D.

Dæmon, of Sokrates, i. 437, ii. 104, i. 115; his experience of, ii. 102; explains his eccentricity, 104; variously alluded to in Plato--its character and working impenetrable, 107, 108; in _Theagês_ and _Theætêtus_, 107; a special revelation, 108, 131 _n._; privileged communications common, 130, 131 _n._; see _Inspiration_; belief of Empedokles, i. 47; etymology, iii. 301 _n._; Eros, intermediate between gods and men, 9; subordinate to divine steersman of kosmos, 265 _n._; intermediate, iv. 421.

Dähne, on _Philo-Judæus_, iii. 308 _n._, iv. 157 _n._

Damon, a teacher of [Greek: mousikê/], ii. 139 _n._; dangers of change in national music, iv. 315.

Dancing to be regulated by authority, iv. 292; laws, 291; three choruses, youths, mature men, elders, 296, 305; and music, effect on emotions, 347; comic, by slaves or mean persons only, 352 _n._

Darius, iv. 312.

Death, doctrine of Parmenides, i. 26 _n._; Herakleitus, 34; Sokrates, 422, 430 _n._; emancipates soul from struggle with body, ii. 386, 388, iv. 234, 235** _n._; guardians must not fear, 25; see _Immortality_.

Debate of secondary questions before settling fundamental notions, mischief of, ii. 242; see _Dialectic_.

Definition gives classes, Type, natural groups, ii. 47, 193 _n._; Sokrates introduced search for, 47; frequent mistake of giving a particular example, i. 444, ii. 143; dialogues of search illustrate process of, iii. 29, 176, 188; novelty and value of this, 190; importance in Plato's time of bringing forward logical subordinations and distinctions, ii. 235; tested by clothing it in particulars, iv. 3 _n._; of common and vague terms, hopelessness of, ii. 186 _n._; Aristotle on, 234 _n._; none of a general word, Sextus Empiricus, i. 168, _n._; none of simple objects, Antisthenes, 171; Plato on, 172; Aristotle, _ib._; Mill, _ib._ _n._; and division, the two processes of dialectic, iii. 29, 39; necessity for, 29; conditions of a good, ii. 318.

Degérando, M., iii. 140 _n._, 152 _n._

[Greek: Deino/s], meaning, ii. 145 _n._

Dekad, the Pythagorean perfect number, i. 11.

[Greek: Dektiko/n, to/], see _Matter_.

Delphian oracle, reply to Sokrates, i. 413; maxim, _Know thyself_, ii. 11, 25; to be consulted for religious legislation, iv. 34, 137 _n._, 325.

Demetrius Phalereus, Alexandrine librarian, i. 274 _n._; chief agent in establishment of Alexandrine library, 280; history and character, 279; _Apology_, 111 _n._

Demiurgus, opposed to [Greek: i)diô/tês], ii. 272 _n._; of kosmos, iii. 265 _n._; postulated, iv. 220; is not a creator, _ib._; produces kosmos, by persuading Necessity, _ib._, 222; on pattern of ideas, 227; evolved the four elements from primordial chaos, 240; addresses generated gods, 233; prepares for man's construction, places a soul in each star, _ib._; conjoins three souls and one body, 234; how conceived by other philosophers of same century, 254; little noticed in Aristotle, 255; degeneracy of man originally intended by, 263.

Demochares, law against philosophers, i. 111 _n._

Democracy, least bad of unscientific governments, iii. 270, 278; origin, iv. 80; monarchy and, the _mother-polities_, 312; dissent of Aristotle, _ib._ _n._; Plato's second ideal state a compromise of oligarchy and, 333, 337.

Demokritus, life and travels, i. 65; Plato's antipathy to, 66 _n._, 82 _n._, ii. 118, iv. 355 _n._; often mentioned in Aristotle, _ib._; opinions of ancients on, i. 82 _n._; his universality, 82; relation to Parmenidean theory, 66; plena and vacua, ens and non-ens, 67, iii. 243 _n._; his absolute and relative, i. 71, 80; atoms differ only in magnitude, figure, position, and arrangement, 69; different from Plato's Idea, and Aristotle's _materia prima_, 72; not really objects of sense, _ib._ _n._; inherent force, 73; his ultimatum, the course of nature, _ib._; primary and secondary qualities, iv. 243 _n._; air, i. 76, 78; theory of colour, 77; theory of vision, combated by Theophrastus, 78 _n._; hearing and taste, 78; motions of planets, iv. 355 _n._; blamed by Aristotle for omitting final causes, i. 73 _n._; chance, _ib._; [Greek: phu/sis], 70 _n._; mind is heat throughout nature, 75; parts of the soul, 76; on its immortality, ii. 425 _n._; truth obtainable by reason only, i. 72; thought produced by influx of atoms, 79; on _Homo mensura_, 82, iii. 152; knowledge is _obscure_, or sensation, and _genuine_, or thought, i. 80; the gods, 81; ethical views, 82; treatise on Pythagoras, _ib._ _n._; researches in zoology and animal generation, 75; influence on growth of dialectic, 82; works of, 65; in Alexandrine library, 276; divided into Tetralogies by Thrasyllus, 273 _n._, 295 _n._

Dêmos, in state, analogous to appetite in individual mind, iv. 39; Plato more anxious for good treatment of, than Xenophon and Aristotle, 183; in Aristotle adjuncts, not members, of state, 184; Plato's scheme fails from no training for, 186; see _State_.

Demosthenes, pupil of Plato, i. 261 _n._; rhetorical powers, iii. 408 _n._; teaching of Isokrates, iv. 150 _n._; _adv. Leptinem_ contrasted with _Leges_, 315 _n._

Descartes, advantages of protracted study, i. 404 _n._; accused of substituting physical for mental causes, ii. 401 _n._; argument for being of God, a "fallacy of confusion," iii. 297 _n._; on criticism by report, i. 118 _n._

Desire for what is akin to us or our own, cause of friendship, ii. 182; good, object of universal, 243, iii. 335, 371, 392 _n._; largest measure and all varieties of, are good, ii. 344; belongs to the mind, presupposes a bodily want and memory of previous satisfaction, iii. 350; exception, 351 _n._, 387 _n._

Despot, has no real power, ii. 324; worst of unscientific governments, iii. 270, 278; origin, iv. 81; excess of despotism in Persia, 312; Solon on, i. 219 _n._; Xenophon on interior life of, 218, 220; Xenophon's scheme of government, a wisely arranged Oriental despotism, 234.

Determining, Pythagorean doctrine of the, i. 11; the, iii. 346; it is intelligence, 348.

