CHAPTER XIII.
THE PTOLEMAÏC PERIOD.
Under the capable rule of the earlier Ptolemies, Egypt became prosperous and powerful, and in the reign of Philadelphus she was the wealthiest country in the world. Though they and their court were Greeks and spoke Greek, the language of the priesthood and people was Egyptian, and the native religion of the country remained practically unchanged. As time went on, however, Greek became more and more the official language, and Egyptian was only used officially for religious purposes. The Ptolemies worshipped the Egyptian gods, offered up sacrifices to them, and rebuilt and endowed many of their temples, _e.g._, at Denderah, Edfû, Esna, Philae, Dakkah, etc. They adopted Egyptian names and titles, married their sisters and nieces, and in every way they adopted the habits of Egyptian Pharaohs; many were crowned with all the ancient rites and ceremonies at Memphis. They did not, however, permit the priests to interfere in the government of the country, which was administered on Greek lines, and though at times their power was skilfully disguised, it was nevertheless ubiquitous and effective. The revenues which they drew from Egypt were very large, and no other monarchs in the world at that time possessed such vast wealth as the Ptolemies. This was due to the encouragement which they gave to commercial enterprises of every kind, and to the freedom to trade which was enjoyed by the Jews, who had settled in large numbers not only in Alexandria, but also in the rich provinces of the Fayyûm, and in the Thebaïd, and in Syene.
=Ptolemy I, Soter I, B.C. 304=, founded the =Alexandrian Library= and =Museum=, settled a number of Jews in Alexandria, and introduced the worship of the god Hades, who was henceforth known in Egypt as =Serapis=, _i.e._, Ȧsȧr-Ḥāpi, or Osiris-Apis. (See Wall-cases 176-181, Fourth Egyptian Room.) For a relief and an inscription from his buildings at Terenouthis, see Bay 25, Nos. =951=, =952=.
[Illustration: PLATE XLVIII.
Relief with figures of Ptolemy II, Philadelphus, and Queen Arsinoë, about B.C. 260.
[Southern Egyptian Gallery, Bay 25, No. 953.]]
=Ptolemy II, Philadelphus, B.C. 287 or 286=, founded the cities of Berenice Troglodytica, on the Red Sea, and Arsinoë in the Fayyûm, and built the famous =Pharos=, or lighthouse, at Alexandria, one of the seven wonders of the world. In his reign the priest =Manetho= wrote a History of Egypt, of which only the King List is extant, and the famous Greek version of the Old Testament, known as the =Septuagint=, was compiled. He added largely to the Alexandrian Library, which is said at that time to have contained 400,000 works. For stelae, sculptured with reliefs in which Ptolemy II and Queen =Arsinoë= are represented making offerings to the gods, see Bay 25, Nos. =953-955= (see =Plate XLVIII=); a portion of a royal edict is in Bay 28, No. =956=.
[Illustration: Stele sculptured with a scene representing Ptolemy II, Philadelphus, making offerings to Ȧmsu, or Menu, Uatchet, etc., about B.C. 260.
[Southern Egyptian Gallery, Bay 25, No. 954.]]
=Ptolemy III, Euergetes I, B.C. 246=, conquered the greater portion of Western Asia. He was a patron of the arts and learning, and he repaired and rebuilt many of the ancient temples. To commemorate his victories and the benefits which he conferred on Egypt, the priesthood assembled at Canopus in the ninth year of his reign, and passed a Decree conferring special honours on the king and his queen =Berenice=. It was ordered that the Decree be cut in the Greek and Egyptian languages on stelae to be set up in the most prominent places in temples of the first, second, and third class throughout Egypt, in order that all men might read of the king’s bounty. The Egyptian version was inscribed in two kinds of writing, viz., in hieroglyphics and in demotic. The Decree also ordered that one day be added to the calendar every fourth year, thus anticipating the =leap-year= of modern times. For a cast of the =Decree of Canopus= see Bay 28, No. =957=. Ptolemy III began to build the temple of =Edfû= (see =Plate XLIX=), B.C. 237, which was finished by Ptolemy XI, B.C. 57. Objects inscribed with his name are not common. (For a =gold ring= which was made in his reign see Table-case J, Fourth Egyptian Room.)
=Ptolemy IV, Philopator I, B.C. 222 or 221=, added a hall to the temple which the Nubian king, =Ergamenes=, built at Dakkah, and dedicated a temple to Homer. He defeated Antiochus the Great at the Battle of Raphia, but did nothing further to break his power. He organized =elephant hunts= in the Sûdân, and transported the animals by sea to Egypt for military purposes; a Greek inscription set up by Alexandros, general of the elephant hunts of Ptolemy IV, is in Bay 26, No. =958=.
[Illustration: PLATE XLIX.
View of the Temple of Edfû, taken from the top of the pylon. The temple was begun B.C. 237 and finished B.C. 57, and its construction occupied 180 years, 3 months, and 14 days.]
[Illustration: PLATE L.
Granite monolithic shrine dedicated to the goddess Isis of Philae by Ptolemy IX (?), Euergetes II, B.C. 147-117.
[Southern Egyptian Gallery, Bay 30, No. 962.]]
=Ptolemy V, Epiphanes, B.C. 205=, was a great benefactor of the temples of Egypt; and to mark their gratitude to him the priests of all Egypt met in solemn assembly at Memphis in the ninth year of his reign, and passed a Decree ordering that increased honours be paid to the king and his ancestors, that a statue of him be set up in each of the temples, and that a copy of the Decree, inscribed upon a stone stele, in hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek writing, be likewise set up in each temple of the first, second, and third class throughout Egypt. This Decree was duly carried out, for portions of three or four stelae, inscribed with the text of it, have been discovered. Most important of all is the stele which was found by M. Boussard in 1798, which, because it was dug up near Rosetta, is commonly known as the =Rosetta Stone= (see No. =960=, Southern Egyptian Gallery). A special interest attaches to this monument, for from it =Thomas Young=, in 1816-1818, deduced the values of several letters of the Egyptian alphabet, and succeeded in reading the name of =Ptolemy=. Next with the help of this text and of an obelisk from Philae, the Frenchman =Champollion= read the name Cleopatra, and formulated a correct system of Egyptian decipherment. (For details see page 41 ff.) During the reign of Ptolemy V, the Egyptians invoked the protection of Rome.
[Illustration: Head of a statue of one of the Ptolemies, about B.C. 300.
[Southern Egyptian Gallery, Bay 27, No. 947.]]
=Ptolemy VI, Eupator=, died the year he became king. During the reign of =Ptolemy VII, Philometor= (B.C. 173), the Jews were permitted to build a temple at Onion, Onias being high-priest. (For a stele on which are sculptured figures of Ptolemy VII and the two Queens Cleopatra, see Bay 27, No. =961=.) =Ptolemy VIII= was murdered. =Ptolemy IX, Euergetes II, B.C. 147-117=, finished the temple of Edfû, and repaired many temples both in Egypt and Nubia. From one of these came the fine monolithic =granite shrine= (see =Plate L=) in which a sacred bird or animal was kept (Bay 30, No. =962=). It was found lying on its side among the ruins of a Coptic church on the Island of Philae; it had been utilized by the builders of the church as the base of a Christian altar. =Ptolemy X, B.C. 117=, conferred great benefits on the temples of the First Cataract (see Bay 29, No. =963=); =Ptolemy XI= and =Ptolemy XII= were killed in B.C. 87 and 81 respectively; =Ptolemy XIII, B.C. 80-51=, began to build the =temples of Denderah and Esna=; =Ptolemy XIV, B.C. 51=, and his sister =Cleopatra= were left by their father, Ptolemy XIII, under the guardianship of the Roman Senate, and =Pompey= was made their guardian. After the battle of Pharsalia, Pompey fled to Egypt, and was murdered at the instance of Ptolemy XIV, who had banished his wife Cleopatra. In B.C. 48, Julius Caesar landed in Egypt, defeated Ptolemy, who was drowned, and reinstated Cleopatra. =Ptolemy XV= was appointed co-regent; but he was murdered by Cleopatra’s orders in B.C. 45, and =Ptolemy XVI, Caesarion=, son of Julius Caesar and Cleopatra, was named co-regent in his stead. After the defeat of =Antony= by Octavianus and the death of Antony and Cleopatra, =Egypt became a Roman Province, B.C. 30=.
The Egyptian antiquities of the Ptolemaïc Period in the British Museum consist chiefly of =Stelae= inscribed with funerary texts; they are comparatively small in size, and are painted in bright colours. The reliefs, in which the figures of the gods are represented, are delicately cut, and the hieroglyphics have the slender form which is one of the chief characteristics of the inscriptions of the period. The texts often contain the ages of the deceased persons, and details concerning the length of time occupied in the process of mummification, which are wholly wanting in the funerary monuments of an earlier period. Among the gods mentioned on the stelae is =Serapis=, who represents a fusion of the old Egyptian gods, Osiris and Apis. (For figures of this god in terra-cotta see Table-case M in the Fourth Egyptian Room.) The =stone coffins= of the period are in the form of a mummy, and are usually carefully cut and finished. We have already seen that two important edicts of the priests of Memphis and Canopus were cut on stelae in two forms of Egyptian writing, viz., hieroglyphic and demotic, and in Greek; there are also several examples of funerary monuments in the British Museum in which the hieroglyphic text is followed by a rendering in demotic and Greek. In the case of small objects, _e.g._, mummy labels, the inscriptions are in demotic and Greek only.
[Illustration: Limestone window with mullions in the form of pillars with Hathor-headed capitals. From the temple at Denderah.
Ptolemaïc Period.
[Southern Egyptian Gallery, Bay 25, No. 972.]]
Among the noteworthy monuments of this period are: A statue of the goddess Isis, holding before her a figure of Osiris, whom she protects with her wings, dedicated to the goddess by one =Shashanq= (Bay 28, No. =964=); massive green =granite beetle=, symbol of Kheperȧ, the self-produced god, the creator of the universe, and the type of resurrection (Central Saloon, No. =965=); stone =serpent=, with the bust of a woman (Bay 32, No. =966=); green =basalt coffin= of the lady =Ānkhet= (Bay 29, No. =967=) and the =limestone coffin= of =Ḥes-Peṭān-Ȧst= (Bay 26, No. =968=); limestone =window= from the clerestory of the temple of Denderah (Bay 25, No. =972=); and a marble =sun-dial= from Alexandria (Bay 29, No. =976=). An interesting group of stelae, with demotic inscriptions, is exhibited in Bay 27 (Nos. =983-990=); and in Bay 29 (No. =994=) is the stele of =Euonymos=, with an inscription in Greek and demotic. Among the stelae which give the ages of deceased persons may be noted those of =Ḥer-ȧbu=, a priest of king Saḥu-Rā (?), who lived fifty years, seven months, and five days (Bay 30, No. =995=); =Tashermut=, a priestess who died aged ninety-seven years (Bay 27, No. =996=); and =Berenice= (?) who died aged sixty-four years, eight months, and twenty-six days (Bay 29, No. =998=).
Of all the stelae of this period the most interesting is that of the lady =That-I-em-ḥetep=, who belonged to a family that reckoned among its members several princes of Memphis and high priests of Ptaḥ (Bay 29, No. =1027=). She was born in the ninth year of the reign of Ptolemy XIII, about B.C. 71, and when fourteen years old she was married to her half-brother, the priest =P-shere-en-Ptaḥ= (see his stele in Bay 27, No. =1026=). During the first twelve years of her married life she gave birth to three daughters, but no son, which caused her husband great grief. She and her husband prayed to the god I-em-ḥetep, the son of Ptaḥ, for a son, and the god, appearing to P-shere-en-Ptaḥ in a dream, promised to grant his prayer if he carried out certain works in connexion with the temple. When the priest awoke he caused the works to be taken in hand, and soon after they were completed his wife gave birth to a son who was named I-em-ḥetep, and surnamed Peṭā-Bast (see his stele in Bay 27, No. =1030=). Four years afterwards That-I-em-ḥetep died, and was buried with due ceremony by her husband, whom she addresses thus: “O my brother, my husband, my friend, the Ur-kherp-ḥem (_i.e._, high priest of Memphis), cease not to drink, to eat, to be drunken, and to marry wives, and to enjoy thyself, and to follow the desire of thy heart by day and by night; and let not sorrow or sadness find a place in thy heart during all the years which thou shalt live upon earth. Ȧmenti (_i.e._, the land of the dead) is the land of stupor and darkness, and a place of oppression for those who are therein. The august ones sleep in their mummied forms; they cannot awake to see their brethren, they cannot look upon their fathers and mothers, and they are unmindful of wives and children. The living water which the earth hath for its dwellers is stagnant water for me.... I no longer know where I am, now that I have arrived in this valley [of the dead]. Would that I had water to drink from a running stream, and one to say to me, ‘Remove not thy pitcher from the stream’! O that my face were turned towards the north wind on the river bank that the coolness thereof might quiet the anguish which is in my heart!
“He whose name is Universal Death calleth everyone to him; and they come unto him with quaking hearts, and they are terrified through their fear of him. With him is no distinction made between gods and men, and the great are even as the little in his sight. He showeth no favour to those who long for him; for he carrieth away the babe from his mother, as well as the aged man. As he goeth about on his way, all men fear him, and, though all make supplication before him, he turneth not his face towards them. Entreaty reacheth not unto him, for he will not hearken unto him that maketh supplication, and him who presenteth unto him offerings and funerary, he will not regard.”
The ideas expressed in the above extract have their origin in the materialism which found its way into Egypt under the rule of the Ptolemies.
THE ROMAN PERIOD.
[Illustration: The building at Philae commonly known as “Pharaoh’s Bed.”
Roman Period.]
Egypt, having become a province of the Roman Empire on the death of Cleopatra, B.C. 30, was forthwith placed under the rule of a Prefect, and administered like any other Roman Province. Under the strict but just rule of her new masters Egypt prospered, for trade flourished, and life and property were, on the whole, well protected by the laws of Rome. Reference has already been made (see page 255) to the Nubian kingdom founded by Piānkhi, who made Napata his capital; it must also be noted that at the same period, between B.C. 500 and the end of the Ptolemaïc rule, a second Nubian kingdom was founded by some unknown Sûdânî chief on the Island of Meroë, with a capital at Meroë, on the Nile, about 50 miles south of its junction with the Atbara. When the Romans began to rule over Egypt the =Meroïtic Kingdom= was in a flourishing state, and the authority of its sovereign, who appears to have been =Queen Ȧmenṭārit=[40] (having also the title =Candace=, which was common to all the Queens of Meroë), probably extended northwards as far as the First Cataract. In B.C. 29 Candace made a treaty with =Cornelius Gallus=, the first prefect of Egypt; but, five years later, when =Ælius Gallus= was prefect, she invaded Egyptian territory and slew the Roman garrisons of Philae and Syene. In revenge the Romans invaded Nubia and marched to Napata, which they sacked and burned; and Candace was forced to submit. From that time onward little is heard of the Kingdom of Meroë; but the pyramids which still stand near Meroë prove that the Nubians observed the old Egyptian customs in connexion with the burial of their dead in chambers under the ground. They offered sacrifices to Osiris, Isis, Nephthys, Anubis, and other gods of the cycle of Osiris, and recited the ancient formulas, which are also written in hieroglyphics on the walls of the funerary chapels; and in some instances they reproduced on the walls whole scenes, _e.g._, the Weighing of the Heart, and the Pylons of the Other World, from Ptolemaïc copies of the Book of the Dead, as for example, on the sandstone =relief from a pyramid chapel at Meroë= which is exhibited in Bay 31, No. =1049=. On the right =Queen Candace= is seated, her consort by her side, holding symbols of sovereignty, her feet resting on representatives of conquered tribes. Immediately in front of the large figure of the queen we see her pouring out libations to Osiris, and round about her are vases of wine, beer, unguents, bulls for sacrifice, etc., for the funerary feast. In her company are priests, officials, relatives, and others, who bear offerings, palm branches, etc. This relief was originally coloured red. Also may be mentioned the two =altars= with =Meroïtic Inscriptions= exhibited in Bay 30, Nos. =1050=, =1051=. The Meroïtic character has not yet been deciphered.
[Illustration: PLATE LI.
Tablet recording the restoration of the temple of Mut by the Emperor Tiberius Caesar, about A.D. 20.
[Southern Egyptian Gallery, Bay 27, No. 1052.]]
[Illustration: PLATE LII.
Tablet recording the setting up of a statue to the goddess Mut, and the restoration of certain buildings by the Emperor Tiberius Caesar, about A.D. 20.
[Southern Egyptian Gallery, Bay 29, No. 1053.]]
Nearly all the Roman emperors from Tiberius (A.D. 14) to Decius (A.D. 249) adopted Egyptian names and titles, and caused their names to be written within cartouches like those of the Pharaohs. The stele in Bay 27 (No. =1052=) states that =Tiberius= rebuilt portions of the temple of Mut at Thebes (see =Plate LI=); and another stele (Bay 29, No. =1053=) refers to the setting up by him of a statue of the goddess Mut, and the re-endowment of the portion of the temple wherein it stood (see =Plate LII=). In the reign of =Nero= (A.D. 54-69) two centurions sent into the Sûdân to report on the general condition of the country reached the marshes near Shâmbî, about 700 miles south of Kharṭûm. Tradition asserts that =Christianity= was preached in Alexandria towards the close of his reign, and that =St. Mark= arrived in that city, A.D. 69. To this period belongs stele No. =1057= (Bay 32), which was set up to mark the gratitude of the Egyptians to Nero for appointing F. Claudius Balbillus, prefect of Egypt. =Hadrian= visited Egypt twice, and founded the city of Antinoopolis in memory of his friend Antinous who was drowned in the Nile; when at Thebes he went with the Empress Sabina to view the =Colossi= (see =Plate XXXIII=). =Marcus Aurelius= (A.D. 161-180) was a just ruler and favoured Christianity in Egypt; in his reign the walls which surrounded the Sphinx at Gîzah were repaired (see stele, No. =1058=, Bay 32). =Septimius Severus= (A.D. 196) issued an edict against the Christians in Egypt, and his successor, =Caracalla= (A.D. 211), encouraged the pagan Egyptians and favoured their religion. =Decius= (A.D. 249) made a systematic attempt to destroy the Christians, and every person was called upon to offer sacrifice to the gods, or suffer death. In the reign of =Diocletian= (A.D. 284), the =Blemmyes=, a confederation of tribes who lived in the Eastern Sûdân, became so powerful that they compelled the Roman garrisons to withdraw from the =Dodekaschoinos=,[41] and the emperor was obliged to hire the =Nobadae=, or tribes of the Western Desert, to keep them in check. He also agreed to pay the Blemmyes a fixed annual sum to refrain from raiding Roman territory in Egypt, and built a temple at Elephantine wherein representatives of all the peoples concerned might swear to observe the covenant in the presence of their respective gods. Diocletian in fact abandoned the Sûdân. In 304 he issued a savage =edict against the Christians= in Egypt, and the persecution which followed it was marked with ferocious cruelty. Many thousands of Egyptians fled to the desert monasteries to avoid conscription, and embraced Christianity. From one of his buildings on the Island of Philae comes the stone bearing the names of Diocletian and =Constantine= (A.D. 324) (No. =1059=, Bay 26).
In 378 =Theodosius the Great= proclaimed Christianity the religion of his Empire, and many temples in Lower Egypt were turned at once into churches; but the ancient Egyptian gods were worshipped as usual in Upper Egypt. =Marcianus= (A.D. 450-457) invaded Nubia and punished the Blemmyes and Nobadae for raiding Roman territory; they paid a huge fine, gave hostages for their future good behaviour, and made an agreement to keep the peace for one hundred years. In return they stipulated that they should be allowed to make pilgrimages annually to Philae, and to borrow the statue of Isis from time to time, so that they might take it about the country, and give the people the opportunity of invoking the protection and blessing of the goddess. In the first half of the sixth century the Nubians =embraced Christianity=, and =Silko=, king of the Nobadae, founded a kingdom having its capital at Dongola. During the reign of =Justinian= (A.D. 527-565) the hundred years’ truce came to an end, and the Blemmyes and Nobadae again began to give trouble. Justinian, believing that the cause of the revolt was the annual pilgrimage to Philae, sent his officer Narses thither, with strict orders to close the temples of Isis. Narses threw the priests of Isis into prison, confiscated the revenues of the goddess, and carried off the statues of the gods of Philae to Constantinople.
In the reign of =Heraclius= the Persians, under Chosroës, invaded Egypt (A.D. 619), which they held for ten years. Owing to the desertion from the Persians of the Arab tribes, who had now attached themselves to the victorious troops of =Muḥammad the Prophet= (born at Mekkah, Aug. 20, A.D. 570, died in June, 632), Heraclius was able to attack the Persians, in Syria, and defeating them became master of Egypt once more. In =640= =ʿAmr Ibn al-Âṣî=, the general of the Khalîfa Omar, conquered Egypt, and thus the country became a province of the newly-founded Arab Empire.
During the rule of the Romans, which lasted from B.C. 30 to A.D. 640, the Greek language entirely superseded Egyptian for official purposes, and it was also usually employed in the funerary inscriptions. Interesting examples are the stele of =Politta=, inscribed with a metrical text (Bay 26, No. =1083=), and the stele of =Artemidorus= (Bay 26, No. =1084=). On the =pillar altar= (Bay 31, No. =1086=) is a dedication in Greek to the god Serapis of the city of Canopus; and on the square sandstone slab (Bay 26, No. =1087=) is a very interesting but difficult text recording the cleansing and restoration of some public building near the town of Kom Ombo in Upper Egypt, whilst Gabriel was Duke of the Thebaïd. Other interesting inscriptions in Greek are found in =ostraka=, or potsherds, many of which are dated in the reigns of Claudius, Nero, Vespasian, Trajan, Antoninus, Sabinus, Pertinax, etc., will be found exhibited in Table-case C in the Third Egyptian Room. During the early centuries of Roman rule the Egyptians continued to mummify their dead, and to bury them with the ancient rites and ceremonies. The use of the funerary stele or tablet continued down to the fourth century A.D.; but the gods represented on them appeared in different forms, and Greek or demotic took the place of hieroglyphics. In the region about Thebes and to the south of that city the cult of Osiris and Isis continued until about A.D. 560, and a simple system of mummification was practised in connexion with the worship of the dead.
[Illustration: Sepulchral tablet sculptured with figures of doves, pillars, leaf patterns, etc.
[Southern Egyptian Gallery, Bay 30, No. 1156.]]
The most important event during the rule of the Romans was the =introduction of Christianity by St. Mark= the Apostle, who, according to tradition, preached the Gospel in Alexandria about A.D. 69. The knowledge of the new religion spread rapidly, and converts multiplied and, though no direct proof is forthcoming at present, there is reason to think that before the middle of the second century an account of the life of Christ and His words and works existed in the Egyptian tongue. Men who had embraced Christianity retired into the desert to lead a life of austerity and contemplation, among whom may be mentioned =Frontonius=, who collected seventy disciples, and withdrew to the Nitrian Desert between A.D. 138 and 161, and =Paul the Anchorite=, who died about A.D. 250, aged 113 years. The life and teaching of =Anthony=, born 250, died 355, induced thousands to become monks. =Pachomius=, in 320, systematized monasticism, but he required the recluses to work for their living whilst they cultivated spiritual excellences. Women as well as men flocked to the desert, and =nunneries= existed in many places in Egypt. The number of such recluses was great; at Nitria alone there were 5,000 monks, and, in addition, 600 lived solitary lives in the neighbouring desert. At Oxyrhynchus there were 10,000 monks, and the bishop had charge of 20,000 nuns. In the monasteries of Nitria and Panopolis, and elsewhere, the Holy Scriptures were translated from Greek into Egyptian (_i.e._, =Coptic=, see pages 35-39) and Syriac, and other Oriental languages; and copies of them were carried by monks and fugitive Christians into Nubia, and even into remote Abyssinia, by way of the Blue Nile. In the Oases of the Western Desert were numbers of Christians in the fourth and fifth centuries; wherever the monk went he took Christianity with him. Still, in spite of the spread of the new religion, the beliefs which the Egyptians had received from their pagan ancestors also flourished in Egypt for centuries after the preaching of St. Mark, and people of all classes clung to their amulets, and words of power, and magical ceremonies, even after they had embraced Christianity. For a very long time the =Cross= was regarded as an amulet possessing the greatest magical power possible, and the =Name= of Christ was held to be the greatest of all words of power.
[Illustration: Sepulchral tablet of Plêïnôs, a “reader.”
[Southern Egyptian Gallery, Bay 32, No. 1145.]]
[Illustration: Sepulchral tablet of David, an Egyptian Christian.
[Southern Egyptian Gallery, Bay 30, No. 1160.]]
The principal doctrine of the Egyptian Christians, or =Copts=, is that God the Father and Christ are of =one and the Same nature=; Arius held that God and Christ are only =similar in nature=, and was declared a heretic. The Copts are called =Monophysites=, because they believed, and still believe, that Christ is of one nature only, and =Jacobites= because their views as to the nature of Christ are identical with those of one Jacob, a famous preacher of the Monophysite doctrine. The head of the Coptic Church is the =Patriarch=, who is chosen from among the monks of the Monastery of St. Anthony in the Red Sea Desert. The Copts attach great importance to =Baptism=, they face the East when praying, and they pray seven times a day. They make use of Confession, and keep five Fasts and seven Festivals. The Copts were persecuted severely in the reigns of Hadrian, Decius, Diocletian, and Julian the Apostate (A.D. 361), but the cruellest of the persecutions of the Roman emperors was that of Diocletian in 304. The Copts commemorated the sufferings of their community on this occasion by making the =Era of the Martyrs=, by which they date their documents, begin with the day of Diocletian’s accession to the throne, _i.e._, =August 29th, A.D. 284=. In the reign of Justinian the Copts split up into two great parties, _i.e._, the =Melkites=, or Royalists, which included all those who were in the service of the Government, and the =Jacobites=, or ordinary inhabitants of the country; henceforward each party chose its own Patriarch. The dissensions between them materially aided the Conquest of Egypt by the Arabs.
Side by side with Christianity there also sprang up in Egypt, under Roman rule, a number of sects to which the title “Gnostic” has been given. They derived many of their views and beliefs from the religion of the ancient Egyptians, and they admitted into their system many of the old gods, _e.g._, Khnemu, Ptaḥ, Rā, Ȧmen, Thoth, Osiris, etc. The founders of =Gnosticism=, a word derived from the Greek _gnosis_, “knowledge,” claimed to possess a =superiority of knowledge= in respect of things divine and celestial, and they regarded the knowledge of God as the truest perfection of knowledge. The characteristic god of the Gnostics was =Abrasax=, or =Abraxas=, and he represented the ONE who embraced ALL within himself. They attributed magical properties to stones, which, when cut into certain forms, and inscribed with legends, or mystic names, words, and letters, afforded, they thought, protection against moral and physical evil. An unusually fine collection of =Gnostic Gems= and =Amulets= is exhibited in Table-case N, in the Fourth Egyptian Room: No. =1= speaks of the “Father of the World, the God in Three Forms”; No. =18= shows us the lion-headed serpent =Knoumis= and the mystic symbol [symbol]; No. =25= makes the Osiris-Christ to be Jah of the Hebrews, and also Alpha and Omega; Nos. =36=, =37=, and =44= have figures of =Abraxas= cut upon them; No. =87= mentions Solomon’s Seal, No. =110=, the six Archangels; and of peculiar interest are No. =231=, engraved with a representation of the =Crucifixion=, and No =469=, engraved with a representation of the =Birth of Christ=.
THE ARAB PERIOD.
A.D. 640-1517.
As the Arabs were materially assisted in their conquest of Egypt by the Copts, the new masters of the country treated the latter with great consideration for about 100 years; but, from A.D. 750 onwards, they persecuted their Christian subjects at intervals with great severity. The non-Christian inhabitants of the country embraced =Islâm=, or the doctrine of Muḥammad the Prophet, and, with the religion of the Muslims, the knowledge of the Arabic language spread throughout Egypt. It gradually superseded Egyptian, or Coptic, and about the end of the twelfth century it became the common language of the country, Coptic ceasing to be spoken except in monasteries and remote villages. In 642 the Arabs, under ʿAbd-Allah bin Sa’ad, occupied the Egyptian Sûdân, and ten years later they marched to Dongola, destroyed the church and the town, and levied an annual tribute, or =Baḳṭ=, consisting of 360 or 365 men upon the Nubians, which was paid with more or less regularity for nearly 500 years. On several occasions the Arabs invited the Christians of Nubia to embrace Islâm, but the latter steadily rejected the offer, paid their tribute, and continued to worship God according to the teachings of their Jacobite priests, who were appointed to their office by the Patriarch of Alexandria. Many hundreds of churches were built in the Sûdân between A.D. 540, when the Christian religion was established by Silko, king of the Nobadae, and 1450, when the Christian kingdom of Alwa, on the Blue Nile, was destroyed. During the greater part of these 900 years the Liturgy was recited in Greek, and the services were conducted after the manner laid down by the spiritual authorities in Alexandria. Certain Books of the Bible and various Offices were translated into =Nûbî=, the language of the country; but of these few remains are extant.
[Illustration: PLATE LIII.
Sepulchral tablet set up in memory of Apa Paḥomo, the head of a monastic settlement. On the right is a figure of Saint Victor, and on the left a figure of Saint Apakene.
VIIth to Xth century, A.D.
[Southern Egyptian Gallery, Bay 30, No. 1103.]]
In Egypt the Copts founded and maintained many monasteries, and built many churches; and from these come two remarkable series of monuments, inscribed in Greek and Coptic, which are exhibited in Bays =28=, =30=, and =32= of the Southern Egyptian Gallery. The greater number of them belong to the period between 600 and 1000 A.D., and among them may be noted:—The stele of =Isos=(?), inscribed in Greek with a prayer to the “God of Spirits” (Bay 26, No. =1094=); the stele of =Paḥomo= (see =Plate LIII=), the father of a monastic settlement, with figures of the military saints =Apakene= and =Victor= (Bay 30, No. =1103=); the =apse= from the shrine of a saint, on which are sculptured vine branches, with doves seated on them, and figures of flowers, shells, fish, etc.: a very interesting object (Bay 32, No. =1104=); the stele of =John the Deacon=, inscribed with a =lament= on the bitterness of death (Bay 30, No. =1105=); an =altar slab= from a church (Bay 32, No. =1106=); three stelae, inscribed with =invocations= to saints (Bays 30, 32, Nos. =1107-1109=); =apse= from a shrine of a saint from a church at Philae (Bay 30, No. =1113=); and a group of stelae commemorating the holy women =Hêlenê=, daughter of Peter, deacon and steward of the Church of St. John, in Esna, in Upper Egypt (Bay 30, No. 1115), =Sara=, =Rachel=, =Teucharis=, =Troïs=, and =Rebecca= (Bay 32, Nos. =1116-1120=). Many of the sepulchral stelae are richly sculptured with pediments of shrines, pillars with elaborate carvings, figures of doves, and everywhere are prominent the cross, which is assumed to be identical with the _ānkh_ 𓋹, the old Egyptian symbol of “life,” and the =crown=. On several of them also are seen Alpha and Omega, Α Ω. The most elaborately decorated stele is that which was set up for the child =Mary= in the old church at Ṣûhâḳ. The design is good, the cutting excellent, and it is one of the finest examples extant of this class of monument (Bay 32, No. =1123=).[42] A very interesting group of =Coptic documents=, consisting of affidavits, letters, invoices, contracts, extracts from the Scriptures and from liturgies, hymns, etc., is exhibited in Table-case M in the Fourth Egyptian Room. In division 4 of the same case is a good collection of =Coptic crosses=, pendants with figures of St. George, etc., from Panopolis. Several very fine examples of =linenwork= from Coptic graves and churches will be found in Table-cases E and J in the Third Egyptian Room, and a handsome =bier cloth= in Wall-cases 70 and 71, in the Second Egyptian Room.
[Illustration: Sepulchral tablet of Abraam, the “perfect monk.”
[Southern Egyptian Gallery, Bay 30, No. 1136.]]
[Illustration: Sepulchral tablet of Rachel, a Christian lady.
[Southern Egyptian Gallery, Bay 32, No. 1117.]]
Soon after the Arabs had conquered Egypt, they found it necessary to keep a strong garrison at Syene, the modern Aswân. In order to relieve the soldiers of the garrison from the duty of a pilgrimage to Mekkah, an order was issued from Fosṭâṭ, the first Arab capital in Egypt, near Old Cairo, that a pilgrimage to Aswân counted as a pilgrimage to Mekkah; hence for some two or three hundred years Aswân was regarded as a holy place, and pious Muslims were brought there from all parts to be buried. A collection of =gravestones inscribed in Kûfî=, or Kufic, a form of Arabic writing, from the old Muḥammadan cemetery at Aswân, is exhibited in the Second Northern Gallery (Wall-cases 52-54). The oldest example is that of Azhar, son of ʿAbd as-Salâm, who died in the year of the Hejira 252 = A.D. 866.
The Arab dynasties which ruled Egypt and the Sûdân between 656 and 1517 are as follows:—
=ʿOmayyad= Khalîfas[43] A.D. 661 - 750. =ʿAbbâsid= Khalîfas ” 750 - 868. =Tûlûnid= Khalîfas ” 868 - 913. =Fâṭimid= Khalîfas ” 913 - 1193. =Ayyûbid= Khalîfas ” 1193 - 1249. =Baḥrite= Mamlûks ” 1249 - 1382. =Circassian Mamlûks=[44] ” 1382 - 1517.
The Arab domination came to an end in 1517, when Selim, sultân of Turkey, conquered the country, and =Egypt became a Turkish Province=, or Pashalik.
A LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL KINGS OF EGYPT.
PREDYNASTIC PERIOD.
Kings of Lower Egypt.
1. .. .. u. 2 Seka. 3 Khaȧu. 4 Tȧu. 5 Thesh. 6 Neheb. 7 Uatch-nār, or Uatch-ȧnt. 8 Mekha. 9. .. .. a [10 ff. wanting].
DYNASTIC PERIOD.
First Dynasty.
B.C. 4400.
Menȧ (Menes). Tetȧ. Ȧteth. Ȧta. Semti (Ṭen). Merpeba (Āt-ȧb). Ḥu (Smerkha). Sen (or, Qebḥ).
Second Dynasty.
B.C. 4133.
Neterbaiu, or Betchau, or Besh. Ḥetep-Sekhemui. Kakauu. Baenneter. Uatchnes. Perȧbsen. Senṭ. Neferka-Rā. Neferka-Seker. Ḥetchefa.
Third Dynasty.
B.C. 3966.
Sanekht. Bebi (Tchatchai). Nebka-Rā. Tcheser. Tetȧ (Ḥen-nekht). Setches. Neferka-Rā Ḥuni.
Fourth Dynasty.
B.C. 3733.
Seneferu. Shaȧru. Khufu (Cheops). Ṭeṭf-Rā. Khāf-Rā (Chephren). Menkau-Rā (Mykerinos). Shepseskaf. Sebekka-Rā. I-em-ḥetep.
Fifth Dynasty.
B.C. 3566.
Userkaf. Saḥu-Rā. Neferȧrika-Rā. Shepseska-Rā. Khānefer-Rā. Useren-Rā Ȧn. Menkau-Ḥeru. Ṭeṭka-Rā Ȧssȧ. Unȧs.
Sixth Dynasty.
B.C. 3330.
Tetȧ. Userka-Rā Ȧti. Pepi I. Meren-Rā I. Pepi II. Meren-Rā II.
Eleventh Dynasty.
B.C. 2600.
Ȧntef, the Erpā. Ȧntef Uaḥ ānkh. Ȧntef Nekht-neb-ṭep-nefer. Menthu-ḥetep I. Menthu-ḥetep II. Menthu-ḥetep III. Menthu-ḥetep IV. Menthu-ḥetep V. Menthu-ḥetep VI. Menthu-ḥetep VII.
Twelfth Dynasty.
B.C. 2466.
Ȧmenemḥāt I. Usertsen I. Ȧmenemḥāt II. Usertsen II. Usertsen III. Ȧmenemḥāt III. Ḥer. Ȧmenemḥāt IV. Usertsen IV. Sebek-neferu-Rā.
Eighteenth Dynasty.
Ȧāḥmes I ⎫ B.C. 1600. Ȧmen-ḥetep I ⎭
Thothmes I ⎫ Thothmes II ⎪ B.C. 1550. Ḥātshepset ⎪ Thothmes III ⎭
Ȧmen-ḥetep II, B.C. 1500.
Thothmes IV ⎫ B.C. 1450. Ȧmen-ḥetep III ⎭
Ȧmen-ḥetep IV (or Khu-en-Ȧten) ⎫ Tutānkh-Ȧmen ⎪ B.C. 1400. Ȧi ⎪ Ḥeruemḥeb ⎭
Nineteenth Dynasty.
Rameses I ⎫ B.C. 1350. Seti I ⎭
Rameses II, B.C. 1330. Meren-Ptaḥ. Ȧmenmeses, B.C. 1250. Sa-Ptaḥ. Seti II. Ȧrsu, the Syrian.
Twentieth Dynasty.
Set-nekht. Rameses III, B.C. 1200. Rameses IV. Rameses V. Rameses VI. Rameses VII. Rameses VIII. Rameses IX. Rameses X, B.C. 1133. Rameses XI. Rameses XII.
Twenty-first Dynasty.
B.C. 1100.
_At Tanis._
Nes-Ba-neb-Ṭeṭṭeṭ. Pasebkhānut I. Ȧmen-em-Ȧpt. Sa-Ȧmen. Pasebkhānut II.
_At Thebes._
Ḥer-Ḥeru. Paiānkh. Pai-Netchem I. Men-kheper-Rā. Pai-Netchem II.
Twenty-second Dynasty.
B.C. 966.
[Buiu-uaua, the founder.]
Shashanq I (Shishak). Uasarken I. Thekeleth I. Uasarken II. Shashanq II. Thekeleth II. Uasarken III. Thekeleth III. Shashanq III. Pamȧi. Shashanq IV.
Twenty-third Dynasty.
B.C. 750.
Peṭā-Bast. Uasarken IV. Tafnekht I.
Twenty-fourth Dynasty.
B.C. 733.
Bocchoris. Tafnekht II.
Twenty-fifth Dynasty.
B.C. 700.
Kashta. Piānkhi. Shabaka (Sabaco). Shabataka. Taharqa (Tirhâḳâh). Tanuath-Ȧmen.
Twenty-sixth Dynasty.
B.C. 666.
Psemthek I (Psammetichus). Nekau (Necho). Psemthek II. Uaḥȧb-Rā (Ḥophra). Ȧāḥmes II (Amāsis). Psemthek III.
Twenty-seventh Dynasty.
B.C. 527.
Cambyses. Darius I (Hystaspes.) Xerxes I. Artaxerxes. Darius II.
Twenty-eighth Dynasty.
Amyrtaios.
Twenty-ninth Dynasty.
B.C. 399.
Naifaauruṭ. Haḳer. Psamut.
Thirtieth Dynasty.
B.C. 378.
Nekht-Ḥeru-ḥebt (Nektanebês). Tcheḥrȧ (Teôs). Nekht-nebf (Nektanebos).
Thirty-first Dynasty.
Darius III, B.C. 336.
Macedonians.
B.C. 340.
Alexander the Great. Philip Arrhidaeus. Alexander II.
Ptolemies.
B.C. 305-30.
Ptolemy I. Ptolemy II. Ptolemy III. Ptolemy IV. Ptolemy V. Ptolemy VI. Ptolemy VII. Ptolemy VIII. Ptolemy IX. Ptolemy X. Ptolemy XI. Ptolemy XII. Ptolemy XIII. ⎫ Cleopatra. ⎭ Ptolemy XIV. Ptolemy XV. Ptolemy XVI.
CARTOUCHES OF THE PRINCIPAL KINGS OF EGYPT.
𓆥𓍹𓏠𓈖𓇋𓍺 MENȦ.
𓆥𓍹𓈉𓈉𓏏𓏭𓍺 SEM-TI.
𓆥𓍹𓌻𓂋𓊸𓏤𓊪𓈖𓍺 MER-BA-PEN. (MER-P-BA.)
𓆥𓍹𓀘𓍺 SEMSU, or 𓆥𓍹𓀜𓍺 ḤU (or NEKHT)?
𓆥𓍹𓈎𓃀𓎛𓍺 or 𓍹𓈎𓃀𓎛𓅱𓏁𓍺 QEBḤ.
𓆥𓍹𓊹𓅢𓍺 NETER-BAIU, _i.e._, 𓍹𓃀𓈚𓍺 BESH, or 𓍹𓃀𓍑𓅱𓍺 BETCHAU.
𓆥𓍹𓂓𓂺𓂺𓂺𓍺 KA-KAU.
𓆥𓍹𓊸𓃝𓊹𓈖𓍺 BA-EN-NETER.
𓆥𓍹𓉐𓂋𓄣𓋴𓈖𓍺 PER-ȦB-SEN.
𓆥𓍹𓋴𓈖𓂧𓇋𓍺 SENṬȦ.
𓆥𓍹𓂋𓍺 TCHESER.
𓆥𓍹𓏏𓏏𓇋𓍺 TETȦ (ḤEN-NEKHT.) or 𓆥𓍹𓂋𓏏𓏏𓇋𓍺 TCHESERTETȦ.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓄤𓂓𓍺 NEFER-KA-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓎛𓀜𓈖𓏭𓂡𓍺 ḤUNI.
𓆥𓍹𓋴𓄤𓆑𓂋𓅱𓍺 SENEFERU.
𓆥𓍹𓐍𓅱𓆑𓅱𓍺 KHUFU. (CHEOPS.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓊽𓆑𓍺 ṬEṬ-F-RĀ.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓈍𓆑𓍺 KHĀ-F-RĀ. (CHEPHREN.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓏠𓂓𓂓𓂓𓍺 MEN-KAU-RĀ. (MYCERINUS.)
𓆥𓍹𓀼𓊃𓊃𓂓𓆑𓍺 SHEPSES-KA-F.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓆋𓂓𓍺 SEBEK-KA-RĀ.
𓆥𓍹𓇍𓅓𓊵𓏏𓊪𓍺 I-EM-ḤETEP.
𓆥𓍹𓄊𓋴𓂓𓆑𓍺 USR-KA-F.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓃅𓅱𓍺 SAḤ-U-RĀ.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓀼𓋴𓋴𓂓𓍺 SHEPSES-KA-RĀ.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓈖𓄊𓋴𓂋𓍺 USR-EN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓆛𓈖𓍺 ȦN.
𓆥𓍹𓅃𓏠𓂓𓂓𓂓𓍺 MEN-KAU-ḤERU.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓊽𓂓𓍺 ṬEṬ-KA-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓊃𓊃𓇋𓍺 ȦSSȦ.
𓆥𓍹𓃹𓈖𓇋𓋴𓍺 UNȦS.
𓆥𓍹𓏏𓏏𓇋𓍺 TETȦ, or 𓍹𓏏𓏏𓇋𓌻𓈖𓊪𓏏𓎛𓍺 TETȦ-MER-EN-PTAḤ. (Tetȧ beloved of Ptaḥ.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓌻𓇌𓍺 MERI-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓊪𓊪𓇌𓍺 PEPI (I.).
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓌻𓂋𓈖𓍺 MER-EN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓅇𓅓𓎂𓆑𓍺 TCHEFAU-EM-SA-F.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓄤𓂓𓍺 NEFER-KA-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓊪𓊪𓇌𓍺 PEPI (II.).
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓌻𓈖𓅇𓅓𓎂𓆑𓍺 RĀ-MER-EN-TCHEFAU-EM-SA-F.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓄣𓌻𓇌𓍺 RĀ-MERI-ȦB, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓄡𓏏𓇌𓍺 KHATI.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓂓𓌻𓇌𓍺 RĀ-KA-MERI.
𓂋𓊪𓂝 ERPĀ 𓄂𓂝 ḤĀ 𓏎𓈖𓏏𓆑𓇋 ȦNTEF-Ȧ. The ERPĀ and ḤĀ, ȦNTEF-Ȧ.
𓆥𓍹[𓇳]𓎟𓐑𓏏𓍺 NEB-ḤAPT-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓏠𓈖𓍿𓊵𓏏𓊪𓍺 MENTH-ḤETEP.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓎟𓇾𓇾𓍺 NEB-TAUI-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓏠𓈖𓍿𓊵𓏏𓊪𓍺 MENTH-ḤETEP.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓎟𓊤𓍺 NEB-ḤAP-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓏠𓈖𓍿𓊵𓏏𓊪𓍺 MENTH-ḤETEP.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓌻𓋹𓍺 MER-ĀNKH-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓏠𓈖𓍿𓅱𓊵𓏏𓊪𓍺 MENTHU-ḤETEP.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓋴𓋹𓂓𓍺 SE-ĀNKH-KA-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓏠𓈖𓍿𓅱𓊵𓏏𓊪𓍺 MENTHU-ḤETEP.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓏣𓉔𓂋𓁷𓏤𓐙𓏛𓍺 RĀ-SESHESH-HER-ḤER-MAĀT, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓏎𓉼𓈖𓏏𓆑𓍺 ȦNTEF-ĀA (I.).
𓅭𓇳 𓍹𓏎𓈖𓏏𓆑𓉻𓍺 son of the Sun, ȦNTEF-ĀA (II.).
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓏣𓄋𓊪𓏲𓀁𓌷𓏛𓆄𓍺 RĀ-SESHESH-ȦPU-MAĀT, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓏎𓈖𓏏𓆑𓉻𓏛𓍺 ȦNTEF-ĀA (III.).
𓆥𓍹𓅭𓇳𓏎𓈖𓏏𓆑𓉼𓍺 son of the Sun, ȦNTEF-ĀA (IV.).
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓋞𓆣𓍺 NUB-KHEPER-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓏎𓈖𓏏𓆑𓍺 ȦNTEF.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓋴𓊵𓏏𓊪𓄣𓍺 SEḤETEP-ȦB-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓅓𓄂𓏏𓍺 ȦMEN-EM-ḤĀT (I.).
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓆣𓂓𓍺 KHEPER-KA-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓄊𓋴𓂋𓏏𓊃𓈖𓍺 USERTSEN (I.). (SESONCHOSIS.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓋞𓂓𓂓𓂓𓍺 NUB-KAU-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓅓𓄂𓏏𓍺 ȦMEN-EM-ḤĀT (II.).
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓈍𓆣𓍺 KHEPER-KHĀ-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓄊𓋴𓂋𓏏𓊃𓈖𓍺 USERTSEN (II.).
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓈍𓂓𓂓𓂓𓍺 KHĀ-KAU-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓄊𓋴𓂋𓏏𓊃𓈖𓍺 USERTSEN (III.).
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓈖𓌷𓂝𓏏𓍺 MAĀT-EN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓅓𓄂𓏏𓍺 ȦMEN-EM-ḤĀT (III.).
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓌷𓂝𓊤𓅱𓍺 MAĀ-KHERU-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓅓𓄂𓏏𓍺 ȦMEN-EM-ḤĀT (IV.).
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓄫𓄣𓍺 RĀ-ȦU-ȦB, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓁷𓂋𓈐𓍺 ḤER.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓆋𓄤𓄤𓄤𓍺 SEBEK-NEFERU-RĀ.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓐍𓂤𓇾𓇾𓍺 KHU-TAUI-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓅃𓎼𓄑𓄑𓍺 ḤERU-NEST(?)-TAUI(?).
𓎟𓇾𓇾𓍹𓄣𓏤𓇋𓂝𓈗𓍺 ȦĀ-ȦB.
𓊹𓄤 Neter nefer Beautiful God, 𓍹𓇳𓉻𓂝𓄣𓇾𓇾𓍺 ĀA-ȦB-TAUI-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓀁𓊪𓊪𓇋𓍺 ȦPEPȦ.
𓊹𓄤 Neter nefer 𓍹𓇳𓉻𓂝𓈎𓈖𓈖𓍺 ĀA-QENEN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓀁𓊪𓊪𓇋𓍺 ȦPEPȦ.
𓆥𓍹𓃩𓉻𓄇𓄇𓍺 ĀA-PEḤ-TI-SET, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓋟𓏏𓏭𓃩𓍺 NUBTI(?).
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓋴𓈖𓍺 SE-USER-EN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓐍𓇌𓄿𓈖𓍺 KHIAN.
𓆥𓍹𓋴𓇳𓈎𓈖𓈖𓂡𓍺 SEQENEN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓏏𓆇𓏥𓉻𓏛𓍺 TAU-ĀA.
𓆥𓍹𓋴𓇳𓈎𓈖𓈖𓂡𓍺 SEQENEN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓏏𓆇𓏥𓉻𓏛𓉼𓏜𓍺 TAU-ĀA-ĀA.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓊃𓈎𓈖𓈖𓍺 SEQENEN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓏏𓆇𓏥𓉻𓈎𓈖𓂡𓍺 TAU-ĀA-QEN.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓇅𓆣𓍺 UATCH-KHEPER-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓂓𓏤𓀭𓄠𓋴𓍺 KAMES.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓊃𓏄𓎟𓍺 RĀ-SEKHENT-NEB, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇳𓊃𓈖𓆱𓐍𓏏𓂡𓈖𓍺 RĀ-SEKHENT-EN.
𓆥𓎟𓇾𓇾𓍹𓇳𓎟𓄇𓄇𓍺 NEB-PEḤTI-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇺𓄠𓋴𓍺 ȦĀḤMES. (AMĀSIS I.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓂓𓍺 TCHESER-KA-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓊵𓏏𓊪𓍺 ȦMEN-ḤETEP. (AMENOPHIS I.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓉻𓆣𓂓𓍺 ĀA-KHEPER-KA-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓅝𓏏𓏭𓄠𓋴𓍺 TEḤUTI-MES. (THOTHMES I.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓉻𓆣𓈖𓍺 ĀA-KHEPER-EN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓅝𓏏𓏭𓄠𓊃𓄤𓈍𓏥𓍺 NEFER-KHĀU-TEḤUTI-MES. (THOTHMES II.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓁦𓂓𓍺 MAĀT-KA-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓎸𓄂𓏏𓏏𓀼𓏪𓍺 ḤĀT-SHEPSET-KHNEM-ȦMEN. (QUEEN HATSHEPSU.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓏠𓆣𓍺 MEN-KHEPER-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓅝𓏏𓏭𓄠𓋴𓍺 TEḤUTI-MES. (THOTHMES III.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓉻𓆣𓏪𓍺 ĀA-KHEPERU-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓊵𓊹𓋾𓉺𓍺 ȦMEN-ḤETEP NETER ḤEQ ȦNNU. (AMENOPHIS II.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓏠𓆣𓏪𓍺 MEN-KHEPERU-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓅝𓏏𓏭𓄠𓋴𓈍𓈍𓏦𓍺 TEḤUTI-MES-KHĀ-KHĀU. (THOTHMES IV.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓁧𓎟𓍺 NEB-MAĀT-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓊵𓋾𓋆𓍺 ȦMEN-ḤETEP ḤEQ UAST. (AMENOPHIS III.)
𓇓𓈞𓏏 SUTEN ḤEMT 𓍹𓍘𓇌𓏭𓁗𓍺 THI. (A MESOPOTAMIAN WIFE OF AMENOPHIS III.)
𓆥𓍹𓄤𓆣𓏪𓇳𓌡𓈖𓍺 NEFER-KHEPERU-RĀ UĀ-EN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓊵𓊹𓋾𓋆𓍺 ȦMEN-ḤETEP NETER ḤEQ UAST. (AMENOPHIS IV.)
or 𓍹𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳𓅜𓐍𓈖𓍺 KHU-EN-ȦTEN.
𓇓𓈞𓏏 SUTEN ḤEMT Royal wife, 𓅨𓏏𓂋 URT great lady. 𓍹𓇋𓏏𓈖𓇳𓄤 𓄤𓄤𓄤 𓄤𓏏𓏭𓇍𓍘𓁗𓍺 NEFER NEFERU-ȦTEN NEFERTI-ITH.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓋹𓆣𓏪𓍺 ĀNKH-KHEPERU-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇳𓊃𓉻𓂓𓃒𓂡𓆣𓏪𓍺 SĀA-KA-NEKHT-KHEPERU-RĀ.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓆣𓏪𓎟𓍺 NEB-KHEPERU-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓏏𓏏𓅱𓋹𓋾𓉺𓇓𓍺 TUT-ĀNKH-ȦMEN ḤEQ ȦNNU RESU.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓆣𓆣𓏪𓁧𓁹𓍺 KHEPER-KHEPERU-MAĀT-ȦRI-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓏐𓊹𓇋𓀁𓇌𓊹𓋾𓋆𓍺 ȦTF-NETER ȦI NETER ḤEQ UAST.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓆣𓏪𓇳𓍉𓈖𓍺 TCHESER-KHEPERU-RĀ-SETEP-EN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓌹𓅃𓋔𓐝𓎱𓍺 ȦMEN-MERI-EN ḤERU-EM-ḤEB.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓏠𓄇𓏏𓏏𓍺 MEN-PEḤTET-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇳𓄠𓋴𓇓𓅱𓍺 RĀ-MESSU. (RAMESES I.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓁧𓏠𓍺 MEN-MAĀT-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓊪𓏏𓎛𓌹𓇌𓈖𓍺 PTAḤ-MERI-EN-SETI. (SETI I.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓄊𓁧𓇳𓍉𓈖𓍺 USR-MAĀT-RĀ SETEP-EN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓁩𓈘𓄠𓋴𓇓𓍺 RĀ-MESSU-MERI-ȦMEN. (RAMESES II.)
or 𓆥𓍹𓄊𓆄𓇳𓏤𓍉𓏌𓇳𓏤𓍺 USR-MAĀT-RĀ SETEP-EN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓈘𓇳𓏤𓄠𓋴𓋴𓍺 ȦMEN MER-RĀ-MESES.
𓆥𓍹𓁩𓈘𓈖𓃝𓍺 BA-RĀ-MERI-EN-ȦMEN, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓁧𓈘𓈖𓊵𓁷𓏤𓍺 PTAḤ-MERI-EN-ḤETEP-ḤER-MAĀT. (MENEPHTHAH.)
𓆥𓍹𓄊𓆣𓏪𓇳𓈘𓇋𓏠𓈖𓍺 USR-KHEPERU-RĀ-MERI-ȦMEN, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇌𓈘𓈖𓊪𓏏𓎛𓍺 SETI-MERI-EN-PTAḤ. (SETI II.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓏠𓈖𓏇𓇋𓇳𓍉𓈖𓍺 MEN-MȦ-RĀ SETEP-EN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓁩𓄠𓋴𓋴𓋾𓈎𓋆𓍺 ȦMEN-MESES-ḤEQ-UAST. (ȦMEN-MESES.)
𓆥𓍹𓐍𓅜𓏜𓇳𓈖𓇳𓍉𓈖𓍺 KHU-EN-RĀ SETEP-EN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓌹𓈖𓆇𓏤𓍺 PTAḤ-MERI-EN-SA-PTAḤ. (MENEPHTHAH II.)
𓆥𓍹𓄊𓈍𓏦𓇳𓇳𓍉𓈖𓇋𓏠𓈖𓈘𓍺 USR-KHĀU-RĀ SETEP-EN-RĀ-MERI-ȦMEN, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇳𓁩𓈘𓏏𓂡𓈘𓂋𓂋𓍺 RĀ-MERI ȦMEN-MERER SET-NEKHT.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓄊𓁧𓈘𓇋𓏠𓈖𓍺 USR-MAĀT-RĀ-MERI-ȦMEN, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓁛𓄠𓊃𓊃𓋾𓈎𓉺𓍺 RĀ-MESES-ḤEQ-ȦNNU. (RAMESES III.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓄊𓁧𓁩𓋔𓍉𓍺 USR-MAĀT-RĀ SETEP-EN-ȦMEN, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇳𓁩𓈘𓄠𓋾𓆄𓊃𓊃𓍺 RĀ-MESES-MERI-ȦMEN-RĀ ḤEQ MAĀT. (RAMESES IV.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓄊𓁧𓋴𓆣𓈖𓍺 USR-MAĀT-RĀ S-KHEPER-EN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇳𓁩𓁩𓈘𓇓𓄠𓋴𓆑𓍺 RĀ-MES-MERI ȦMEN-ȦMEN SUTEN-F. (RAMESES V.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓁩𓁧𓈘𓎟𓍺 RĀ-ȦMEN-MAĀT-MERI-NEB, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇳𓁩𓄠𓊃𓊃𓊹𓋾𓉺𓍺 RĀ-ȦMEN-MESES NETER ḤEQ ȦNNU. (RAMESES VI.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓄊𓁧𓈘𓇳𓍉𓈖𓍺 RĀ-USR-MAĀ-ȦMEN-MERI-SETEP-EN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇳𓁩𓄠𓊃𓊃𓏏𓇋𓊹𓋾𓉺𓍺 RĀ-ȦMEN-MESES-TȦ NETER-ḤEQ-ȦNNU. (RAMESES VII.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓁧𓄊𓁩𓅜𓐍𓈖𓍺 RĀ-MAĀT-USR-KHU-EN-ȦMEN, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇳𓁩𓈘𓄠𓋴𓋴𓍺 RĀ-ȦMEN-MESES-MERI-ȦMEN. (RAMESES VIII.)
𓎟𓇾𓈅𓏤 Neb ta Lord of the Land, 𓍹𓋴𓈍𓈖𓇳𓈘𓇋𓏠𓈖𓍺 S-KHĀ-EN-RĀ MERI-ȦMEN, 𓎟𓈍𓏦 neb khāu lord of crowns, 𓍹𓄠𓊃𓊃𓆇𓏤𓊪𓏏𓎛𓍺 RĀ-MESES-SA-PTAḤ. (RAMESES IX.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓄤𓂓𓏦𓇳𓍉𓈖𓍺 NEFER-KAU-RĀ SETEP-EN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓈍𓁛𓋆𓁩𓄠𓋴𓋴𓌻𓂋𓂋𓍺 RĀ-MESES-MERER-ȦMEN-KHĀ-UAST. (RAMESES X.)
𓎟𓇾𓈅𓏤𓍹𓇳𓆣𓁧𓇳𓍉𓈖𓍺 RĀ-KHEPER-MAĀT SETEP-EN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓁛𓁩𓇓𓄠𓋴𓍺 RĀ-MES SUTEN (?) ȦMEN. (RAMESES XI.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓏠𓁧𓀮𓍉𓈖𓍺 MEN-MAĀT-RĀ SETEP-EN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓈍𓁛𓋆𓈘𓂋𓂋𓄠𓊹𓋾𓉺𓊃𓊃𓍺 RĀ-MESES-MERER-ȦMEN KHĀ UAST NETER ḤEQ ȦNNU. (RAMESES XII.)
𓊹𓄤𓎟𓇾𓇾𓍹𓇳𓋑𓆣𓇳𓍉𓈖𓍺 RĀ-ḤETCH-KHEPER-SETEP-EN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓌻𓄓𓊃𓃝𓎟𓊽𓊽𓏏𓊖𓍺 ȦMEN-MER-NES-BA-NEB-TEṬṬEṬET. (SMENDES.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓉻𓆣𓍉𓈖𓍺 RĀ-ĀA-KHEPER SETEP-EN-MENTU, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓌹𓅮𓇼𓈍𓈖𓊖𓍺 ȦMEN-MERI PA-SEB-KHĀ-NU. (PASEBKHĀNU I.)
𓆥𓍹𓊹𓍛𓁶𓊪𓇋𓈖𓏠𓈖𓍺 NETER-ḤEN-ṬEP-EN-ȦMEN, Prophet first of ȦMEN, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓆇𓏤𓇯𓅃𓍺 ḤER-ḤERU-SA-ȦMEN. (ḤER-ḤERU.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓋑𓆣𓇳𓍉𓈖𓍺 KHEPER-ḤETCH-RĀ SETEP-EN-RĀ 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓈘𓆷𓆷𓈖𓈎𓍺 ȦMEN-MERI-SHASHANQ. (SHISHAK I.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓌂𓆣𓇳𓍉𓈖𓍺 SEKHEM-KHEPER-RĀ SETEP-EN-RĀ 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓈘𓍯𓐠𓇋𓂋𓎡𓈖𓍺 ȦMEN-MERI UASARKEN. (OSORKON I.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓄊𓆄𓇋𓏠𓈖𓍉𓈖𓍺 RĀ-USR-MAĀT-ȦMEN-SETEP-EN, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓈘𓊨𓆇𓏤𓍘𓂋𓎡𓍿𓍺 ȦMEN-MERI-SA-AST. THEKELETH.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓄊𓁧𓇋𓏠𓈖𓍉𓈖𓍺 RĀ-USR-MAĀT SETEP-EN-ȦMEN, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓈘𓆇𓏤𓎯𓍯𓐠𓂋𓎡𓈖𓍺 ȦMEN-MERI SA-BAST UASARKEN. (OSORKON II.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓏣𓆣𓇋𓏠𓈖𓍉𓈖𓍺 SESHESH-KHEPER-RĀ SETEP-EN-ȦMEN, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓇳𓈘𓆷𓆷𓍺 ȦMEN-RĀ-MERI SHASH[ANQ]. (SHISHAK II.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓋑𓁩𓍉𓈖𓊹𓋾𓋆𓍺 ḤETCH-RĀ-SETEP-EN-ȦMEN, NETER ḤEQ UAST, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓈘𓊨𓏏𓆇𓍘𓎡𓂋𓍘𓈘𓍺 ȦMEN-MERI ȦSET-MERI THEKELETH. (TAKELETH II.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓆄𓄊𓇳𓍉𓈖𓍺 USR-MAĀT-RĀ SETEP-EN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓌻𓆷𓆷𓈖𓈎𓋾𓊹𓉺𓍺 ȦMEN-MERI-SHASHANQ ḤEQ NETER ȦNNU. (SHISHAK III.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓄊𓆄𓍉𓈖𓇋𓏠𓈖𓍺 USR-MAĀT-RĀ SETEP-EN-ȦMEN, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓌻𓅮𓏇𓇌𓍺 ȦMEN-MERI PA-MȦI. (PA-MȦI.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓉻𓆣𓍺 ĀA-KHEPER-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓆷𓆷𓈖𓈎𓍺 SHASHANQ. (SHISHAK IV.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓊃𓉔𓂋𓄣𓍺 SE-HER-ȦB-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓎯𓏏𓆇𓊪𓂞𓆇𓏤𓍺 PEṬĀ-SA-BAST.
𓆥𓍹𓉻𓆣𓁩𓍉𓈖𓍺 ĀA-KHEPER-RĀ SETEP-EN-ȦMEN, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓈘𓍯𓐠𓂋𓎡𓈖𓇋𓍺 RĀ-ȦMEN-MERI UASARKENȦ. (OSORKON IV.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓎝𓂓𓍺 UAḤ-KA-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓅡𓎡𓈖𓂋𓈖𓆑𓍺 BAKENRENF.
𓇓𓏏𓈖 SUTEN King 𓍹𓂓𓈚𓇾𓍺 KASHTA. Kashta.
𓆥𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓈘𓊪𓋹𓇌𓍺 ȦMEN-MERI P-ĀNKHI, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓊪𓋹𓇌𓍺 P-ĀNKHI.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓏠𓆣𓍺 MEN-KHEPER-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓊪𓋹𓇌𓍺 P-ĀNKHI.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓄤𓂓𓍺 NEFER-KA-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓆷𓃝𓂓𓍺 SHABAKA. (SABACO.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓊽𓂓𓂓𓂓𓍺 ṬEṬ-KAU-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓆷𓃝𓇾𓂓𓍺 SHABATAKA.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓄤𓏏𓍃𓐍𓅱𓍺 RĀ-NEFER-TEM-KHU, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇾𓉔𓃭𓈎𓍺 TAHRQ, or 𓍹𓇾𓉔𓄿𓃭𓈎𓄿𓍺 TAHARQA. (TIRHÂḲÂH.)
𓆥𓎟𓇾𓇾𓍹𓇳𓃝𓂓𓍺 RĀ-BA-KA, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓎟𓈍𓏦 lord of Crowns, 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓇾𓈖𓍯𓍘𓍺 ȦMEN-TA-NUATH.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓎝𓄣𓍺 UAḤ-ȦB-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓊪𓋴𓅓𓍿𓎡𓍺 PSEMTHEK. (PSAMMETICHUS I.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓄙𓅓𓄣𓍺 UḤEM-ȦB-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓈖𓂓𓅱𓍺 NEKAU. (NECHO II.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓄤𓄣𓍺 NEFER-ȦB-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓊪𓋴𓅓𓍿𓎡𓍺 PSEMTHEK. (PSAMMETICHUS II.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓎛𓂝𓂝𓄣𓍺 ḤĀĀ-ȦB-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇳𓎝𓄣𓍺 UAḤ-ȦB-RĀ. (APRIES.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓎸𓄣𓍺 KHNEM-ȦB-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓇺𓄠𓋋︀𓅭𓏤𓍺 ȦĀḤMES-SA-NET. (AMĀSIS II.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓋹𓂓𓈖𓍺 ĀNKH-KA-EN-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓊪𓋴𓅓𓍿𓎡𓍺 PSEMTHEK. (PSAMMETICHUS III.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓄠𓋴𓅱𓍘𓍺 MESUTH-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓎡𓅓𓃀𓇋𓍿𓏏𓍺 KEMBȦTHET. (CAMBYSES.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓋴𓏏𓏏𓅱𓍺 SETTU-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓏎𓇾𓃭𓇌𓅱𓆷𓍺 ȦNTARIUSHA. (DARIUS HYSTASPES.)
𓆥𓎟𓇾𓇾 Lord of two lands, 𓍹𓐍𓆷𓇌𓄿𓃭𓏤𓆷𓍺 KHSHAIARSHA. 𓅮𓉻𓂝 (XERXES THE GREAT.)
𓆥𓍹𓋴𓇒𓈖𓊪𓏏𓎛𓍉𓍺 SENEN-EN-PTAḤ-TANEN-SETEP, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓆼𓃀𓃀𓆷𓍺 (KHABBESHA.)
𓆥𓍹𓄿𓃭𓇾𓐍𓆷𓆷𓋴𓍺[45] ARTAKHSHASHAS. (ARTAXERXES.)
𓆥𓍹𓁚𓁩𓈘𓇌𓍺 RĀ-MERI-ȦMEN, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓏎𓍘𓃭𓇌𓌗𓆷𓍺 ȦNTHERIRUṬSHA. (DARIUS NOTHUS.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓃝𓈖𓊹𓊹𓊹𓈘𓍺 BA-EN-RĀ NETERU-MERI, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓈖𓏭𓄿𓆑𓉻𓏲𓏦𓌗𓍺 NAIFAAURUṬ.
𓆥𓍹𓎸𓁧𓇳𓍺 KHNEM-MAĀT-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓉔𓄿𓎼𓃭𓍺 HAḲER.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓄊𓋴𓊪𓏏𓎛𓍉𓈖𓍺 RĀ-USR-SETEP-EN-PTAḤ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓊪𓀔𓏏𓅐𓍺 PSAMUT.
𓆥𓍹𓁛𓁩𓋴𓇛𓄣𓏤𓍉𓈖𓍺 S-NETCHEM-ȦB-RĀ SETEP-EN-ȦMEN, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓁩𓌻𓂡𓅃𓎳𓏏𓊖𓍺 NEKHT-ḤERU-ḤEBT-MERI-ȦMEN. (NEKTANEBÊS.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓁹𓌷𓏏𓂝𓈖𓍺 RĀ-ȦRI-EN-MAĀT, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓏎𓇯𓀭𓆓𓁷𓏤𓍉𓈖𓍺 TCHE-ḤRȦ-SETEP-EN-ȦN-ḤER.
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓆣𓂓𓍺 KHEPER-KA-RĀ, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓈖𓆱𓐍𓏏𓂡𓃭𓆑𓍺 NEKHT-NEB-F. (NEKTANEBOS.)
𓆥𓍹𓁬𓁛𓈖𓍉𓈘𓍺 SETEP-EN-RĀ-MERI-ȦMEN, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓄿𓃭𓎡𓊃𓇋𓈖𓂧𓂋𓊃𓍺 ALEKSȦNṬRES. (ALEXANDER THE GREAT.)
𓎟𓇿𓇿 Neb taui 𓍹𓁞𓁩𓍉𓈖𓈘𓍺 SETEP-EN-RĀ-MERI-ȦMEN, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓊪𓉔𓇌𓅱𓃭𓇌𓅱𓊪𓍯𓋴𓍺 PHIULIUPUAS. (PHILIP ARRHIDAEUS.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓀠𓄣𓍉𓈖𓇋𓏠𓈖𓍺 RĀ-QA-ȦB-SETEP-EN-ȦMEN, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓄿𓃭𓎡𓊃𓇋𓈖𓂧𓂋𓊃𓍺 ALEKSȦNṬRES. (ALEXANDER II.)
𓆥𓍹𓁞𓁩𓍉𓈖𓈘𓍺 SETEP-EN-RĀ-MERI-ȦMEN, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓊪𓂧𓅱𓃭𓐝𓇌𓋴𓍺 PṬULMIS. (PTOLEMY I. SOTER I.)
𓆥𓍹𓇳𓄊𓂓𓏤𓇋𓏠𓈖𓈘𓍺 RĀ-USR-KA-MERI-ȦMEN, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓊪𓏏𓃭𓏲𓐝𓇌𓋴𓍺 PṬULMIS. (PTOLEMY II. PHILADELPHUS.)
𓆥𓍹𓊹𓇶𓊹𓄯𓈖𓊪𓏏𓎛𓍉𓈖𓁹𓐙︂𓁞𓁩𓌂𓋹𓍺 NETERUI-PERUI-ĀĀ-EN-PTAḤ-SETEP-EN-ȦMEN-ȦRI-MAĀT-RĀ-SEKHEM-ĀNKH, 𓅭𓇳 son of the Sun, 𓍹𓊪𓏏𓍯𓃭𓐝𓇌𓋴𓋹𓆓𓏏𓇾𓊪𓏏𓎛𓈘𓍺 PTUALMIS ĀNKH TCHETTA PTAḤ MERI. PTOLEMY (IX. EUERGETES II.), living for ever, beloved of PTAḤ.
𓎟𓇾𓇾 Nebt taui Lady of two lands, 𓍹𓈎𓃭𓄿𓊪𓂧𓂋𓄿𓏏𓆇𓆓𓂧𓏏𓏲𓏌𓋴𓂧𓂋𓄿𓊪𓏌𓏏𓆇𓍺 QLAPEṬRAT TCHEṬTU-NES ṬRAPENET. CLEOPATRA, called TRYPHAENA.
𓇴𓆇 Rā sa son of the Sun, 𓃭𓈍𓏦 neb khāu lord of diadems, 𓍹𓎡𓇌𓋴𓃭𓊃𓋹𓆓𓏏𓇾𓊪𓏏𓎛𓊨𓏏𓆇𓈘𓍺 KISERES ĀNKH TCHETTA PTAḤ ȦSET MERI CAESAR, living for ever, of PTAḤ and ISIS beloved.
FOOTNOTES
[1] The Peninsula of Sinai has been a province of Egypt for about 6,000 years.
[2] To these must now be added the Barrage at Esna.
[3] Names printed in heavy type are Egyptian; those in capitals are Greek, and those _in italics_ are the names by which the places are known by the modern Arabs.
[4] 𓄔𓂋𓎡𓈖𓀀𓂝𓎡𓄤𓆑𓂋𓄔𓅓𓈖𓂋𓍿𓀀𓁐𓏪𓌞𓋴𓂻 𓉔𓂋𓅱𓇳𓏤𓄤𓆑𓂋𓋴𓐍𓂜𓎖𓂝𓀁.
[5] 𓂜𓅨𓂧𓀉𓄣𓎡𓄱𓋴𓇋𓅱𓈗𓀁𓏶𓏲𓀁𓏏𓐍𓏲𓄣𓇛𓇛𓇛𓇛 𓂺𓁹𓉔𓇳𓄤𓌞𓋴𓄣𓌆𓇳𓐝𓂋𓏏𓂞𓎖𓆇𓅱𓄧𓏏𓀁𓐝𓄣𓏤𓎡𓇋𓐍𓏭𓊃𓆳𓏏𓏦 𓇋𓍿𓏤𓁷𓁶𓇾𓏤𓈇.
[6] For the hieratic text see _Papyrus Ebers_, Plate 56.
[7] Ibid., Plate 87.
[8] These words mean: “If thou wouldst be a perfect man make thou [thy] son well pleasing to God.”
[9] These words mean: “I have given bread to the famishing, water to the thirsty, clothes to the naked, and a boat to him that was shipwrecked.”
[10] A recent view makes “papyrus” to be derived from the conjectural name _pa-p-ior_ “that which is of the river.”
[11] A form of the old Egyptian name UN-NEFER 𓃹𓈖𓄤𓆑𓂋𓀀.
[12] Photographs of this Papyrus have been published by the Trustees of the British Museum, £2 2_s._ per set.
[13] A full coloured facsimile has been published by the Trustees of the British Museum, in 37 plates, portfolio, £1 11_s._ 6_d._, half bound £1 16_s._ The Egyptian Text is also issued with an English translation, etc., 4to., £1 10_s._
[14] Also published by the Trustees of the British Museum; “Facsimiles of the Papyri of Hunefer, Ȧnhai, Kerasher and Netchemet, with supplementary text from the Papyrus of Nu,” fol., £2 10_s._
[15] _See_ Note 3 on page 59.
[16] 𓅓𓂝𓇌𓀁𓂋𓏲𓂧𓌗𓂋𓈖𓀁𓀀.
[17] The word =stele=, from the Greek στήλη, means literally an upright stone, or pillar, or column, which was set up over a grave, like our tombstone, or in a public place as a memorial of some public event.
[18] The Muḥammadan speaks of his wife as his “house,” and the determinative to the Egyptian word shows that the ancient Egyptian held the same idea about his wife as the modern Arab.
[19] See the flint hippopotami, crocodile, cow’s head, fish, etc., in Table-case M (Third Egyptian Room).
[20] The word “fetish” is derived from the Portuguese _feitiço_, “a charm.”
[21] From the Precepts of Ptaḥ-ḥetep and the Maxims of Khensu-ḥetep.
[22] The text of this extract reads:
𓅖𓍿𓈖𓏥𓊃𓊪𓊗𓇋𓊪𓈖𓉔𓄿𓂻𓆑𓂋𓊪𓏏𓇯𓉔𓄿𓂻𓆑 𓂋𓇾𓏤𓈇𓉔𓄿𓂻𓆑𓂋𓈗𓊃𓐍𓈖𓂻𓆑 𓍋𓃀𓏏𓎙𓀀𓁐𓏥𓆑𓊃𓐍𓈖𓂻𓆑𓇋𓏏𓆑𓆑𓀭𓊃𓐍𓈖𓂻𓆑𓂞𓏏𓆑𓁐𓆑 𓊃𓐍𓈖𓂻𓆑𓄠𓅱𓀀𓁐𓏥𓆑𓌣𓈖𓏌𓀀𓁐𓏥𓆑𓊃𓐍𓈖𓂻𓆑 𓌻𓂋𓏏𓀀𓁐𓏥𓆑𓊃𓐍𓈖𓂻𓆑𓐍𓈖𓄙𓅓𓋴𓀀𓏥𓆑𓊃𓐍𓈖𓂻𓆑 𓄥𓅱𓀀𓏥𓆑𓊃𓐍𓈖𓂻𓆑𓌻𓂋𓏏𓀀𓁐𓏥𓆑𓁹𓅱𓐍𓏏𓏛𓏥𓈖 𓊃𓊪𓊗𓇋𓊪𓈖𓁶𓏤𓇾𓏤𓈇𓊃𓐍𓈖𓂻𓆑𓂺𓏏𓎛𓈖𓏏𓁐𓆑𓌻𓂋𓏏𓆑 𓂋𓐍𓏏𓏛𓈖𓆑
Grant ye this Sepȧ, he may traverse heaven, he may traverse earth, he may traverse the waters, he may meet his ancestors, he may meet his father, he may meet his mother, he may meet his children and his brothers and sisters, he may meet his friends, he may meet his uncles and aunts, he may meet his connexions, he may meet his friends who did things for this Sepȧ upon earth, he may meet his woman [whom] he loved and knew, etc.
[23] In Egyptian, =Shabti= 𓆷𓄿𓃀𓏏𓏭𓀾, or =Ushebti= 𓅱𓈚𓃀𓏏𓏭𓀾, or =Shauabti= 𓆷𓄿𓍯𓄿𓃀𓏏𓏭𓀾, 𓆷𓍯𓃀𓏏𓏭𓀾; in the plural, =Shabtiu=, or =Ushabtiu=.
[24] _E.g._, No. 1031 (389), Bay 27.
[25] Strictly speaking the _serdâb_ is a lofty, vaulted, _subterranean_ chamber, with a large opening in the north side to admit air in the hot weather.
[26] The word “pyramid” seems to be derived from the Egyptian PEREMUS 𓉐𓂋𓂻𓅓𓅱𓋴𓉐, which probably means “a building with a sloping side.”
[27] The Coptic names are derived from the ancient Egyptian names; thus “THOTH” is from 𓅝𓏏𓏭𓀭, whose festival was celebrated in that month. “Choiak” is from the name of the festival _Ḳaḥrȧka_ 𓂓𓏤𓁷𓏤𓂓𓏤𓎱𓇳𓏦, and so on.
[28] We should naturally expect 𓈚𓈗 to represent the whole period of the Inundation, and not merely the first two or three weeks of it; and 𓆷𓏏𓇳 cannot originally have referred at all to the period of the Inundation. This subject, however, is one of difficulty.
[29] A second =Tablet of Abydos=, made for Rameses II, is exhibited in the Northern Egyptian Gallery, Bay 6, No. 592.
[30] To these may be added the fragment of a stele (now preserved at Palermo), from which the names of a few of the Predynastic kings of Lower Egypt have been recovered.
[31] He says: “The Egyptians in the formation of their Great Year had no regard to the moon. In Greece the Egyptian Year is called ‘cynical’ (dog-like), and in Latin ‘canicular’ because it commences with the rising of the Canicular or Dog-star, to which is fixed the first day of the month which the Egyptians called Thoth. Their civil year had but 365 days without any intercalation. Thus with the Egyptians the space of four years is shorter by one day than the space of four natural years, and a complete synchronism is only established at the end of 1,461 years.” (Chapter XVIII.) “But of these [eras] the beginnings always take place on the first day of the month which is called Thoth among the Egyptians, a day which this present year corresponds to the VIIth day of the Kalends of July (June 25), whilst a hundred years ago ... this same day corresponded to the XIIth day of the Kalends of August (July 21), at which time the Dog-star is wont to rise in Egypt.” (Chapter XXI.)
[32] The name of the king is not given, but Ȧmenemḥāt III must be referred to.
[33] 𓇓𓏏𓈖𓂋𓐍𓏛 _suten rekh_, “royal kinsman.” The title of “royal kinsman” was often bestowed upon officials by kings as a reward for faithful services; Ȧmenemḥāt means that his title was not honorary.
[34] The word _Shasu_ means primarily “robber,” and 𓆷𓇓𓅱𓈉 is the “land of the robber,” _i.e._, the nomad desert man, who plundered caravans at every opportunity. Later, _Shasu_ 𓆷𓄿𓇓𓅱𓀀𓁐𓏪, means merely “pastoral desert tribes.”
[35] It was discovered at Ṣân (Tanis) by Mariette, who had the inscription copied; the stele was then carefully buried, and it has not since been seen.
[36] Tell al-Amarna Tablet at Berlin, No. 24.
[37] Full descriptions of all the tablets have been published by the Trustees of the British Museum, with summaries of the contents and the texts in =The Tell al-Amarna Tablets in the British Museum=, Autotype plates, 1892, 8vo. Price 28_s._; and see the =Guide to the Babylonian and Assyrian Collections=, Second Edition, 1908, pp. 177-192.
[38] _E.g._, 2,756 images of the gods, 113,433 men, 490,386 oxen and cattle, 1,071,780 aruras of land, 514 vineyards, 160 towns, 71,000 bundles of flax, 6,272,431 loaves of bread, 19,130,032 bundles of vegetables, 1,933,766 jars of honey, 5,279,552 bushels of corn, etc.
[39] 𓁹𓊨𓀭𓍹𓋹𓈖𓋴𓇳𓄤𓄣𓍺𓐙𓏏𓂝𓁹𓏏𓈖𓇓𓈞𓏏𓅨𓏏𓁶𓊪𓈖𓍛𓏤𓆑 𓍹𓏏𓄿𓆼𓍯𓍿𓍺𓏏𓅐𓋴𓊹𓂧𓏏𓏤𓍹𓋋𓏏𓆇𓇋𓈎𓂋𓍺𓐙︀𓊤.
[40] The hieroglyphic form of her prenomen is 𓍹𓇋𓏠𓈖𓂝𓂋𓇌𓏏𓆇𓍺 and her nomen was =Kenthȧḥebit= 𓍹𓎡𓈖𓍘𓇋𓎱𓇌𓏏𓆇𓍺, whence, probably, the title =Candace= is derived. Her tomb is at Meroë (Northern Group of Pyramids, No. 1).
[41] _I.e._, the portion of the Nile Valley between Syene and Hierasykaminos, which was 12 _schoeni_ (hence the name), or 70 miles, in length.
[42] Copies and translations of most of the Greek and Coptic inscriptions have been published by the Trustees of the British Museum in “=Coptic and Greek Texts of the Christian Period from Ostraka, Stelae, etc., in the British Museum=.” With 100 plates. 1905. Foolscap. £2.
[43] The word _Khalîfa_ means “successor,” _i.e._, of the Prophet.
[44] The word _Mamlûk_ means “slave.”
[45] Variants, 𓍹𓆼𓊸𓃝𓆷𓀼𓍺, 𓍹𓆼𓃝𓆷𓈘𓀭𓍺.
INDEX.
Ȧa, 17
Ȧā-ȧb, King, 293
Āa-ȧb-taui-Rā, 293
Ȧāḥ-ḥetep, Queen, 227
Ȧāḥmes I, 115, 153, 227, 228, 287, 294
Ȧāḥmes II, 260, 288, 300
Ȧāḥmes-nefert-Ȧri, 164
Āa-kheper-en-Rā, 294
Āa-kheper-ka-Rā, 294
Āa-kheper-Rā, 299
Āa-kheper-Rā setep-en-Ȧmen (Osorkon IV), 299
Āa-kheper-Rā setep-en-Menthu, 298
Āa-kheperu-Rā, 295
Āamu, 206, 210, 211
Āa-peḥ (Nubti), 225
Āa-peḥ-ti-Set, 294
Āa-qenen-Rā (Ȧpepȧ II), 226, 293
Āasith, goddess, 131
Ȧati, 16
Āa-user-Rā, King, 225
Ȧb-ȧā, King, 223
Abâî, River, 11
Āb-ȧst, 203
ʿAbbâsid Khalîfas, 285
ʿAbd-Allah bin Sa’ad, 283
ʿAbd al-Laṭîf, 162
ʿAbd as-Salâm, 285
Abhat, 73, 232
Abraam, stele of, 284
Abrasax, 282
Abraxas, 282
Ȧbt, 16
Ābu, Elephantine, island of, 1, 16, 85
Abukîr, lake of, 5
Abû Roâsh, pyramids of, 170
Abû-Simbel, temple of, 73, 108, 242
Abû-Ṣîr, 17, 203, 204; pyramids of, 170
Abydos, 145, 188, 215; tablets of, 208, 240, 245; temple of, 240
Abyssinia, 20, 280
Acacia, 89, 138
Achoris, 264
Acrobats, 87
Adam, 165
Adramîya, cataract of, 13
Addresses of Horus, 67
Aegyptus, 4
Ælius Gallus, 275
Ȧfȧ, relief of, 203
Affidavits, Coptic, 284
Africans, 20
Africanus, Julius, 185, 208, 264
Ȧfu-Rā, 66
Agricultural implements, 96
Agriculture, 22, 92
Āḥa, tomb of, 188
Ahnâs, 16, 209
Ȧi, 238, 287, 296
Aiguptos, 4
Akabah, 4
Åkerblad, 44
Akhaemenes, 263
Akhet, season of, 182
Akhmîm, 16, 100, 164
Al-Arîsh, 4
Albert Nyanza, 11
Alexander I the Great, 162, 266, 289, 302
Alexander II, 266, 289, 302
Alexandria, 19, 277, 280; founded, 266; patriarch of, 283
Alexandrian Library and Museum, 268
Alexandros, 270
Al-Hîbah, 16
Al-Kâb, 16, 234
Al-Kês, 16
Al-Khârgah, Oasis of, 262, 263
Al-Kusîyah, 16
Al-Lâhûn, 215; pyramids of, 170, 172
Al-Mâmûn, 201
Alpha, 282, 284
Alphabet, the Egyptian, 49, 50, 270
Altar stands, 101
Altars, stone, 222
Alwa, 283
Āmamu, coffin of, 58, 178
Ȧm-Ȧnnu, 126
Ȧm-Āntchet, 126
Amârah, 73
Amāsis I, 227, 228
Amāsis II, 260; and see Ȧāḥmes.
