I.

Ideas, Plato's, differ from Pythagorean Number, i. 10; identified by Plato with the Pythagorean symbols, 348, iii. 71 _n._, 368; differ from Demokritean atoms, i. 72; the definitions Sokrates sought for, 453; Plato assumed the common characteristic, by objectivising the word itself, _ib._; doctrine derived its plausibility from metaphors, 343; soul's immortality rests on assumption of, ii. 412; reminiscence of the, iii. 13; as Forms, ii. 412; the only causes, 396; formal, 408 _n._; logical phantoms as real causes, 404 _n._; truth resides in, 411; alone exclude contrary, 7 _n._; unchangeable, iii. 246 _n._, iv. 50; Herakleitean flux not true of, iii. 320;

## partly changeable and partly unchangeable, 228;

disguised in particulars, iv. 3 _n._; fundamental distinction of particulars, and, 219; alone knowable, 49; _opinion_, of what is between ens and non-ens, _ib._; assumption of, as separate entia, ii. 396, 403; great multitude of, 410; characteristics of world of, iii. 63; Ideas separate from, but participable by, sensible objects, 59; objections, 60-7; the genuine Platonic theory attacked, 68; none of some objects, 60; how participable by objects, 63, 65, 72, iv. 138; not fitted on to the facts of sense, iii. 78; Aristotle partly successful in attempt, 76.; analogous difficulty of predication, i. 169; "the third man," iii. 64 _n._; not merely conceptions, 64, 73; not mere types, 65; not cognizable, since not relative to ourselves, _ib._, 72; gods have Idea of cognition, 67, 68 _n._; dilemma, ideas exist or philosophy impossible, 68; intercommunion of some forms, 207, 250 _n._; analogy of letters and syllables, 208; what forms, determined by philosopher, _ib._; of _non-ens_, and _proposition_, _opinion_, _judgment_, 213, 214; of _Diversum_ pervades all others, 209; [Greek: tô=n a)popha/seôn], 238 _n._; of Animal, iv. 223, 235 _n._, 263; kosmos on pattern of, 223;

## action on Materia Prima, 238;

of the elements, 239; of insects, &c., iii. 195 _n._; of names and things nameable, 286 _n._, 289, 326 _n._; names fabricated by lawgiver on type of, 287, 290, 325; names the essence of things, 324 _n._; doctrine about classification not necessarily connected with, 345; of Beauty exclusively presented in _Symposion_, 18; of Good, approximation of _primum amabile_, ii. 192; training to ascend to the idea of good, iv. 61, 66; comparison of idea of good to sun, 63, 64; of Good, in _Phædon_, Anaxagoras' nous, ii. 412; known to the rulers alone, iv. 212; left unsolved, 213; the contemplation of, by dialectic, 75; reluctance to undertake active duties, of those who have contemplated, 70; philosopher lives in region of, sophist in region of non-ens, iii. 208, iv. 48; little said of, in _Menon_, ii. 253, 254 _n._; postulated in _Timæus_, iv. 220; discrepancy of _Sophistês_ and other dialogues, iii. 244; the idealists' doctrine the same as Plato's in _Phædon_, &c., _ib._, 246; _Phædrus_, _Phædon_, and _Timæus_ compared, iv. 239 _n._; Plato's various views, ii. 404, i. 119; the last, 120; Aristotle on, 360 _n._, ii. 192, 193 _n._, 410 _n._, iii. 76, 245, 365 _n._, 367, iv. 214 _n._, i. 120 _n._; _Sophistês_ approximates to Aristotle's view, iii. 247; generic and analogical aggregates, ii. 48, 193 _n._, iii. 365; Antisthenes and Diogenes on, i. 163; the first protest of Nominalism against Realism, 164; see _Particulars_, _Phenomena_, _Universal_.

Ideal, to Plato the only real, ii. 89.

Idealists, iii. 201; meaning of _ens_, 231; argument against, 204, 225, 244; doctrine of, the same as Plato's in _Phædon_, &c., _ib._, 246.

