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CHAPTER I.—THE COUNTRY OF EGYPT 1

” II.—ETHNOGRAPHY. LANGUAGE. FORMS OF WRITING. DECIPHERMENT OF EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHICS, ALPHABET, AND WRITING. NATIONAL CHARACTER 20

” III.—EGYPTIAN LITERATURE, SACRED AND PROFANE 58

” IV.—MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. MARRIAGE. EDUCATION. DRESS. FOOD. AMUSEMENTS. CATTLE BREEDING. TRADE. HANDICRAFTS 76

” V.—ARCHITECTURE. PAINTING. SCULPTURE 103

” VI.—THE KING AND HIS SUBJECTS. MILITARY SERVICE 116

” VII.—EGYPTIAN RELIGION 122

” VIII.—EMBALMING. THE EGYPTIAN TOMB 158

” IX.—NUMBERS. DIVISIONS OF TIME. CHRONOLOGY 180

” X.—HISTORY OF EGYPT. ANCIENT EMPIRE 188

” XI.—HISTORY OF EGYPT. MIDDLE EMPIRE 213

” XII.—HISTORY OF EGYPT. NEW EMPIRE 228

” XIII.—HISTORY OF EGYPT. PTOLEMAÏC PERIOD 268

HISTORY OF EGYPT. ROMAN PERIOD 275

HISTORY OF EGYPT. ARAB PERIOD 282

A LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL KINGS OF EGYPT 286

CARTOUCHES OF THE PRINCIPAL KINGS OF EGYPT 290

INDEX 303

LIST OF PLATES.

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PLATE I. Vignette from the papyrus of Queen Netchemet 61

” II. Text and vignettes from the sarcophagus of King Nekht-Ḥeru-ḥebt 66

” III. False door from the tomb of Sheshȧ 68

” IV. Sepulchral tablet of Thethȧ 68

” V. Sepulchral tablet of Sebek-ḥetep 68

” VI. Sepulchral tablet of Pai-neḥsi 68

” VII. Sepulchral tablet of Bak-en-Ȧmen 68

” VIII. Sepulchral tablet of Nes-Ḥeru 68

” IX. Painted relief from the tomb of Ur-ȧri-en-Ptaḥ 81

” X. Painted sepulchral tablet of Kaḥu 81

” XI. Columns in the temple of Seti I 107

” XII. Head of a priestess 115

” XIII. Seated figures of Khā-em-Uast and his wife 115

” XIV. False door from the tomb of Ȧsȧ-ānkh 167

” XV. View of a painted chamber in the tomb of Nekht 175

” XVI. Wall painting from a tomb 175

” XVII. General view of the sarcophagus of Nekht-Ḥeru-ḥebt 177

” XVIII. General view of the sarcophagus of Nes-Qeṭiu 177

” XIX. Sepulchral tablet of Ban-āa 177

” XX. The Great Pyramid and Sphinx 196

” XXI. The “Shêkh al-Balad” 203

” XXII. Tablet of Ȧntef 210

” XXIII. Tablet of Sebek-āa 211

” XXIV. Tablet and figure of Sa-Hathor 215

” XXV. Statue of Usertsen III 217

” XXVI. Head of Ȧmen-em-ḥāt III 218

” XXVII. Statue of Sekhem-uatch-taui-Rā 223

” XXVIII. Stele of the reign of Sekhem-ka-Rā 223

” XXIX. Memorial cone of Sebek-ḥetep 223

” XXX. The Hall of Columns at Karnak 231

” XXXI. Head of a colossal statue of Thothmes III 231

” XXXII. Statue of Ȧmen-ḥetep III 234

” XXXIII. The Colossi of Ȧmen-ḥetep III 234

” XXXIV. Letter of Ȧmen-ḥetep III 236

” XXXV. Letter of Tushratta, king of Mitani, to Ȧmen-ḥetep III 236

” XXXVI. Lion of Tut-ānkh-Ȧmen 238

” XXXVII. Statues of a priest and his wife 239

” XXXVIII. The temple of Abû Simbel 242

” XXXIX. Head of a colossal statue of Rameses II 245

” XL. Sepulchral stele of Qaḥa 248

” XLI. Vignettes from the papyrus of Queen Netchemet 252

” XLII. Hathor-headed capital 254

” XLIII. Relief of Queen Ānkhnes-neferȧb-Rā 261

” XLIV. The goddess Nut 261

” XLV. Statue of Uaḥ-ȧb-Rā 261

” XLVI. Obelisk dedicated to Thoth, Twice-great 265

” XLVII. Vignettes and text from the sarcophagus of Nekht-Ḥeru-ḥebt 265

” XLVIII. Relief of Ptolemy II 269

” XLIX. The temple of Edfû 270

” L. Granite shrine from Philae 271

” LI. Tablet of Tiberius 277

” LII. Tablet of Tiberius 277

” LIII. Tablet of Apa Paḥomo 283

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.