Ȧmen, god, 129; incarnation of, 232; temple of, founded, 232
Ȧmenȧrṭās, Queen, 115, 256, 257
Ȧmen-Ȧsru, King, 235
Ȧmen-em-ȧnt, stele of, 246
Ȧmen-em-Ȧpt, King, 251, 288; stele of, 229
Ȧmenemḥāt I, 172, 212, 213, 287, 293; instructions of, 68, 213
Ȧmenemḥāt II, 172, 214, 215, 287, 293
Ȧmenemḥāt III, 172, 255, 287, 293
Ȧmenemḥāt IV, 219, 287, 293
Ȧmenemḥāt, an official, 215
Ȧmenemḥāt, a royal kinsman, 221
Ȧmen-em-ḥāt, stele of, 238
Ȧmen-em-ḥeb, a scribe, 251
Ȧmen-ḥetep I, 229, 287, 294
Ȧmen-ḥetep II, 153, 231, 232, 255, 287, 295
Ȧmen-ḥetep III, 72, 153, 164, 179, 232-236, 287, 295
Ȧmen-ḥetep IV, 115, 179, 233, 236, 237, 287, 295; and see Khu-en-Ȧten.
Ȧmen-ḥetep, a high-priest, 250
Ȧmen-ḥetep, an Erpā, 235
Ȧmen-ḥetep, an officer, 232
Ȧmen-ḥetep, a scribe, 261
Ȧmen-ḥetep, son of Ḥāp, 235
Ȧmeni, an official, 214
Ȧmeni, figure of, 221
Ȧmeni, Prince, 219
Ȧmeni, stele of, 221
Ȧmeni, the builder, 217
Ȧmen-men, stele of, 229
Ȧmen-mes, King, 248; palette of, 55
Ȧmen-meses, 287, 296
Ȧmen-Rā, god, 123, 129, 266; boat of, 70; priests of, 226, 238, 251, 252; temple of, at Karnak, 231; temple of, at Khârgah, 263; temple of, at Napata, 257
Ȧmen-Rā-mes, stele of, 248
Ȧmen-ruṭ-meri-Ȧmen, 263, 264
Ȧment, Ȧmentet, 17, 239
Ȧmenṭārit, Queen, 275
Ȧmenti, 139
Ȧm-f-khent, 16
Ȧm-f-peḥ, 16
Ȧm-ḥetch-paār, 126
Ȧm-Ḥet-Serqet, 126
Ȧm-Ḥet-ur-Rā, 126
Ȧm-Khent, 16, 17
Ām-mit, 140, 144
Ȧm-neter-ḥet, 126
Ȧm-peḥ, 16, 17
ʿAmr ibn al-Âṣî, 278
Ȧm-Saḥ, 126
Ȧmset, 123, 161
Ȧmsu, 123, 128, 238; and see Menu.
Ȧm-Ṭep, 126
Amulets, 53, 100, 179; list of, 147-150; pre-dynastic, 148; Gnostic, 282
Ȧm-Unnu-meḥt, 126
Ȧm-Unnu-resu, 126
Amusements, 84 ff.
Amyrtaios, 263, 264, 289
Ȧn, 203, 287, 291
Anaemia, 73
Ȧnaitis, 248
Anatomy, 32, 72
Ancestors, worship of, 189
Ȧneb-ḥetch, 17
Ȧnebni, statue of, 231
Ȧnhai, papyrus of, 61, 146, 153
Ȧn-ḥer-nekht, 217; stele of, 221
Ani, maxims of, 146; papyrus of, 53, 59; shrine of, 239
Animal food, 82
Ȧnit, 125
Ankarîb, 90
Ānkh amulet, 149
Ȧn-kheft-ka, statue of, 109, 114, 203
Ānkh-f-en-Khensu, 152
Ānkh-ḥaf, 203
Ānkh-ka-en-Rā, 300
Ānkh-kheperu-Rā, 295
Ānkhnes-nefer-ȧb-Rā, sarcophagus of, 260
Ānkh-p-kharṭ, statue of, 262
Ānkh-sen-Ȧmen, Queen, 238
Anna, stele of, 239
Annals of kings, 73
Annihilation of the wicked, 144
Ȧnnu (On, Heliopolis), 17
Ȧnpu (Anubis), 127; of Sepau, 212; brother of Batau, 69, 70
Ānqet, 125, 129
Ȧntef (dynasty XI), King, 210
Ȧntef, inscription of, 212, 222
Ȧntef, an official, 73, 210, 212
Ȧntef, a priest, 221
Ȧntef, statue of, 214
Ȧntef (Nub-kheper-Rā), relief of, 226, 292
Ȧntef Uaḥ ānkh, King, 292
Ȧntefȧ, the Erpā, 209, 210, 292
Ȧntef-āa I, 210, 226, 292
Ȧntef-āa II, 292
Ȧntef-āa III, 292
Ȧntef-āa, coffin of, 226; pyramid of, 226
Ȧntef-Ȧqer-ānkh-khu, 224
Antelope, 82
Ānthȧt, 125, 130, 248
Anthony, St., the Great, 163, 280
Ānthrethȧ, 130
Ānti (myrrh), 21, 211
Antimony, 81
Antinoopolis, 277
Antinous, 277
Antiochus the Great, 270
Ȧntḳes, tablet for offerings of, 207
Antoninus, 279
Antony, 272
Ȧntuf, song of, 75
Anubis (see Ȧnpu), 123, 127
Apachnas, King, 225
Apakene, St., 283
Āpep, 31, 142, 267
Ȧpepȧ I, 218, 225, 293
Ȧpepȧ II, 226, 293
Āpepi, 67
Āpepi, king of Avaris, 74
Apes, dog-headed, 21
Āpesh, 132
Aphroditopolis, 16
Apis Bull, 93, 131, 191, 263
Apis Chapels, 234
Ȧpit, 131
Ȧpni, stele of, 235
Apollinopolis Magna, 16
Apophis, King, 225
Apries (Ḥophra), 259, 300
Apse, 283
Āpshait, 132
Ȧpt, a measure, 98
Ȧpu (Panopolis), 16, 99
Ȧpu, figure of, 238
Ȧp-uat-em-sau-f, King, 224
Ȧqer, stele of, 212
Āqleq, 257
Arab Period, 282
Arabia, 22, 98
Arabic language, spread of, 282
Arabs conquer Egypt, 278
Arch, the elliptical, 103
Archaïc Period, 193
Archangels, the Six, 282
Architecture, 103 ff.
Ȧri, relief of, 203
Ariel, 82, 85
Ȧri-neferu, figure of, 238
Ar-Rafah, 4
Arrows, flint-tipped, 86
Arsaphes, 245
Arsinoë, Queen, 269; city of, 269
Ȧrsu, 249, 287
Artatama, 232
Artaxerxes I, 263, 288, 301
Artaxerxes II, 266, 301
Artaxerxes III, 266, 288
Artemidorus, mummy of, 163; stele of, 279
Ȧsȧ-ānkh, 205
Ȧsȧr (Osiris), 124, 127
Ȧsȧr-Ḥāp (Serapis), 124, 268
Ȧset, Queen, 230
Ashmnûnên, 16
Ashur-bani-pal, 257, 258
Ȧspelta, 261
Ass, 95
Ȧssȧ, 68, 87, 203, 204, 287, 291
Assessors, the Forty-two, 141
Assis, 225
Assyria, 97, 257
Assyrians occupy Memphis, 257; sack Thebes, 258
Ȧst (Isis), 125, 127
Astaboras, 13
Astapos, 11
Astasobas, 13
Ȧst-em-khebit, 253
Āsthȧrethit, 130
Astronomy, 71, 80
Aswân, 16, 18, 285; the Dam at, 13; tombs at, 173
Asyûṭ, 16, 18, 139, 209; Princes of, 208
Ȧta, 189, 286
Āṭȧb, King, 190, 286
Atbara, 13
Ātchȧb, King, 190
Ȧtefthit, 18
Ȧten, the solar disk, 130; hymn to, 27; prayers to, 238; cult and temple of, 237
Ȧtet (dynasty I), 189
Ȧteth, 189, 286
Atfîḥ, 16
Athanasius, 163
Athenians, 263
Ȧthi, 17; stele of, 214
Athribis, 17, 224, 245
Ȧthu, stele of, 232
Athyr, month of, 183
Ȧtmu, 124
Ȧu-ȧb-Rā, King, 287, 293
Ȧuputh, 253
Autoba, 18
Ȧuuaruath, Prince, 256
Avaris, 74, 225, 228
Ayyûbid Khalîfas, 285
Axe, 178, 188
Axe-handle of Sekhem-uatch-taui-Rā, 223
A-Zandê, 157, 158
Azhar, 285
Ba (Ram-god), 131
Baal, 131, 242
Bâb al-Mandib, 22
Babylonia, 22, 97, 98
Bachis Bull, 93, 131
Back-bone amulet, 149
Bad-Face, 141
Ba-en-neter, 286, 290
Ba-en-Rā-neteru meri, 302
Bagrawîr, 17; pyramids of, 170
Baḥarîyah, Oasis of, 5
Baḥêrah, 18
Bahnassâ, 16
Baḥr al-Abyaḍ, 11
Baḥr al-Gebel, 11
Baḥr al-Ghazâl, province of, 19, 228
Baḥr Yûsuf, 6
Bāirthȧ (Beltis), 131
Bakāa, stele of, 246
Ba-ka-Rā, 300
Bakenrenf, 256
Baker, 101
Bakha (Bachis Bull), 131
Bakhet, 145
Baḳḳârah, 93
Baḳṭ, 283
Balance, the Great, 140
Balbillus, F. Claudius, 277
Balls, 78
Ban-āa, stele of, 239
Ba-nefer, 53
Bangle, 179
Bankes, Mr., 45
Bantu, 157
Baptism, 281
Bār (Baal), 131, 242
Ba-Rā-meri-en-Ȧmen, 296
Barber, 101
Barges, 102
Barley, 22, 82
Barley-beer, 83
Barrage at Al-Manâshî, 14; at Asyûṭ, 13; at Esna, 14
Barter, 98
Barthélemy, 44
Baskets, 99
Basket-weaver, 99
Bas-relief, 110
Bast, 128, 132; temple of, 254
Batau, brother of Ȧnpu, 69, 70
Batau-ānth, 245
Battle-axe, 121
Ba-ur-ṭeṭ, 204
Beads, 179
Beans, 82
Bear, 85
Beard, the pointed, 21
Bebi, King, 193, 286
Bedsteads, 90
Beer, barley, 83; honey, 83
Beer-house, 87
Beetle, granite, 273
Beetle amulet, 147
Beetle-god, 132
Begig, 214
Behbît al-Ḥagârah, 265
Behen, 214
Behent, 18
Behenu, relief of, 207
Bekhten, 70
Bekt, 18
Bells, 87, 178
Beltis, 131
Belzoni, 199, 245
Benben, 236
Benha, 18, 245
Beni Hasan, 172
Beni-Suwêf, 18
Bennu, 124, 132
Beon, King, 225
Berber, province of, 19
Berenice, Queen, 270; city of, 240; stele of, 274
Berenice Troglodytica, 268
Bêrût, 70, 242
Bes, god, 124, 129
Besh, King, 117, 150, 191, 286, 290
Bêt al-Walî, temple of, 241, 242
Betchau, King, 189, 190, 286, 290
Betchmes, statue of, 114, 195
Bêt Khallâf, 193
Bier, 211
Bier-cloth, 165, 285
Bilâk (Philae), 18
Biography, 73
Birkat al-Ḳurûn, 5
Bîshârî tribes, 20
Bitter Lakes, 5
Bitumen, 158, 162
Blacks, 120; edict against, 216; land of, 215
Blacksmith, 100
Blacksmith-god (Ptaḥ), 119
Blemmyes, 20, 277, 278
Block of slaughter, 144
Blood of Isis, 149
Blue Nile, province of, 19
Boat-builder, 101
Boats of different kinds, 102
Bocchoris (Bak-en-ren-f), 256, 288, 299
Body, the material, 155; the glorified, 143, 155
Boheiric dialect, 35
Bok, 18
Bolt-lock, 91
Bone-setting, 72
Book of Breathings, 62
Book of coming forth by day, 58
Book of Ecclesiasticus, 69
Book of gates, 66, 142; vignette, 141
Book of “May my name flourish”, 64
Book of Opening the Mouth, 64
Book of overthrowing Āpepi, 67
Book of Proverbs, 69
Book of the Dead, 178; editing of, 189; recensions of, 58 ff.
Book of the Two Ways, 65
Book of traversing eternity, 63
Book of what is in the Ṭuat, 66
Books of Magic, 74
Boomerangs, 21, 85, 238
Boôn, 18
Borers, flint, 188
Botany, 72
Boussard, 44, 270
Bow and arrows, 86, 98, 178
Bowls, earthenware, stone, wood, etc., 92, 178
Boxes, 91, 178
Bracelets, 179, 253
Bran, 82
Bread, bread-cakes, 82; imperishable, 143
Breastplate, 179
Brick, invention of, 103; brick-making, 22; brickmaker, 100
Bricks, inscribed, 230, 231
Brugsch, Dr. H., 186
Bubastis, 17, 216, 224, 245; temple of, 254
Buffoons, 87
Buhen, 121
Buiu-uaua, 253
Bull, Apis, 93, 131, 191; Bachis, 93, 131; Mnevis, 93, 131, 191; of Ȧmen-tet, 93; worship of, 93
Bûrlûs, lake of, 5
Burraburiyash, letter of, 236
Busiris, 17
Bu-tchamui, 16
Buto, 17, 138, 267; temple of, 74
Buzzard, 85
Caesar, Julius, 272, 302
Caesarea, 185
Caesarion, 272
Cairo, 19; Old, 285
Calendar, 32, 270; year, 184
Calendars, 71; of lucky and unlucky days, 182
Cambyses, 74, 261, 262, 288, 301
Camel, 95
Canal in First Cataract, 216
Candace, 170, 275, 276
Canopic jars, 160, 177
Canopus, 160, 279; decree of, 270
Cap, the soldiers’, 120
Caracalla, 277
Cardinal points, 145
Carding instruments, 165
Carians, 258
Caricatures, 112
Carpenter, 100
Carpets, 91
Cartography, 71
Cartonnage cases, 162
Cartouche, 45, 191; origin of, 117
Cassia, 159
Cat, 78, 132; hunting, 85
Cat-goddess, 132
Cataract, Canal in the First, 216
Cataracts, the Six on the Nile, 13
Cattle-breeding, 92; men, 93; Sûdânî, 92, 93
Cedar oil, 160
Censers, 198
Censorinus, 186
Chairs, 91, 98, 178
Champollion, 45, 270
Chapter of the Heart, 178
Chariot, 121
Cheese, 82
Cheops, 59, 196, 286, 290
Chephren, 171, 199, 232, 287, 290
Cherubs, 165
Chimney, 92
Choiak, season of, 183
Chosroës, 278
Christianity in Egypt, 277; in Nubia, 280
Christians, persecution of, 277
Chronicles of Africanus and Eusebius, 185
Chronography, 185
Chronology, 71, 184; systems of, 187
Churches in the Sûdân, 283
Clay sealings, 189
Cleopatra, the Queens, 271, 272, 289, 302
Cleopatra’s Needle, 231
Clepsydra, 266, 267
Clerestory, 273
Clubs, 86
Coffins, classes of, 177, 273
Coinage, 262
Collar, amulet, 149; gold, 81
Colleges, 79
Colonnade, 105
Colossi, the, 234, 236, 277
Colour-pot, 178
Comb, 91, 178
Cone, 81; memorial, 223
Confectioner, 101
Confession, 281
Conscience, 149
Constantine, 278
Contracts, Coptic, 284
Cooking-pots, 92
Copper, 98; mines, 204, 240; vases, 191
Coppersmith, 100
Coptic, dialects of, 35; inscriptions, 56; language, 39, 280
Coptos, 16, 226, 231
Copts, 45; doctrine of, 280
Corn, export of, 97; bin, 92; grinder, 92
Cornelius Gallus, 275
Coronation, stele of, 261
Corvée, the celestial, 151
Cosmogony, 79
Cosseir, 204
Couches, 98, 178
Counters, 178
Court of temple, 105
Cow of Hathor, 262
Cow, worship of, 94
Creation of the gods, 135; of men, 136; of the world, 74, 134
Crete, 249
Crocodile amulet, 148; god, 131; lake, 5; mummies, 218; wax, 71; worship of in modern times, 85
Cross, the, 164, 280, 284
Crosses, Coptic, 284
Crow, 85
Crown, the White, 189, 190
Crucifixion, 282
Cubit, the little, 98; the royal, 98
Cucumbers, 82
Cupboards, 91
Curds, 92
Currency, 98
Cush, 20, 214
Cushites, 20
Cylinder seals, 219
Cymbals, 87, 178
Cyprus, 70, 97, 98, 249
Dagger, 120, 178
Dahshûr, 172, 196, 217; pyramids of, 170
Dailah, Oasis of, 5
Daily Ritual of the Divine Cult, 67
Dakhâlîyah, 18
Dâkhlah, Oasis of, 5
Dakkah, 243, 268, 270
Damanhûr, 18
Damietta, 19
Dance of the god, 87, 204
Dancing, 31, 86; women, 87
Daphnae, 258
Dâr Fûr, 92
Darius I, 262, 288, 301
Darius II, 263, 288, 301
Darius III, 289
Dates, 82
David, 253; a monk, 281
Days, lucky and unlucky, 32, 182; the five epagomenal, 182
Dead, eater of, 140
Death, universal, 274
Decius, 277, 281
De Guignes, 44
Dekans, the Thirty-six, 71, 175
Delta, 4, 5, 138, 140
Demoniacal possession, 70
Demotic writing, 37
Denderah, 16, 207, 230, 268, 272, 273
Dêr al-Baḥarî, temples at, 210, 230; royal mummies found at, 254
Deserts of Egypt, 6, 7
Destruction of Mankind, 74
Determinatives, 51
Devil, 133
Dhurra, 82
Dialogue between a man and his soul, 28
Dice, 87, 178
Diocletian, 277, 278, 281
Diodorus Siculus, 20, 98, 160, 198, 242
Dioskle, 56
Dioskoros, 56
Diospolis Magna, 17; Parva, 16
Disk amulet, 150
Doctrine of retribution, 142
Dodekaschoinos, 18, 277
Dog-god, 132
Dog River, 242
Dog-star, 184, 186
Dogs, hunting, 86
Dolls, 78, 101, 178
Dominoes, 87
Dongola, 4, 278; province of, 19
Door, wooden, 239; socket, 215
Doomed Prince, story of, 70
Double (KA), 155
Dove, 83, 164
Draughtboards and draughtsmen, 87
Draughts, 87, 178
Dream, stele of the, 258
Dress, 80 ff.
Drum, 87
Drunkard, 88
Duck, 83
Dulgo, 240
Du Theil, 44
Dyer, 101
Dynasties, Arab, 285; Egyptian, 188, 286
Eagle, 85
Ears, on stele, 239
Eater of the Dead, 140, 144; of shades, 141
Ebers Papyrus, 72
Ebony, 21, 98; tablets of Āḥa, 189
Ecclesiasticus, 30
Edfû, 16, 68, 231, 240, 268, 271; temple of, 104, 270
Edkû, lake of, 5
Education, 78
Egg-plant, 82
Egypt, gods of, 122; history of, 188 ff.; land and divisions of, 1 ff.; peoples of, 20; population of, 35
Egyptian, decipherment, 41 ff.; language and writing, 35 ff.; Travels of an, 70
Egyptians, African origin of, 20; manners and customs of, 76 ff.
Eiḥannes, 56
Eileithyiaspolis, 16
Elephant, 78, 85, 86; city, 85; hunts, 270
Elephantine, city and island of, 1, 16, 85, 173, 206, 215, 216, 258, 277
Embalming, methods of, 158 ff.