Identity, personal, ii. 11, 25, iii. 6; and contradiction, principle of, 101.

[Greek: I)diô/tês] distinguished from [Greek: philo/sophos], iv. 104 _n._; [Greek: techni/tês], ii. 272 _n._

Ignorance, mischiefs of, ii. 12; depend on the subject-matter, 14; to hurt _knowingly_, better than _ignorantly_, 58, 59; evil done by bad man unwillingly, by good wilfully, 61; not pleasure, the cause of wrongdoing, 294; mistaking itself for knowledge, the worst evil, iii. 197; see _Knowledge_.

Imitator, logical classification of, iii. 215; of the wise man, sophist is, 216; poets' mischievous _imitation of imitation_, iv. 91.

Immortality, beliefs as to partial, ii. 385 _n._; popular Greek belief, 427; metempsychosis a general element in all old doctrines, 425 _n._; of rational soul only, iv. 243; of all three parts of soul? ii. 385; Plato's demonstration rests on assumption of ideas, 412; includes pre-existence of all animals, and metempsychosis, 414; fails, 423, 428, iii. 15; leaves undetermined mode of pre-existence and post-existence, ii. 424; was not generally accepted, 426; Xenophon's doctrine, 420 _n._; Aristotle's, _ib._; common desire for, iii. 6; attained through mental procreation, beauty the stimulus, _ib._; only metaphorical in _Symposion_, 17.

Indeterminate, Pythagorean doctrine of the, i. 11; pleasure the, iii. 348; see _Infinite_.

Indian philosophy, compared with Greek, i. 107, 378 _n._, 160 _n._, 162; analogy of Plato's doctrine of the soul, ii. 389 _n._, 426 _n._; Gymnosophists, compared with Diogenes, i. 157, 160 _n._; antiquity of, 159 _n._; suicide, 162 _n._; Antisthenes did not borrow from, 159 _n._; antithesis of law and nature, 162.

Indifferent, the, ii. 180, 189.

Individual, analogy to kosmical process, i. 36 _n._; tripartite division of mind, iv. 37; analogous to three classes in state, 39; analogy to state, 11, 20, 37, 79-84, 96; Hobbes on, _ib._; parallelism exaggerated, 114, 121, 124; dependent on society, 21, 121, 123; four stages of degeneracy, 79-84; proportions of happiness and misery in them, 83; happiness of, through justice, 20, 84, 90; one man can do only one thing well, 23, 33, 97, 98, 183; Xenophon on, 139 _n._

Individualism, see _Authority_.

Inductive and syllogistic dialectic, ii. 27; process of, always kept in view in dialogues of search, i. 406; illustrated in history of science, ii. 163; trial and error the natural process of the human mind, 165; length of Plato's process, 100 _n._; usefulness of negative result, 186; the mind rises from sensation to opinion, then cognition, iii. 164; verification from experience, not recognised as necessary or possible, 168.

Infanticide, iv. 43, 44, 177; Aristotle on, 202; contrast of modern sentiment, 203.

Infinite, of Anaximander, i. 5; reproduced in chaos of Anaxagoras, 54; Zeno's reductiones ad Absurdum, 93; natural coalescence of finite and, iii. 340, 346, 348 _n._; illustration from speech and music, 341; explanation insufficient, 343; see _Indeterminate_.

Ingratitude, iv. 399.

Inspiration, special, a familiar fact in Greek life, ii. 130, iii. 352, iv. 15; in rhapsode and poet, ii. 127; of rhapsode through medium of poets, 128, 129, 134; of philosopher, 383; see _Dæmon_; Plato's view, 131; the reason temporarily withdrawn, 132, iii. 11, 309 _n._; opposed to knowledge, ii. 136; right opinion of good statesmen from, 241; all existing virtue is from, 242.

Instantaneous, Plato's imagination of the, iii. 100; found no favour, 102.

Interest, forbidden, iv. 331.