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Map of Egypt 2, 3

The Delta of Egypt 5

The Entrance to the Valley of the Tombs of the Kings at Thebes 6

The Nile-gods and their cavern 8

The Nile-god in his cavern 8

The Nile-god bearing offerings 9

The Nile-gods of the South and North 9

The Nile from sea to source 11

Statue of Ḥāpi the Nile-god 12

Egyptian hunters of the Archaïc Period, Nos. 1-6 23

Ivory figure of a king 24

Bone figure of a dwarf 24

Bone figure of a woman carrying a child 25

Bone figure of a woman with inlaid eyes 25

Figure of Betchmes 26

Figure of Nefer-hi 26

Fox playing the double pipes 27

Mouse seated on a chair 28

Cat herding geese 29

Lion and unicorn playing draughts 30

The spearing of Āpep 31

A page of writing from the Great Harris Papyrus 36

Demotic writing 38

Coptic inscription 41

The Rosetta Stone 42, 43

Two wooden writing palettes 54

Slab of limestone inscribed in hieratic 56

Vignette and text from the papyrus of Ani 60

Vignette and text from the papyrus of Nu 60

Vignette and text from the papyrus of Ḥeru-em-ḥeb 61

Text from the Book “May my name flourish” 63

The ceremony of “Opening the mouth” 64

Marble sun-dial 72

Head of a priestess 80

Relief, with a hippopotamus 84

Green schist bear 86

Egyptian house 88

Egyptian hut 90

Ivory head-rest 91

The Bull Apis 93

The Bull Mnevis 94

Flint cow’s head 95

Jewellers drilling and polishing beads 99

Pylon and court of the temple of Edfû 104

Gateway to the temple of Rameses III 105

Gateway of Ptolemy IX at Karnak 106

Granite obelisks at Karnak 107

Pillars at Philae 108

Statue of Ȧn-kheft-ka 109

Figure of a priest 110

Head of a statue of Neb-ḥap-Rā 110

Statue of Sebek-nekht 111

Figure of a king 112

Queen Tetȧ-Kharṭ 113

Head of Ȧmen-ḥetep III 114

Statue of Isis 115

Figure of Qen-nefer 118

Statues of Māḥu and Sebta 119

The principal gods and goddesses of Egypt (57 figures) 123-126

Khnemu fashioning a man on a potter’s wheel 135

Osiris rising from the sarcophagus 138

Osiris in his shrine 140

Thoth weighing the heart 140

Maāt weighing the heart 140

Osiris on his Judgment Throne 141

Rā at sunrise 143

Rā at sunset 143

Flint amulets (4 figures) 148

The step pyramid at Ṣaḳḳârah 166

A group of maṣṭaba tombs 167

Tablet for offerings 168

An Egyptian tomb 168

The soul visiting the body 168

Section of the Second Pyramid 171

Entrance to the tomb of Khnemu-ḥetep 172

Entrance to a royal tomb 173

Plan and section of the tomb of Seti I (2 cuts) 174

Wall painting from a tomb 175

Coffin of Ḥes-Peṭān-Ȧst 176

Figures of Ka-ṭep and Ḥetep-ḥeres 177

King Semti dancing before a god 190

Relief from the tomb of Sherȧ 192

Relief from the tomb of Suten-ȧbu 194

King Khufu 196

Section of the Great Pyramid 197

King Khāf-Rā 199

King Menkau-Rā 200

Section of the Third Pyramid 202

King Usr-en-Rā Ȧn 204

Shrine of Pa-suten-sa 219

Stele of Tatiankef 220

Lion of Khian 225

Statue of Ȧmen-ḥetep I 229

The Temple of Luxor 233

Scarabs of Ȧmen-ḥetep III (2 cuts) 235

Kneeling statue of Rameses II 241

Façade of the Ramesseum 243

Statues of Rameses II (2 cuts) 244

Statue of Khā-em-Uast 246

Statue of Seti II 247

Statue of Ānkh-renp-nefer 254

Head of Psammetichus II 259

Stele of Ptolemy II 269

Head of a statue of a Ptolemy 271

Limestone window 273

“Pharaoh’s Bed” 276

Coptic sepulchral tablet 279

Tablet of Plêïnôs 281

Tablet of David 281

Tablet of Abraam 284

Tablet of Rachel 284

INTRODUCTION TO THE EGYPTIAN COLLECTIONS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM.