insufficient, 343; classes between one and infinite many often overlooked, 341; Plato enlarges Pythagorean doctrine, 368; but feebly applies, 369; quadruple distribution of existences, 346; varieties of intelligence, classified, 358; dialectic the purest, 360; classification of true and false, how applied to cognitions, 394; difference from other dialogues, 395; rhetoric superior in usefulness and celebrity, 360, 380; arithmetic and geometry are two-fold, 359, 394; unchangeable essences of the kosmos rarely studied, 361; good a mixture, _ib._; this good has not the unity of an idea, ii. 407 _n._, iii. 365; all cognitions included, 362; but only true, pure, and necessary pleasures, _ib._; five graduated constituents of good, 364, 397; Plato's in part an eclectic doctrine, 366; blends ontology with ethics, _ib._; does not satisfy the tests himself lays down, 371; compared with _Euthydêmus_, 374 _n._; _Protagoras_, 379, 391; _Gorgias_, 379-81; _Phædrus_, 398; _Symposion_, 370 _n._, 398; _Parmenidês_, 97 _n._, 340 _n._, 343; _Sophistês_, 369 _n._; _Politikus_, 263, 369 _n._; _Republic_, 370, 373 _n._, 395; _Timæus_, 397 _n._; _Leges_, iv. 301.
Philo, etymologies, iii. 308 _n._; hypothetical propositions, i. 145 _n._; allegorical interpretation, iv. 157 _n._
Philolaus, i. 9.
[Greek: Phi/lon, prô/ton], see _Amabile primum_.
Philosophers, ancient, common claim to universal knowledge, iii. 219; charged with pride, i. 153 _n._; secession from Athens, 111 _n._; contrast of philosopher with practical men, ii. 52, 145 _n._, iii. 183, 274, iv. 51-4; uselessness in practical life due to not being called in by citizens, 54; disparagement of half-philosophers, half-politicians, ii. 224; forced seclusion of, iv. 59; require a community suitable, _ib._; philosophical aptitude perverted under misguiding public opinion, 54; model city practicable if philosophy and political power united, 47; divine men, iii. 187; the fully qualified practitioner, ii. 114, 116, 119; not wise, yet painfully feeling ignorance, 181; value set by Sokrates and Plato on this attribute, 190; dissenters, upheld, 375; life, a struggle between soul and body, 386; ascetic life, 388, i. 158; exempted from metempsychosis, ii. 387, 416, 425; rewarded in Hades--mythe in _Gorgias_, 361; stages of intellectual development, 391; value of exposition, 398; Eros the stimulus to improving philosophical communion, iii. 4, 6; Sokrates as representative of _Eros Philosophus_, 15, 25; distinguished from [Greek: i)diô/tês], iv. 104 _n._; not distinguishable from sophists, ii. 210, 211 _n._; alone can teach, iii. 37, 40; as expositors, teach minds unoccupied, as rhetoricians, minds pre-occupied, 39; realisable only under hypothesis of pre-existence and reminiscence, 52; alone grasp Ideas in reasoning, 290 _n._; test of, the synoptic view, iv. 76; compared with rhetors, iii. 178; masters of debates, 179; determine what forms admit of intercommunion, 208; live in region of _ens_, _ib._; contemplate unchangeable forms, iv. 48; distinction of ordinary men and, illustrated by simile of Cave, 67-70; distinctive marks of, 51; no object in nature mean to, iii. 61.
Philosophia prima of Aristotle, i. 358 _n._, iii. 230 _n._, 382.
Philosophy, is reasoned truth, i. _vii-x_; Ferrier on scope and purpose of, _viii_ _n._; necessarily polemical, _viii_; modern idea of, includes authoritative teaching, positive results, direct proofs, 366; usually positive systems advocated, iii. 70; difference of ancient and modern problems, 52; chief point of divergence of modern schools, ii. 409 _n._; its beginning, i. 375 _n._, 382, ii. 404, 407 _n._; free judgment the first condition for, i. 382, 395 _n._, ii. 368, iii. 152 _n._; negative vein as necessary as affirmative for, i. 130; preponderated in Plato's age, 123; early appearance of a few free thinkers in Greece, 384; brought down from heaven by Sokrates, _x_; Greek, in its purity, _xiv_; Greek, characterised by multiplicity of individual authorities, 84, 90, 340 _n._; advantages, 90; contrasted with uniform tradition of Jews and Christians, 384 _n._; early Christian view of, affected by Hebrew studies, _xv_ _n._; polytheism the first form of, 2; Aristotle contrasts "human wisdom" with primitive theology, 3 _n._; Indian, 378 _n._; compared with Pre-Sokratic, 107; analogy of Greek with Indian, 160 _n._, 162; difficulties of early, iii. 184 _n._; opposition from prevalent views of Nature, &c., i. 86; common repugnance to its rationalistic element, 3, 59-60, 261 _n._, 279 _n._, 387 _n._, 388, 437, 441, iv. 57; encyclopædic character of Greek, iii. 219; new epoch, by Plato's establishment of a school, i. 266; its march up to or down from _principia_, 403; the protracted study necessary, an advantage, _ib._; definition first sought for in _Erastæ_, ii. 117; the perpetual accumulation of knowledge, 112; a province by itself, 119; the supreme art, 120; to be studied by itself exclusively, 229; claim of _locus standi_ for, 367; relation to politics, 224, 227, 229, 230 _n._; comparative value of, and of _practical_ (q.v.) life, 365 _n._, 368 _n._, _ib._, iii. 182, i. 204; antithesis of rhetoric and, ii. 365; issue unsatisfactorily put by Plato, 369; ancient quarrel between poetry and, iv. 93, 152, 309; Aristotle on blending mythe with, 255 _n._; gives a partial emancipation of soul, ii. 386; analogy of Eros to, iii. 10, 11, 14; Eros the stimulus to, 18; different view, _Phædon_, _Theætêtus_, _Sophistês_, _Republic_, _ib._; antithesis of emotion and science, 61; ideas exist or philosophy impossible, 68; should be confined to discussion among select minds, i. 351; should not be taught at a very early age, iv. 60, 76; studies introductory to, 70-75; difference in _Leges_, 275 _n._; Plato's remarks on effect of, 207; _Republic_ contradicts other dialogues, 207-11; Plato more a preacher than philosopher in _Republic_, 129, 131; difference between theorist and preceptor, _ib._; Plato's altered tone in regard to, in later life, 273.
Philosophy, Pre-Sokratic, i. 1-83; value, _xiv_; form compared with the Indian, 107; studied in the third and second centuries B. C., 92; importance of Aristotle's information about, 85; Plato's criticism on, 87 _n._; relation of early schemes, 86; Aristotle's relation to, 85; abstractions of Plato and Aristotle compared with Ionians, 87; _Timæus_ resembled Ionic philosophy, 88 _n._; theories in circulation in Platonic period, 91; Ionians attended to material cause only, 88; defect of Ionic _principles_, 89; little or no dialectic in earliest theorists, 93; physics discredited by growth of dialectic, 91; new characteristic with Zeno and Gorgias, 105.
Phlogiston theory, ii. 164 _n._
[Greek: Phro/nêsis], ii. 120 _n._, iii. 301 _n._, 370 _n._
[Greek: Phtho/nos], meaning, iii. 356 _n._
[Greek: Phu/sis], of Demokritus, i. 70 _n._; in sense of [Greek: ge/nesis], denied by Empedokles, 38 _n._; [Greek: phu/sei] and [Greek: kata\ phu/sin], iii. 294 _n._, iv. 310 _n._; see _Nature_.
Physics, transcendentalism in modern, i. 400 _n._; creation out of nothing, denied by all ancient physical philosophers, 52; aversion to studying, on ground of impiety, iv. 219 _n._, 397** _n._; Thales, i. 4; Anaximander, 4-7; Anaximenes, 7; Pythagorean, 12; Xenophanes, 18; Parmenides, 24, 90** _n._; his phenomena the object of modern, 23 _n._; and ontology, radically distinct points of view, _ib._; reconciliation of ontology with, attempted unsuccessfully after Parmenides, _ib._; Herakleitus, 27, 32; Empedokles, 38; _attraction_ and _repulsion_ illustrate his _love_ and _enmity_, 40 _n._; Anaxagoras, 49, 57; denied simple bodies, 52 _n._; atomic doctrine, 65, 67; early, discredited by growth of dialectic, 91; retrograded in Plato and Aristotle, 88 _n._; theories in circulation in Platonic period, 91; Eudoxus, 255 _n._; early study of Sokrates, ii. 391; Sokrates avoided, i. 376; Cynics' contempt for, 151; and Aristippus', 192; see _Kosmos_.
Physiology, of Empedokles, i. 43; Theophrastus, 46 _n._; Anaxagoras, 58; Diogenes of Apollonia, 60 _n._, 62; Demokritus, 76; of _Timæus_ subordinated to ethical teleology, iv. 256; of Plato, see _Body_; compared with Aristotle and Hippokrates, 260.
Plants for man's nutrition, iv. 248; soul of, _ib._
Platæa, iii. 406.
Plato, life, little known, i. 246; birth, parentage, and education, 247, 306 _n._; early relations with Sokrates, 248; service as a citizen and soldier, 249; political life, 251; political changes in Greece during life, 1; travels alter death of Sokrates, 253; permanently established at Athens, 254; teaches at the Academy, _ib._; received presents, not fees, iii. 218 _n._; his pupils, numerous, wealthy, and from different cities, i. 255; many subsequently politicians, 261 _n._; Eudoxus, 255; Aristotle, 260; Demosthenes, 261 _n._; visits the younger Dionysius, 258, 351, 194 _n._; relations with Dionysius, 255; disappointments, 280; varying relations with Isokrates, ii. 331 _n._, iii. 35; his jealousy and love of supremacy, i. 117 _n._, 153 _n._; alleged ill-nature, 117 _n._; antipathy to Antisthenes, 151, 152 _n._, 165; alleged enmity between Xenophon and, iii. 22 _n._, iv. 146 _n._, 312 _n._; rivalry with Lysias, iii. 408, 410 _n._, 411 _n._; death, i. 200; Plato and Aristotle represent pure Hellenic philosophy, _xiv_; St. Jerome on, _xv_; criticism on early Greek philosophy, 87 _n._; relation to predecessors, 91; theories in circulation in his time, _ib._; Parmenidês and Pythagoras supplied basis for, 89; relation to Sokrates, 344 _n._, ii. 303; Pythagoreanism, i. 10 _n._, 15 _n._, 87, 344 _n._, 346 _n._, 347, 349 _n._, ii. 426 _n._, iii. 368, iv. 424 _n._; Herakleitus, i. 27, ii. 30; Demokritus, i. 66 _n._, 82 _n._, iv. 355 _n._; abstractions of Plato and Aristotle compared with Ionic philosophy, i. 87; physics retrograded with, 88 _n._; analogy to Indian philosophy, ii. 389 _n._; resemblance to Hebrew writers, iv. 157 _n._, 256; little known of him from his Dialogues, i. 260, 339; personality only in his Epistles, 349; valuable illustrations of his character from Epistles, 339 _n._; his school fixed at Athens and transmitted to successors, 265; scarcely known to us in his function of a lecturer and president of a school, 346; lectures at the Academy, never published, 360; miscellaneous character of audience, effect, 348; lectures, 347; De Bono, _ib._, 349; on principles of geometry, 349 _n._; circumstances of his intellectual and philosophical development little known, 323 _n._; did not write till after death of Sokrates, 326, 334, 443 _n._; proofs, 327-334; variety, 339, 342, 344, ii. 155 _n._, iii. 26 _n._, 54, 179 _n._, 259, 265 _n._, 400, 420; style, i. 405; prolixity, ii. 100 _n._, 276, iii. 259, 369 _n._, iv. 325 _n._; poetical vein predominant in some works, i. 343, iv. 153 _n._; mixture of poetical fancy and religious mysticism with dialectic theory, iii. 16; comic vein, 410 _n._; builds on metaphor, i. 353 _n._, iii. 65 _n._, 351, 364; rhetorical powers, 178** _n._, 392 _n._, 408, 409, 410; irony, ii. 208; tendency to embrace logical phantoms as real causes, 404 _n._; both sceptical and dogmatical, i. 342; his affirmative and negative veins distinct, 399, 400 _n._, 403, 420; in old age the affirmative vein, 408; altered tone in regard to philosophy in later life, iv. 273, 320, 379, 424, i. 244; intolerance, 423, iii. 277, iv. 157, 159, 379, 430; inconsistencies, i. _xiii_, ii. 29, 303, 345, 416 _n._, iii. 17, 172 _n._, 273, 277, 332, 372, iv. 24, 219, 379-86, 396; absence of system, i. _xiii_, 340 _n._, 344, 375; untenable hypothesis that he communicated solutions to a few, _xi_, 360, 401; assumed impossibility of teaching by written exposition, 349, 357, ii. 56 _n._; this assumption intelligible in his day, i. 357; a champion of the negative dialectic, 372; devoted to philosophy, 333; his aim, 406; is a searcher, 375, iii. 158 _n._; search after knowledge the business of his life, i. 396; has done more than any one else to interest others in it, 405; anxiety to keep up research, ii. 246; combated commonplace, i. 398 _n._; equally with Sophists, laid claim to universal knowledge, iii. 219; anachronisms, i. 335, ii. 20 _n._, iii. 411; colours facts to serve his arguments, ii. 356 _n._, 369, iii. 46, iv. 311; probably never read Thucydides, iii. 410 _n._; acquiescence in tradition, iv. 230-3, 242 _n._; relation to popular mythology, i. 441 _n._, ii. 416, iii. 265 _n._, iv. 24, 155 _n._, 196, 238 _n._, 325, 328, 337, 398; theory of politics to resist King Nomos, i. 393; reverence for Egyptian regulations, iv. 266 _n._; latest opinion in Epinomis, 421 _n._, 424 _n._; agreement of Leibnitz with, ii. 248 _n._; see _Canon_, _Dialogue_, _Epistles_, &c.