Deuschle, on Kratylus, iii. 325 _n._

Deycks, on Megarics, i. 127 _n._, 136 _n._

Dialectic, little or none in earliest theorists, i. 93; Demokritus' influence on its growth, 82; of Zeno the Eleate, 93; iii. 107; its purpose and result, i. 98; compared with _Parmenidês_, 100; early physics discredited by growth of, 91; its introduction changes the character of philosophy, 105, 107; repugnant to Herakleiteans, 106 _n._; influence of Drama and Dikastery, 385; debate common in Sokratic age, 370, ii. 284; died out in later philosophy, i. 394 _n._; disputations in the Middle Ages, 397 _n._; modern search for truth goes on silently, 369; process _per se_ interesting to Plato, 403, 406; has done more than any one else to interest others in it, 405; its importance, 91, 354, 372, ii. 167, 221; debate a generating cause of friendship, 188 _n._; and Eristic, 210, 221 _n._; of Sokrates, _x_; contrasted with Sophists', 197, i. 124; Sokrates first applied negative analysis to the common consciousness, 385, 389 _n._; to social, political, ethical, topics, 385; necessity of negative vein, 91, 371, 373, 386, 394 _n._, 421, 444, 130; a value by itself, iii. 51, 70, 85, 149-50, 176, 184 _n._, 284, 422; see _Negative Method_; procedure of Sokrates repugnant to Athenian public, i. 387, ii. 305; colloquial companion necessary to Sokrates, 287; Sokrates asserts right of satisfaction for his own individual reason, i. 386; Sokrates' reason for attachment to, iii. 258 _n._; Sokrates to the last insists on freedom of, ii. 379; stimulates, i. 420, 449, iv. 52 _n._; as stimulating, not noticed in _Republic_ training, 208; its negative and positive aspect, illustrated in _Alkibiadês I._ and _II._, ii. 7; indiscriminate, not insisted on in _Gorgias_, 367; protest against, iii. 335; _Euthydemus_ popular among enemies of, ii. 222; common want of scrutiny, i. 398 _n._; value of formal debate, as corrective of fallacies, ii. 221; its actual and anticipated effects, 11; Sokrates' positive solutions illusory, 26; its ethical basis, iii. 113; autonomy of the individual mind, 147, 297, 298; contrast with the _Leges_, 148; Aristotle on, i. 133 _n._; obstetric method, lead of the respondent followed, 368; the respondent makes the discoveries for himself, 367; assumptions necessary in, iii. 251; precepts for, 91 _n._; long answers inadmissible, ii. 281; brought to bear on Sokrates himself, iii. 57, 89; the sovereign purifier, 197; its result, _Knowledge_, i. 396; contrasted with lectures, ii. 277, iii. 337 _n._; alone useful for teaching, 34, 49, 53; a test of the expository process, i. 358, 396; attainment of dialectical aptitude, purpose of _Sophistês_ and _Politikus_, iii. 261; antithesis of rhetoric and, i. 433, ii. 52-3, 70, 277, 278 _n._, 282, 303; difference of method, illustrated in _Protagoras_, 300; superiority over rhetoric, claimed, 282; issue unsatisfactorily put, 369; rhetoric, as a real art, is comprised in, iii. 30, 34; rhetoric superior in usefulness and celebrity, 360, 380; Plato's desire for celebrity in rhetoric and, 408; its object, definition, i. 452, ii. 318; its two processes, definition and division, iii. 29, 39; testing of definitions by clothing them in particulars, iv. 7 _n._; Inductive and Syllogistic, ii. 27; and Demonstrative, Aristotle's two intellectual methods, 363; the purest of all cognitions, iii. 360; and geometry, two modes of mind's procedure applicable to ideal world, iv. 65; requires no diagrams, deals with forms only, descending from highest, 66; is the consummation of all the sciences, gives the contemplation of the ideas, 75; one of the manifestations [Greek: tou= philosophei=n], 150 _n._; standard for classifying sciences, iii. 382-3, 394; valuable principle, 395; exercises in, iv. 76; _Republic_ contradicts other dialogues, 207-212; difference of Aristotle's and Plato's view, i. 363; mixture in Plato of poetical fancy and religious mysticism with dialectic theory, iii. 16; distinct aptitudes required by Aristotle for, ii. 54; Aristotle on its dissecting function, 70 _n._; Stoic View, i. 371 _n._; Theopompus, 450.

Dialogues, the Sokratic, i. _x_, _xi_; the lost, of Aristotle, 262 _n._, 356 _n._; of _Sokratici viri_, 111, 114; of Plato, give little information about him personally, 262; different in form from Aristotle's, 356 _n._; vary in value, ii. 19; variety of Plato, i. 344; dramatic pictures, not historical, 419 _n._, ii. 33 _n._, 150, 155 _n._, 163, 172, 195, 199, 203, 265 _n._, iii. 9 _n._, 19, 25; of common form--Plato never speaks in his own name, i. 344; reluctant to publish doctrines on his own responsibility, 350, 352, 355, 361 _n._; may have published under the name of others, 360; his lectures differ from, in being given in his own name, 402; Plato assumed impossibility of teaching by written exposition, 350, 355, ii. 56 _n._, 64; assumption intelligible in his day, i. 357; Sokratic elenchus, a test of the expository process, 358; of _Search_ predominate, 366; a necessary preliminary to those of _Exposition_, ii. 201; their basis, Sokratic doctrine that false persuasion of knowledge is universal, i. 367, 393; illustrated by _Hippias_ and _Charmidês_, ii. 64, 163; appeal to authority, suppressed in Academics, i. 368; debate common in the Sokratic age, 370; process _per se_ interesting to Plato, 403; the obstetric method--lead of the respondent followed, 368; modern search for truth goes on silently, 369; purpose to stimulate intellect, and form verifying power, iii. 177, 188, 284; novelty and value of this, 190; process of generalisation always kept in view in, i. 406; affirmative and negative veins distinct, 399, 402, 420; often no ulterior affirmative end, 375; but Plato presumes the search will be renewed, 395; value as suggestive, and reviewing under different aspects, ii. 69; untenable hypothesis that Plato communicated solutions to a few, i. _xii_, 360, 401; no assignable interdependence, 407; each has its end in itself, _xii_, 344, 375, 400 _n._, ii. 300 _n._, iii. 71, 85, 93, 176, 179, 184 _n._, 284, 332, 400, 420, iv. 138; of _Exposition_, pedagogic tone, iii. 368 _n._; Plato's change in old age, iv. 273, 320, 380, 424, i. 244; Xenophon compared, _ib._; order for review, i. 408; see _Canon_.

Dianoia, Nous and, two grades of intelligence, iv. 66.

Dikæarchus, ii. 425 _n._

Dikasts, opposition of feeling between Sokrates and, i. 375; influence of dikastery on growth of Dialectic, 385.

Diodorus Kronus, doctrine of Power, i. 140; defended by Hobbes, 143; hypothetical propositions, 145; time, difficulties of _Now_, _ib._; motion, 146; Aristotle nearly coincides with, _ib._; and Hobbes, _ib._; his death, 147.

Diogenes of Apollonia, life and doctrines, i. 60; air his primordial element, 61; many properties of, _ib._; physiology, 60 _n._, 62; cosmology and meteorology, 64; often followed Herakleitus, _ib._ _n._; anticipated modern doctrine of aerolithes, _ib._; Agreement with Anaxagoras, 65; fundamental tenet, agreement with Aristotle and Demokritus, 69 _n._; theory of vision, iv. 237 _n._

Diogenes of Sinôpê, i. 152; works, 155; doctrines, 154; Sokrates' precepts fullest carried out by, 160; asceticism, 157; compared with Indian Gymnosophists and Selli, _ib._, 160 _n._, 163 _n._; with Aristippus, 190; Communism of wives, 189 _n._; opposed Platonic ideas, 163; the first protest of Nominalism against Realism, 164.

Diogenes Laertius, i. 291 _n._, 294.

Dion Chrysostom, i. 112 _n._

Dionysius, the elder, Aristippus' intercourse with, i. 193; visited by Plato, 351; the younger, visited by Plato, 258, 355; expedition of Dion against, 259.

Dionysius Hal., on _Apology_, i. 411 _n._; rhetorical powers of Plato and Demosthenes, iii. 407 _n._; rivalry of Plato and Lysias, 411 _n._; contrasts Plato's with [Greek: Sôkratikoi\ dia/logoi], i. 110 _n._; Plato's jealousy and love of supremacy, 117 _n._

Diotima, iii. 8 _n._, 9.

Disease, general survey of, iv. 249; preservative and healing agencies, 250.

Dittrich on _Kratylus_, iii. 303 _n._

Diversum, iv. 226; form of, pervades all others, iii. 209, 232; Aristotle on, 238 _n._

Division, logical, ii. 27; and definition, the two processes of dialectic, iii. 29, 39; dialogues of search illustrate process, 29, 177, 188; novelty and value of this, ii. 235, iii. 190; by dichotomy, 254; importance of founding on sensible resemblances, 255; sub-classes often overlooked, 341; well illustrated in _Philêbus_, 344; but feebly applied, 369; Plato enlarges Pythagorean doctrine, 368.

Divorce, iv. 406.

Dodona, oracle to be consulted, iv. 325; Xenophon, i. 237.

Doing and _making_, ii. 155; use of [Greek: eu)= zê=n] and [Greek: eu)= pra/ttein] in _Charmidês_, 216 _n._

Drama, influence on growth of Dialectic, i. 385; mixed pleasure and pain excited by, iii. 355 _n._; Plato's aversion to Athenian, iv. 316, 350; peculiar to himself, 317; Aristotle differs, _ib._ _n._; see _Poetry_.

Dreams, doctrine of Demokritus, caused by images from objects, i. 81; Plato's theory of, iv. 237; as affecting doctrine _Homo mensura_, iii. 130; belief of rhetor Aristeides in, 146 _n._

Drunkenness, Sokrates proof against, iii. 21, 23, iv. 287; is test of self-control, iii. 21 _n._, iv. 289, 298; forbidden at Sparta, how far justifiable, 286; chorus of elders require, 297; unbecoming the guardians, 298 _n._

E.

Eberhard, ii. 300 _n._

Eclipse, foretold by Thales, i. 4 _n._; Anaximander's doctrine, 6 _n._; Pythagoras', 14 _n._; Herakleitus', 32.

Education, who is to judge what constitutes, ii. 142; combined with polity by Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle, iv. 142, 185, 337; on principle that every citizen belongs to the city, 186; precautions in electing Minister of, 338; of men compared by Sokrates with training of inferior animals, iii. 62 _n._; bad, of kings' sons, iv. 312; training of boys and girls, 348; by music and gymnastic, 23; musical training excites love of the beautiful, 27; importance of music, 305; views of Xenophon, Polybius, Aristotle, _ib._; _music_, Platonic sense, 149; by fictions as well as by truth, 24; actual place of poetry in Greek, compared with Plato's ideal, 149-153; type for narratives about men, 26; songs, music, and dancing to be regulated, 25, 289, 291, 349; to keep emotions in a proper state, 169; prizes at festivals, 292, 337; but object of training, war, not prizes, 358; only grave music allowed, 26, 168; music and gymnastic necessary to correct each other, 29; gymnastic imparts courage, _ib._; training to ascend to the idea of good, 61; purpose, 69; studies introductory to philosophy, 70-74, 206; difference in _Leges_, 275 _n._; arithmetic, 423; awakening power, 70; stimulus from contradiction of one and many, 72; geometry, 423; conducts mind towards universal ens, 72; value of arithmetic and geometry, 352; by concrete method, 353 _n._;

## particulars to be brought under the general forms, 423;

astronomy, 422; object of teaching, 354; by ideal figures, not observation, 72; acoustics, by applying arithmetical relations and theories, 74; of Nocturnal Counsellors, 420, 424; exercises in dialectic, 76; Plato's remarks on effect of, 207; age for studies, 76, 350; philosophy should not be taught at a very early age, 60, 76; _Republic_ contradicts other dialogues, 207-211; same training for men and women, 77; maintained in _Leges_, and harmonises with ancient legends, 195; contrast with Aristotle, 194; public training at Sparta and Krete, 279; Plato's scheme fails from no training for Demos, 186; Xenophon's scheme, i. 226-31; geometry and physics, Aristippus' contempt for, 186, 192.

Egger, i. 376 _n._

Ego, and Mecum or non-ego, antithesis of, iii. 132 _n._, 144 _n._

Egyptians, iv. 330 _n._, 352, 353 _n._, 415 _n._; priests, historical knowledge of, 266, 268; causes, 271; Plato's reverence for regulations of, 267 _n._

[Greek: Ei)rônei/a], characteristic of Sokrates and Sophists, iii. 217 _n._

Eleatic philosophy, i. 16-26, 93-103; Leukippus, 65; relation to atomic theory, _ib._; theory of vision, iv. 237** _n._; compared with Hindoo philosophers, i. 160 _n._

Eleians, iii. 24 _n._

Elements, the four, not primitive, iv. 238; varieties of each, 242; forms of the, 238; geometrical theory of, 240; Aristotle on, 241 _n._; a fifth added, _ib._ _n._, 421.

Emotions, appealed to in the _Kriton_, i. 433; Bain on the Tender, ii. 188 _n._; a degenerate appendage of human nature, 126, iii. 389; implication of intelligence and, 374; antithesis of science and, 61, 195, 196 _n._; the tender and aesthetic, no place for, in tripartite division of soul, iv. 149 _n._; poet's appeal to, disturbs the rational government of the mind, 92, 152, 349; restrictions on music and poetry, to keep emotions in a proper state, 169, 347; similitude of, in all, but dissimilarity of objects, i. 452 _n._

Empedokles, of universal pretensions, i. 47; doctrines, 38; four principles, _ib._; dissents from Ionic School and Herakleitus, _ib._, 48; denies [Greek: phu/sis] (in sense of [Greek: ge/nesis]), 38 _n._; compared with Anaxagoras, 52; Anaximander, 54; the moving forces, Love and Enmity, 39; modern _attraction_ and _repulsion_, 40 _n._; physics, 38; predestined cycle, 39; Chaos, _ib._, 54; was aware of effect of pressure of air, 44 _n._; movements of the blood, 43; illustrated respiration by Klepsydra, 44 _n._; perception, 44, iv. 235 _n._; contrary to Anaxagoras, i. 58; knowledge of like by like, 44; God, 40 _n._, 42; dæmons, 47; religious mysticism in, 47 _n._; claims magical powers, 47; sacredness of life, metempsychosis, 46; friendship, ii. 179; deplores impossibility of finding out truth from shortness of life, i. 47; influence on Aristotle, 91; doctrines identified by Plato with _Homo Mensura_, iii. 114, 115.

Ends, science of, postulated, ii. 32, 169; dimly indicated by Plato, 148; correlation with the unknown Wise Man, 149; distinction of, iii. 374 _n._; no common, among established [Greek: no/mima], 282 _n._

Energy, analogous to guardians in state, iv. 39; Aristotle's [Greek: e)ne/rgeia], ii. 355.

Ens, of Xenophanes, i. 17; of Parmenides, 66, iii. 58; combines extension and duration, i. 19; and Non-Ens, an inherent contradiction in human mind, 20; alone contains truth--phenomena, probability, 24; erroneously identified by Aristotle with Heat, _ib._ _n._; Zeno, 93; Gorgias the Leontine, 103-4; Demokritus, 67; contraries the Pythagorean principles of, 15 _n._; an intermediate predicate, iii. 94; theories of philosophers about, 200, 231; materialists and idealists, 202; of Plato, comprehends objects of perception and of conception, 229, 231; is _ens_ one or many, 201; difficulties about _non-ens_ and _ens_ equally great, _ib._, 206; is equivalent to potentiality, 204; includes both the unchangeable and the changeable, 205; a _tertium quid_, distinct from motion and rest, 206; philosopher lives in region of _ens_,--Sophist, of _non-ens_, 208; _non-ens_, 331; different views about, 243 _n._; its different meanings in Plato, 181 _n._; _non-ens_ inconceivable, 200; five forms examined, 208, 231-5; a real form, not contrary to, but different from, ens, 211, 233; inter-communion of forms of _non-ens_ and of proposition, opinion, judgment, 213, 214, 235; non-ens in _Sophistês_ different from other dialogues, 242; Plato's view of non-ens, _ib._ _n._, 249 _n._; unsatisfactory, _ib._ _n._; alone knowable, non-ens unknowable, iv. 49; what is between ens and non-ens, the object of opinion, _ib._; fundamental distinction of _ens_ from _fientia_, 219; see _Relativity_, _Ontology_.

Entities, quadruple distribution of, iii. 346; Cudworth's immutable, 74 _n._

Epicharmus, i. 9.

Epiktêtus, on authority, i. 388 _n._; objective and subjective, 451 _n._; [Greek: philo/sophos] and [Greek: i)diô/tês], iv. 104 _n._; scheme conformable to nature, i. 162 _n._

Epikurus, garden, i. 255 _n._; school and library, 269 _n._; _Symposion_ of, iii. 22 _n._; developed Aristippus' doctrines, i. 198; identity of good and pleasure, ii. 315 _n._, 355 _n._, iii. 374, 377 _n._, 387 _n._, iv. 301; scheme conformable to nature, i. 163 _n._; on justice, iv. 130 _n._; antithesis of speculative and political life, ii. 368 _n._; immortality of the soul, 425 _n._; against repulsive pictures of Hades, iv. 155 _n._; prayer and sacrifice, 395; agreement with Demokritean doctrine of chance, i. 73 _n._; Plato's theology compared with, iv. 161.

Epimenidês, date, iv. 311 _n._

Epimêtheus, ii. 268.

_Epinomis_, its authorship, i. 299 _n._, 306, 307, 309; represents Plato's latest opinions, iv. 421 _n._, 424 _n._; gives education of Nocturnal Counsellors, 420, 424; soul prior to and more powerful than body, 421; genesis of kosmos, _ib._; _five_ elements, 240 _n._, 421; wisdom, _ib._; theological view of astronomy, _ib._; arithmetic and geometry, proportionals, 423;

## particulars to be brought under the general forms, 423.

[Greek: E)pistê/mê], relation to [Greek: ai)/sthêsis], iii. 164 _n._; see _Science_.

Epistles, Plato's, i. 333 _n._; genuineness, 306-7, 309, 349 _n._; written when old, 262; valuable illustrations of his character, 339 _n._; intentional obscurity as to philosophical doctrine, 350, 353 _n._

[Greek: E)pithumi/a], derivation, iii. 302 _n._

Equivoques, ii. 8 _n._, 214, iii. 29; Sokrates does not distinguish, ii. 279; Aristotle more careful than Plato, 170, 279 _n._; fallacies of equivocation, 212, 352 _n._; _gain_, 82; _know_, 213 _n._; [Greek: eu)= zê=n] and [Greek: eu)= pra/ttein], 216 _n._, 352 _n._; _Nature_, 341 _n._, iv. 194; _Cause_, ii. 404, 409, 410 _n._; _Good_, 406, iii. 370; _Ens_, 231; _Unum_, _Ens_, _Idem_, _Diversum_, &c., 94; _Pleasure_, 379 _n._; _Justice_, iv. 102, 120, 123, 125.

Eranos, meaning, iv. 400 _n._; Plato inconsistent, 399.

Erasistratus, iv. 259 _n._

_Erastæ_, authenticity, i. 306-7, 309, 315, ii. 121; subject and interlocutors, 111; vivacity, 116; philosophy the perpetual accumulation of knowledge, 112; how to fix the quantity, 113; philosophy not multiplication of learned acquirements, 114; special art for discriminating bad and good, 115, 119; supreme, 120; the philosopher its regular practitioner, 115; the philosopher, second best in several arts, 114; Aristotle's [Greek: sophi/a] and [Greek: phro/nêsis], 120 _n._; relation of second-best man to regular practitioner, 113, 115, 118; supposed to point at Demokritus, _ib._; humiliation of literary _erastes_, 116.

Eretrian school, transcendental, not ethical, i. 121; qualities non-existent without the mind, iii. 74 _n._; Phædon, i. 148; Menedêmus, _ib._, 149.

Eristic and dialectic, ii. 221 _n._; Aristotle's definition, 210.

Eros, differently understood, necessity for definition, iii. 29; derivation, 308 _n._; contrast of Hellenic and modern sentiment, 1; erotic dialogues, _Phædrus_ and _Symposion_, _ib._; as conceived by Plato, _ib._, 4, 11; inconsistent with expulsion of poets, 3 _n._; purpose of _Symposion_, to contrast Plato's with other views, 8; views of interlocutors in _Symposion_, 9; a Dæmon intermediate between gods and men, 9; but in _Phædrus_ a powerful god, _ib._ _n._, 11 _n._; the stimulus to improving philosophical communion, 4, 6, 18; _Phædon_, _Theætêtus_, _Sophistês_, _Republic_, _ib._; exaltation of, in a few, love of Beauty _in genere_, 7, 15; analogy to philosophy, 10, 11, 14; disparaged, then panegyrised, by Sokrates in _Phædrus_, 11; a variety of madness, _ib._; Sokrates as representative of _Eros Philosophus_, 15, 25; Xenophon's view, _ib._

Ethics, diversity of beliefs, noticed by the ancients, i. 378, iii. 282 _n._; hostility to novel attempts at analysis, i. 387 _n._; Sokrates distinguished objective and subjective views, 451; subjective unanimity coincident with objective dissent, _ib._; Aristophanes connects idea of immorality with free thought, iv. 166; the _matter_ of ethical sentiment variable, the _form_ permanent, 203; Pascal on, i. 231 _n._; with political and social life, topic of Sokrates, 376, ii. 362, iii. 113; self-regarding doctrine of Sokrates, ii. 349, 354 _n._; order of problems as conceived by Sokrates, 299; to do, worse than to suffer, evil, 326, 332, 338, 359; no man voluntarily does, iv. 249, 365-7; [Greek: a(martê/mata] and [Greek: a)dikê/mata] distinguished, 365, 367; and politics treated together by Plato, 133; apart by Aristotle, 138; Sokrates and Plato dwell too exclusively on intellectual conditions, ii. 67, 83; rely too much on analogy of arts, and do not note what underlies epithets, 68; Plato blends ontology with, iii. 365; forced conjunction of kosmology and, 391; physiology of _Timæus_ subordinated to ethical teleology, iv. 257; different points of view in Plato, ii. 167; modern theories, intuition, 348; moral sense, not recognised in _Gorgias_ and _Protagoras_, _ib._; permanent and transient elements of human agency, 353-5; [Greek: ta\ anthrô/pina],** iv. 302 _n._; the permanent, and not immediate satisfaction, the end, ii. 360; [Greek: to\ e(/neka/ tou] confused with [Greek: to\ dia/ ti], 182 _n._; basis in _Republic_ imperfect, iv. 127-32; Plato more a preacher than philosopher in the _Republic_, 131, 132; purpose in _Leges_, to remedy all misconduct, 369; of Demokritus, i. 82; see _Cynics_, _Kyrenaics_, _Epikurus_, &c.

Etymology, see _Name_.

Eubulides, sophisms of, i. 128, 133.

Eudemus, iv. 255; Proklus borrowed from, i. 85 _n._

Eudoxus, i. 255; identity of good and pleasure, ii. 315 _n._, iii. 375 _n._, 379 _n._

Eukleides, i. 116; enlarged summum genus of Parmenides, iii. 196 _n._; blended Parmenides with Sokrates, i. 118; Good, iii. 365, i. 119, 127 _n._; nearly Plato's last view, 120.

[Greek: Eu)pragi/a], equivoque, ii. 8 _n._, 352 _n._

Euripides, _Bacchæ_ analogous to _Leges_, iv. 277, 304 _n._; _Hippolytus_ illustrates popular Greek religious belief, 163 _n._

Eusebius, i. 384 _n._, iv. 160 _n._, 256 _n._

_Euthydêmus_, authenticity, i. 306, ii. 195; date, i. 308-11, 312, 315, 320, 325 _n._, ii. 227 _n._, iii. 36 _n._; scenery and personages, ii. 195; dramatic and comic exuberance, _ib._; purpose, i. 309 _n._, ii. 198, 204 _n._, 211, i. 128; Euthydêmus and Dionysodorus do not represent Protagoras and Gorgias, ii. 202; ironical admiration of Sophists, 208; earliest known attempt to expose fallacies, 216; the result of habits of formal debate, 221; character drawn of Sokrates suitable to its purpose, 203; possession of good things, without intelligence, useless, 204; intelligence must include making and use, 205; fallacies of equivocation, 212, iii. 238 _n._; _à dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter_, ii. 213, 214; _extra dictionem_, 215; involving deeper logical principles, _ib._; its popularity among enemies of dialectic, 222; the epilogue to obviate this inference, 223; Euthydêmus the representative of dialectic and philosophy, 226; disparagement of half-philosophers, half-politicians, 224; Plato's view untenable, 229; is Isokrates meant? 227, iii. 38 _n._; no teacher can be indicated, ii. 225; compared with _Parmenidês_, 200; _Republic_, _Philêbus_, _Protagoras_, 208, iii. 373 _n._

_Euthyphron_, date of, i. 457 _n._; its Sokratic spirit, 449; gives Platonic Sokrates' reply to Melêtus, Xenophontic compared, 441, 455; a retort against Aristophanes, 442; interlocutors, 437; Euthyphron indicts his father for homicide, 438, ii. 329 _n._; as warranted by piety, i. 439; acts on Sokratic principle of making oneself like the gods, 440; Holiness, 439; answer by a particular example, 444; not what pleases the gods, 445, 448, 454; Sokrates disbelieves discord among gods, 440; why gods love the Holy, 446; not a branch of justice, 447; for gods gain nothing, 448; holiness not a right traffic between men and gods, _ib._; dialogue useful as showing the subordination of logical terms, 455.

Evil, to do, worse than to suffer, ii. 326, 332, 338, 359; contrast of usual with Platonic meaning, 331; the greatest, ignorance mistaking itself for knowledge, iii. 197; great preponderance of, iv. 25, 262 _n._, 390; gods not the cause of, 24; the good and the bad souls at work in the universe, 386; man the cause of, 234; inconsistency, _ib._, _n._; diseases of mind arise from body, 250; no man voluntarily wicked, ii. 292, iv. 249, 365-7; done by the good man wilfully, by the bad unwillingly, ii. 61; three causes of misguided proceedings, iv. 366; see _Good_, _Virtue_, _Body_.

[Greek: E(/xis], Aristotelic, ii. 355.

Existence, notion of, iii. 135 _n._, 205, 226, 229, 231.

Experience, Zeno's arguments not contradictions of data generalized from, i. 100; Plato's theory of pre-natal, ii. 252; operation of pre-natal on man's intellectual faculties, iii. 13; reminiscence of pre-natal knowledge gained by, 17; post-natal not ascertained and measured by him, ii. 252; no appeal to observation or, in studying astronomy and acoustics, iv. 73, 74; see _Sense_.

Expert, authority of public judgment, nothing, of Expert, everything, i. 426, 435; opposition to _Homo mensura_, iii. 135, 143; different view, i. 446 _n._; correlation with undiscovered science of ends, ii. 149; is never seen or identified, 117, 142; how known, 141; Sokrates himself acts as, i. 436; the pentathlos of _Erastæ_, ii. 119 _n._; finds out and certifies truth and reality, 87, 88; badness of all reality, iii. 330; required to discriminate pleasures, ii. 345; as dialectician and rhetorician, iii. 39; impracticable, 42; true government by, 268; postulated for _names_ in _Kratylus_, 329.

F.

Fabricius, iv. 382 _n._

Faith and Conjecture, two grades of opinion, iv. 67.

Fallacies, Sophists abused, ii. 199; did not invent, 217, i. 133 _n._; inherent liabilities to error in ordinary process of thinking, ii. 217, i. 129; corrected by formal debate, ii. 217, 220 _n._, 221; exposure of, by multiplication of particular examples, 211; by conclusion shown _aliunde_ to be false, 216; Plato enumerates, Aristotle tries to classify, 212; _Euthydêmus_, earliest known attempt to expose, 216; Bacon's _Idola_, 218; Mill's complete enumeration of heads of, 218; of sufficient Reason, i. 6 _n._; of equivocation, ii. 212, 352 _n._; _extra dictionem_, 214; _à dicto secundum quid ad dictum simpliciter_, 213, 214; Plato and Aristotle fall into, iii. 138, 158; of confusion, 297 _n._; arguing in a circle, ii. 428 _n._; of Ratiocination, 213, 219; of Megarics and Antisthenes, 215; see _Sophisms_, _Equivoques_.

Family, Greek views of, iii. 1 _n._; restrictions at Thebes, iv. 329 _n._; no separate families for guardians, 41, 174, 178; ties mischievous, but can not practically be got rid of, 327; to be watched over by magistrates, 328; treatment of infants, 346; see _Education_, _Communism_, _Woman_, _Infanticide_.

Farrar, F. W., iii. 326 _n._

Fate, relation to gods, iv. 221 _n._, i. 142; see _Chance_.

Ferrier, on scope and purpose of philosophy, i. _viii_, _n._; relativity of knowledge, iii. 123 _n._; antithesis of Ego and Mecum, 132 _n._; necessity of setting forth counter-propositions, 148.

Ficinus, interpretation of Plato, i. _xi_; followed Thrasyllean classification, 301; on Good and Beauty, iii. 5 _n._; on _Parmenidês_, 84 _n._; mystic sanctity of names, 323 _n._

Figure, defined, ii. 235; pleasures of, true, iii. 356.

Finance, see _Xenophon_.

Finite, Zeno's reductiones ad Absurdum, i. 93; natural coalescence of infinite and, iii. 340; illustration from speech and music, 342; insufficient, 343.

Fire, doctrine of Anaximander, i. 5; Anaximenes, 7; Pythagoras, 13; Herakleitus, 27, 30 _n._, 32; soul compared to, 34; Empedokles, 38; Anaxagoras, 50, 52, 56 _n._; identified with mind by Demokritus, 75.

Fischer, Kuno, iii. 84 _n._

Foes, iv. 251 _n._

Freewill, the Necessity of Plato, iv. 221.

Friendship, a moving force, in Empedokles, i. 38; problem in _Lysis_ too general, ii. 186; causes of enmity and, exist _by nature_, 341 _n._; colloquial debate as a generating cause, 188 _n._; desire for what is akin to us or our own, 182; not likeness and unlikeness, 179, 180, 359; physical analogy 188 _n._; the Indifferent friend to Good, 180, 189; illustrated by philosopher, 181; the _primum amabile_, _ib._, 192; _prima amicitia_ of Aristotle, compared, 194; Xenophontic Sokrates and Aristotle, 186.

G.

Gain, double meaning of, ii. 82; no tenable definition found, _ib._, 83; see _Hipparchus_.

Galen, relation to Plato, iv. 258; soul threefold, _ib._; a [Greek: kra=sis] of bodily elements, ii. 391 _n._; immortal, 423 _n._, 427; on _Philêbus_, iii. 365 _n._; belief in legends, iv. 153 _n._; Plato's theory of vision, 237 _n._; structure of apes, 257 _n._

Galuppi, Pascal, iii. 118.

General maxims readily laid down by pre-Sokratic philosophers, i. 69 _n._; terms vaguely understood, 398 _n._, 452 _n._, ii. 49 _n._, 166, 242, 279 _n._, 279, 341 _n._; Mill on, 48 _n._; hopelessness of defining, 186 _n._

Generals, Greek, no professional experience, ii. 134.

Generic and specific terms, distinction unfamiliar in Plato's time, ii. 13; and analogical wholes, 48, 193 _n._, iii. 365; unity, how distributed among species and individuals, 339, 346.

Genius, why not hereditary, ii. 271, 272, 274.

Geometry, Pythagorean, i. 12; modern application, 10 _n._; subject of Plato's lectures, 349 _n._; value of, iv. 352, 423; Lucian against, i. 385 _n._; successive stages of its teaching illustrate Platonic doctrine, 353; twofold, iii. 359, 395; pure and applied mathematics, 396 _n._; Aristotle's view of axioms of, i. 358 _n._; from induction, iv. 353 _n._; painless pleasures of, iii. 356, 388 _n._; and dialectic, two modes of mind's procedure applicable to ideal world, iv. 65; geometry, assumes diagrams, _ib._; conducts mind towards universal ens, 72; uselessness of written treatises, ii. 136; proportionals, iv. 224 _n._, 241 _n._, 423; geometrical theory of the elements, i. 349 _n._, iv. 240; Aristotle on, 241 _n._; Kyrenaic and Cynic contempt for, i. 155, 186, 192.

Gfrörer, iv. 256 _n._

Gods, derivation of [Greek: theoi/], iii. 300 _n._; Xenophanes, i. 16, 119 _n._; Parmenides, 19, 24; Empedokles, 40 _n._, 42, 47; Anaxagorean Nous represented later as a god, 54; Diogenes of Apollonia, 64 _n._; Demokritus, 81; Sokrates, 414, 440, ii. 28; Plato's proofs of existence of, iv. 385, 389, 419; locality assigned to, 230 _n._; fabricated men and animals, ii. 268; possess the Idea of cognition, iii. 66, 67 _n._; free from pleasure and pain, 389; do not assume man's form, iv. 25, 154 _n._; Lucretius on, _ib._; cause good only, 24; no repulsive fictions to be tolerated about, 25, 154; Dodona and Delphi to be consulted for religious legislation, 34, 137 _n._, 325, 337; [Greek: ta\ thei=a], 302 _n._; primary and visible gods, 229; secondary and generated gods, 230; Plato's dissent from established religious doctrine, 161, 163; Plato compared with Epikurus, 161, 395; Plato's view of popular theology, 238 _n._, 328, 337; popular Greek belief, well illustrated in Euripides' _Hippolytus_, 163 _n._; God's [Greek: phtho/nos], 164 _n._; Aristotle, 395; see _Demiurgus_, _Religion_, _Inspiration_.

Gold, makes all things beautiful, ii. 41.

Good, Demokritus' theory, i. 82; the Pythagorean [Greek: kairo/s], first cause of, iii. 397 _n._; an equivoque, 370; and pleasurable, as conceived by the Athenians, ii. 371; contrast of usual with Platonic meaning, 331, 335; universal desire of, 243, 324, iii. 5, 335, 371, 392 _n._; akin, evil alien, to every one, ii. 183; alone caused by gods, iv. 24; its three varieties, ii. 306 _n._, 350 _n._, iv. 12, 116, 428; Eros one, iii. 5; as object of attachment, ii. 194; the four virtues the highest, and source of all other goods, iv. 428; is the just, honourable, expedient, ii. 7; not knowledge, 29; is gain, 72-6; True and Real coalesce in Plato's mind, 88; Campbell on erroneous identification of truth and, iii. 391 _n._; the _primum amabile_, ii. 181, 191; approximation to Idea, 192; Indifferent friend to, 180, 189; pleasure is, 289, 306 _n._, 347 _n._; agreement with Aristippus, i. 199-202; meaning of pleasure as the _summum bonum_, iii. 338; the permanent, and not immediate satisfaction, the end, ii. 360; Sokrates' reasoning, 307; too narrow and exclusively prudential, 309; not Utilitarianism, 310 _n._; not ironical, 314; compared with _Republic_, 310; _Protagoras_, 345; coincidence of _Republic_ and _Protagoras_, 350 _n._; inconsistent with _Gorgias_, 306, 345; argument in _Gorgias_ untenable, 351; Platonic _idéal_, view of Order, undefined results, 374; Plato's view of rhetoric dependent on his _idéal_ of, 374; is [Greek: a)lupi/a], iii. 338 _n._; is maximum of pleasure and minimum of pain, iv. 293-97, 299-303; at least an useful fiction, 303; not intelligence nor pleasure, 62; and happiness, correlative terms in _Philêbus_, iii. 335; is it intense pleasure without any intelligence, 338; or intelligence without pleasure or pain, _ib._; intelligence more cognate than pleasure to, 347, 361; pleasure a generation, therefore not an end, nor the good, 357; a _tertium quid_, 339, 361; intelligence the determining, pleasure the indeterminate, 348; a mixture, 361; five constituents, 362; the answer as to, does not satisfy the tests Plato lays down, 371; has not the unity of an idea, 365; Plato's in part an eclectic doctrine, 366; special accomplishments oftener hurtful, if no knowledge of the good, ii. 16; man who has knowledge of, can alone do evil wilfully, 61; knowledge of, identified with [Greek: nou=s], 30; postulated under different titles, 31; special art for discriminating, 115; how known, undetermined, 31, 206; only distinct answer in _Protagoras_, 208, 308, 347; the profitable, general but not constant explanation of Plato, 38; is essentially relative, iv. 213 _n._, i. 185; Idea of, rules the world of Ideas, as sun the visible, iv. 63, 64; Aristotle on, 214 _n._; Anaxagoras' nous, ii. 412; training to ascend to Idea, iv. 62; dialectic gives the contemplation of, 75; rulers alone know, 212; Idea of, left unknown, 213; changes in Plato's views, i. 119; Eukleides, iii. 365, i. 119, 127 _n._; nearly same as Plato's last doctrine, 120; discourse of Sokrates with Aristippus, 184, 185; Xenophontic Sokrates, iii. 366.

Gorgias the Leontine, reasoned against the Absolute as either Ens or Entia, i. 103; Ens incogitable and unknowable, 104; contrasted with earlier philosophers, 105; not represented by Dionysodorus in Euthydemus, ii. 202; celebrity, 317; theory of vision, iv. 237 _n._

_Gorgias_, the date, i. 305-7, 308-10, 312, 315, ii. 228 _n._, 318 _n._, 367; its general character, discrediting the actualities of life, 355; reply to, by Aristeides, 371 _n._; upholds independence and dignity of philosophic dissenter, 375; scenery and person ages, 317; rhetoric the artisan of persuasion, 319; a branch of flattery, 321, 370; citation of four statesmen, 358, 362; true and counterfeit arts, 322; multifarious arts of flattery, aiming at immediate pleasure, 357; despots and rhetors have no _real_ power, 324; description of rhetors, untrue, 369; rhetoric is of little use, 329, iii. 410; Sokrates' view different in Xenophon, ii. 371 _n._; issue unsatisfactorily put by Plato, 369; view stands or falls with _idéal_ of Good, 374; all men wish for Good, 324; illustration from Archelaus, 325, 333 _n._, 334, 336, i. 179; Plato's peculiar view of Good, ii. 331, 335; contrasted with usual meaning, 331; [Greek: kalo\n] and [Greek: ai)schro\n] defined, 327, 334; definition untenable, 334; to do, a greater evil than to suffer, wrong, 326, 359; inconsistent with description of Archelaus, 333; reciprocity of regard indispensable, _ib._; opposition of Law and Nature, _ib._, 338; no allusion to Sophists, 339; uncertainty of referring to nature, 340; punishment a relief to the wrong-doer, 327, 328, 335; the only cure for criminals' mental distemper, 328; consequences of theory, 336; analogy of mental and bodily distemper pushed too far, 337; its incompleteness, 363; are largest measure, and all varieties, of desire, good, 344; good and pleasurable as conceived by the Athenians, 371; good and pleasurable not identical, 345, iii. 380 _n._; argument untenable, ii. 351; expert required to discriminate pleasures, 345, 347; _idéal_ of measure, view of order, undefined results, 374; permanent and transient elements of human agency 353-5; psychology defective, 354; temperance the condition of virtue and happiness, 358; Sokrates resolves on scheme of life, 360; agreement of Sokrates with Aristippus, i. 200 _n._; Sokrates alone follows the true political art, ii. 361-2; condition of success in life, 359; danger of dissenter, _ib._; Sokrates as a dissenter, 364; claim of _locus standi_ for philosophy, 367; but indiscriminate cross-examination given up, 368; mythe respecting Hades, 361; compared with _Protagoras_, 270 _n._, 306 _n._, 345-8, 349-55, iii. 379; _Philêbus_, _ib._, 380; _Apology_, _Kriton_, _Republic_, ii. 362; _Leges_, _ib._, iv. 301, 302, 324; _Menexenus_, 409; Xenophontic Sokrates, i. 178, 221.

Government, natural rectitude of, ii. 89; Plato does not admit the received classification, iii. 267; true classification, scientific or unscientific, 268; monarchy and democracy the _mother-polities_, iv. 312; dissent of Aristotle, _ib._ _n._; seven distinct natural titles to, 309; illustrated by Argos, Messênê, Sparta, 310; imprudent to found on any one title only, _ib._; five types of, 78-84; three constituents of good, 312; Plato's _idéal_, ii. 363; unscientific, or by many, counterfeit, iii. 268; genuine, by the one scientific man, _ib._, 273, iv. 280; counter-theory in _Protagoras_, ii. 268, iii. 275; distinguished from general, &c., 271; no laws, 269; practicable only in golden age, iv. 319; by fixed laws the second best, iii. 270; excess of energetic virtues entails death or banishment, of gentle, slavery, 273; true ruler aims at forming virtuous citizens, 272; standard of ethical orthodoxy to be maintained, 273; of unscientific forms despotism worst, democracy least bad, 270, 278; a bad government no government, 281 _n._; timocracy, iv. 79; oligarchy, _ib._; democracy, 80; despot, 81; education combined with, by Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle, 142; Sokratic ideal differently worked out by Plato and Xenophon, iii. 273; Xenophon's _idéal_, citizen willing to be ruled, i. 215, 218, 219; and scientific ruler, 224; Xenophon's scheme of, a wisely arranged Oriental despotism, 234; see _State_.

Gräfenhahn, iii. 312 _n._

Grammar, no formal, existed in Plato's time, ii. 34 _n._, iii. 222.

Greece, political changes in, during Plato's life, i. 1; Greeks all by nature kinsmen, iv. 47.

Grimm, iii. 314 _n._, 329 _n._

Gruppe, on _Leges_, iv. 355 _n._

Guardians, characteristics, iv. 23, 25; drunkenness unbecoming, 298 _n._; consist of men and women, 41, 46; syssitia, 359; communism of, _ib._, 44, 140, 169; maintenance of city dependent on their habits, character, education, 32, 34, 139, 170, 178; no family ties, 41, 174-8; temporary marriages, 44, 175; object, 198; number limited, Plato and Aristotle, 178, 198-200; age for studies, 76; studies introductory to philosophy, 70-4; courage seated in, 35; analogous to reason and energy in individuals, 39; divided into rulers and auxiliaries, 29; compared with modern soldiers, 148, 180.

Gymnastic, art reducible to rule, ii. 372 _n._; measured quantity alone good, 112; education in, necessary for guardians, iv. 23; should be simple, 28; imparts courage, 29; prizes at festivals, 338; but object of training, war, not prizes, 358; music necessary to correct, 29.

H.

Hades, no repulsive fictions tolerated of, iv. 25, 154; mythe of, in _Republic_, 94; in _Gorgias_, ii. 361.

Hamilton, Sir Wm., doctrines inconsistent, i. _xiii_. _n._; Plato's reasonings on the soul, ii. 250 _n._, 428 _n._; Reid and Berkeley, iii. 165 _n._; Judgment implied in every act of Consciousness, 166 _n._; relativity of knowledge, 133 _n._; primary and secondary qualities, iv. 243 _n._

Happiness, relation to knowledge, ii. 159, 160; Plato's peculiar view of, 335; contrasted with usual meaning, 331; its elements depreciated, 353; temperance the condition of, 358; all men love Good as means to, iii. 5; and good, correlative terms in _Philêbus_, 335; Sydenham on seat of, 372 _n._; the end of the state and individual, iv. 98; flowing from justice, 20, 84, 90; see _Good_, _Pleasure_.

Harmodius, iii. 4 _n._

Harris, James, on _Homo Mensura_, iii. 139 _n._; Plato's etymologies, 302 _n._; on Stoical doctrine of virtue, iv. 106 _n._; on sophism [Greek: Kurieu/ôn], i. 141 _n._; time, 146 _n._

Harvey, Dr. Wm., iv. 259.

Hebrew studies, their effect on classical scholarship, i. _xv_. _n._; uniformity of tradition contrasted with diversity of Greek philosophy, 384 _n._; allegorical interpretation of prophets, ii. 286 _n._; writers, Plato's resemblance to, iv. 160 _n._, 256.

Hedonists, doctrine, iii. 374; included [Greek: a)lupi/a] in end, 377; did not set aside all idea of limit, 392 _n._; basis adopted in Plato's argument, 375, 387 _n._; enforced same view as Plato on intense pleasures, 378; see _Pleasure_.

Hegel, origin of philosophy, i. 382 _n._; ideal expert, _ib._; Plato's view of the soul, ii. 414 _n._; Anaxagoras' nous, 403 _n._

Hegesias, the "death-persuader," i. 202; coincidence with Cynics, 203; doctrine of relativity, 204.

Heindorf, on _Kratylus_, iii. 310 _n._; _Charmidês_, iv. 136 _n._; _Republic_, _ib._

Hekatæus, censured by Herakleitus, i. 26.