_Ion_, authenticity, i. 306, ii. 124; date, i. 307, 308-9, 311, 312, 315; interlocutors, ii. 124; Ion as a rhapsode, 126; devoted himself to Homer, 127; the poetic art is one, _ib._; inspiration of rhapsodes and poets, _ib._; inspiration of Ion through Homer, 128; analogy of magnet, _ib._, 129; Plato's contrast of systematic with unsystematic procedure, _ib._; Ion does not admit his own inspiration, 132; province of rhapsode, _ib._; the rhapsode the best general, 133; exposition through divine inspiration, 134.

Ionic philosophy compared with the abstractions of Plato and Aristotle, i. 87; defect of, 88; attended to material cause only, _ib._; see _Philosophy--Pre-Sokratic_.

Islands of the Blest, ii. 416.

Isokrates, probably the half-philosopher, half-politician of _Euthydêmus_, ii. 227, iii. 35; variable feeling between, and Plato, ii. 228, 331 _n._, iii. 36; praised in _Phædrus_, 35; compared with Lysias, _ib._ 38; his school at Athens, 36; teaching of, iv. 150 _n._; as Sophist, i. 212 _n._; teachableness of virtue, ii. 240 _n._; age for dialectic exercises, iv. 211 _n._; criticism on other philosophers, iii. 38 _n._; on aspersions of rivals, 408 _n._; on the poets, iv. 157 _n._; contrasted with Plato in _Timæus_, 217; on _Leges_, 432; oratio panegyrica, iii. 406 _n._; great age of, i. 245.

Italy, slaves in, iv. 343 _n._

J.

Jamblichus on metempsychosis, ii. 426 _n._

Jason, of Pheræ, iii. 388 _n._

Jerome, St., on Plato and Aristotle, i. _xv_.

Johnson, Dr., on Berkeley, iv. 243 _n._

Jouffroy, à priori element of cognition, iii. 119 _n._

Judgment, akin to proposition, and may be false, by partnership with form _non-ens_, iii. 213-4; implied in every act of consciousness, 165 _n._

Just, the holy a branch of the, i. 447; and unjust, standard of the better, ii. 3; whence knowledge of it, 4; identified with the good, honourable, expedient, 7; or Good is the profitable--general, but not constant, explanation of Plato, 38; the just, by law, not nature, Aristippus' doctrine, i. 197.

Justice, is it just, ii. 278; varieties of meaning, i. 452 _n._, iv. 102, 120, 123, 125; derivation of [Greek: dikaiosu/nê], iii. 301 _n._; of [Greek: di/kaion], 308 _n._; with temperance, the condition of happiness and freedom, ii. 12; and sense of shame possessed and taught by all citizens, 269; how far like holiness, i. 447, ii. 278; opposition of natural and legal, 338, i. 197; what is, iii. 416; unsatisfactory answers of Sokrates and his friends, _ib._; is rendering what is owing, iv. 2; rejected, 6; is what is advantageous to the most powerful, 8; modified, 9; is the good of another, 10; necessary to society and individual, injustice a source of weakness, 11; is a source of happiness, 12, 14, 18; is a compromise, 13; good only from consequences, 15, 16, 99; Xenophon on, 114 _n._; the received view anterior to Plato, 100; a good _per se_, 20, 40, 84, 90, 116; and from its consequences, 94, 121, 123, 294; proved also by superiority of pleasures of intelligence, 84; proof fails, 116, 118-21; all-sufficient for happiness, germ of Stoical doctrine, 102; inconsistent with actual facts, 106; incorrect, for individual dependent on society, _ib._, 123; Plato's affirmation true in a qualified sense, 125; orthodoxy or dissent of just man must be taken into account, 126, 131; in state, 34; is in all classes, 36; is performing one's own function, _ib._, 37, 39; analogy to bodily health, 40; what constitutes injustice, 367-9; no man voluntarily wicked, 249, 365-7; distinction of damage and injury, 366; relation to rest of virtue, 428; distinction effaced between temperance and, 135; ethical basis imperfect, 127; view peculiar to Plato, 99; Platonic conception is self-regarding, 104; motives to it arise from internal happiness of the just, 105; view substantially maintained since, _ib._; essential reciprocity in society, ii. 312, 333, iv. 100, 133; the basis of Plato's own theory of city's genesis, 111; incompletely stated, 112 _n._; any theory of society must present antithesis and correlation of obligation and right, 112; Xenophon's definition unsatisfactory, i. 231; Karneades, iv. 118 _n._; Epikurus, 130 _n._; Lucretius, _ib._; Pascal, i. 231 _n._

K.

[Greek: Kaki/a], derivation, iii. 301 _n._

Kallikles, rhetor and politician, ii. 340.

Kallimachus, Plato's works known to, i. 276, 296 _n._; issued catalogue of Alexandrine library, 275.

[Greek: Kalo/n, to/], translated by beautiful, ii. 49 _n._; defined, 327, 334; rejected, _ib._; see _Beautiful_, _Honourable_.

Kant, his Noumenon agrees with Ens of Parmenides, i. 21.

Kapila, i. 378 _n._; analogy to Plato, ii. 389 _n._

Karneades, on justice, iv. 118 _n._

Kepler, applied Pythagorean conception, i. 14 _n._; devotion to mathematics, iii. 388 _n._

King, see _Monarch_.

_Kleitophon_, fragmentary, i. 268, iii. 419, 424; authenticity, i. 305-7, 309, 315, iii. 419 _n._, 420, 426 _n._; posthumous, 420; in _Republic_ tetralogy, i. 406 _n._, iii. 419, 425; represents the point of view of many objectors, 424; scenery and persons, 413; Sokrates has power in awakening ardour for virtue, 415; but does not explain what virtue is, _ib._, 421-24; what is justice or virtue, 416; unsatisfactory replies of Sokrates' friends, _ib._; Kleitophon believes Sokrates knows but will not tell, 418; compared with _Republic_, 425; _Apology_, 421.

Know, Aristotle on equivocal meaning of, ii. 213 _n._; to know and be known is action and passion, iii. 287 _n._

Knowledge, claim to universal, common to ancient philosophers, iii. 219; kinds of, i. _xii_. _n._; of like by like, 44, iv. 227; Demokritus' theory, i. 72, 76, 80; Zeno, 98; Gorgias the Leontine, 104; Kyrenaics, 199, 204; false persuasion of, the natural state of human mind, Sokrates' theory, 374, 414, ii. 166 _n._, 218, 243, 263; regarded as an ethical defect, iii. 177; Sokrates' mission, i. 374, 376, ii. 24, 146, 419, iii. 422, iv. 219; search after, the business of life to Sokrates and Plato, i. 396; _per se_ interesting, 403; necessity of scrutiny, 398 _n._; Mill on vagueness of common words, ii. 48 _n._; omnipotence of King Nomos, i. 378-84**; different views of Plato, iii. 163, 164 _n._; evolution of indwelling conceptions, i. 359 _n._, ii. 249, iii. 17; Sokrates' mental obstetric, 112; attained only by dialectic, i. 396; its test, power of going through a Sokratic cross-examination, _ib._, ii. 64; genesis of, 391; _reminiscence_ of the ideas, 237, iii. 13, 17; gods possess the Idea of, 67, 68 _n._; philosophy the perpetual accumulation of, ii. 112; of good and evil, distinct from other sciences, 168; necessary to use of good things, 205; must include both making and right use 205; no action contrary to, 291; virtue is, 239, 321, 67 _n._, 149; of _what_ unsolved, 244; to hurt knowingly or wilfully better than unwillingly, 58; analogies from the arts, 59; evil done by good man with, by bad without, 61; as condition of human conduct, Sokrates and Plato dwell too exclusively on, 67, 83; rely too much on analogy of arts, and do not note what underlies epithets, 68; and moderation identical, having same contrary, 280; of self, Delphian maxim, 11, 25; from looking into other minds, is temperance, 12; opposed to divine inspiration, 136; no object of, distinct from knowledge itself, 156; of _ens_ alone, iv. 49; all, relative to some object, ii. 157, 169; is sensible perception, iii. 111, 113, 154, 172 _n._; erroneously identified with _Homo Mensura_, 113, 118, 120 _n._, 125, 162 _n._; objections, sensible facts, different to different percipients, 153; sensible perception does not include memory, 157; argument from analogy of seeing and not seeing at the same time, _ib._; lies in the mind's comparisons respecting sensible perceptions, 161; difference from modern views, 162; the mind rises from sensation to opinion, then cognition, 164; verification from experience, not recognised as necessary or possible, 168; of good, identified with [Greek: nou=s], of other things with [Greek: do/xa], ii. 30; relation to opinion, iii. 167 _n._, 172, 184 _n._; are false opinions possible, 169; waxen memorial tablet in the mind, _ib._; distinction of possessing and having actually in hand, 170; simile of pigeon-cage, 171; false opinion is the confusion of cognitions and non-cognitions, refuted, _ib._; distinguished from right opinion, ii. 253, 255 _n._, iii. 168; rhetor communicates true opinion, not knowledge, 172; Plato's compared with modern views, ii. 254; is true opinion _plus_ rational explanation, iii. 173; analogy of elements and compounds, _ib._; three meanings of _rational explanation_, 174; definition rejected, 175; antithesis of opinion and, not so marked in _Politikus_ as _Theætêtus_, 256; opposite cognitions unlike each other, 336, 396; pleasures of, true, 356, 387 _n._; good a mixture of pleasure and, 361; same principle of classification applied to pleasure as to, 382; classification of true and false, how applied to cognitions, 394; its valuable principles, 395; see _Relativity_, _Science_, _Self-knowledge_.