Platonists, influenced by Pythagoreans, iii. 390 _n._; pleasure a form of evil, _ib._; erroneous identification of truth and good, 391 _n._
Pleasurable, Beautiful a variety of, ii. 45; inadmissible, 45-7; and Good, as conceived by the Athenians, 371; is it identical with good, 289.
Pleasure, an equivoque, iii. 377 _n._; meaning as the _summum bonum_, 338; Plato's various doctrines compared, 385 _n._; is the good, ii. 292, 305, 347 _n._; agreement with Aristippus, i. 199-201; right comparison of pains and, necessary, ii. 293; virtue a right comparison of pain and, _ib._, 305; ignorance, not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing, 294;
## actions conducive to, are honourable, 295;
Sokrates' reasoning, 307; not ironical, 314; not Utilitarianism, 310 _n._; theory more distinct than any in other dialogues, 308, 347; but too narrow and exclusively prudential, 309; compared with _Gorgias_, 306 _n._, 345-6; _Republic_, 210, 350 _n._; not identical with Good, 345, iii. 380 _n._, iv. 62; Sokrates' argument untenable, ii. 351; its elements depreciated, 355; arts of flattery aiming at immediate, 357; Expert required to discriminate, 345, 347; science of measure necessary to estimate pleasures, 357 _n._, iii. 357, 369 _n._, 376** _n._, 391, iv. 301; is it good, iii. 335, 337; pleasures unlike each other, 336, 396; is good intense pleasure without any intelligence, 338; life without pain or pleasure conceivable, at least second-best, 349, 372; less cognate than intelligence to good, 339, 347, 361; not identical with [Greek: a)lupi/a], 338 _n._, 353, 377; is of the infinite, 347; is the indeterminate, 348; pre-supposes pain, 349, 389 _n._; except in the derivative pleasures of memory and expectation, 349; is the restoration of the system's harmony, 348; antithesis of body and mind in desire, no true pleasure, 350; true, attached to true opinion, 351; same principle of classification applied to cognitions as to, 382; can they be true or false, 351, 352, 385, 380 _n._, 382; false, are pleasures falsely estimated, 352, 384; theory of pleasure-haters, partly true, 354; intense, not compatible with cognition, 363; Aristotle on, 376 _n._; same view enforced by Hedonists, 378, 387 _n._; intense, connected with bodily or mental distemper, 356, 391; but more pleasure in health, 356; feelings excited by drama, [Greek: phtho/nos], 355 _n._; true, of beautiful colours, odours, sounds, acquisition of knowledge, 356; of geometry, painless, _ib._, 387 _n._; of intelligence more valuable than of sense, 375 _n._, 386 _n._, iv. 85, 89, 118; analogy of cognition and, iii. 360; true, admit of measure, 357, 369 _n._; is generation, therefore, not an end, nor the good, 357; Aristippus and Aristotle on, 378 _n._; is an end, and cannot be compared with intelligence, a means, 373, 377 _n._; good a mixture of pleasure and cognition, 361; only true, pure, and necessary pleasures included in good, 362; gods and kosmos free from pleasure and pain, 389; intelligence postulated by the Hedonists, 374; Plato argues on Hedonistic basis by comparing, 375; both [Greek: a)lupi/a] and pleasure included in Hedonists' end, 377; Sokrates differs little from pleasure-haters, 389; doctrine not defensible against pleasure-haters, 387, 390 _n._; of intelligence, the best, and alone pure, iv. 85, 89; of [Greek: philoma/theia] superior to [Greek: philoke/rdeia] and [Greek: philotimi/a], 85, 89, 118; neutral condition of mind intermediate between pain and pleasure, 86; pure pleasure, unknown to most men, 87; more from replenishment of mind than of body, 88; citizens should be tested against, 285; Sokrates the ideal of self-command as to, 288; good identical with maximum of, and minimum of pain, 292-7, 299, 303; at least an useful fiction, _ib._; a form of evil, Platonists' doctrine, iii. 390 _n._; Speusippus on, 386 _n._, 390 _n._; Kyrenaic theory, i. 196; Antisthenes, iii. 390 _n._; Cynics' contempt for, i. 154; Aristotle, iii. 386 _n._; Epikurus, ii. 355 _n._, iii. 387 _n._; Lucretius, 387 _n._; Cicero, 389 _n._; Prof. Bain, 383 _n._
Plotinus, i. 376 _n._, iii. 84 _n._
Poets, censured by Herakleitus, i. 26; Xenophanes, 16; the art is _one_, ii. 127; arbitrary exposition by the rhapsodes, 125; and rhapsodes work by divine inspiration, 127, 129; deliver wisdom without knowing it, 285; the great teachers, 135; really know nothing, _ib._; Strabo against, iv. 152 _n._; appeal to maxims of, ii. 178; importance of knowledge of, 283; Plato's forced interpretations of, 286, _ib._ _n._; relation of sophists, rhetors, philosophers to, iv. 149; ancient quarrel between philosophy and, 93, 151; Plato's feelings enlisted for, 93; Plato's aversion to Athenian dramatic, 316, 350; peculiar to himself, 317; Aristotle differs, _ib._ _n._; change for worse at Athens began in, 313; censured, ii. 355, iv. 91, 130 _n._; their mischievous _imitation of imitation_, 91; retort open to, 153 _n._, 154 _n._; mischievous appeal to emotions, ii. 126, iv. 92, 152, 349; only deceive their hearers, 91; credibility upheld by Plato, 161; must avoid variety of imitation, 26; orthodox type imposed on, 24, 153, 155, 292-6, 323, 349; to keep emotions in a proper state, 169; Plato's expulsion of, censured, iii. 3; actual place of, in Greek education, compared with Plato's _idéal_, iv. 149-53; mixture in Plato of poetry with religious mysticism and dialectic theory, iii. 16; poetic vein of Sokrates in _Phædon_ contrasted with _Apology_, ii. 421; Aristophanes on function of, iv. 306 _n._
Political art, its use, ii. 206, iii. 415; Sokrates declares he alone follows the true, ii. 361; society and ethics, topic of Sokrates, i. 376; ethics merged by Sokrates in, ii. 362; treated together by Plato, iv. 133; apart by Aristotle, 138; Plato's and Aristotle's new theory of, to resist King _Nomos_, i. 393; relation to philosophy, ii. 224, 227, 229, 230 _n._, 365 _n._, 368 _n._, _ib._, iii. 179, 183, iv. 51-4, i. 181 _n._, 182; to be studied by itself exclusively, ii. 229; Lewis on ideals, iv. 139 _n._; see _Government_, _Monarchy_, _Ruler_.
_Politikus_, authenticity, i. 307, 316 _n._, iii. 185 _n._, 265 _n._; date, i. 309, 410, 313, 315, 325; purpose, iii. 188, 253, 257 _n._, 261; value, 190; relation to _Theætêtus_, 187; scenery and personages, 185; in a logical classification all particulars of equal value, 195; province of sensible perception narrower in _Theætêtus_, 256; importance of founding logical partition on sensible resemblances, 255; the attainment of the standard the purpose of each art, 260; necessity of declaring standard, 262; Plato's views on mensuration, 260; Plato's defence against critics, 262; the mythe of the kosmos, 265 _n._; causes principal and auxiliary, 266; the king the principal cause, _ib._; Plato does not admit received classification of governments, 267; three kinds of polity, 278; true classification of governments, scientific or unscientific, 268; unscientific government, or by many, counterfeit, _ib._; of unscientific governments, despot worst, democracy least bad, 270, 278; true government, by the one scientific** man, i. 273, iv. 280, 310 _n._; counter-theory in _Protagoras_, iii. 275; government by fixed laws the second-best, 269; scientific governor, unlimited by laws, 269; distinguished from general, &c., 271; aims at forming virtuous citizens, 272; maintains ethical standard, 273; natural dissidence of gentle and energetic virtues, _ib._; excess of the energetic entails death or banishment, of the gentle, slavery, _ib._; courage and temperance assumed, 282; compared with _Lachês_, 282-4; _Charmidês_, _ib._; _Menon_, 283; _Protagoras_, 262, 275; _Phædon_, 262, 265 _n._; _Phædrus_, 257, 265 _n._; _Parmenidês_, 259; _Theætêtus_, 184 _n._, 187, 256; _Kratylus_, 281, 329; _Philêbus_, 262, 369 _n._; _Republic_, 257 _n._, 279.
[Greek: Polupra/gmôn], ii. 362 _n._
Polybius, on music, iv. 306.
Polytheism, early Greek explanation of phenomena by, i. 2; believed in after genesis of philosophy, 3; hostile to philosophy, 86; substitution of physical forces for, ii. 402; Euripides' _Hippolytus_ illustrates popular Greek religious belief, iv. 163 _n._
Population, Malthus' law of, iv. 201; recognised by Plato and Aristotle, 202.
Porphyry, on Metempsychosis, ii. 426 _n._
Poste, Mr., on _Philêbus_, iii. 365 _n._, 369 _n._, 381 _n._, 384 _n._, 390 _n._, 396 _n._, 397 _n._; abstract theories of Plato and Aristotle compared, _ib._
Potential and actual, Aristotle's distinction, iii. 134; _ens_ equivalent to, 204.
Power, controversy of Aristotle with Megarics, i. 135; Aristotle's arguments not valid, 136-8; Aristotle himself concedes the doctrine, 139 _n._; doctrine of Diodôrus Kronus, 140, 143; defended by Hobbes, 143; Brown on, 138 _n._
Practical life disparaged, ii. 355, iii. 329; and philosophy, ii. 365 _n._, 368 _n._, _ib._, iii. 179, 183, iv. 51-4, i. 181 _n._, 182; uselessness of philosopher in, due to his not being called in by citizens, iv. 54; condition of success in, ii. 359; influence of belief on, i. 180 _n._; Boissier on, 157 _n._
Prantl, objection to _Homo Mensura_, iii. 151 _n._; _Timæus_, iv. 255 _n._; Megarics, i. 129 _n._, 132 _n._
Praxiphanes, on _Kritias_, iv. 265** _n._
Prayer, danger of, for mischievous gifts, ii. 12; Sokrates on, and sacrifice, 17, 417, 419; Sokrates prays for undefined favours--premonitions, 28; Sokrates' belief, iv. 394; heresy that gods appeased by, 376, 384; general Greek belief, 392, 394; Herodotus, _ib._; Epikurus, 395; Aristotle, _ib._
Predicables, iii. 77 _n._
Predication, predicate not recognised in Plato's analysis, iii. 235; only identical, legitimate, 223, 232 _n._, 251; coincidence in Plato, ii. 46 _n._; analogous difficulty in _Parmenidês_, i. 169; error due to the then imperfect logic, iii. 241; misconception of function of copula, 221, i. 170 _n._; arguments against, iii. 206, 212, 221; Aristotle on, i. 166, 170; after Aristotle, asserted by Stilpon, 166, 169; Stilpon against accidental, 167; logical subject has no real essence apart from predicates, 168 _n._; Menedêmus disallowed negative, 170; see _Proposition_.
Pre-existence of all animals, included in Plato's proof of soul's immortality, ii. 414.
Pre-Sokratic, see _Philosophy_.