Herakleitus, works and obscure style, i. 26; dogmatism and censure of his predecessors, _ib._; metaphysical, 27; physics, _ib._, 32; did not rest proof of a principle on induction of particulars, iii. 309 _n._; _Fieri_ his principle, i. 28; Parmenides' opposed, 37; the law of _Fieri_ alone permanent, 29; no substratum, 30; identified with _Homo Mensura_, iii. 114, 115, 126, 128; rejected by Aristotle, but approved by modern science, i. 37 _n._, iii. 126 _n._, 154 _n._; exposition by metaphors, i. 28, 30; fire and air, 27, 31; fire a symbol for the universal force or law, 30 _n._; distinction of _ideal_ and _elementary_ fire, 32 _n._; doctrine of contraries, 30, 31, iii. 101 _n._; the soul an effluence of the Universal, i. 34; individual reason worthless, _ib._; Universal Reason, the reason of most men as it ought to be, 35; [Greek: perie/chon] compared with Anaxagorean Nous, 56 _n._; sleep, 34; theory of vision, iv. 237 _n._; time, 228 _n._; paradoxes, i. 37 _n._; [Greek: Polumathi/ê no/on ou) dida/skei], 26; reappears in Plato, ii. 30; enigmatical doctrine of his followers, iii. _ 159 _n._; their repugnance to dialectic, i. 106 _n._; names first imposed in accordance with his theory, iii. 301 _n._, 314-7; names the essence of things, 324 _n._, 325; theory admitted, 316; some names not consistent with it, 318; the theory uncertain, 321; flux, true of particulars, not of Ideas, 320; antipathy to Pythagoras, 316 _n._; influence on the development of logic, i. 37; on Diogenes of Apollonia, 64 _n._; Protagoras, iii. 159 _n._; Plato, i. 27; Stoics, 27, 34 _n._

Herakleitus the Allegorist, iii. 3 _n._, iv. 157 _n._

Hêraklês, the choice of, ii. 267 _n._, i. 177.

Heresy, see _Orthodoxy_.

Hermann, Godfrey, natural rectitude of names, iii. 300 _n._

Hermann, K. F., theory of Platonic canon, i. 307; Susemihl coincides, 310; principle of arrangement reasonable, 322; more tenable than Schleiermacher's, 324; Ueberweg attempts to reconcile Schleiermacher with, 313; on _Hippias Major_, ii. 34 _n._; _Kratylus_, iii. 309 _n._; _Republic_, 244 _n._; _Leges_, iv. 274 _n._, 328 _n._, 369 _n._, 374 _n._

Hermokrates, intended as last in _Republic_ tetralogy, i. 325, iv. 266, 273.

Herodotus, infers original aqueous state of earth from prints of shells and fishes, i. 19 _n._; Psammetichus' experiment, iii. 289 _n._; the gods' jealousy, iv. 164 _n._; sacrifice and prayer, 394, _ib._ _n._

Herschel, Sir John, axioms of arithmetic from induction, iv. 353 _n._

Hesiod, cosmology, i. 2-3, 4 _n._; censured by Xenophanes, 16; by Herakleitus, 26.

Hetæræ, iv. 359, i. 188-90.

Hindoos, Sleeman on grounds of belief among, iii. 150 _n._; philosophers compared with Eleatics, i. 159 _n._

Hipparchia, wife of Krates, i. 173.

_Hipparchus_, authenticity, i. 297 _n._, 307, 309, 337 _n._, ii. 82, 93; and _Minos_ analogous and inferior to other works, 82; purpose, 84; subject--definition of lover of gain, 71; double meaning of _gain_, 82; first definition, rejected, 71; character and precept of Hipparchus the Peisistratid, eulogy of Sokrates, 73; Gain is good--apparent contradiction, _ib._; gain the valuable, the profitable, and therefore the good, 75; some gain is good, some evil, 74; objections, _ib._; no tenable definition of gain found, 82, 83.

_Hippias Major_, authenticity, i. 306, 315, ii. 33 _n._; date, i. 307, 308-10, 313; situation and interlocutors, ii. 33; Hippias lectured at Sparta on the beautiful, the fine, the honourable, 35, 39; no success at Sparta--law forbids, 35; the lawful is the profitable, 36; comparison with Xenophon, 34, 37; the beautiful? 39; instances, 40; Gold makes all things beautiful, 41; complaint of vulgar analogies, 42; answer fails of universal application, _ib._; the becoming, and the useful--objections, 43-4; a variety of the pleasurable, 45; inadmissible, _ib._; Sokrates attempts to assign some general concept, 47, 193 _n._, iii. 365; analogy of Sokrates' explanations in _Memorabilia_, ii. 49; and _Minor_ illustrate general theory of the dialogues of Search, 63; antithetise rhetoric and dialectic, 70.

_Hippias Minor_, authenticity, i. 306, ii. 55 _n._, 57 _n._; date, i. 306, 308-10, 310, 315; and _Major_ illustrate general theory of dialogues of Search, ii. 63; antithetise rhetoric and dialectic, 70; polemical and philosophical purpose, 63; its thesis maintained by Sokrates in _Memorabilia_, 66; combated by Aristotle, 67; characters and situation, 55; Achilleus preferred by Hippias to Odysseus, veracity to mendacity, 56, 58; contested by Sokrates veracious and mendacious man the same, 57; to hurt _wilfully_ better than to do so unwillingly, 58; Hippias dissents, 60; good man alone does evil wilfully, Sokrates' perplexity, 61; critics on the sophistry of Sokrates, 62.

Hippokrates, iv. 260.

Hobbes on similitude of passions in all, but dissimilarity of objects, i. 452 _n._; exercises for students, iii. 80 _n._, 90 _n._; subject and object, 117 _n._; analogy of state to individual, iv. 96; cause, i. 139 _n._, 144; Diodorus' doctrine defended, 143; coincides with Aristotle on motion, 146.

Holiness, what is? i. 439; not what gods love, 445, 448, 454; why the gods love it, 446; how far like justice, ii. 278; not a branch of justice, i. 447; not a right traffic between men and gods, 448; is it holy? ii. 278; the holy, one type in Platonic, various in Xenophontic, Sokrates, i. 454.

Homer, cosmology, i. 2; censured by Xenophanes, 16; Herakleitus, 26; considered more as an instructor than as a poet, ii. 126; and poets, the great teachers, 135; picture in _Republic_, as really knowing nothing _ib._, iv. 92; Strabo on, 152 _n._; Herakleitus the allegorist, iii. 3 _n._, iv. 157 _n._; Plato's fictions contrasted with, 153 _n._; diversity of subjects, ii. 132; inspired by gods, 128; analogy of _Magnet_, _ib._; on friendship, 179; identified by Plato with _Homo Mensura_, iii. 114.

Homo Mensura, see _Relativity_.

Homoeomeries, see _Anaxagoras_.

Homicide, varieties of, iv. 370-4; penalties, 370; Plato follows peculiar Attic view, 374.

Honourable, the, Hippias' lectures at Sparta on, ii. 39; identified with the just, good, expedient, 7;

## actions conducive to pleasure are, 295;

by law, not nature, Aristippus' doctrine, i. 197.

Horace, scheme of life, i. 191 _n._, 192 _n._

Huet, Bp., i. 384 _n._

Humboldt, Wm. von, origin of language, iii. 326 _n._

Hume, Athenian taxation, i. 242 _n._

Hunting, meaning of, iv. 356; how far permitted, 355.

Hutcheson, Francis, iv. 105 _n._

Hypothesis, discussion of, distinct from discussion of its consequences, ii. 397, 411; ultimate appeal to extremely general hypothesis, _ib._; in _Republic_, only a stepping-stone to the first principle, 412; provisional assumption of, and consequences traced, exercise for students, iii. 79; illustration, 81.