Kosmos, the first topic of Greek speculation, i. _ix_.; primitive belief, 2; early explanation by Polytheism, _ib._; Homer and Hesiod, _ib._; Thales, 4; water once covered the earth, notices of the argument from prints of shells and fishes, 18; Anaximander, 5-7; Anaximenes, 7-8; Pythagoras, 12; Pythagorean music of the spheres, 14; Xenophanes, 18, 119 _n._; Parmenides, 24, 90 _n._; Herakleitus, 32; Empedokles, 39, 41; Diogenes of Apollonia, 64; its Reason, different conceptions of Sokrates and Aristotle, ii. 402 _n._; soul prior to and more powerful than body, iv. 386, 419, 421; the good and the bad souls at work in the universe, 386; all things full of gods, 388; soul of, iii. 265 _n._, iv. 421; its position and elements, 225; affinity of soul of, and human, iii. 366 _n._; mythe in _Politikus_, 265 _n._; divine steersman and dæmons, _ib._; analogy of individual mind and cosmical process, i. 36 _n._; comparison of man to kosmos unnecessary and confusing, iii. 367; free from pleasure and pain, 389; forced conjunction of kosmology and ethics, 391; idea of good rules the ideal, as sun the visible, iv. 64; simile of, absolute height and depth, 87; unchangeable essences of, rarely studied, iii. 361; aversion to studying, on ground of impiety, iv. 219 _n._; no _knowledge_ of, obtainable, 220; theory in _Timæus_ acknowledged to be merely an [Greek: ei)kô\s lo/gos], 217; Demiurgus, ideas, chaos postulated, 220; Time began with the, 227; is a living being and a god, 220, 223; Demiurgus produces, by persuading Necessity, 220; process of demiurgic construction, 223; the copy of the [Greek: Au)to/zôon], _ib._, 227, 235 _n._, 264; product of joint action of reason and necessity, 238; body, spherical form, and rotations, i. 25 _n._, iv. 225, 229, 237, 252, 325 _n._, 388-9; to be studied for mental hygienic, 252; primary and visible gods, 229; secondary and generated gods, 230; construction of man, 243; generated gods fabricate cranium as miniature of kosmos, with rational soul rotating within, 235; four elements not primitive, 238;

## action of Ideas on prime matter, 238;

Forms of the elements, _ib._; primordial chaos, 240; geometrical theory of the elements, _ib._; borrowed from Pythagoreans, i. 349 _n._; Aristotle on, iv. 241 _n._; varieties of each element, 242; contrast of Plato's admiration, with degenerate realities, 262, 264; degeneracy originally intended, 263; recurrence of destructive agencies, 270, 307; change of view in _Epinomis_, 421, 424 _n._

Krates, the "door-opener," i. 173; Sokrates' precepts fully carried out by Diogenes and, 160, 174.

Kratippus, the Peripatetic, i. 258 _n._

_Kratylus_, purpose, iii. 302-8, 309 _n._, 321, 323, 325 _n._; authenticity, i. 316; date, 306, 309, 310, 312; subject and personages, iii. 285; speaking and naming conducted according to fixed laws, 286; names distinguished by Plato as true or false, _ib._ _n._; connected with doctrine of Ideas, 326 _n._; the thing spoken of _suffers_, 287 _n._; name, a didactic instrument, made by lawgiver on type of name-form, 287, 312, 329; Plato's _idéal_, 325, 328 _n._, 329; compared with his views on social institutions, 327; natural rectitude of names, 289, 300 _n._, 305 _n._; names vary in degree of aptitude, 319; aptitude consists in resemblance, 313; difficult to harmonise with facts, 323; forms of names and of things nameable, 289; lawgiver alone discerns essences of names, and assigns them correctly, 290; proofs cited from etymology, 299, 300 _n._, 307 _n._; not caricatures of sophists, 302, 304, 310 _n._, 314 _n._, 321, 323; the etymologies serious, 306-12, 317 _n._; counter-theory, _Homo Mensura_, 291, 326 _n._; objection, it levels all animals, 292; analogy of physical processes, unsuitable, 294; belief not dependent on will, 297; first imposer of names a Herakleitean, 301 _n._, 314-5, 320 _n._; how names have become disguised, 312; changes hard to follow, 315; onomastic art, letters as well as things must be distinguished with their essential properties, 313; Herakleitean theory admitted, 317; some names not consistent with it, 319; things known only through names, not true, 320; Herakleitean flux, true of particulars, not of Ideas, _ib._; the theory uncertain, implicit trust not to be put in names, 321, 324; compared with _Politikus_, 281, 329; _Sophistês_. 331; _Timæus_, _ib._; various reading in, p. 429C, 317 _n._

Krete, unlettered community, iv. 277; public training and mess, 279; its customs peculiar to itself and Sparta, 280 _n._

_Kritias_, a fragment, i. 268, iv. 265; probably would have been an ethical epic in prose, 269; in _Republic_ tetralogy, 215, 265; date, i. 309, 311-3, 315, 325; authenticity, 307, iv. 266 _n._; subject, 266; citizens of Plato's state identified with ancient Athenians, _ib._; Solon and Egyptian priests, _ib._, 268; explanation of their learning, 271; island Atlantis and its kings, 268; address of Zeus, 269; corruption and wickedness of people, _ib._; submergence, 270; mythe incomplete, iii. 409 _n._; presented as matter of history, iv. 270; recurrence of destructive kosmical agencies, _ib._

_Kriton_, rhetorical, not dialectical, i. 433; compared with _Gorgias_, ii. 362; general purpose, subject, and interlocutors, i. 425, 428; authority of public judgment, nothing, of Expert, everything, 420, 435; Sokrates does not name, but himself acts as, expert, 436; Sokrates' answer to Kriton's appeal to flee, 426; Sokrates' principle, Never act unjustly, 427; this a cardinal point, though most men differ from him, _ib._; character and disposition of Sokrates, differently set forth, 428; imaginary pleading of the Laws of Athens, _ib._; agreement with Athenian democratic sentiment, 430, 432; Plato's purpose in this, 428; attempts reconciliation of constitutional allegiance with Sokrates' individuality, 432; Sokrates characteristics overlooked in the harangue, 431; maintained by his obedience from conviction, _ib._

Kyrenaics, scheme of life, i. 188; ethical theory, 195; logical theory, 197; doctrine of relativity, _ib._, 204; Æthiops, Antipater, and Arêtê, 195; Theodorus on the gods, 202; see _Aristippus_, _Hegesias_.