Priestley, Dr., character of, i. 403 _n._
Principle, march of philosophy up to or down from, i. 403; of Thales, 4; Anaximander, 5; Anaximenes, 7; Pythagoreans, 9-12, 14; Parmenides, 24; Herakleitos, 27; Empedokles, 38; Diogenes of Apollonia, 60; defect of the Ionic philosophers, 38.
Prinsterer, G. van, iii. 412 _n._
Prodikus, as a writer and critic, iii. 304, 308 _n._; less a sophist than Sokrates, 219; the choice of Herakles, ii. 267 _n._
Proëms, of Zaleukus and Charondas, iv. 323 _n._; didactic or rhetorical homilies, 322; to every important law, 321, 383; as type for poets, 323.
Proklus, borrowed from Rhodian Eudemus, i. 85 _n._; interpretation of Plato, _xi_; on _Leges_, iv. 355 _n._; _Kritias_, 265 _n._; _Parmenidês_, iii. 64 _n._, 80 _n._, 80, 90 _n._; _Kratylus_, 294 _n._, 310 _n._, 323 _n._; distinction of divine and human names, 300 _n._; analysis of propositions, 237 _n._
Prometheus, mythe, ii. 267.
Property, private, an evil, iv. 327, 333; perpetuity of lots of land, 326; succession, 405; modes of acquiring, 397; length of prescription, 415; direct taxation according to, 331; qualification for magistracies and votes, _ib._, 333; limited inequality tolerated as to movable, 330; no private possession of gold or silver, no loans or interest, 331; see _Communism_.
Prophesy, Plato's theory of liver's function, iv. 246; see _Inspiration_.
Proposition, analysis of, iii. 213; imperfect, 230, 235; intercommunion of forms of _non-ens_ and of proposition, opinion, judgment, 213-4; no analysis or classification of, before Aristotle, 222; quality of, 235, 248; Plato's view of the negative erroneous, 236, 239; Ideas [Greek: tô=n a)popha/seôn], 238 _n._; are false possible, 232; Plato undertakes impossible task, 249; some true, others false, assumed by Aristotle, _ib._; hypothetical, Diodôrus Kronus on, i. 145; Philo, _ib._ _n._; contradictory, impossible, 166; the subject, no real essence apart from predicates, 168 _n._; see _Copula_, _Predication_.
Protagoras, character of, ii. 265 _n._; not represented in _Euthydêmus_, 202; less a sophist than Sokrates, iii. 219; not disparagingly viewed by Plato, ii. 288 _n._, 290 _n._, 296 _n._, 303, 314; relation to Herakleitus, iii. 159 _n._; _Homo Mensura_, 113; see _Relativity_; combated by Demokritus, i. 82; taught by lectures, ii. 203, 301; [Greek: Peri\ tou= o)/ntos], iii. 153 _n._; as a writer and critic, 304, 308 _n._; treatise on eristic, i. 125 _n._; theory of vision, iv. 237 _n._; on the gods, 233 _n._
_Protagoras_, the, date, i. 304-7, 308, 77, 312, 315, 321, 327, 328, 331 _n._, ii. 228 _n._, 298 _n._; purpose, 277, 278 _n._; two distinct aspects of ethics and politics, 299; difference of rhetorical and dialectical method, 300; introduction illustrates Sokrates' mission, 263; question unsolved, 297, 316; scenery and personages, 259; Hippokrates eager for acquaintance with Protagoras, 260, iii. 217 _n._; not noticed at the close, ii. 298; Sophists as teachers, 261; danger of going to sophist, without knowing what he is about to teach, 262; visit to Kallias, respect for Protagoras, 264; Protagoras questioned, _ib._; is virtue, teachable, 266; intends to train youths as virtuous citizens, _ib._; Protagoras' mythe, first fabrication of animals by gods, 267; its value, 276; social art conferred by Zeus, 268, iii. 275; Protagoras' discourse, ii. 269; its purpose, 274; prolix, 275; parodied by Sokrates, 283; mythe and discourse explain propagation of established sentiment of a community, 274, iii. 274; justice and sense of shame possessed and taught by all citizens, ii. 269; virtue taught by parents, &c., 272; quantity acquired depends on individual aptitude, _ib._; analogy of learning the vernacular, 273; theory of punishment, 270; combines the two modern theories, 270 _n._; why genius not hereditary, 271, 272, 274; Sokrates analyses, 276; how far is justice like holiness, 278; intelligence and moderation identical, having same contrary, 279; Sokrates' reasons insufficient, _ib._; Protagoras' prolix reply, 280, 281, 284; Alkibiades claims superiority for Sokrates, 282, 287; dialectic superior to rhetoric, 282; Sokrates inferior in continuous debate, 284; Sokrates on song, and concealed Sophists at Krete and Sparta, 283; Protagoras on importance of knowledge of poets, _ib._; interpretation of a song of Simonides, _ib._; forced interpretation of poets, 285; poets deliver wisdom without knowing it, 285; Sokrates depreciates value of debates on poets, _ib._; colloquial companion necessary to Sokrates, 287; courage differs materially from rest of virtue, 285, 304 _n._, iv. 283 _n._; Sokrates argues that courage is knowledge, ii. 288; Aristotle on, 170 _n._; courage a right estimate of terrible things, 296, 307; the reasoning unsatisfactory, 313; knowledge is dominant agency in mind, 290; no man does evil voluntarily, 292; ignorance, not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing, 294; pleasure the good, 289, 292, 305, 344-50; agreement with Aristippus, i. 199-201; right comparison of pleasures and pains necessary, ii. 293, iii. 391; virtue a right comparison of pleasures and pains, ii. 293, 305;
## actions conducive to pleasure are honourable, 295;
reasoning of Sokrates, 307; not ironical, 314; not Utilitarianism, 310 _n._; theory more distinct than any in other dialogues, 308; but too narrow and exclusively prudential, 309-11, 313, 350 _n._; reciprocity of regard indispensable, 311; ethical end involves regard for pleasures and pains of others, 312; permanent and transient elements of human agency, 353-5; compared with _Menon_, 245; _Gorgias_, 306 _n._, 345-8, 349-57, iii. 379; _Politikus_, 262, 275, 276; _Philêbus_, 380, 391; _Republic_, ii. 310, 350 _n._; _Timæus_, 268 _n._; _Leges_, iv. 301.
Prudence, relation to rest of virtue, iv. 426; a good from its consequent pleasures, Aristippus' doctrine, i. 197.
Psammetichus, iii. 289 _n._
[Greek: Pseu=dos], derivation, iii. 301 _n._
[Greek: Psuchê/], meaning, iv. 387 _n._; see _Mind_, _Soul_, _Reason_.
Psychology, defective in _Gorgias_, ii. 354; great advance by Plato in analytical, iii. 164; classification of minds and aptitudes required in true rhetoric, 32, 43.
Ptolemies, i. 279, 284 _n._, 285.
Punishment, theory of, ii. 270; combines the two modern theories, _ib._ _n._; a relief to the wrongdoer, 326, 328, 335, iv. 366; consequences of theory, ii. 336; its incompleteness, 363; analogy of mental and bodily distemper pushed too far, 337; objects to deter or reform, iv. 408; corporal, 403.
Pyrrho the Sceptic, i. 154 _n._
Pythagoras, life and doctrines, i. 8; metaphysical and geometrical rather than physical, 89; censured by Herakleitus, 26; Demokritus on, 82 _n._; antipathy of Herakleitus, iii. 316 _n._; see _Pythagoreans_.
Pythagoreans, the brotherhood, i. 8, ii. 374; absence of individuality, i. 8; divergences of doctrine, 9 _n._, 14 _n._; canon of life, iii. 390 _n._; compared with Chinese philosophers, i. 159 _n._; Number, differs from Plato's Idea, 10, 348; modern application of the principle, 10 _n._; fundamental conception applied by Kepler, 14 _n._; Platonic form of doctrine of Monas and Duas, 15 _n._; number limited to ten, 11 _n._; [Greek: kairo/s], the first cause of good, iii. 397 _n._; music of the spheres, i. 14; harmonies, 16; geometrical construction of kosmos, re-appears in _Timæus_, 349 _n._; vacuum extraneous to the kosmos, iv. 225 _n._; doctrine of one cosmical soul, ii. 248 _n._; metempsychosis, 426 _n._; Contraries, the principles of [Greek: o)/nta], i. 15 _n._; theory of vision, iv. 237 _n._; not the idealists of _Sophistês_, iii. 245 _n._; doctrine of classification, enlarged by Plato, 368; on etymology, 304 _n._, 316 _n._, 323 _n._; doctrines in Plato, i. 11 _n._, 16 _n._, 88, 344 _n._, 346 _n._, 347, 349 _n._, ii. 426 _n._, iii. 368, iv. 424 _n._; Platonists, iii. 390 _n._
Q.
Qualities, primary and secondary, i. 70, iv. 243 _n._; all are relative, ii. 157; no existence without the mind, iii. 73 _n._; [Greek: a)lloi/ôsis], 103 _n._
Quality of propositions, iii. 235 _n._, 248.
Quintilian, iii. 311 _n._
R.
Ravaisson, M., iii. 242 _n._
Realism, first protest against, Antisthenes, i. 164.
Reason, the universal, of Herakleitus, i. 34; is the reason of most men as it ought to be, 35; the individual, worthless, 34; of Anaxagoras, identical with the vital principle, 54; alone pure and unmixed, 51; immaterial and impersonal, 56 _n._; two attributive to _move_ and to _know_, _ib._; relation to the homoeomeries, 55-7; originates rotatory movement in chaotic mass, 50; exercised only a catalytic agency, 89; compared with Herakleitus' [Greek: perie/chon], 56 _n._; not used as a cause, ii. 394; of Demokritus, produced by influx of atoms, i. 79; relation to sense, 68 _n._; alone gives true knowledge, 72; worlds of sense and, distinct, 403; varieties of, classified, iii. 358; dialectic the purest, 360; two grades of, Nous and Dianoia, iv. 66; relation to [Greek: noêto/n], i. 354 _n._; the Universal, assigned as measure of truth, iii. 151 _n._; relation to kosmical soul, iv. 226; kosmos produced by joint action of necessity and, 237; in individual, analogous to ruler in state, 39; temporarily withdrawn under inspiration, ii. 131, iii. 11; belongs only to gods and a few men, 121 _n._, iv. 234, 235 _n._; is the determining, iii. 348; a combining cause, 347; postulated by the Hedonists, 374; analogy of pleasure and, 360; more cognate than pleasure with good, 339, 347, 361; is it happiness, 335, 337; is good a life of, without pleasure or pain, 338, 349, 372; pleasure an end, and cannot be compared with intelligence, a means, 373, 377 _n._; all cognitions included in good, 362; good is not, iv. 62; implication of emotion and, iii. 374; knowledge of good identical with, of other things with [Greek: do/xa], ii. 30; perfect state of, the one sufficient condition of virtue, 149; earliest example of fallacy of Sufficient, i. 6 _n._
Reid, on Berkeley, iv. 243** _n._; atomic doctrine of primary and secondary qualities, i. 70.
Relation, category of, iii. 128 _n._
Relative and non-relative names, iii. 232 _n._; and absolute, radically distinct points of view, i. 23 _n._; antithetised by Plato in regard to the beautiful, ii. 54; the, of Xenophanes, i. 18; doctrine of Parmenides, 20-24, 66; alone knowable, Zeno, 98, 101; incommunicable, Gorgias the Leontine, 104 _n._; doctrine of Anaxagoras, 59 _n._; Demokritus, 71, 80; alone knowable, iii. 63, 73; Idea of Good is essentially, iv. 214 _n._, i. 185; see _Absolute_, _Relativity_.
Relativity, perpetual implication of subject and object, iii. 118, 123 _n._, 122 seq., 128-9, 287 _n._, i. 204 _n._; true both in regard to ratiocinative combinations and percipient faculties of each individual, iii. 118; the doctrine of Sokrates, i. 432, iii. 140 _n._, 147, 162 _n._; in regard to intelligible world, proved from Plato, 121, 125, 227, 322 _n._, 337 _n._; shown more easily than in reference to sense, 122; of some sensible facts, 126, 298, iv. 242; two-fold, to comparing subject, and to another object, besides the one directly described, iii. 127; relations are nothing in the object without a comparing subject, _ib._; the facts of consciousness not explicable by independent subject and object, 131; _Homo Mensura_, formula unpopular, 150; objected to as "Subjectivism," 151; true meaning, ii. 341 _n._, iii. 116, 137, 143, 292, 297; its counter-proposition, 148; its value, 131, 164 _n._; relation to belief on authority, 142, 143, 146, 293; counter-theory of naming, 291, 326 _n._; all exposition an assemblage of individual judgments, 139; sentiments of belief and disbelief common, but grounds different with different men and ages, 296; belief not dependent on will but relative to circumstances of individual mind, 297; _Homo Mensura_, an objection to cognisability of Ideas, 72; identified with Herakleiteanism, 128; Demokritus on, i. 82, iii. 152; Plato's arguments against, 135; identified erroneously by Plato with knowledge is sensible perception, 114 _n._, 118, 120 _n._, 125, 162 _n._; Plato ignores the proper qualification, 137; the doctrine equalises all animals, 135, 292; analogy of physical processes, 294; not true in the sense meant, 141, 296; it annuls dialectic--not true, 146; the wise man alone a measure, 145; divergences of men, from mental and associative differences, 155; Aristotle on, 128 _n._, 131 _n._, 132 _n._, 149 _n._, 152; Kyrenaics, i. 197. 204; Hamilton, iii. 133 _n._; Dugald Stewart, 156 _n._; see _Relative_.
Religion, Greek, hostile to philosophy, i. 86; mysticism in Empedokles, 47 _n._; Xenophanes, 16-18; loose meaning of [Greek: a)/theos], iv. 382 _n._; Manichæanism of _Leges_, 389 _n._; Plato's relation to popular mythology, i. 441 _n._, ii. 416, iii. 265 _n._, iv. 24, 155 _n._, 195, 238 _n._, 325, 328, 337, 398; dissent from his country's, 161, 163; fundamental dogmas, 419; doctrines had emanated from lawgivers, 160; temples and priests, regulations, 337; number of sacrifices determined by lawgiver, 357; sacrilege, gravest of all crimes, 363; heresy, and [Greek: u(/bris] to divine things, or places, 375-86; [Greek: eu)phêmi/a] and [Greek: blasphêmi/a], 350 _n._; only state worship allowed, 24, 159, 337, 419, 430; Cicero, 379 _n._; Delphi and Dodona to be consulted, 34, 137 _n._, 325, 337; Xenophon, i. 237; communications common in Plato's age, ii. 130, 131 _n._, i. 225 _n._; see _Orthodoxy_, _Prayer_, _Polytheism_, _Sacrifice_, _Theology_.
Reminiscence, theory of, ii. 237, 249, 252, iii. 13, 17; kindled by aspect of physical beauty, 14; not accepted, ii. 247; Bion and Straton on, 249 _n._; purification of soul for, 389; necessary hypothesis for didactic _idéal_, iii. 52; not recognised in _Symposion_, 17; nor in _Republic_ training, iv. 207.
Renan, on absence of system in ancient philosophy, i. 340 _n._; influence of professorial lectures, 346 _n._; Averroism, iii. 68 _n._; _Kratylus_, 290 _n._; origin of language, 326 _n._, 328 _n._, 329 _n._; _Almamuns' dream_, iv. 213 _n._
_Republic_, date, i. 307, 309, 311-3, 315, 324, ii. 318 _n._; title only partially applicable, iv. 96; _Kleitophon_ intended as first book, i. 406 _n._, iii. 419, 425; _Hermokrates_ projected as last in tetralogy, i. 325, iv. 266, 273; _Timæus_ and _Kritias_, sequel to, 215, 265; overleaps difficulties of other dialogues, 138; summarised, 1, 95; double purpose, ethical and political, 133, 138; polity and education combined, 185; Plato more a preacher than philosopher in, 129-31; scenery and persons, 2; Kephalus' views about old age, _ib._; preponderance of evil, 262 _n._; tripartite division of goods, 12, 116; Good, not intelligence nor pleasure, 62; the four cardinal virtues assumed as an exhaustive classification, 135; as constituting all Virtue where each resides, 134; difference in other dialogues, 137; justice an equivocal word, 120, 123-6; Simonides' definition of justice, rendering what is owing, 2; objections, 3; defective explanations, 4; definition rejected, 6; Thrasymachus' definition, justice what is advantageous to the most powerful, 8; modified, 9; ruler _qua_ ruler infallible, _ib._; justice the good of another, 10; a good to society and individual, injustice a source of weakness, 11; justice a source of happiness, 12; a compromise, 13; recommended by fathers from its consequences, 15, 16, 99; the received view anterior to Plato, 100; Xenophon on, 114 _n._; arguments compared, and question stated, 18; the real issue, 117; justice a good _per se_, 20, 40, 84, 90; not demonstrated, 116; is performing one's own function, 36, 37; in individual, when each mental part performs its own function, 40; analogy to bodily health, _ib._; distinction between temperance and justice effaced, 135; view peculiar to Plato, 99; happiness of just and unjust compared, 14; neutral condition of mind intermediate between pain and pleasure, 86; pure pleasure unknown to most men, iii. 387 _n._, iv. 87; simile of kosmos, absolute height and depth, 87; more pleasure from replenishment of mind than of body, 88; proved also by superiority of pleasures of intelligence, iii. 375 _n._, iv. 85, 89; the arguments do not establish the point aimed at, 118-20; a good _per se_, and from its consequences, 94, 121-3; all-sufficient for happiness, germ of Stoical doctrine, 102; inconsistent with actual facts, 103, 123; individual dependent on society, _ib._; essential reciprocity in society, 109; the basis of Plato's own theory of city's genesis, 111; but incompletely stated, 112 _n._; any theory of society must present antithesis and correlation of obligation and right, 112; Plato's affirmation true in a qualified sense, 125; orthodoxy or dissent of just man must be taken into account, 126, 131; Plato's ethical basis imperfect, 127; his conception is self-regarding, 3 _n._, 104; motives to it arise from internal happiness of the just, 105; view substantially maintained since, _ib._; each individual mind tripartite, ii. 384, iv. 37; the gentle, tender, and æsthetical emotions omitted, 149 _n._; reason, energy, appetite, analogous to rulers, guardians, craftsmen, 39; analogy of city and individual, 20, 37, 79-84, 96; parallelism exaggerated, 114, 121, 124; unity of the city, every man does one thing well, 23, 33, 183; Xenophon on, 139 _n._; perfection of state and individual, each part performing its own function, 97; happiness of entire state the end, 98, 139 _n._; origin of society, common want, ii. 343, iii. 327 _n._, iv. 21, 111, 112 _n._, 133; ideal state--only an outline, 139; a military _bureaucracy_, 183; type of character is Athenian, Xenophontic is Spartan, 147, 151; Plato more anxious for good treatment of Demos, 183; Plato carries abstraction farther than Xenophon or Aristotle, _ib._; Aristotle objects, it is two states, 185, 189; healthy city has few wants, enlargement of city's wants, 22; war, from multiplied wants, _ib._; good state possesses wisdom, courage, temperance, justice, 34, 35; fiction as to origin of classes, 30; difficulty of procuring first admission for fiction, 158; this the introduction of a new religious creed, 156; class of soldiers or guardians, characteristics, 23, 25, 298 _n._; division of guardians into rulers and auxiliaries, 29; maintenance of city dependent on guardians' habits, character, education, 32, 34, 140, 170, 178; musical and gymnastical education necessary, 23; compared with that of modern soldiers, 148, 180; Xenophon compared, 141-8; musical training excites love of the beautiful, 27; music, Platonic sense, 149; by fictions as well as by truth, 24, 154; ancient quarrel between philosophy and poetry, 93, 151; Plato fights for philosophy, but his feelings enlisted for poetry, 93; poets censured, 91, 130 _n._; Homer not educator of Greek world, 92; Herakleitus the Allegorist on, iii. 3 _n._; actual place of poetry in Greek education compared with Plato's _idéal_, iv. 150-2; poets' mischievous appeal to emotions, 92, 152; their mischievous _imitation of imitation_, 91; retort open to poets, 153 _n._, 154 _n._; censorship of mythology, 24; religion in connection with state, _ib._, 159; Delphian Apollo to be consulted for religious legislation, 34, 137 _n._; Sokrates of _Republic_ compared with the real, 211; Plato compared with Epikurus, 161; poets must conform to orthodox standard, 24, 153, 155; must avoid variety of imitation, 20; gods cause good only, do not assume man's form, 24; no repulsive fictions tolerated about gods or Hades, 25, 154; a better class to be substituted from religion for the existing fictions, 159; type for narratives about men, 26; only grave music allowed, 26, 168; restrictions on music and poetry to keep emotions in a proper state, 169; gymnastic and music necessary to correct each other, 29; gymnastic imparts courage, _ib._; bodily training simple, 28; no refined medical art allowed, _ib._; [Greek: sussi/tia] of guardians, 32; their communism, _ib._, 44, 140, 169; its peculiarity, 179; Plato's view of wealth, 199 _n._; the guardians consist of men and women, 41, 46; both sexes to go together to battle, 46; best women equal by nature to second best men, 42, 171-4; same duties and training for women as men, 41, 77; on principle that every citizen belongs to the city, 187; maintained in _Leges_, and harmonises with ancient legends, 195; contrast with Aristotle, _ib._; no family ties, 32, 174; temporary marriages, 43, 175-8, 194 _n._; Plato's and modern sentiments, 192; in Platonic state, influence of Aphrodité very small, 197, 359 _n._; infanticide, 43, 44, 177, 203; contrast of modern sentiment, _ib._; number of guardians, 178; checks on population, 198-202; Malthus' law recognised, 202; approximation in Mill, 199 _n._; scheme practicable if philosophy and political power united, 47; how to be realised, 78, 190 _n._; of state and individual, four stages of degeneracy, 78-84; timocracy, 79; oligarchy, _ib._; democracy, 80; despotism, 81; proportions of happiness and misery in them, 83; Plato's state impossible, in what sense true, 189; its real impossibility, adverse established sentiments, 191; fails from no training for Demos, 186; perpetual succession maintained of philosopher-rulers, 60; philosophers true rulers, 310 _n._; hated by the people, 57; whence pretenders, and forced seclusion of philosophers, 58, 90; distinctive marks of philosopher, 51; the philosopher contemplates unchangeable forms, 48; ens alone knowable, 49; _opinion_, of what is between ens and non-ens, iii. 184 _n._, iv. 49; two grades of opinion, Faith or Belief, and Conjecture, 67; and of intelligence, Nous and Dianoia, 66; ordinary men discern only particulars, 49, 51;
## particulars fluctuate, 50;
simile of Cave, iii. 257 _n._, iv. 67-70; those who have contemplated forms reluctant to undertake active duties, 70; relation of philosopher to practical life, 51-4; simile of the steersman, 53; philosopher requires a community suitable to himself, 59; uselessness of philosopher in practical life, due to his not being called in by citizens, 54; philosophical aptitude perverted under misguiding public opinion, _ib._; irresistible effect of public opinion in producing orthodoxy, 55; perversion not due to Sophists, _ib._; the Sophists conform to prevalent orthodoxy, 56; studies introductory to philosophy, 61, 70-5, 206; object, 69; no mention of Reminiscence, or of negative Elenchus, 207; age for studies, 76; dialectic and geometry, two modes of mind's procedure applicable to ideal world, 65; geometry assumes diagrams, _ib._; dialectic requires no diagrams, deals with forms only, descending from highest, 66; awakening power of arithmetic, 71; stimulus from contradiction of one and many, 72; astronomy must be studied by ideal figures, not observation, 73; geometry conducts mind towards universal ens, 72; acoustics, by applying arithmetical relations and theories, 74; exercises in dialectic, 76; effect of, 207; philosophy should not be taught to youths, 60, 76; opposition to other dialogues and Sokrates' character, 208-12; dialectic the consummation of all the sciences, 75; the standard for classifying sciences as more or less true, iii. 383 _n._; the synoptic view the test of the dialectician, 290 _n._, iv. 76; Idea of Good compared to sun, 63, 64; known to the rulers alone, 212; what Good is, is unsolved, 213; mythe of Hades, 94; compared with _Lachês_, 138; _Charmidês_, 136, 138; _Protagoras_, ii. 310, 350 _n._; _Gorgias_, 353, iii. 380 _n._; _Phædon_, ii. 412, 414 _n._; _Phædrus_, iii. 18; _Parmenidês_, 108, iv. 138; _Sophistês_, iii. 18, 242, 257; _Politikus_, 257, 279; _Philêbus_, 273, 277 _n._, 395; _Kleitophon_, 425; _Timæus_, iv. 38 _n._, 234 _n._, 252; _Leges_, 195, 275, 280, 298 _n._, 302, 318, 319, 327, 390, 428 _n._
Rest, form of, iii. 206, 209-10, 231, 245 _n._
Rhapsodes, as a class, ii. 124; functions, 125, 132, 320; popularity, 126; and poet work by divine inspiration, 127; inspired through medium of poets, 128, 129, 134.
Rhetor, has no real power, ii. 324; aims at flattering the public, 357; practical value of instruction of, iii. 44; the genuine, must acquire real truth, 33, 34; is insufficiently rewarded, 33; guides methodically from error to truth, 40; compared with philosopher, ii. 52, iii. 178; auxiliary of true governor, 271; relation to poets, iv. 150; Plato's desire for celebrity as dialectician, and, iii. 408; see _Rhetoric_.
Rhetoric, popularly preferred to dialectic, i. 451; how employed at Athens, ii. 373; [Greek: a)kriboli/a] distasteful to rhetors, 278 _n._; antithesis of dialectic and, i. 433, ii. 70, 275, 365; deals with the concrete, dialectic with the abstract, 52, 53; difference of method illustrated in _Protagoras_, 300; superior to dialectic in usefulness and celebrity, iii. 360, 380; superiority of dialectic over, claimed, ii. 282, 285, iii. 337 _n._; communicates true opinion, not knowledge, 172; the artisan of persuasion, ii. 319; a branch of flattery, 321, 370; is of little use, 329, iii. 411; and dialectic, issue unsatisfactorily put, ii. 369; view stands or falls with _idéal_ of good, 374; Sokrates' view different in Xenophon, 371 _n._; compared with _Menexenus_, iii. 409; and _Leges_, iv. 322, 324; Aristotle on, i. 133 _n._; Aristeides, 243 _n._; Sokrates' theory, all persuasion founded on a knowledge of the truth, iii. 28; as art, 27; is comprised in dialectic, 30, 34; analogy to medical art, 31; theory more Platonic than Sokratic, 39; is it teachable by system, 28; definition and division essential to genuine, 30, 35; should include a classification of minds and discourses, and their mutual application, 32, 41, 45; Plato's _idéal_ a philosophy, not an art, 46; involves impracticable conditions, 41-3, 46; comparison with the rhetorical teachers, 44; charge against its teachers not established, 47; censure of forensic eloquence, iv. 410; rhetorical powers of Plato, i. 433, ii. 356 _n._, iii. 392 _n._, 408, 409, 411; see _Rhetor_.
Ritter, on _Sophistês_, iii. 244 _n._, 247 _n._; Eukleides, i. 127 _n._; Megarics, 129 _n._
Rivales, see _Erastæ_.
Rose, Valentine, on the dates of Plato's compositions, i. 326 _n._, 329 _n._
Royer-Collard, iii. 165 _n._
Ruler, of a superior breed in the Saturnian period, iii. 264, 266 _n._; a principle cause, 266; scientific alone good, iv. 280; _qua_ ruler infallible, 9; division of guardians into, and auxiliaries, 29; wisdom is seated in, 34; analogous to reason in individual, 39; perpetual succession maintained of philosopher-rulers, 60; alone know the Idea of Good, 212; see _Government_, _Political Art_.
Rutherford, iv. 105 _n._
S.
Sacrifice, Sokrates on, ii. 17, 417-9, iv. 394; heresy that gods appeased by, 376, 384; general Greek belief, 392, 394; Herodotus, _ib._; Aristotle, 395; Epikurus, _ib._; number determined by lawgiver, 357.
Sacrilege, gravest of all crimes, iv. 363.
St.-Hilaire, Barthélemy, on _Sankhya_ and Buddhism, i. 378 _n._; metempsychosis, ii. 426 _n._; fallacies, i. 133 _n._
Salamis, iii. 406.
Same, form of, iii. 209, 231, iv. 226.
Sankhya, i. 378 _n._, ii. 389 _n._, 426 _n._
Salvador, Jacob, iii. 300 _n._
Scepticism, of Xenophanes, i. 18; Plato, 342; Greek sceptics, iii. 293 _n._
Schleiermacher, on Plato's view of knowledge and opinion, iii. 167 _n._; theory of Platonic canon, i. 303; includes a preconceived scheme, and an order of interdependence, 318; proofs slender, 317, 325 _n._; assumptions as to _Phædrus_ inadmissible, 319, 329 _n._; reasons internal, 319, 337, iv. 431; himself shows the unsafe grounds of modern critics, i. 336; Ueberweg attempts to reconcile Hermann with, 313; theory adopted by Trendelenburg, 345 _n._; on relation of _Euthyphron_ to _Protagoras_ and _Parmenidês_, 443 _n._; _Menon_, ii. 247 _n._; _Parmenidês_, iii. 85 _n._; _Sophistês_, 244 _n._, i. 127; _Kratylus_, iii. 303 _n._, 304 _n._; 307 _n._, 310 _n._, 321, 321 _n._; _Philêbus_, 334 _n._, 365 _n._, 369 _n._, 398 _n._; _Euthydêmus_, i. 127; _Menexenus_, iii. 408; _Kleitophon_, 426 _n._; _Republic_, iv. 38 _n._; _Leges_, 430.
Schneider, on Xenophon's _Symposion_, iv. 313 _n._
School, [Greek: scholê/], i. 121 _n._, 127 _n._; Plato's establishment of, a new epoch in philosophy, 266; of Plato fixed at Athens, 254; and transmitted to successors, 265; its importance for his manuscripts, 266, 267; decorations of the Academy and Lykeum, 209; Peripatetic at Lykeum, _ib._; of Isokrates, iii. 35; Eretrian, i. 121, 148; Megaric, 121.
Schöne, on the dates of Plato's compositions, i. 326 _n._
Schwegler, on _Parmenidês_, iii. 86 _n._; _Homo Mensura_, 151 _n._
Science, derivation of [Greek: e)pistê/mê], iii. 301 _n._; _scientia_, 302 _n._; logic of a, Plato's different from Aristotelic and modern view, i. 358 _n._; science of good and evil distinct from others, ii. 161, 168; relation to art, iii. 43 _n._, 46, 263; antithesis of emotion and, 61, 195, 197 _n._; dialectic the standard for classifying, as more or less true, 382; dialectic the consummation of, iv. 75; relation to kosmical soul, 227; see _Knowledge_.
Self-knowledge, temperance is, ii. 155; what is the object known in, 156; in _Charmidês_ declared impossible, elsewhere essential and inestimable, 167.
Selli, asceticism of, i. 163 _n._
Seneca, on the Good, iii. 372 _n._; filial ingratitude, iv. 400 _n._; Diogenes of Sinôpê, i. 156 _n._
Sensation, Empedokles' theory, i. 44; Theophrastus, 46 _n._; theory of Anaxagoras, opposed to Empedokles', 58; Diogenes of Apollonia, 62; Demokritus, 71, 76, 77, 80; the mind rises from sensation to opinion, then cognition, iii. 164; distinct from opinion, 167; verification from experience, not recognised as necessary or possible, 168.
Sense, derivation of [Greek: ai)/sthêsis], iii. 308 _n._; doctrine of Empedokles, i. 44; illusions of, belief of Anaxagoras, 59 _n._; defects of, belief of Demokritus, 68 _n._, 71; Zeno's arguments, 93; Plato's conception of, iii. 164 _n._; worlds of intellect and, distinct, i. 403; organs of, iv. 236; principal advantages of sight and hearing, 238; hearing, i. 46, 62, 78; ethical and emotional effects conveyed by, iv. 307 _n._; smell, i. 46; pleasures of, true, iii. 356; _Homo Mensura_, 122; relativity of sensible facts, 126, 154, 298; its verifications recognised by Plato as the main guarantee for accuracy, 155 _n._, 240; fundamental distinction of _ens_ and _fientia_, iv. 219; relation to kosmical soul, 227; see _Particulars_, _Phenomena_, _Sensation_.
Serranus, on Platonic canon, i. 302.
Sextus Empiricus, doctrine, iii. 292 _n._; no definition of a general word, i. 168 _n._; on poets, iv. 24 _n._
Shaftesbury, Lord, iv. 105 _n._
Simonides, interpretation of a song of, ii. 283; definition of justice, iv. 2, 7.
Slavery, iv. 309, 342, 400; Aristotle differs, 344 _n._; evidence of slaves. 410 _n._
Sleeman, Sir Wm., grounds of belief among Hindoos, iii. 150 _n._
Sleep, doctrine of Herakleitus, i. 34; Plato, iv. 237.
Smith, Adam, _Moral Sentiments_, iii. 333.
Socher, theory of Platonic canon, i. 306; _Parmenidês_, 338 _n._, iii. 88 _n._, 185 _n._; _Politikus_, _ib._, 196 _n._, 265 _n._; _Sophistês_, 185 _n._, 196 _n._, 243 _n._, 244; _Philêbus_, 369 _n._; _Kritias_, iv. 266 _n._
Societies, Benefit, iv. 399.
Society, ethics and politics, topic of Sokrates, i. 376; genesis of, common want, ii. 343, iii. 327, iv. 21, 111, 112 _n._, 133; social art conferred by Zeus, ii. 268; dissent a necessary condition of its progressiveness, 367 _n._; frequent destruction of communities, iv. 307; historical retrospect of, 307-314; see _State_.
Sokrates, life, character, and surroundings, i. 410 _n._; character unparalleled in history, _vi_; personal appearance and peculiar character, iii. 19; patience, 24 _n._; courage and equanimity, 21 _n._; compared to Antoninus Pius, ii. 382 _n._; proof against temptation, iii. 20, 22, 23, iv. 287, 288; sensibility to youthful beauty, ii. 22 _n._; as representative of _Eros Philosophus_, iii. 15, 25; income, i. 192 _n._; procedure of, repugnant to Athenian public, 387, 412, 441, iv. 127; aggravated by his extreme publicity of speech, i. 393; feels his own isolation as a dissenter, ii. 365; accused of corrupting the youths, i. 391 _n._, 183 _n._; Plato's reply, magical influence ascribed to his conversation, ii. 23, iii. 19, 21 _n._, 24 _n._, 113 _n._, 388 _n._, iv. 412 _n._, i. 110; influence he claims, enlarged by Plato and Xenophon, 418; disobedience of the laws, 434 _n._; imprisonment, 425; indictment, against, 412, 418 _n._, 437, iv. 230, i. 113; grounds for his indictment, iv. 162 _n._, 211, 381, 385; reply to Melêtus, Plato and Xenophon compared, i. 456, ii. 421 _n._; opposition of feeling between, and the Dikasts, i. 375; trial and death might have been avoided without dishonour, 426 _n._; equanimity before death, ii. 417, 418; answer to Kriton's appeal to fly, i. 426; last words and death, ii. 377, 418; general features of character in _Apology_ confirmed, i. 419 _n._; character and disposition, differently set forth in _Kriton_, 428, 431-2; of _Apology_ and _Phædon_ contrasted, ii. 421; the real compared with character in _Republic_, iv. 211; Plato's early relations with, i. 248; of Xenophon and Plato compared, ii. 37, i. 178, 199; Xenophon's relations with, 206-10; uniform description of, in dialogues of _viri Sokratici_, 115; brought down philosophy from heaven, _x_; revolutionised method, _ib._; progenitor of philosophy of 4th century B.C., 111 _n._; theory of natural state of human mind, 373, 414; false persuasion of knowledge, an ethical defect, iii. 177; omnipotence of King Nomos, i. 378-84; differs from others by consciousness of ignorance, 413, 416; Delphian oracle, on his wisdom, 413; combated _commonplace_, 398 _n._; in reference to social, political, ethical, topics, 376; mission, _x_, 374, 395, ii. 146, 419, iii. 219, 422, iv. 219, 381; declared in _Alkibiadês I._ and _Apology_, ii. 24; imposed on him by the gods, i. 415; his _dæmon_, 437, ii. 104, i. 115; his experience of it, ii. 102; explains his eccentricity, 105; a special revelation, 110, 130-1; variously alluded to, 106-11; determined to persevere in mission, i. 416; not a teacher, 417, ii. 140, 146, 162, 165, 184, 232, 237, 242; only stimulates, i. 449, iii. 415, 421-24, iv. 52 _n._; his excuse, ii. 106; knows of no teacher, i. 417, ii. 225; a positive teacher, employing indirect methods, modern assumption, i. 419; incorrect, for his Elenchus does not furnish a solution, 420; his positive solutions illusory, ii. 26; _obstetric_, i. 367, ii. 251, iii. 112, 176; the Sokratic dialogue, i. _x_, _xi_; usefulness of, ii. 186, 207; effect like shock of torpedo, 237; diversified conversations, i. 182; humbles presumptuous youths, ii. 21; manner well illustrated in _Lysis_, 177; asserts right of satisfaction for his own individual reason, i. 386, 423, 436, ii. 379; on _Homo Mensura_, i. 432, iii. 162 _n._; his Eristic character, ii. 203; the greatest Eristic of his age, i. 124; followed by Plato and Megarics, _ib._, 126; resemblance to Sophists, ii. 280, iii. 198 _n._, 216, iv. 165, 412 _n._; _Menon_ gives points in common between Sophists and, ii. 257; the "sophistic art" peculiar to him, iii. 218; negative vein, i. _viii_, _x_, 370, 372, 373 _n._, 375, 387; affirmative and negative veins distinct, 420; charge against him of negative method, by his contemporaries, 371, 388; first applied negative analysis to the common consciousness, 389 _n._; to social, political, ethical topics, 376, 385; value and importance of Elenchus, 421; see _Negative_; introduced search for definitions, ii. 48; authority of public judgment nothing--of Expert, everything, i. 426, 435; does not name, but himself acts as, Expert, _ib._; early study, ii. 391; stages of intellectual development, _ib._; turned on different views as to a true cause, 398; accused of substituting physical for mental causes, 401; does not distinguish different meanings of same term, 279; not always consistent, 29, 303; sophistry in _Hippias Minor_, 62; avoided physics, i. 376; the Reason of the kosmos, ii. 402 _n._; distinguished objective and subjective views of Ethics, i. 451; proper study of mankind, 122; order of ethical problems as conceived by, ii. 299; not observed by Xenophon, i. 230; and Plato dwell too exclusively on intellectual conditions of human conduct, ii. 67; fruits of virtue, i. 415; Utilitarianism, ii. 310 _n._, i. 185 _n._; belief in the deity, 413, 414; disbelieves discord among gods, 440; principle of making oneself like the gods, _ib._; on the holy, difference in Plato and Xenophon, 454; on prayer and sacrifice, ii. 17, 418-9, iv. 394; much influenced by prophecies, dreams, &c., ii. 418 _n._, 420, iii. 351, iv. 395, i. 225 _n._; on death, 422, 429 _n._; and Plato, difference on subject of beauty, ii. 54; companions of, i. 111; their proceedings after his death, 116; no Sokratic school, 117; Antisthenes constant friend of, 152; manner copied by Antisthenes, 150, 159 _n._; precepts fullest carried out by Diogenes and Krates, 160, 174; and Parmenides, blended by Eukleides, 118; discourse with Aristippus, 175; the choice of Heraklês, 177; the Good and Beautiful, 184.
Soldiers, class of, characteristics, iv. 23; division of guardians into rulers and, 29; Plato's training compared with modern, 148; modern development of military profession, 180.
Solon, on despotism, i. 219 _n._; unfinished poem of, subject of _Kritias_, iv. 266.
[Greek: Sophi/a] and [Greek: phro/nêsis] of Aristotle, ii. 120 _n._; identical with [Greek: sôphrosu/nê], ii. 280.
Sophisms, a collection of, necessary for a logical theory, i. 131; discussion of popular at philosophers' banquets, 134 _n._; of Eubulides, 128, 133; Theophrastus on, 134 _n._; Diodôrus Kronus, 141, 143; real character of, 135; of Stoics, 128 _n._, 138; see _Fallacy_.
Sophist, meaning of [Greek: sophistê/s], i. 256 _n._, 391 _n._, ii. 261, iii. 27 _n._; compared to an angler, 191; Plato's definition, 191-4, 196 _n._; a juggler, 198; imitator of the wise man, 216; Plato's ironical admiration, ii. 208, 283; no real class, 210, 341 _n._, iii. 249 _n._, iv. 136 _n._, i. 178; Theopompus on profession of, 212 _n._; usually depicted from opponents' misrepresentations, 308 _n._, ii. 210; accused of generating scepticism and uncertainty, 64 _n._; negative dialectic attributed by historians to, i. 371; did not first apply negative analysis to the common consciousness, 389 _n._; negative dialectic not peculiar to, 387; the charge brought by contemporaries against Sokrates, 388; dialectic contrasted with Sokrates', ii. 197; Sokrates the greatest Eristic of his age, i. 124; Sokrates a, ii. 183 _n._, 185 _n._, 188, 199, iv. 165, 412 _n._; _Menon_ gives point in common between Sokrates and, ii. 257; in _Euthydêmus_, 196; not represented by Kallikles, 339; lives in region of _non-ens_, iii. 208; devoted to the production of falsehood, 215; is [Greek: e)nantiopoiologiko\s] and [Greek: ei)/rôn], 216; those the characteristics of Sokrates, _ib._; the "sophistic art" peculiar to Sokrates, 218; their alleged claim to universal knowledge--common to all philosophers then, 219; etymologies in _Kratylus_ not caricatures of, 302, 310 _n._, 314 _n._, 317 _n._, 321, 323; no proof of their etymologising, 304; as teachers, ii. 261; motives of pupils, _ib._ _n._, 264 _n._; as corruptors of public mind, 288 _n._; jealousy of parents towards influential teachers, 265 _n._; probably often used illustrative mythes, 267 _n._; money-making, 210, _ib._ _n._, iii. 27 _n._, i. 212 _n._; not distinguishable from dialectician, ii. 210, 211 _n._; raised question of criterion of truth, 246; logical distinctions, 236 _n._; did not invent fallacies, 217, i. 133 _n._; abuse of fallacies, biddings for popularity, ii. 199; did not deny natural justice, 341 _n._; not the perverters of philosophy, iv. 55; conform to prevalent orthodoxy, 56; relation to poets, 150; Demochares' law against, i. 111 _n._; Aristippus taught as a, 193.
_Sophistês_, date, i. 305-11, 313, 315, 324-5, iii. 369 _n._; authenticity, i. 307, 316 _n._, iii. 185 _n._, 243 _n._; purpose, 188, 190, 223, 253, 261, 267; relation to _Theætêtus_, 187; scenery and personages, 185; in a logical classification all particulars of equal value, 195; definition of angler, 189; sophist compared to an angler, 192; defined, 191-5, 196 _n._; a juggler, 198, 200; imitator of the wise man, 216; classification of imitators, 215; philosopher lives in region of _ens_, sophist, of _non-ens_, 208; bodily and mental evil, 197; the worst, ignorance mistaking itself for knowledge, _ib._; Elenchus the sovereign purifier, _ib._; is false thought or speech possible, 172 _n._, 199, 249; falsehood possible, and object of sophists' profession, 181 _n._, 214; imperfect analysis of propositions, 235, 238; view of the negative erroneous, 237, 239; theories of philosophers about _ens_, 201; _non-ens_ inconceivable, 200; is _ens_ one or many, 201; difficulties about _ens_ and _non-ens_ equally great, _ib._, 206; the materialists and the idealists, 203; argument against materialists, _ib._, 223, 226, 228; reply open to materialists, 224, 230; argument against idealists, 204, 225; their doctrine the same as Plato's in _Phædon_, &c., 244, 246; no allusion intended to Megarics or Pythagoreans, 244, 390 _n._; communion implies relativity, 125, 205; to know and to be known is action and passion, 205, 226, 287 _n._; motion and rest both agree in _ens_, which is therefore a _tertium quid_, 206; argument against "only identical predication legitimate," _ib._, 212, 221, 251; Antisthenes meant, i. 163, 165; intercommunion of _some_ Forms, iii. 207, 228, 246 _n._, 251 _n._; analogy of letters and syllables, 207; what forms admit of it, determined by philosopher, 208; of _non-ens_ and of proposition, opinion, judgment, 213, 214, 235; [Greek: to\ mê\ o)/n], meaning, 181 _n._; five forms examined, 208, 231, 233; Plato's view of _non-ens_ unsatisfactory, 236, 239, 242 _n._, 248 _n._; an approximation to Aristotle's view, 247; different from other dialogues, 242; compared with _Phædon_, 244, 246; _Phædrus_, 18, 257; _Symposion_, 19; _Theætêtus_, 182 _n._, 187, 242, 256, 332; _Kratylus_, _ib._; _Philêbus_, 369 _n._; _Republic_, 242, 257.
Sophokles, Antigone, compared with _Apology_, i. 429 _n._; its popularity, ii. 135 _n._; as a general, 135.
[Greek: Sôphrosu/nê], ii. 153 _n._; see _Temperance_; derivation, iii. 301 _n._; identical with [Greek: sophi/a], ii. 279; and [Greek: ai)dô/s], 269 _n._
Sorites, i. 128, 133, 135 _n._
Soul, derivation of [Greek: psuchê/], iii. 301 _n._; meaning, iv. 387 _n._; prior to and more powerful than body, 386, 419-20; the good and the bad souls at work in the universe, 386; one continuous cosmical, ii. 248 _n._; of the kosmos, iii.** 265 _n._, iv. 220, 421; affinity to human, iii. 366 _n._; of kosmos, position and elements of, iv. 225; of plants, 248; doctrine of Herakleitus, i. 34; Empedokles, 44; Anaxagoras, 54; Demokritus, 75; Plato's conception of existence, iii. 205, 226, 229, 231; not tripartite, antithesis to body, ii. 384; Hegel on Plato's view, 414 _n._; a mixture, refuted, 390; life a struggle between body and, 386, 388, iv. 234, 235 _n._;
## partial emancipation of, by philosophy, ii. 386;
purification of, 388; [Greek: knê=sis] compared to children's teething, iii. 399 _n._; pre-existence admitted, ii. 390; mythe, iii. 12, 15 _n._; Leibnitz on, ii. 248 _n._; pre-existence of, necessary hypothesis for didactic _idéal_, iii. 52; metempsychosis of ordinary men only, ii. 387, iv. 234; mythe of departed, in _Republic_, 94; state after emancipation from body, ii. 416; yet may suffer punishment, inconsistency, _ib._; three constituent elements of, iii. 232 _n._; Galen, iv. 258; are the three parts immortal, ii. 385, iv. 243; no place for tender and æsthetic emotions in tripartite division of, 149 _n._; each part at once material and mental, 257; supremacy of rational, to be cultivated, 251; Demiurgus conjoins three souls and one body, 233, 243; Demiurgus prepares for man's construction, places a soul in each star, 233; generated gods fabricate cranium as miniature of kosmos with rational soul rotating within, _ib._; mount cranium on a tall body, 236; seat of, 235-7, 243-7, 259 _n._; Littré, 257 _n._; abdominal, function of liver, 245, 259; seat of prophetic agency, 246; thoracic, function of heart and lungs, 245, 259 _n._; of spleen, 246; vision, sleep, dreams, 236; Aristotle on relation of body to, iii. 389 _n._; Monboddo, iv. 387 _n._; see _Body_, _Immortality_, _Mind_, _Reason_.
Sound, Zeno's arguments, i. 96; pleasures of, true, iii. 356.
Space, and time comprised in Parmenides' ens, i. 19; Zeno's reductiones ad absurdum, 94; contents of the idea of, 20 _n._
Sparta, unlettered community, iv. 278; law forbids introduction of foreign instruction, ii. 35; Hippias lectures at, 39; mixed government, iv. 310; kings eulogised, ii. 8; customs of, iii. 24 _n._; peculiar to itself and Krete, iv. 280 _n._; blended with Persian in _Cyropædia_, i. 222; influence on philosopher's theories, iv. 181; Xenophon's _idéal_ of character, 147, 148, 182; Plato's in _Leges_, 276, 280 _n._, 403; basis of institutions too narrow, 282; endurance of pain in discipline of, 285; public training and mess, 279, 280 _n._, 285 _n._; no training for women, censured, 188; infanticide, 203; number of citizens, 327 _n._; drunkenness forbidden at, 286; _kryptia_, Plato's agronomi compared, 336.
Specific and generic terms, distinction unfamiliar in Plato's time, ii. 13.
Speech, conducted according to fixed laws, iii. 286; the thing spoken of _suffers_, 287 _n._; Psammetichus' experiment, 289 _n._; and music illustrate coalescence of finite and infinite, 340-3.
Spencer, Herbert, abstract names, iii. 78 _n._
Spengel, on Thrasymachus, iv. 7 _n._; _Kratylus_, iii. 309 _n._
Speusippus, borrowed from Pythagoreans, iii. 390 _n._; on pleasure, 386 _n._, 389 _n._; on the Demiurgus, iv. 255.
Sphere, the earth a, early views, i. 25 _n._; Pythagorean music of the spheres, 14; _Sphærus_ of Empedokles, 39.
Stallbaum, on Platonic canon, i. 307, 443 _n._; _Erastæ_, ii. 121; _Theagês_, 100 _n._; _Euthydêmus_, 202; _Protagoras_, 314, iv. 284 _n._; _Theætêtus_, iii. 158 _n._; _Sophistês_ and _Politikus_, 196 _n._, 257 _n._; _Kratylus_, 303 _n._, 305 _n._, 310 _n._, 321, 323 _n._; _Philêbus_, 342 _n._, 343 _n._, 347 _n._, 356 _n._, 389 _n._, 398 _n._; _Menexenus_, 408, 409; _Republic_ iv. 106 _n._; _Timæus_, 219 _n._; _Leges_, 188 _n._, 272 _n._, 410 _n._, 431; theory of Ideas, iii. 69 _n._; Sophists, ii. 209 _n._; Megarics, i. 132 _n._
Stars, iv. 229.
State, Lewis on _idéals_, iv. 139 _n._; realisation of _idéals_, 190 _n._; three ends of political constructor, 328 _n._; influence of Spartan institutions, on theories, 181; no evidence of Plato's study of practical working of different institutions, 397; Aristeides on, i. 243 _n._; citizens willing to be ruled, _idéal_ of Plato and Xenophon, iv. 283 _n._; Platonic type of character is Athenian, Xenophontic is Spartan, 147, 148, 182; its religious and ethical character primary, constitution and laws secondary, 284; religion in connection with, 24, 160; and education combined, 185; Plato's ideal, compared with Athens, 430; the Spartan adopted in _Leges_, 276, 280 _n._, 403; Plato carries abstraction farther than Xenophon or Aristotle, 183; more anxious for good treatment of Demos, _ib._; in Aristotle the Demos adjuncts, not members, of state, 184; model city practicable if philosophy and political power united, 47; perpetual succession maintained of philosopher-rulers, 60; those who have contemplated Ideas are reluctant to undertake
## active duties. 70;
as at present constituted, the just man stands aloof from, 90; ideal, how to be realised, 78, 190 _n._; admitted only partially realisable, 327; only an outline, 139; a military _bureaucracy_, 183; second, a compromise of oligarchical and democratical sentiment, 333, 337; Aristotle objects to Plato's ideal, it is two states, 185; objection valid against his own ideal, 186 _n._; Plato fails from no training for Demos, 186; Plato's state impossible, in what sense true, 189; from adverse established sentiments, 191; genesis, common want, ii. 343, iii. 327, iv. 20, 111, 112 _n._, 133; historical retrospect of society, 307-314; analogy of individual and, 11, 21, 37, 79-84, 96; Hobbes on, _ib._; parallelism exaggerated, 114, 121, 123; its [Greek: u(po/thesis], 328 _n._; basis of Spartan institutions too narrow, 282; site, 320, 329, 336; circular form, unwalled, 344; influence of climate, 330 _n._; wisdom and courage in the guardians, 34; justice and temperance in all classes, 35; class of guardians, characteristics, 23; divided into rulers and soldiers, 29; same duties and training for women as men, 41, 46, 77, 171-4; on principle that every citizen belongs to the city, 187; maintained in _Leges_, and harmonises with ancient legends, 195; contrast with Aristotle, 194; [Greek: sussi/tia], 32, 345, 359; communism of guardians, _ib._, 140, 169; necessary to city's safety, 32, 34, 44, 140, 170-179; peculiarity of Plato's communism, 179; Plato's view of wealth, 199 _n._; no family ties, 41, 174, 178; temporary marriages for guardians, 175-8; Plato's and modern sentiments, 192, 194; influence of Aphroditê very small in Platonic, 197, 359; citizens should be tested against pleasure, 285; self-control tested by wine, 289; healthy, has few wants, enlargement of city's wants, 22; from multiplied wants, war, _ib._; perfection of, each part performing its own function, 97; one man can do only one thing well, 23, 33, 183, 361; unity of end to be kept in view, 417; end, happiness of entire state, 98, 139 _n._; and virtue of the citizens, 417; three classes in, analogous to reason, energy, appetite, in individual, 39; fiction as to origin of classes, 30; four stages of degeneracy, 79-84; proportions of happiness and misery in them, 83; in healthy condition, possesses wisdom, courage, temperance, justice, 34; laws about marriage, 328, 331, 341, 344; Aristotle, 198-201; Malthus' law recognised by Plato and Aristotle, 202; number of citizens, 178, 326, 328; limited, Plato and Aristotle, 198-201; Aristotle, 326 _n._; approximation in Mill, 199 _n._; rearing of children, 43, 44; infanticide, _ib._, 177; Aristotle, 202; contrast of modern sentiment, 203; citizens of Plato's ideal, identified with ancient Athenians, 266; division of citizens and land, twelve tribes, 329; perpetuity of lots of land, 320, 360; Aristotle, 326 _n._; succession, 328; orphans, guardians, 404, 406; limited inequality tolerated as to movable property, 330; no private possession of gold or silver, no loans or interest, 331; distribution of annual produce, 361; state importation of necessary articles, _ib._; regulations for retailers, 21, 361, 401; admission of Metics, 362, i. 238; of strangers, and foreign travel of citizens, iv.** 414; slavery, 342; Aristotle differs, 344 _n._; direct taxation, according to wealth, 331; four classes, property classification for magistracies and votes, _ib._; thirty-seven nomophylakes, 332; military commanders and council, _ib._; monthly military muster of whole population, 358; electoral scheme, 333; the council, and other magistrates, 335; Nocturnal Council to comprehend and carry out the end, 418, 425, 429; and enforce orthodox creed, 419; most important magistrate, minister of education, 338; defence of territory, rural police, 335; Spartan _kryptia_ compared, 336; _Xenophon's_ ideal of an active citizen, i. 214; he admires active commerce and variety of pursuits, 236; encouragement of metics, 238; training of citizens, 226; formation of treasury funds, 238; distribution among citizens, three oboli each, daily, 239; its purpose and principle, 240, 241 _n._; see _Government_, _Political Art_, &c.
Statesmen, ignorant of the true, the ideal, ii. 89; incompetent to teach. 100, 357, 360, 369; the philosopher the fully qualified practitioner, 114, 116, 118; disparagement of half-philosophers, half-politicians, 224; dislike of Sokrates and Sophists, 256; their right opinion, from inspiration, 242; defects of best Athenian, 360; considered by Sokrates as spiritual teachers and trainers, 362; Plato's _idéal_, 363; relation of philosopher to practical, iii. 179, 183, 273; definition of, 263.
Steersman, simile of, iv. 53.
Steinhart, on Platonic canon, rejects several, i. 309; [Greek: to\ e)xai/phnês], iii. 103 _n._; _Parmenidês_, 109 _n._, 245 _n._; _Theætêtus_, 167 _n._; _Sophistês_, 245 _n._; _Kratylus_, 307 _n._; _Menexenus_, 412 _n._
Steinthal, no objective absolute, iii. 296 _n._
Stewart, Dugald, on the beautiful, ii. 50 _n._; relativity of knowledge, iii. 156 _n._; Berkeley, iv. 243 _n._
Stilpon, nominalism of, i. 167; only identical predication possible, 166, 168; _of Megara_, 148.
Stoics, influenced by Herakleitus, i. 27, 34 _n._; developed Antisthenes' doctrines, 198; practical life preferable, 181 _n._; [Greek: pa/nta au(tou= e(/neka pra/ttein], iv. 106 _n._; all-sufficiency of virtue, germ of doctrine in _Republic_, 102; fate, i. 143 _n._; view of Dialectic, 371 _n._; style of their works, 406; doctrine of one cosmical soul, ii. 248 _n._; notion of time, iii. 101 _n._; natural rectitude of signification of names, 286 _n._; etymologies, 308 _n._; sophisms of, i. 128 _n._, 138; minute reasons of, 130 _n._; Cicero on, 157.
Strabo, value of poets, iv. 152 _n._
Straton, theory of sensation, i. 63 _n._, iii. 166 _n._; Plato's doctrine of reminiscence, ii. 250 _n._
Strümpell, on _Parmenidês_, iii. 71 _n._, 75 _n._
Subject, independent object and, do not explain facts of consciousness, iii. 131; perpetually implicated with object, 118, 122 _n._, 123, 128; in regard to intelligible world, proved from Plato, 121, 125; shown more easily than in reference to sense, 122; Hobbes on, 117 _n._; relations are nothing in the object without a comparing subject, 127; see _Relativity_.
Subjective, of Xenophanes, i. 18; and objective views of ethics, Sokrates distinguished, 451; unanimity coincident with objective dissent, _ib._; Plato's reference to objective and, iii. 134.
Subjectivism, an objection to _Homo Mensura_, iii. 151.
Suckow, on _Menexenus_, iii. 412 _n._; _Sophistês_ and _Politikus_, 185 _n._; _Leges_, iv. 431, 432.
Suicide, Hegesias, the death-persuader, i. 202; Cynics, and Indian Gymnosophists, 161 _n._
[Greek: Sumphe/ron], derivation, iii. 301 _n._
[Greek: Sunô/numa] and [Greek: o(mô/numa] first distinguished by Aristotle, iii. 94 _n._; [Greek: sunônu/môs], ii. 194.
Susemihl, on Platonic canon, coincides with Hermann, i. 310; _Timæus_, iv. 218 _n._
Sydenham, on Aristippus and Eudoxus, i. 202 _n._; seat of happiness, iii. 372 _n._; _Philêbus_, 376 _n._
Syllogistic and Inductive Dialectic, ii. 27.
Symposion, of Xenophon, i. 152; date, iii. 26 _n._; compared with Plato's, 22; of Epikurus, _ib._ _n._
_Symposion_, the, date, i. 307, 309, 311, 312, 324, iii. 26 _n._; purpose, ii. 382 _n._, iii. 8; antithesis and complement of _Phædon_, 22; contains much transcendental assertion, 56; censured for erotic character, 3 _n._; Idea of Beauty exclusively presented in, 18; Eros, views of interlocutors, 9; a Dæmon intermediate between gods and men, _ib._; but in _Phædrus_ a powerful god, _ib._ _n._, 11 _n._; amends empire of Necessity, iv. 222 _n._; discourse of Sokrates, iii. 11; analogy of Eros to philosophy, 10, 11; the stimulus to mental procreation, 4, 6; knowledge, by evolution of indwelling conceptions, 17; exaltation of Eros in a few, love of beauty _in genere_, 7; common desire for immortality, 6; attained through mental procreation, beauty the stimulus, _ib._; only metaphorical immortality recognised in, 17; Sokrates' personal appearance and peculiar character, 19; proof against temptation, 20, iv. 287; concluding scene, iii. 19; compared with Xenophon, 22; _Phædon_, ii. 382, iii. 17-8, 22; _Phædrus_, 11 _n._, 11, 15, 16-8; _Philêbus_, 370 _n._, 399; reading in p. 201D, [Greek: mantikê=s], 8 _n._
Syracuse, the Athenian expedition against, iii. 406.
Syssitia, iv. 280 _n._, 285 _n._, 335, 345.
T.
Tacitus, iv. 408 _n._, i. 245 _n._
Taste, Empedokles, i. 46; Demokritus, 78.
Taxation, direct, according to wealth, iv. 331.
Teaching, denied in Menon, ii. 254 _n._; [Greek: didachê\] and [Greek: peithô/], distinct, _ib._, iii. 172 _n._; knowledge to be elicited out of untutored mind, how far correct, ii. 249; dialectician alone can teach, iii. 37; _idéal_ unrealisable, 51; books (q. v.) and lectures of little use, 34; proper use of dialectic and rhetoric, 40; of rhetoricians, practical value of, 45; Sokrates' and Aristotle's views, 53 _n._; exercises for students, 79, 80 _n._, 90 _n._; parents' jealousy towards influential teachers, ii. 265 _n._
[Greek: Techni/tês], ii. 272 _n._
Teleology, physiology of _Timæus_ subordinated to ethical, iv. 257; see _Ends_.
Temperance, [Greek: sôphrosu/nê], ii. 153 _n._; as treated by Plato and Aristotle, 170; is self-knowledge, 155; and with justice the condition of happiness and freedom, 12; the condition of virtue and happiness, 358; and intelligence identical, having same contrary, 279; a kind of sedateness, objections, 154; a variety of feeling of shame, refuted, _ib._; doing one's own business, refuted, 155; as cognition of cognition and of non-cognition, of no avail for our end, happiness, 159, 160; not the science of good and evil, and of little service, 161; undiscovered, but a good, 162; _Charmidês_, difficulties unnoticed in _Politikus_, iii. 282; in state, iv. 34-5; distinction effaced between justice and, 135; relation to rest of virtue, 425.
Tennemann, i. 302.
Thales, philosophy, i. 4; doctrine of eclipses, 6 _n._; foretold eclipse, 4 _n._; misrepresented by Cicero, _ib._
[Greek: Tharra/leos], ii. 145 _n._
_Theætêtus_, date, i. 307-10, 313, 315, 324, 325 _n._, ii. 228 _n._, iii. 111 _n._; purpose, 167 _n._, 176; value, 177; great advance in analytical psychology, 164; negative result, 176; difficulties not solved in any other dialogue, 180; sophisms in, 158 _n._; like Megarics, i. 134 _n._; method contrasted with _Philêbus_, iii. 335 _n._; scenery and personages, 110; Sokrates' mental obstetric, 112; what is knowledge, 111; sensible perception, _ib._, 113, 154, 256; doctrine erroneously identified with _Homo Mensura_, 113, 118, 120 _n._, 122, 162 _n._; Herakleitean flux, 114, 115, 126, 128; Empedokles' doctrine, 114, 115; Plato's exposition confused, 114; relativity of sensible facts, 126, 154; divergences of men, from mental and associative difference, 155; statesman and philosopher contrasted, 183; the genuine ruler a shepherd, iv. 10; relativity twofold, to comparing subject, and to another object, besides the one directly described, iii. 127; relations are nothing in the object without a comparing subject, _ib._; no absolute ens, 129; arguments from dreams, &c., answered, 130; Plato's reference to subjective and objective, 134; _Homo Mensura_, true meaning, 137, 164 _n._; its counter-proposition, 148; Plato's arguments against _Homo Mensura_, 135; he ignores the proper qualification, 137; the doctrine equalises all animals, 135, 292; not true in the sense meant, 141; the wise man alone a measure, 136; reply, 143; special knowledge required, where future consequences involved, 136; but Relativity does not imply that every man believes himself to be infallible, 145; it annuls dialectic--not true, 146; sensible perception does not include memory, 157; argument from analogy of seeing and not seeing at the same time, _ib._; the mind sees not _with_ but _through_ the eyes, 159; the mind makes several judgments by itself, 160; knowledge lies in the mind's comparisons respecting sensible perceptions, 161; difference from modern views, 162; cognition is true opinion--objections, 168, 184 _n._; are false opinions possible, 169, 181 _n._; waxen memorial tablet in the mind, 169; distinction of possessing, and having actually in hand, knowledge, 170; simile of pigeon-cage, 171; false opinion impossible or a man may know what he does not know, 170; the confusions of cognitions and non-cognitions, refuted, 171; for rhetors communicate true opinion, not knowledge, 172; knowledge is true opinion _plus_ rational explanation, 173; analogy of elements and compounds, _ib._; rejected, 175; compared with _Phædrus_, 18; _Symposion_, _ib._; _Sophistês_, 181 _n._, 187, 227, 242, 258, 332; _Politikus_, 185 _n._, 187, 256; _Kratylus_, 332; _Philêbus_, 335 _n._
_Theagês_, authenticity, i. 306, 309, 319, ii. 98, 100 _n._, 107; prolixity, 100 _n._; analogy with _Lachês_, 104; its peculiarity, the _dæmon_, _ib._; explains eccentricity of Sokrates, 105; Theagês desires a teacher of wisdom, 99; incompetence of best statesmen for teaching, 100; Sokrates asked to teach--declares inability, 101; excuse, 105; sometimes useful--his experience of his _dæmon_, 102; Theagês anxious to be Sokrates' companion, 103.
Thebans, iii. 24 _n._
Themistius, i. 388 _n._
Theodorus, i. 202.
Theology, not a progressive science, ii. 428; primitive, contrasted by Aristotle with "human wisdom," i. 3 _n._; see _God_, _Religion_.
Theophrastus, friend of Ptolemy Soter, i. 279; banished from Athens, _ib._ _n._; change in Peripatetic school after death of, 272; physiology, 46 _n._; combated Demokritus' theory of vision_, 78 _n._; criticises Demokritean division of qualities, 80 _n._; astronomy, 257 _n._; Plato's doctrine of earth's position, iv. 424 _n._; sophism, _Mentiens_, i. 134 _n._; fate, 143 _n._
Theopompus, view of dialectic, i. 450; qualities non-existent without the mind, iii. 74 _n._; on profession of Sophist, i. 212 _n._; authorship of Plato's dialogues, 112 _n._, 115.
Theory, difference between precepts and, iv. 131.
Thomson, on _Parmenidês_, iii. 84 _n._
Thonissen, iv. 380 _n._
Thracians, iv. 38.
Thrasyllus, on Platonic canon, i. 265; follows Aristophanes' classification, 295, 299; not an internal sentiment, 298; trustworthiness, 299; acknowledged till 16th century, 301; more trustworthy than moderns, 335; classifies in Tetralogies works of Plato and Demokritus, 273 _n._; not the order established by Plato, 335 _n._; classification of Demokritus, 295 _n._; Plato's works--dramatic, philosophical, 289; his principle, 294 _n._; incongruity, 294; of Search, of Exposition defective but useful, 361; erroneously applied, 364; coincides with Aristotle's two methods, Dialectic, Demonstrative, 362; sub-classes recognised, 366; the scheme, when principles correctly applied, 365; did not doubt _Hipparchus_, 297 _n._; nor _Erastæ_, ii. 121; _Kleitophon_ in _Republic_ tetralogy, iii. 419.
Thrasymachus, iii. 419, iv. 7.
Thucydides, pupil of Sokrates, ii. 102; probably never read by Plato, iii. 411 _n._; the gods' jealousy, iv. 165 _n._; speeches of Perikles, ii. 373 _n._, 373, iv. 148 _n._; Melian dialogue, ii. 341 _n._, i. 180 _n._
[Greek: Thumo/s], derivation, iii. 301 _n._
Thurot, on Sophists, i. 389 _n._
Tiedemann, i. 132 _n._
_Timæus_, date, i. 307, 309, 311-3, 315, 325, iii. 368 _n._; sequel to _Republic_, iv. 215; is earliest physical theory extant in its author's words, 216; how much mythical, 255 _n._; relation to old Greek cosmogonies, i. 87, iv. 255 _n._; coincidence with Orpheus, _ib._; adopted by Alexandrine Jews as a parallel to Mosaic Genesis, 256; physiology subordinated to ethical teleology, 257; Plato's theory, acknowledged to be merely an [Greek: ei)kô\s lo/gos], 217; contrast with Sokrates, Isokrates, Xenophon, _ib._; subject and persons, 215; position and character of Pythagorean Timæus, 216; fundamental distinction of _ens_ and _fientia_, 219; no knowledge of kosmos obtainable, 220; Demiurgus, Ideas, and Chaos postulated, _ib._, iii. 121; Demiurgus, how conceived by other philosophers of same century, iv. 254; kosmos a living being and a god, 220, 223; Time began with, 227; Demiurgus produces kosmos by persuading Necessity, 220, 238; process of demiurgic construction, iii. 409 _n._, iv. 223; copy of the [Greek: Au)to/zôon], 223, 227, 235 _n._, 263; body, form, and rotation of kosmos, 225, 229, 237, 252; change of view in _Epinomis_, 424 _n._; position and elements of soul of kosmos, 225; affinity to human, iii. 366 _n._; four elements not primitive, iv. 238; varieties of each element, 242; forms of the elements, 239; Ideas and Materia Prima, iii. 397 _n._, iv. 239; primordial chaos, 240; geometrical theory of the elements, _ib._; borrowed from Pythagoreans, i. 349 _n._; Aristotle on, iv. 241 _n._; primary and visible gods, 229; secondary and generated gods, 230; Plato's acquiescence in tradition, 230-3, 241 _n._; address of Demiurgus to generated gods, 233; preparations for man's construction, a soul placed in each star, 235; construction of man, 243; Demiurgus conjoins three souls and one body, 233; generated gods fabricate cranium as miniature of kosmos, with rational soul rotating within, 235; mount cranium on a tall body, 236; man the cause of evil, 234; inconsistency, _ib._ _n._; organs of sense, 236; soul tripartite, compared with _Phædon_, ii. 384; the gentle, tender, and æsthetical emotions omitted, iv. 149 _n._; each part at once material and mental, 257; seat of, 259 _n._; thoracic, function of heart and lungs, 245, 259 _n._; abdominal, function of liver, 245, 259; seat of prophetic agency, 246; function of spleen, _ib._; object of length of intestinal canal, 247; bone, flesh, marrow, nails, mouth, teeth, 247; vision, sleep, dreams, 237; advantages of sight and hearing, _ib._; mortal soul of plants, 248; plants for man's nutrition, _ib._; general survey of diseases, 249; Plato compared with Aristotle and Hippokrates, 260; mental diseases arise from body, 250; no man voluntarily wicked, 249; preservative and healing agencies, 260; treatment of mind by itself, 251; rotations of kosmos to be studied, 252; contrast of Plato's admiration, with degenerate realities, 262, 264; genesis of women and inferior animals from degenerate man, 252; degeneracy originally intended, 263; poetical close, 264; compared with _Protagoras_, ii. 268 _n._; _Phædon_, 383, 407 _n._, 411, 412, 422, iv. 239 _n._; _Phædrus_, _ib._; _Theætêtus_, iii. 163; _Philêbus_, 397 _n._; _Republic_, iv. 38 _n._, 253 _n._; _Leges_, 276, 389 _n._; _Epinomis_, 424 _n._
Time, contents of the idea of, i. 20 _n._; and space comprised in Parmenides' ens, 19; Herakleitus' doctrine, iv. 228 _n._; Plato's imagination of momentary stoppages in, iii. 100, 102; Aristotle, 103; began with the kosmos, iv. 227; difficulties of Diodôrus Kronus, i. 145; Stoical belief, iii. 101 _n._; Harris, i. 146 _n._; calendar of ancients, iv. 325 _n._
Timocracy, iv. 79.
Tracy, Destutt, _Homo Mensura_, iii. 292 _n._; individualism, 139 _n._; origin of language, 328 _n._
Trade, see _Commerce_.
Tragedy, mixed pleasure and pain excited by, iii. 355 _n._; Plato's aversion to Athenian, iv. 316, 350; peculiar to himself, 317; Aristotle differs, _ib._ _n._
Trendelenburg, on Platonic canon, i. 345 _n._; _Philêbus_, iii. 398 _n._; relativity of knowledge, 124 _n._
Trent, Council of, i. 390 _n._
Truth, and Good and Real, coalesce in Plato's mind, ii. 88, iii. 391; obtainable by reason only, Demokritus' doctrine, i. 72; the search after, the business of life to Sokrates and Plato, 396; _per se_ interesting, 403; modern search goes on silently, 369; philosophy is reasoned, _vii-ix_; its criterion, ii. 247; resides in universals, 411, 412, iv. 3 _n._; necessary, iii. 253 _n._; all persuasion founded on a knowledge of, 28; generating cause of error, 33; dialectic the standard for classifying sciences as more or less true, 383; classification of true and false, how applied to cognitions, 394; its valuable principles, 395; is falsehood possible? 199; is theoretically possible, and its production may be object of such a profession as Sophists, 214; lie for useful end, justifiable, ii. 347 _n._, iv. 3 _n._; Aristotle on, iii. 386 _n._; see _Mythe_.
Turgot, on etymology, iii. 303 _n._; _Existence_, 135 _n._; hopelessness of defining common and vague terms, ii. 186 _n._
Tyndall, Prof., i. 373 _n._
Type gives natural groups, definition classes, ii. 48, 193 _n._
U.
Ueberweg, on Platonic canon, attempts reconcilement of Schleiermacher and Hermann, i. 313; the Dialogues, 401 _n._; _Theætêtus_, iii. 167 _n._; _Sophistês_, 186 _n._, 253, 369 _n._; _Politikus_, 186 _n._; _Philêbus_, 368 _n._; _Timæus_, _ib._, iv. 255 _n._; _Menexenus_, iii. 412 _n._; Ideas, iv. 239 _n._
Universals, debates about meaning, iii. 76-7; different views of Aristotle and Plato, 76; definition of, the object of the Sokratic dialectic, i. 452; Sokrates sought the common characteristic, Plato found it in his Idea, 454; process of forming, ii. 27; truth resides in, 411-2, iv. 3 _n._; amidst particulars, iii. 257; different dialogues compared, _ib._; how is generic unity distributed among species and individuals, 339; natural coalescence of finite and infinite, 340; illustration from speech and music, 342; explanation insufficient, 343; see _Ideas_, _One_.
Upton, sophism [Greek: Kurieu/ôn], i. 141 _n._
Useful, the Good, ii. 30; the Just or Good--general but not constant explanation in Plato, 38; the lawful is the, 36; not identical with the beautiful, 44, 50 _n._
Utilitarianism, its standard, ii. 310 _n._; doctrine of Sokrates, 349, 354 _n._; theory in _Protagoras_, 308; _Republic_, iv. 3 _n._, 12, 14, 104.