Embalmment, ritual of, 64
Embroidery, 164
Enamelling, 100
Enchorial writing, 37
Enemies of Osiris and Rā, 143
Enneads, 123
En-neter, King, 191
Epilepsy, 73
Epiphanes, 39, 44, 270
Epiphi, month of, 183
Equatorial Africa, Negro tribes of, 20
Era of martyrs, 281
Ergamenes, 270
Erpā, 117
Erṭā-Ȧntef-Ṭāṭāu, stele of, 73, 221
Erṭā-en-ānkh, false door of, 207
Esarhaddon, 257
Esna, 4, 5, 92, 231, 268, 272; church of, 283
Ethiopia, 13, 214
Euergetes I, 39, 269
Euergetes II, 271, 302
Euonymos, stele of, 273
Eupator, 271
Euphrates, 86, 234, 259
Euripides, 56
Eusebius, 185
Eve, 165
Eye amulet, 149; of Horus, 149; of Rā, 149; -paint, 81, 91, 159, 178
Eyes on stele, 239
Exodus, 247
Exports, 97
Fairies, 133
Fakûs, 17
Falcon, 85
False door, 173; gods, 142; pyramid, 195
Famine, a seven years’, 166, 193
Famines, 14, 97
Fan, 82, 98
Farâfrah, Oasis of, 5
Farmer, 92
Farmhouse, 89
Fasts, 281
Fâṭimid Khalîfas, 285
Fattening, artificial, 82
Fayyûm, 6, 18, 214, 268, 269; dialect of, 36; map of, 71
Feast, funeral, 211
Feather, symbol of Maāt, 140
Feathers, 120
Fellaḥ, 120
Ferry-boat, 102
Festival songs of Isis and Nephthys, 63
Festivals, 281; of the Nile, 14
Fetishes, 123
Fever, 73
Fiction, 69
Field of Peace, 140, 143; of Reeds, 140
Figs, 82, 143
Figures, magical, 31
Finger, a measure, 98; rings, 179
Fingers amulet, 149
Fire, 92; Lake of, 144; stick, 92
Fish, 82; eaters of unclean, 82; amulet, 148; gods and goddesses, 133; hooks, 84; ponds, 89; spears, 85
Fishing, 84
Fist, a measure, 98
Flame, 142
Flax, 99, 164
Fleets of Rameses III, 249; of Nekau, 258
Flints, fire struck from, 92
Flowers, 89
Fluid of life, 117, 223
Flute, 87
Followers of Horus, 139, 153
Food, 82
Forced labour, 152, 153
Forks, 92
Fort St. Julien, 44
Forts, 121
Fosṭâṭ, 285
Foundation deposits, 258
Fowling, 84
Fox, 85
Fractions, 181
Frog amulet, 151
Frontonius, 280
Fruits, 82
Fuel, 92
Furniture, 90, 100
Gabriel, Duke, 279
Gall bladder, god of, 161
Games with counters, 87
Gap, 145
Gardens, 89
Garlic, 82
Gazelle, 82, 85
Gazelle River, 13
Gazîrat al-Malik, 216
Gebel Barkal, 232, 261; pyramids of, 170
Gebel Dôsha, 216
Gebel Sahaba, 4
Gebel Zâbarâ, 240
Geese, various kinds of, 180
Geography, 71
Geometry, 71
George, St., 165, 284
George the Monk, 185
Gergorios, 57
Germanos, 56
Gharbîyah, 18
Gilukhipa, 233
Giraffe, 86; river, 13
Girdle, 81; amulet, 149; wall, 109
Girgah, 18
Gîzah, 18; pyramids of, 170, 196
Glass, 100; glass beads, 179; glass making, 100; jug, 231
Glaze for pottery, 194
Gnostic amulets, 282
Gnostics, 282
Goat, 82, 95
God, Egyptian word for, 126
Gods, companies of, 126; creation of, 135; dance of the, 204; enneads of, 123; number of, 133; triads of, 123
Gold, brought from the Sûdân, 214, 215; export of to Assyria, 97, 98; green, 21; map of gold mines, 71; mines, 240; gold rings, 179; gold ring-money, 21, 98; trade in, 234
Goliath beetle, 177
Gondókoro, 4
Goose, 83
Goose-goddess, 132
Granary, 97
Granaries, 217; of Joseph, 172
Grant of land, 206
Grapes, 82
Grasshopper-god, 132
Graves, predynastic, 165
Gravestones, Kûfî, 285
Great House of the Six, 207
Great House (Pharaoh), 117
Greek language and writings, 39, 268
Greeks, 268; settle in Naukratis, 258
Green gold, 21
Green water in the Nile, 13
Gulf of Akabah, 4; of Solum, 4
Ḥa, 16
Ḥā Prince, 118
Ḥāā-ȧb-Rā Uaḥ-ȧb-Rā, King, 259, 300
Hades, god, 268
Hadrian, 277, 281
Ḥaggi Ḳandîl, 237
Hair, modes of wearing, 81
Hairpins, 178
Hair tweezers, 91, 178
Haḳer, King, 264, 289, 301
Ḥalfah Province, 19
Halicarnassus, vase of Xerxes from, 263
Hall, hypostyle, 106
Hall of columns, 106, 243
Ham, 20
Hamites, 20
Ḥammâmât, quarries of, 213, 217
Hand, a measure, 98
Hand drum, 87
Handicrafts, 98
Hânês, 16
Ḥannek Cataract, 13
Ḥāp (Apis Bull), 93, 131, 191
Ḥāp (Ḥāpi), son of Horus, 124, 129, 161
Ḥāp (Ḥāpi), the Nile-god, 9, 124, 127, 254
Ḥāp-men, sarcophagus of, 262
Hare, 85
Harmachis, 236
Harness, 100
Harp, 87
Harper, Song of the, 75
Harpokrates-Ȧmen, 261
Harpoons, 85
Harris Papyrus, No. 1, 28, 74; No. 500, 74
Ḥarua, figure of, 115
Harvest, 97
Hathor, 108, 125, 128, 205, 214, 239
Ḥātmeḥit, 17
Ḥātshepset, Queen, 21, 102, 107, 179, 230, 287, 295
Ḥau, 16
Ḥawârah, 172, 218; pyramids, 170
Hawk, 85
Hawk amulet, 149
Hawk-god, 132
Headdress, 81
Head-rest amulet, 149
Hearst Papyrus, 72
Heart, 155; god of the, 161; weighed in the balance, 140
Heart amulet, 147
Heart scarab, 177, 179
Heaven, position of, 144
Ḥebennu, 16
Heb-peri, stele of, 207
Ḥebt, city of, 265
Ḥeḥu, 135
Ḥeḥut, 136
Ḥekau, 149
Hêlenê, stele of, 283
Heliopolis, 17, 93, 203, 237, 257; bull-god of, 191; high-priest of, 119
Hen measure, 98
Ḥen period, 181
Ḥenbiu-gods, 151
Ḥenna plant, 81
Ḥen-nekht, King, 193, 286, 290
Ḥennu, expedition of, to Punt, 211
Ḥent-taui, Queen, 252
Heptanomis, 15
Ḥep-ur, 9
Ḥeq-āṭ, 17
Ḥeqt, goddess, 150, 212
Ḥer, King, 201, 219, 287, 293
Ḥer-ȧbu, stele of, 273
Heraclius, 278
Herakleopolis Magna, 16, 209, 210, 216, 245; princes of, 208
Heretic king, 115
Ḥer-Ḥeru, priest-king, 61, 251, 288, 298
Ḥeriu-shā, 213
Ḥer-Khuf in the Sûdân, 95, 206
Hermopolis Magna, 16; gods of, 135
Hermopolis Minor, 17
Hermonthis, 16, 93, 231
Herodotus quoted, 26, 160, 198, 218
Heron, 85
Ḥeru, an architect, 239
Ḥeru (Horus), 127, 138
Ḥeru, papyrus of, 62
Ḥeru-Beḥuṭet, Wars of, 74
Ḥeru-em-ḥeb, King, 287, 296; papyrus of, 61, 62; stele of, 239
Ḥerui, 16
Ḥerukhuti-Kheperȧ-Rā-Temu, the Sphinx-god, 232
Ḥeru-nest (?)-taui (?), King, 293
Ḥeru-netch-tef-f, coffin of, 71
Ḥeru-pa-kharṭ (Harpokrates), 124
Ḥeru-sa-ȧtef, cast of stele of, 74, 261
Ḥeru-shefit, 245
Ḥeruṭāṭāf, 59, 201
Ḥeru-ur, 116
Ḥesbet, 17
Ḥesepti, King, 189
Ḥes-Peṭān-Ȧst, coffin of, 273
Ḥet-Benben, 237
Ḥetchefa, King, 193, 286
Ḥetch-Rā-setep-en-Ȧmen, 299
Ḥetch-kheper-Rā setep-en-Rā, 298
Ḥetep-ḥeres, 177, 198
Ḥetep-neteru, stele of, 224
Ḥetep-Sekhemui, King, 191, 286
Ḥet-Ḥeru (see Hathor), 125, 128
Ḥet-ka-Ptaḥ (Memphis), 4
Ḥet-Khent, 18
Ḥet-suten, 16
Ḥet-ta-ḥer-ȧbt (Athribis), 17
Hezekiah, 257
Hierakonpolis, 16
Hiera Sykaminos, 18, 277
Hieratic writing, 36
Hieroglyphic writing, 36
Hippopotamus, 84, 85, 262; amulet, 148; goddesses, 131; relief of, 211
History, 73; of Egypt, 188 ff.
Hittites, 73, 239, 241
Hoe, 86
Holy water, 57
Homer, 270
Honey, 72; used in embalming, 162
Honey-beer, 83
Hooks, fishing, 84
Ḥophra (Apries), 259, 300
Horse, 95, 121
Horus, birth of, 74; death of, 75; resurrection of, 75; followers of, 153; four sons of, 129
Horus name, 116
Horus of gold name, 116
House of Books, 68
House of Eternity, 166
House-painter, 100
Houses, 88 ff.
Ḥu, King, 190, 286, 290
Ḥui, stelae of, 229
Hu-nefer, papyrus of, 59, 241
Ḥuni, King, 193, 286, 290
Hunting, 84; cat, 85; scenes, 195
Hyaena, 85
Hyksos, 218, 223 ff.; period of, 225
Hymn in praise of learning, 69
Hymnology, 67
Hypselis, 16
Ibex, 85
Ibis, 85
Ibis-god, 132
Ibrîm, 18, 213
Ichneumon-god, 132
Ideographs, 50
I-em-ḥetep, 129, 287, 291
Imports, 97, 98
Inarôs, 263
Incense, 237
India, 98
Ink, 55; green, 31; ink-pot, 55
Inlaying, 100
_Institut National_, 44
Instructions of Ȧmen-em-ḥāt I, 68
Intestines, gods of, 161
Inundation of the Nile, cause of, 3; period of, 165, 183
Ionians, 258
Iron sky, 145
Irrigation works, 218
Isak, 56
Isis, 14, 125, 127, 161; history of, 138; temples of, closed, 278; wanderings of, 75
Islâm, 282
Isos, stele of, 283
Israelites, 74, 247
Issus, battle of, 266
Iuȧa, 233
Iusāaset, 129
Ivory, 21, 189; carver, 101
Jackal, 85
Jackal-god, 132
Jacob, 160; the Monophysite, 281
Jacobites, 280
Jah, 282
Jazîrat al-Malik, 121
Jeroboam, 253
Jerusalem, 253
Jewel-boxes, 101
Jeweller, the, 100
Jewellery, 179
Jews, 271; in Egypt, 268
John, St., church of, 283
John the Deacon, 283
Jonias, King, 225
Joppa, legend of capture of, 74
Joseph, granaries of, 170
Josephus Flavius, 224
Josiah, king of Judah, 258
Judgment, the, 140
Julian the Apostate, 281
Julius Africanus, 185, 208, 264
Julius Caesar, 272, 302
Jupiter Ammon, Oasis of, 5, 262, 266
Justinian, 278
Ka, 155; Ka-chamber, 155; Ka-chapel, 169; Ka-figure of Rameses II, 244; Ka-priest, 155, 169; Ka-statues, 177
Kabasos, 17
Kadashman-Bêl (or Kadashman-Enlil), 233, 236
Kadesh, 240, 242
Ka-ḥeseb, 17
Ḳaḥrȧka, 183
Ka-kau, King, 191, 286, 290
Kalâbshah, 241
Ḳalyûbîyah, 18
Ka-meri-Rā, King, 209
Ka-mes, King, 227, 294
Ka-mes, a king’s messenger, 234
Kamesu, figure of, 238
Ka-nefer, stele of, 196
Ka-nekht-khā-em-Uast, King, 256
Ḳanṭarah, 98
Ka-Qam, 17
Kaqemna, Precepts of, 30, 68, 83
Karaduniyash, 233, 236
Karāmā, Queen, 254
Karbaniti, 257
Karei, 234
Karkemish, 259
Karnak, 16, 102, 213; obelisks of, 230; temple of, 230, 231 ff.
Kasa, 16
Ka-semt, 17
Kash (Nubia), 214
Kashta, 256, 288, 299
Kassala, province of, 19
Ka-ṭep, statue of, 177, 197
Ḳeb, 124, 128
Ḳebti, 16
Kekui, 136
Kekuit, 136
Kembȧthet, 301
Kemen, stele of, 218
Ḳena, 18, 98, 204
Kent, goddess, 131, 248
Kerasher, papyrus of, 62
Ḳerḥ, 136
Ḳerḥit, 136
Kesem, 17
Kesi, 16
Ḳeṭ, a measure, 98
Key, 91
Khaȧu, 188, 286
Khā-ba, 203
Khabbesha, 263, 301
Khā-em-ḥrȧ, 39
Khā-em-Uast, the magician, figure of, 115, 246
Khā-f-Rā (Chephren), 199, 232, 255, 287, 290
Khā-kau-Rā, King, 293
Khalîfa, meaning of the name, 285
Khalîg Canal, 14
Khā-nefer-Rā (Sebek-ḥetep), 203, 223, 287
Khârgah, Oasis of, 5, 262
Khart-en-Khennu, tablet for offerings of, 207
Kharṭûm, 85, 231, 277; province of, 19
Khā-Sekhemui, King, 190
Khasut, 17
Khati, King, 209
Khati, Prince of Siut, 209, 291
Khemennu, 16
Khennu, 201
Khensu, 124, 129
Khensu-ḥetep, door of, 239; Precepts of, 30, 77, 88
Khensu-user, stele of, 211
Khent, King, 189
Khent-ȧbt, 17
Khenti Ȧmenti, 206
Khenti-em-semti, 215
Khenti-em-semt-ur, a priest, 215
Khent-kaut-s, 170
Khent-khat-ur, 215
Kheperȧ, god, 124, 128, 147, 273
Kheper-ka-Rā (Usertsen I), 293
Kheper-ka-Rā (Nektanebos), 302
Kheper-khā-Rā, King, 293
Kheper-kheperu-maāt-ȧri-Rā, 296
Kheper-Maāt-Rā setep-en-Rā, 298
Khephren, see Chephren.
Kherp, pyramid, 215
Kheru-āḥāu, 151
Kheta, 73, 239, 241, 242
Khian, lion of, 225, 226
Khnem-ȧb-Rā, King, 300
Khnem-ȧb-Rā-Men, statue of, 261
Khnem-maāt-Rā, 301
Khnemu, 15, 96, 124, 128, 135, 150, 214; temple of, 234
Khnemu-ḥetep, 172; false door of, 205; stele of, 221
Khu, 156; stele of, 221
Khu-en-Ȧten (Ȧmen-ḥetep IV), 237, 295
Khu-en-Rā setep-en-Rā, 297
Khufu (Cheops), 59, 72, 78, 196, 201, 255, 286, 290
Khufu-ānkh, sarcophagus of, 198
Khut, 196
Khut-Ȧten, city of, 236, 237
Khu-taui-Rā, King, 293
King, his divinity, 116 f.; his five names, 117; his power, 208
King Lists, 71, 185
Kings, cartouches of the, 290; Tombs of the, 231
Kitchen utensils, 92
Kite, 85
Kneading stone, 92
Knives, 92
Knoumis, 282
Koḥl, 81
Kom Ombo, 279
Kordofân, province of, 19
Korosko, 213
Krôphi, 7
Ḳua-ṭep, Canopic jars of, 161; coffin of, 86; pillow of, 91
Kubbân, 18
Kûfî writing, 285; inscription in, 165
Ḳuft, 16
Kulla, 170
Kummah, 1, 121, 216, 219
Kûrkûr, Oasis of, 5
Ḳurnah, temple of, 240
Kurrû, pyramids of, 170
Kusae, 16
Ḳuṣêr, 21, 98, 204
Kynonpolis, 16
Labyrinth, 218
Ladder amulet, 149
Ladder of heaven, 145
Lake Abukîr, 5
Lake Albert, 11
Lake Albert Edward, 11
Lake Bûrlûs, 5
Lake Edkû, 5
Lake, Fiery, 144
Lake Mareotis, 5
Lake Menzâlah, 5
Lake Moeris, 6, 217
Lake Nô, 11
Lake Ṣânâ, 11
Lake, the Temple, 108
Lake Timsaḥ, 5
Lake Victoria, 11
Lamentations of Isis and Nephthys, 62
Lamp, 91
Land of the Blacks, 215
Land of the Spirits, 204, 206
Lapis-lazuli paste, 98
Lark, 85
Lasso, 86
Latus, 133
Leap-year, 270
Leather-worker, 100
Lebanon, 98
Leeks, 82
Legal documents, 75
Legends, mythological, 74
Lêlat al-Nuḳtah, 14
Lentils, 82
Leopard, 85; skins, 21
Lepidotus, 133
Letopolis, 17
Letters, Coptic, 284
Libation bowl, 262; tank, 207
Library, Alexandrian, 268
Library, the Temple, 106
Libya, 247
Libyans, 20
Life amulet, 149; fluid of, 117, 223; tree of, 143
Lighters, 102
Linen, 80; export of, 97; weavers of, 99
Linen mummy swathings, inscribed, 178
Linenwork, 285
Linnet, 85
Lion, 85; gods, 132; hunts, 232; the Hyksos, 226
Lions, red granite, 235
Lisht, pyramids of, 170, 172, 213
Litany of Osiris, 67
Litanies of Seker, 63
Liturgy, 283
Liturgy of funerary offerings, 65
Liver, god of, 161
Lock, 91
Loin cloth, 21, 81
Long-strider, 141
Lotus, 130
Lungs, god of, 161
Lute, 87
Luxor, temple of, 16, 243
Lykopolis, 16
Lynx, 85
Lynx-goddess, 132
Maā-kheru-Rā, King, 293
Maā-Rā-ur-neferu, Hittite princess, 242
Maamet, 18
Maāt, the goddess, 125, 130; the divine plant, 143, 151; symbol of, 153
Maāti goddesses, 150
Maāt-en-Rā, King, 293
Maāt-ka-Rā (Ḥātshepset), 295
Maāt-ka-Rā, Princess, 252
Maāt-ka-Rā, wife of Osorkon I, 254
Maāt-khā, 201
Madînat al-Fayyûm, 18
Madînat Habû, 105, 230; temple of, 249
Maeotes, 133
Mafṭet, 132
Magic, books of, 74
Magical figures, 151, 152
Magicians, stories of, 71
Ma-ḥes, 131
Maḥetch, 16
Māḥu, figure of, 248; statue of, 119; stele of, 239
Mȧi-sherȧui, 78
Mait, 212
Mamlûks, Baḥrite, 285; Circassian, 285
Man, Creation of, 135, 136
Man-god, 129, 153
Mañbattu, 157
Manetho, King List of, 185, 190, 208, 222, 264, 269
Mankind, Destruction of, 74
Manṣûrah, 18
Mantis-god, 132
Manu, 145
Manûfîyah, 18
Marcianus, 278
Marcus Aurelius, 277
Marea, 258
Mareotis, lake of, 5
Mark, St., 277, 279
Marriage, 76; contracts of, 75
Martyrs, Era of, 281
Maruat, 17
Mary, stele of, 284
Masaherth, 251
Maṣṭaba tomb, 167, 194
Master of the robes, 221
Matar, 15
Maṭarîyah, 17
Mātchaiu, 213
Maten, 16
Mats, 98, 99
Matthaios, a priest, 56
Matting, 99
Meae, 18
Measures, 98
Meat, eaters of raw, 261
Mechir, month of, 183
Medicine, 32, 72; book of, 190
Mediterranean Sea, 97
Mêdûm, pyramid of, 195, 203, 218
Megiddo, 230, 258
Meḥit, 18
Meḥt-en-usekht, 253
Meḥ-urit, 130
Mekha, 188, 286
Mekhu, 207
Mekkah, 285
Melkites, 281
Memnon, 232; the vocal, 234
Memnonium, 234, 242
Memphis, 17, 93, 206, 213, 225; council of, 44; decree of, 270; founding of, 189; government removed from, 209; high-priest of, 119; occupied by Assyrians, 257; by Persians, 261
Menȧ (Menes), 185, 188, 286, 290
Men-ȧst, 204
Menȧt amulet, 236
Menāt-birds, 181
Mendes, 17; kings of, 264; ram of, 191
Menelaus, 160
Menephthah I (see Mer-en-Ptaḥ), 234
Menes, 185, 188, 286, 290
Menḥet, 125
Men-ka-Rā, King, 208
Men-kau-Ḥeru, King, 203, 287, 291
Men-kau-Rā (Mykerinos), 59, 200, 87, 290
Men-kheper-Rā (dynasty XVIII), 295
Men-kheper-Rā (dynasty XXI), 251, 288, 300
Men-kheperu-Rā, 295
Men-maāt-Rā (Seti I), 296
Men-maāt-Rā setep-en-Rā, 298
Men-mȧ-Rā setep-en-Rā, 296
Men-peḥtet-Rā, 296
Men-nefert, 17
Menruil, 129
Menthu, 130, 242; temple of, 234
Menthu-āa, statue of, 212
Menthu-ḥetep I, 210, 287, 292
Menthu-ḥetep II, 210, 287, 292
Menthu-ḥetep III, 210, 287, 292
Menthu-ḥetep IV, 210, 287, 292
Menthu-ḥetep V, 210, 287, 292
Menthu-ḥetep VI, 287
Menthu-ḥetep VII, 287
Menthu-ḥetep, coffin of, 58; an official, 211; a prince, 211
Menthu-Rā, 124, 231
Menti, 93
Menu (Ȧmsu), 123, 128, 238, 248
Menûf, 18
Menu-Nefer, stele of, 215
Menzâlah, lake of, 5
Mer-ānkh-Rā, 292
Merawi (Napata, or Gebel Barkal), 1
Merbapen, King, 190, 290
Mer-en-Ḥeru, King, 208
Mer-en-Ptaḥ I, 247, 296
Mer-en-Ptaḥ II, 218, 297
Mer-en-Ptaḥ ḥetep-ḥer-Maāt, 296
Mer-en-Rā I, 205, 287, 291
Mer-en-Rā II, 205, 287, 291
Meri-mes, prince of Cush, 234
Meri-Rā (Pepi I), 205, 292
Meroë, island of, 1, 17, 275
Meroïtic inscriptions, 277; kingdom, 275
Merpeba, 190, 286, 290
Mer-seḳer, Queen, 224
Mer-shesu-Ḥeru, stele of, 211
Mert, 125, 212
Mert-tefs, 196
Merul, 129
Mer-ur (Mnevis Bull), 94, 131, 213
Mes, a KA-priest, 248
Meskhenit, 130
Mesopotamia, 86, 103
Mesore, month of, 183
Messnȧu, stele of, 231
Mesthȧ, 129, 161
Mesuth-Rā, 288, 301
Metal-caster, 101
Metal-working, 22, 191
Metelis, 17
Metternich stele, 75
Military service, 119
Milk, 82
Millet, 82
Minyah, 18
Mirror, 82, 178
Mitani, 232, 233, 236
Mît-Rahînah, 17
Mizraim, 20
Mnevis, Bull, 93, 131, 191, 213
Moeris, Lake, 6, 217
Monasteries, 280
Money, stamped, 98
Mongalla, province of, 19
Monkeys, 21
Monophysites, 280
Monotheism, 134
Month, the calendar, 181
Months, the twelve, 182
Moon amulet, 149
Môphi, 7
Moral aphorisms, 75
Mother Isis, 149
Mother, power of the, 77
Muḥammad the Prophet, 278
Mu-Ḥāpi, 7
Mulberries, 82
Mummies, the royal, 252
Mummification, dynastic, 154, 159, 160; predynastic, 161
Mummy, 158; chamber, 169; portraits, 162; swathings, 164
Museum, Alexandrian, 268
Music, 31
Muslims, 282
Mut, goddess, 125, 129, 232, 253, 277; temple of, 234
Mut-em-uȧa, Queen, 232
Mut-ḥetep, papyrus of, 61
Mut-Nefert, Queen, 230
Mu-ur (Moeris), 217
Mykerinos, 200, 287, 290
Myrrh, 21, 98, 159, 211
Nahr al-Kalb, 242
Naifaauruṭ I, 264, 289, 301
Nails, stained with ḥenna, 81
Nakhal (Nile), 9
Name, 78
Name-day, 78
Name, the good, 207
Names, magical, 31
N-Ȧntef-ȧqer, prayer of, 212
Napata, 1, 17, 229, 232, 235, 255, 257, 261, 276
Napoleon, 44
Napt (Napata), 17
Nār-mer, 189, 191
Narses, 278
Nȧstasen, stele of, 74
Natron Lakes, 5
Naukratis, 258, 259
Navy, 121
Nebȧ, stele of, 224
Neb-ḥap-Rā I, 84, 110, 111, 210, 229, 230, 292
Neb-ḥap-Rā II, 210, 292
Nebka-Rā, 286
Neb-khāu, King, 203
Neb-kheperu-Rā, 296
Neb-maāt-Rā, 295
Neb-peḥti-Rā, 294
Nebpu-Usertsen, stele of, 218
Nebseni, papyrus of, 53, 59, 146
Neb-taui-Rā, King, 210, 292
Nebt-ḥet (Nephthys), 125, 127
Nebti name, 116
Nebuchadnezzar II, 259, 260
Necho, 258, 288, 300
Necklaces, 179
Nefer amulet, 149; pyramid, 204; stele of, 214
Nefer-Ȧbt, 17
Nefer-Ȧment, 17
Nefer-ȧri, figure of, 224
Nefer-ȧri-ka-Rā, King, 201, 203, 287
Nefer-ȧri-ka-Rā (dynasty VIII), King, 208
Nefer-ḥāt, stele of, 232
Nefer-hi, statue of, 114
Nefer-ḥrȧ, statue of, 246
Nefer-ka Ḥeru, King, 208
Nefer-ka-Rā (dynasty II), 193, 286
Nefer-ka-Rā (dynasty III), 286, 290
Nefer-ka-Rā (dynasty VIII), 208
Nefer-ka-Rā (Ḥuni), 193
Nefer-ka-Rā (Pepi II), 205, 206, 287, 291
Nefer-ka-Rā (Shabaka), 300
Nefer-ka-Rā Khenṭu, King, 208
Nefer-ka-Rā Nebi, King, 208
Nefer-ka-Rā Pepi senb, King, 208
Nefer-ka-Rā Tererl, King, 208
Nefer-ka-Seker, 193, 286
Nefer-kau-Ḥeru, King, 208
Nefer-Kau-Rā, King, 208
Nefer-kau-Rā setep-en-Rā, 298
Nefer-kheper-Rā-uā-en-Rā, 295
Nefer-renpit, stele of, 239
Nefer-Sennȧ, 207
Nefert-ȧri, head of figure of, 229
Nefer-Tem, 124, 130
Nefertith, Queen of Ȧmen-ḥetep IV, 238, 295
Nefert-ithȧ, 229
Nefert-tu, stele of, 212
Negative Confession, 141
Nehȧu, 18
Neheb, 188, 286
Neilos, 9
Neith, 126, 128, 136, 161, 258; shrine of, 262
Neka-ānkh, 205
Nekau, King, 258, 288, 300
Nekau, governor of Saïs, 258
Nekheb, 16, 205
Nekhebit, 125, 128, 191
Nekht, King, 190, 290; papyrus of, 53
Nekhtȧ, stele of, 221
Nekht-Ȧmsu, figure of, 238
Nekht-Ḥeru-ḥebt, 264, 265, 289, 301; sarcophagus of, 66
Nekht Menu, figure of, 238
Nekht-neb-f, 266, 302
Nekht-neb-ṭep-nefer, King, 210, 287
Nektanebês, 264, 289, 301
Nektanebos, 264, 289, 302
Nemareth, 253; bracelets of, 179
Nemmes bandlet, 199
Neolithic Period, 188
Nepherites, 264
Nephthys, 125, 127, 161
Nero, 277, 279
Nes-Ȧmsu, bowl of, 256; papyrus of, 267
Nes-Ba-neb-Ṭeṭ, 288, 298
Nesi-Khensu, 252
Nes-Qeṭiu, sarcophagus of, 262
Nessu-ba-neb-Ṭeṭ, 251
Net (Neith), 126, 128
Netchem, stele of, 231
Netchemet, 252; papyrus of, 61
Neter-baiu, 286, 290
Neter-en, King, 191
Neter-ka-Rā, King, 208
Neterui amulet, 150
Nets, fishing, 84
Nî, 234
Night of the Drop, 14; of the Tear, 14
Nile, the river, course of, altered, 189; described, 7 ff.; festivals, 14; gods of, 8, 9; inundation of, 13; length of, 11; levels, 218; tributaries of, 13
Nile, Blue, 11
Nile, Upper, 11
Nile, Victoria, 11
Nile, White, 11
Nile boils, 73
Nile, Red Sea Canal, 258, 263
Nilus, 9
N-ka-Rā, King, 208
Nit-Ȧqert, high-priestess, 260
Nitokris, 260
Nitria, 280
Noa, 18
Nobadae, 277, 278, 283
Nome gods, list of, 16, 17
Nomes of Egypt, list of, 16, 17
Nu, 127; papyrus of, 53, 59
Nûba, 18
Nûbî, 283
Nubia, 20, 214, 229, 234, 280; invaded by Arabs, 283; by Romans, 275; kings of, 253
Nubians, 20; funeral customs of, 276
Nub-kau-Rā, 293
Nub-kheper-Rā, 292
Nubti, 225, 294
Numbers, 180
Nunneries, 280
Nûrî, pyramids of, 170
Nut, 126, 128
Nut-ent-bȧk, 16
Nyam-Nyam, 157
Oases, the seven, 5, 140; Christianity in, 280
Obelisk from Sinai, 222
Obelisk, the, 231
Obelisks, 105, 107, 214, 230
Obelisks of Nekht-Ḥeru-ḥebt, 265
Octavianus, 272
Offerings, Canonical list of, 90; tablet for, 207, 222
Oil, 72
Oils, 82, 178
Omar, Khalîfa, 278
ʿOmayyad Khalîfas, 285
Omega, 282, 284
On (Heliopolis), city of, 17, 126, 145
One embracing All, 282
Oneness of God, 134, 237
Onias, 271
Onion, city of, 271
Onions, 82
Onnos, 205
Opening the Mouth, ceremony of, represented, 239
Ophthalmia, 73
Ornaments, 80 ff.
Orontes, 240, 242
Oryx, 85; amulet, 148
Osiris, 14, 27, 123, 127; enemies of, 143; history of, 138; kingdom of, 140; resurrection of, 74
Osiris-Apis, 268
Osiris Christ, 282
Osiris-Khenti-Ȧmenti, 239
Osorkon I, 254, 288, 298
Osorkon II, 254, 288, 298
Osorkon III, 255, 288, 299
Osorkon IV, 288, 299
Ostraka, 56, 279
Ostrich feathers, 98
Osymandyas, 242
Other World, 144, 145, 208; Book of the, 66
Ouanafre, 57
Ounaref, 56
Ox, 82
Oxen, 94
Oxyrhynchus, 16, 280; the fish, 133
Pa-Aḥu-neb-Ȧment, 17
Pa-ȧri, tomb of, 234
Pa-Ȧsȧr, 17
Paāsh-birds, 181
Pa-Ba-neb-Ṭeṭ, 17
Pa-Bast, 17
Pachomius, 280
Pachons, month of, 183
Paḥeri, 134
Paḥomo, stele of, 283
Pai, stele of, 251
Paiānkh, 251, 288
Pai-neḥsi, stele of, 224
Painetchem I, 251, 288
Painetchem II, 251, 288
Painetchem III, 251
Pa-Khen-en-Ȧmen, 17
Palaeolithic Period, 188
P-ȧlek, 18
Palermo, stele of, 185, 188, 195
Palestine, 70, 239, 240, 253
Palette, 53, 178
Pallas, 57
Palm, a measure, 98
Palm-tree, 89
Pamȧi, 288, 299
Pa-Mātchet, 16
Pa-mer-ȧḥau, 45; figure of, 248
Pa-neb-Ȧmt, 17
Pa-Nebset, 18
Paneḥsi, statue of, 246
Panopolis, 16, 100, 164, 280, 284
Panther, 85
Pantheism, 133
Paoni, month of, 14
Paophi, month of, 183
Papremis, 263
Papyri, painted, 110
Papyrus, the plant, 53; amulet, 149; cases for the dead, 162; export of, 98
Papyrus Abbott, 250
Papyrus D’Orbiney, 248
Papyrus Harris, 250
Papyrus Mathematical, 225
Papyrus Prisse, 193
Parchment, 100
Pa-ren-nefer, stele of, 229
Pasebkhānut I, 251, 288, 298
Pasebkhānut II, 251, 288, 298
Paser, figure of, 246
Pa-ser, a chief mason, 248
Pa-ser, statue of, 235
Pasheṭ, hymn of, to Reshpu, 239; stele of, 238
Pa-sheṭ, stele of, 229
Pa-suten-sa, shrine of, 218
Paṭ-birds, 181
Pa-Teḥuti, 17
Pa-Tem, Pa Temu, 17, 243
Patumos, 17
Pa-Uatchet, 17
Paul the Anchorite, 280
Pavilion, 249
Payni, month of, 183
Peas, 82
Pectoral, 178, 179
Pefā-Net, statue of, 260
Peḥ-Qennes, 17
Peka, 145
Pekhth, 132
Pelican, 85
Pelusium, 258, 261
Penȧ, false door of, 207
Pendants, 179
Penta-urt, poem of, 74, 242
Pepi I, 287, 291
Pepi II, 287, 291
Pepi-nekht, 30, 78, 207
Per-āa (Pharaoh), 117
Perȧbsen, King, 191, 193, 286, 290
Per-em-hru, 58
Per-em-us, 170
Persia, 86
Persians, 261, 278; in Egypt, 262, 263
Pert, season of, 182
Pertinax, 279
Pesesh-Kef amulet, 150
Pet names, 78
Peṭā-Ȧmen-ȧpt, tomb of, 176
Peṭā-Bast, King, 31, 255, 288, 299
Peṭā-Bast, an official, stele of, 274
Peten-Ḥeru, 18
Pe-Ṭep, 267
Peter, deacon, 283
Phagrus fish, 133
Phakussa, 17
Phamenoth, month of, 183
Pharaoh, friend of, 200
Pharaoh Ḥophra, 153, 259
Pharaoh, meaning of the title, 117
Pharaoh Necho, 258
Pharaoh’s Bed, 276
Pharmuthi, month of, 183
Pharos, 269
Pharsalia, battle, 272
Philadelphus, 268, 302
Philae, island of, 7, 108, 214, 266, 268, 272, 275; obelisk of, 45
Philip Arrhidaeus, 266, 289, 302
Philistia, 249
Philometor, 271
Philopator, 270
Phoenicia, 97
Phoenissae, 56
Phoenix, 132
Phoenix Period, 182
Physician, 101
Piānkhi, 255, 275, 288, 299; invades Egypt, 253; stele of, 74
Piānkhi Seneferef-Rā, 164
Pibeseth, 17
Pig, 82, 95
Pigeon, 83, 85
Pilaster, 108
Pillar, 108
Pillar-altar, 279
Pillars of the sky, 145
Pillow, 91, 98, 178
Pillow amulet, 149
Pi-Menth, 261
Pit of the tomb, 169
Pithom, 17, 243
Pithom, recorder of, 255
Planets, lists of, 71
Plague, 178
Plates, 92
Plêïnôs, stele of, 281
Plough, 96
Plumes amulet, 150
Plutarch quoted, 138
Pnups, 18
Poetry, 75
Politta, stele of, 279
Polygamy, 76
Polytheism, 133
Pomades, 82
Pomegranates, 82
Pompey, 272
Pontyris, 18
Porcelain, Egyptian, 100
Portico, 104
Portrait figures, 113
Portraits, 162
Port Sa’îd, 19
Potter, 98
Potter’s Wheel, 98, 135
Precepts of Ptaḥ-ḥetep, 68; of Kaqemna, 68
Prescriptions, medical, 72
Priesthood, the, 119
Priest-kings, the, 251
Priests of Ȧmen-Rā, 229
Prisse papyrus, 193
Prison pyramid, 206
Proverbs, 30
Psammetichus I, 153, 258, 288, 300
Psammetichus II, 259, 288, 300
Psammetichus III, 261, 288, 300
Psamut, 264, 289, 301
Psemthek I, 258, 288, 300
Psemthek II, 259, 288, 300
Psemthek III, 261, 288, 300
P-shere-en-Ptaḥ, 274
Ptaḥ, 68, 124, 128; temple of, at Memphis, 245
Ptaḥ-em-uȧa, stele of, 246
Ptaḥ-ḥetep, false door of, 207
Ptaḥ-ḥetep, precepts of, 30, 68, 77, 84
Ptaḥ-māi, stele of, 238
Ptaḥ-mes, stele of, 248
Ptaḥ-Nefert, 218
Ptaḥ-Sānkh, stele of, 224
Ptaḥ-Seker, 124
Ptaḥ-Seker-Ȧsȧr figures, 153
Ptaḥ-shepses, 73, 201
Ptaḥ-Socharis-Osiris, 153
Ptolemaïc Period, 268
Ptolemy I, Lagus, Soter, 266, 268, 289; Decree of, 74
Ptolemy II, Philadelphus, 185, 268, 289
Ptolemy III, Euergetes I, 97, 179, 268, 289
Ptolemy IV, Philopator, 269, 289
Ptolemy V, Epiphanes, 236, 270, 289
Ptolemy VI, Eupator, 271, 289
Ptolemy VII, Philometor, 271, 289
Ptolemy VIII, 271, 289
Ptolemy IX, Euergetes, 271, 289
Ptolemy X, 272, 289
Ptolemy XI, 272, 289
Ptolemy XII, 272, 289
Ptolemy XIII, 272, 289
Ptolemy XIV, 272, 289
Ptolemy XV, 272, 289
Ptolemy XVI, 272, 289
Pumice-stone, 91
Pumpkins, 82
Punishment, everlasting, 144
Punt, 20, 21, 98, 204, 206; expeditions to, 211, 215, 230
Punts, 101
Purgatory, 144
Pygmies, 87
Pygmy, 204, 206
Pylon, 105, 106
Pyramid, Ȧntef-āa, 226
Pyramid, False, 195
Pyramid, Great, 196, 197
Pyramid, meaning of the word, 170
Pyramid, Mêdûm, 195
Pyramid, Prison, 206
Pyramids of Gîzah, 196; miniature, 239
Qā, King, 190; pyramid, 213
Qā-ȧb-Rā setep-en-Ȧmen, 302
Qaḥa, stele of, 239, 248
Qarta, false door of, 206
Qebḥ, King, 190, 286, 290
Qebḥsennuf, 124, 129, 161
Qeḥet, 212
Qem, or Qemt, 4
Qen-nefer, figure of, 239; statue of, 118
Qer-Ḥāpi, 7
Qerti, 141
Qeṭesh, 125, 130
Qeṭesh, relief of, 246
Quail, 85
Queen, her titles, 117
Rā, 128; enemies of, 143; poisoning of, 74; worship of, 203
Rā-ȧri-en-Maāt, 302
Rachel, 283
Radassîyah, temple of, 240
Radishes, 82
Rafts, 102
Rā-Harmakhis, 124, 199
Rā-Ḥeru-Khu, 124
Rā-Ḥetep, King, 224
Rā-ḥetep of Mêdûm, 78, 111; relief of, 203
Rā-ka-meri, King, 292
Ram of Ȧmen, 96; of Khnemu, 96; of Mendes, 191
Ram-god, 131
Rā-maāt-neb-meri Ȧmen, 297
Rā-meri (Pepi I), 205, 206
Rā-meri-ȧb, 291
Rā-meri-Ȧmen, 301
Rameses I, 239, 287, 296
Rameses II, 98, 218, 241-245, 252, 287, 296; King List of, 185
Rameses III, 153, 249, 250, 288, 297
Rameses IV, 250, 288, 297
Rameses V, 153, 250, 288, 297
Rameses VI, 250, 288, 297
Rameses VII, 250, 288, 297
Rameses VIII, 250, 288, 297
Rameses IX, 250, 288, 297
Rameses X, 250, 288, 298
Rameses XI, 250, 288, 298
Rameses XII, 250, 288, 298
Ramesseum, 242, 243
Rā-neb, King, 191
Rā-nefer-tem-khu, 300
Raphia, battle of, 270
Rā-sekhent-en, 294
Rā-seshesh-ȧpu-maāt, 292
Rā-seshesh-her-ḥer-maāt, 292
Reaping, 97
Rebecca, 283
Recognition of friends in the Ṭuat, 146
Red Sea—Nile route, 98; province of, 19
Reed-pens, 55
Reed pipe, 87
Reels, 165
Remmosh, 57
Renaissance, 115, 261
Renenet, 126, 130
Repentance, 142
Rerit, 131
Reservoir, 217
Reshpu, 124, 131, 239, 248
Re-stau, 141
Resurrection, the, 139; amulet of, 150
Rhind Papyrus, 71
Rhinoceros, 86
Rhinocolura, 4
Righteous, rewards of, 142; spirits and souls of, 143
Ring-money, 21, 98
Rings, finger, 179
Ritual of Embalmment, 64
River of Egypt, 9
River of the Ṭuat, 145
Rock-salt, 83
Romances, historical, 74
Rome, 270
Roof, portion of stone, 207
Ropes, 99
Rosetta Stone, 41, 270
Rosetta, temple of, 258
Rouge, 81
Royalists, 281
Rui, figure of, 248
Rumā, stele of, 241
Rutchek, a libationer, 200
Ṣâ (Tanis), 17
Sa, the, 198
Sāa-ka-nekht-kheperu-Rā, 295
Sa-Ȧmen, King, 251, 288
Sa-Ȧnḥer, stele of, 221
Sa ānkh, 223
Sabaco, 256, 288, 300
Sabben, 207
Sabina, Empress, 277
Sabinus, 279
Sacrifices, 237
Saddênga, 234
Sâḥal, island of, 14, 193
Sa-Hathor, stele of, 215
Sahidic dialect, 35
Sāḥu, 155
Saḥu-Rā, King, 201, 203, 287, 291
Sailor, the shipwrecked, 70
Saïs, 17, 136, 145, 256, 262; kings of, 258, 264
Saïte Period, 261
Ṣaḳḳârah, pyramids and maṣṭabas of, 166, 170, 205; step pyramid of, 193; tablet of, 185
Salatis, King, 225
Salt, 83
Salted bodies, 161
Salûḳî dog, 86
Sam-Beḥuṭet, 17
Sa-Menthu, an official, 73
Sa-Menthu, a scribe, 215
Sa-Menthu, stele of, 211
Sammanûd, 17
Ṣân, 17; sphinxes of, 218
Sandals, 81, 99, 143, 178
Sa-Nehat, 70
Sanekht, 286
Sānkh-ȧb-taui, King, 210
Sānkh-ka-Rā, King, 210, 292
Sānkh-taui, 223
Sapalul, 239
Sȧpi Meḥt, 17
Sȧpi-Rest, 17
Sa-Ptaḥ Mer-en-Ptaḥ, 248, 287, 297
Sara, 283
Sarâbît al-Khâdim, antiquities from, 195, 214, 215, 217, 222, 245
Sarcophagi, classes of, 177
Sa-Renput, statue of, 215, 216
Sargon, 256
Sa-ta, 132
Satet, 126
Sati, 214
Satit, 129
Satiu, 213
Saut, 16, 17
Scales, 98
Scales, the Great, 140
Scarab amulet, 147
Scarab, the heart, 177
Scarab, with human face, 223
Scarabs, 207, 220, 226, 233; necklace of, 179
Scents, 82
Sceptre, 178
School exercises, 79
Schools, 79
Science, 71
Scorpion-god, 132
Scorpion-goddesses, the Seven, 75
Scrapers, flint, 188
Scribe, figure of the, 203
Scribe of the gods, 140
Scribes, power of the, 79; royal, 119
Seal, Solomon’s, 282
Sea power, 249
Seasons, the three, 182
Seb, 124, 128
Sebek, 124, 131, 218
Sebek-āa, stele of, 111, 211
Sebek-āāiu, stele of, 221
Sebek-em-sa-f, King, 223
Sebekemsaf, scarab of, 179
Sebek-ḥer-ḥeb, stele of, 218
Sebek-ḥetep, cone of, 223; stele of, 216, 217
Sebek-ḥetep, scribe of the wine-cellar, 239
Sebek-ḥetep Khā-nefer-Rā, King, 223
Sebek-ḥetep Sekhem-uatch-taui-Rā, 223
Sebek-ka-Rā, 287, 291
Sebek-neferu-Rā, 287, 293
Sebek-neferut-Rā, cylinder seal of, 219
Sebek-nekht, statue of, 111
Sebek-unnu, 214
Sebennytus, 17, 264, 266
Sebta, figure of, 119, 248
Second birth, 150
Sefekh-ābui, 126
Se-her-ȧb-Rā, 299
Seḥetep-ȧb, 211
Seḥetep-ȧb, stele of, 215
Seḥetep-ȧb-Rā, 292
Seka, 188, 286
Seker, 65, 125, 129, 153
Sekhem, 17, 156
Sekhem-ȧb, King, 191
Sekhem-ka-Rā, King, 223
Sekhem-kheper-Rā setep-en-Rā, 298
Sekhem-khu-taui-Rā, King, 224
Sekhem-uatch-taui-Rā, statue of, 115, 223
Sekhent-neb-Rā, 294
Sekhet, 126, 130, 253; statues of, 234
Sekhet-Ȧaru, 140
Sekhet-ḥetep, 140
Sem priest, 246
Semempses, 190, 205
Semliki River, 11
Semnah, 1, 121, 216; temple of, 257
Semsu, 190, 290
Semti, 59, 189, 193, 286, 290
Sen, King, 190, 286
Sen, coffin of, 66
Sen-ȧtef, stele of, 215
Senb, tablet for offerings of, 207
Seneferȧb-Rā, 219
Senefer-Ra, King, 208
Senefer-ka Ȧnnu, King, 208
Seneferu, 193, 195, 208, 286, 290
Seneferu, an official, 215
Seneferu, stele of, 215
Senen-en-Ptaḥ Tanen-setep-en, 301
Senmut, architect, 230
Sennaar, province of, 19
Sennacherib, 256
Sennu, false door of, 207
Senṭ, King, 191, 192, 286
Senṭȧ, King, 191, 192, 290
Sepȧ, coffin of, 146
Sepau, 212
Sepṭ, 16, 17, 184
Septimius Severus, 234, 277
Septuagint, 269
Sepulchral stelae, 68
Seqenen-Rā I Tau-āa, 226, 294
Seqenen-Rā II Tau-āa-āa, 226, 294
Seqenen-Rā III Tau-āa-qen, 226, 294
Serapeum, 258
Seraphim, 165
Serapis, 268, 272, 279
Serdâb, 169
Serpent amulet, 150; stone, 273; talking, 70
Serqet, 126, 161
Service books, 67
Seshesh, 16
Seshesh-kheper-Rā setep-en-Rā, 299
Sesheta, 126, 130
Sesostris (Rameses II), 241
Sesostris (Usertsen II), 215
Set, 16, 95, 125, 127, 138, 225
Set-name, 191
Seṭ-period, 181
Setau, coffin of, 251
Setau, stele of, 246
Setches, King, 193, 286
Setep-en-Rā meri Ȧmen (Philip), 302
Setep-en-Rā meri Ȧmen (Ptolemy I), 302
Sêth, 138
Seti I, 152, 153, 240, 241, 252, 255; King List of, 185; plan of tomb of, 174
Seti II Mer-en-Ptaḥ, 245, 248, 296
Set-nekht, King, 234, 248, 249
Settu-Rā, 301
Seven years’ famine, 166
Sewênêh, 1
Shaȧru, father of Cheops, 196, 286
Shabaka, 68, 256, 288, 300
Shabataka, 257, 300
Shablûkah cataract, 13
Shabti figure, 152
Shadow, 156
Shâdûf, 89, 96
Shāit en Sensen, 62
Shâmbî, 277
Sharkîyah, 18
Sharuhen, 228
Shashanq I, 253, 288, 298
Shashanq II, 288, 299
Shashanq III, 289, 299
Shashanq IV, 255, 289, 299
Shashanq, an official, 115, 273
Shashanq, high-priest, 254
Shas-ḥetep, 16
Shasu, 240; governors of, 224
Shat, season of, 182
Sheep, 22, 82, 95
Sheets, padded linen, 90
Shêkh al-Balad, statue of, 203
Shemu, season of, 182
Shen amulet, 150
Shennu, 117, 191
Shep-en-Ȧpt I, 256
Shep-en-Ȧpt II, 256
Shepherd kings, 224, 225
Shepherds, dynasties of, 222, 223
Shepseskaf, King, 201, 287, 289
Shepses-ka-Rā, 203, 287, 291
Shepuit, 131
Sherȧ, a Ka-priest, 192, 193
Sheshȧ, stele of, 198
Shesmu, 144
Sheta, 132
Shield, green slate, 191, 195; with badge, 120
Shirt, 81, 120
Shishak, 179, 253, 288, 298
Shrine, 106, 272
Shu, 128
Shutarna, 233
Shutb, 16
Sickle, 97
Silko, 278
Silurus, 133
Silver rings, 179
Sinai, peninsula of, 4, 203, 205, 206, 208, 210, 214, 217, 219, 222, 240; conquest of, 195
Sin, 140-142
Sins, the Forty-two, 142
Singing, 31
Sirius, 184
Sistrum, 87, 178
Siut, 209
Sîwah, Oasis of, 5
Six, Great House of, 207
Skeletons of pygmies, 205
Skemiophris, 219
S-khā-en-Rā meri Ȧmen, 297
Skins of animals, 98
Skulls of Egyptians, 158
Sma amulet, 150
Sma-taui, 211
Smendes, 251, 298
Smen-Ḥeru, 16
Smer, 118
Smerkha, King, 190, 286
Smer-uāt, 118
Smeṭsmeṭ, 262
Snake god, 132
S-netchem-ȧb-Rā, 301
So, 256
Sobat, river, 13
Soil of Egypt, 4
Soldiers, equipment of, 120
Soleb, temple of, 231, 232
Solomon, 95, 253; seal of, 282
Solum, gulf of, 4
Somaliland, 21
Somerset, river, 11
Son of Rā name, 117, 203
Song of Ȧntuf, 75
Song of the Harper, 28, 75
Songs, 75
Soter, 268, 302
Sothic Period, 182, 184; Year, 182, 184
Sothis, 184, 186
Soul, 156; symbolized by the heart, 140
Sow, 96
Sowing of crops, 96
Sparrow, 85
Spear, 178
Spells, 31
Sphinx, 198, 199; repaired, 277; sand cleared from, 232; temple of the, 104
Sphinx (Thothmes III), 231
Sphinxes, 105; avenue of, 230; from Ṣân, 218
Spice, 83, 98
Spinach, 82
Spindle whorls, 165
Spindles, 165
Spirit, 156
Spirits, 133; Land of, 204
Spoons, 92
Spring, 183
Staff, inscribed, 178; of office, 81
Staircase to tombs, 173
Stars, 145
Statues for the Ka, 177
Statues painted, 110, 113
Stele of 400 years, 225; of the dream, 258
Stelae, sepulchral, 220
Step pyramid, 166, 193
Steps amulet, 150
Steps, god of the, 189
Stibium, 81
Stick, walking, 81
Stole, 164
Stomach, god of, 161
Stone-cutting, 191
Stonemason, 100
Stools, 91, 178
Strabo quoted, 11, 13, 242
Succoth, 17
Sûdân, 73, 204, 205, 206, 221, 228, 230, 237, 239, 240, 262; conquests of, 195, 213, 283; Roman centurions in, 277; the, 13 nomes of, 17
Sûdân, Modern, provinces of, 19
Suez, 19, 98; isthmus of, 22; Canal, 6, 259
Ṣûhâḳ, 18; church of, 284; dialect of, 35
Ṣulb, 232, 234, 235; temple of, 231
Summer, 183
Sun amulet, 149
Sundial, 72, 273
Sunk-relief, 110
Sunnu, 1
Sunrise, mountain of, 145
Sunset, mountain of, 145
Sunt, 1
Superstition, 32
Sururu, stele of, 234
Suser-en-Rā, King, 226, 294
Sutekh, 131, 225, 226
Suten-ȧbu, relief of, 194
Suten Bȧt name, 116
Suten-ḥenen, 16, 209; princes of, 208
Suten rekh title, 221
Suten ṭā ḥetep prayer, 220, 221
Suti, 225
Sutui, an architect, 239
Swallow, 85
Swallow-goddess, 132
Sweetmeats, 82
Swine, 82
Syene, 1, 172, 206, 268, 275, 285
Syncellus, the, 264
Syria, 71, 240; wars in, 229, 232; garrisons of, 237
Syrups, 82
Ta-ȧḥet, Oasis of, 5
Tabah, 4
Tables, 91, 178
Tablet of Ṣaḳḳârah, 71, 185
Tablet for offerings, 169
Tablets of Abydos, 71, 185
Tablets, sepulchral, 177
Tachos, 266
Taenterert, 16
Tafnekht I, 288
Tafnekht II, 288
Taharqa, 257, 288, 300
Tail, 81
Tails of animals worn by men, 21
Ta-Kens, 16
Ta-Kenset, 216
Ta-Khart-Ȧst, statue of, 261
Takhauath, 260
Tale of the two brothers, 69, 70
Tall al-Maskhûṭah, 17, 243
Tall Basṭah, 17
Tambourine, 87
Ta-Merȧ, 4
Tandamanie, 257, 258
Tanis, 17, 216, 225, 243, 252; sphinxes of, 218
Tanḳâsi, pyramids of, 170
Ṭanṭa, 18
Tanuath-Ȧmen, 257, 258, 288, 300
Tashermut, a priestess, 273
Tasheṭ-Khensu, 254
Tasitia, 18
Taskmasters, 151
Ṭāṭā-āa, stele of, 248
Ta-tenen, 130
Tati-ānkef, stele of, 219
Tattoo markings, 82
Tȧu, 188, 286
Tau-āa (Seqenen-Rā I), 226, 294
Tau-āa-āa (Seqenen-Rā II), 226, 294
Tau-āa-qen (Seqenen-Rā III), 226, 294
Ta-Uatchet, 18
Taurt (Thoueris), 126, 131
Taxes levied by priests, 250
Tcha, King, 189
Tchaa, stele of, 216
Tchal, 17
Tchat, 117
Tchatchai, 193, 286
Tchatchaiu, 151
Tchefau-em-sa-f I, 205, 291
Tchefau-em-sa-f II, 291
Tcheḥrȧ, 266, 289, 302
Tchekā, 17
Tcheser, 14, 166, 193, 286
Tcheser-ka-Rā, 294
Tcheser-kheperu-Rā setep-en-Rā, 296
Tcheser-sa, King, 193
Tcheser-Tcheseru, 230
Tcheser-Tetȧ, King, 193
Tchesertetȧ, 290
Tchesti, Oasis of, 5
Ṭeb, 16
Ṭeben, a measure, 98
Ṭebu, 16
Tefnut, 128
Teḥuti, 17, 125, 128
Teḥuti-āa, stele of, 224
Teḥuti-ḥetep, wall paintings of, 222
Teḥutimes, stele of, 239
Teḥuti-sat, 164
Tell al-Amarna, tablets of, 113, 236
Tell al-Yahûdîyyah, 250
Temple, the, 104
Temu, 129, 258
Ten, 16
Ṭen, King, 189, 286
Ṭenȧt, a measure, 98
Tenȧuit, 219
Teni, 16
Ṭenḳ (pygmy), 204
Tentyris, 16
Teôs, 266, 289
Ṭep-Ȧḥet, 16
Terenouthis, 268
Tes-Ḥeru, 16
Ṭeṭ, 125
Ṭeṭ amulet, 149
Tetȧ (dynasty I), 189
Tetȧ (dynasty II), 286
Tetȧ (dynasty VI), 205
Tetȧ (Ḥen-nekht), 286, 290
Tetȧ-Kharṭ, Queen, 113, 114
Tetȧ Mer-en Ptaḥ, 287, 291
Ṭeṭ-f-Rā, King, 199, 286, 290
Ṭeṭ-ka-Rā, King, 208
Ṭeṭ-ka-Rā Ȧssȧ, 203, 287, 291
Ṭeṭ-kau-Rā, 300
Ṭeṭun, 129
Teucharis, 283
That-I-em-ḥetep, stele of, 29, 274
Thebaïd, 269, 279
Thebans, 209
Thebes, 16, 216, 226; high priest of, 119; princes of, 208, 209; sacked, 258; triad of, 234
Theb-neter, 17
Thekaut, 17
Thekeleth I, 254, 288, 298
Thekeleth II, 255, 256, 288, 299
Thekeleth III, 288, 299
Thent-Kheta, 260
Theodosius, 278
Thesh, 188, 286
Thethȧ, 200; relief of, 205; stele of, 210
Thet-taui, 213
Thi, Queen, 233-236, 295
This, city of, 16, 188
Thoth, god, inventor of writing, 55, 75, 128, 135, 139, 140, 183, 196
Thoth, the Twice-Great, 265
Thothmes I, 229, 287, 294
Thothmes II, 230, 287, 294
Thothmes III, 164, 179, 230, 231, 287, 295
Thothmes IV, 198, 232, 287, 295
Thoueris, 126
Threshing floor, 97
Thuȧa, 233
Thunurei, 71
Thuthu, stele of, 238
Thuthu, stele and libation tank of, 239
Tiberius, 277
Tiles, glazed, 193
Time, divisions of, 181
Timekeepers, 151
Timsaḥ, lake, 5
Tin, 98
Tirhâḳâh, 257, 288, 300
Tmai al Amdîd, 17
Tnouba, 56
Tôf, 102
Toilet box, 178; requisites, 91
Tomb of Osymandyas, 242
Tomb, the pyramid, 166; the maṣṭaba, 167; the rock-hewn, 172; endowment of, 175; equipment, 178
Tombs of the kings, 173 ff., 231
Top-dressing, 151
Toys, 78, 101, 178
Trade, 97
Trajan, 279
Travel, 69
Tree of life, 143
Tree-trunk amulet, 149
Triads, 123
Troïs, 283
Ṭuamutef, 125, 129, 161
Ṭuat, or Other World, 145
Tûlûnid Khalîfas, 285
Tumblers, 87
Ṭura, quarries of, 198, 213, 217
Turin Papyrus, 71, 185
Turquoise, 215
Turquoise mines, 204
Turtle-god, 132
Tushratta, 98, 233, 236
Tut-i-em-ḥetep, 39
Tutānkh-Ȧmen, 235, 238, 287, 296
Two-horns, 142
Tybi, month of, 183
Uaḥ-ȧb-Rā (Ḥophra), 153, 288, 300
Uaḥ-ȧb-Rā, statue of, 261
Uaḥ-ānkh, King, 210, 292
Uaḥ-ka-Rā (Bocchoris), 299
Uaḥt-rest, Oasis of, 5
Uamemti, 142
Uasarken I, 254, 288, 298
Uasarken II, 217, 218, 254, 288, 298
Uasarken III, 255, 288, 299
Uasarken IV, 288, 299
Uast, 16
Uatch-ȧnt, 188, 286
Uatchet, 16, 126, 128
Uatch-kheper-Rā, 294
Uatch-nār, 188, 286
Uatchnes, King, 191, 286
Uauaiu, 213
Uḥem-ȧb-Rā, 300
Ukhedu disease, 190
Umm Darmân, 4
Unȧ, 120, 206
Unȧs, King, 203, 205, 287, 291; legend of, 74
Unguents, 178
Unt, 16
Unu-Ȧmen, travels of, 70
Upholsterer, 100
Upper Nile, province of, 19
Ur, 199
Uraeus, 179
Ur-ȧri-en-Ptaḥ, maṣṭaba of, 170, 207
Ur-ḥeka, 65
Ur-kherp-ḥem, 119, 274
Ur-maau, 119
Urt-Ḥekau, 126
User, stele of, 212
User-en-Rā, 203, 204
User-en-Rā Ȧn, 287, 291
Userkaf, King, 201, 203, 205, 287, 291
Userka-Rā, King, 205
Userka-Rā Ȧti, 287
Usertsen I, 73, 172, 213, 287, 293
Usertsen II, 172, 215, 287, 293
Usertsen III, 73, 115-117, 121, 172, 216, 217, 255, 257, 287, 293
Usertsen IV, 219, 287, 293
Usertsen, a prince, 222
Usertsen-senbu, stele of, 218
Ushabti figure, 152, 177
Usr-ka-Rā meri Ȧmen, 302
Usr-kheperu-Rā meri Ȧmen, 296
Usr-maāt-Rā Ȧmen-meri setep-en-Rā, 297
Usr-maāt-Rā khu-en-Ȧmen, 297
Usr-maāt-Rā-s-kheper-en-Rā, 297
Usr-maāt-Rā setep-en-Ȧmen (Rameses III), 297
Usr-maāt-Rā setep-en-Ȧmen (Rameses IV), 297
Usr-maāt-Rā setep-en-Rā Ȧmen (Osorkon II), 298
Usr-maāt-Rā setep-en-Ȧmen (Pamȧi), 299
Usr-maāt-Rā setep-en-Rā (Rameses II), 296
Usr-maāt-Rā setep-en-Rā (Shishak III), 299
Usr-Rā-setep-en-Ptaḥ, 301
Utcha-ḥer-resenet, 262, 263
Utchat amulet, 149
Uthenȧa, false door of, 207
Valley of the Acacia, 70
Vegetables, 82
Veil, 77
Vespasian, 279
Vessels, funerary, 178
Victor, a priest, 56
Victor, 283
Victoria Nyanza, 11
Vines, 89
Vulture, 85; amulet, 149; goddess, 132
Wâd Bâ-Nagaa, 231
Wâdî al-Ḥamâr cataract, 13
Wâdî Ḥalfah, 4, 214, 216, 240
Wâdî Ḥalfah camp, 4
Wâdî Ḥammâmât, 22, 204, 206
Wâdî Maghârah, 195, 196, 203, 214
Wâdî Ulâḳî, 240, 243
Warburton, 44
Watchers, 144
Water-fowl, 180
Water-melons, 82
Water supply, 90
Wax, used for magical figures, 31
Wax figures, 67
Weaving, art of, 99
Weights, 98
Weston, 44
Wheat, 22, 82
White Crown, 190
White Nile, province of, 19
Whorls, 165
Wicked, annihilation of, 144
Wife, status of, 77
Wigs, 81, 101
Wild-dog, 85
Winding-sheet, 164
Window, 273
Wine, 83
Wine, imperishable, 143
Wine-jars, sealings of, 189
Winnowing of grain, 97
Winter, 183
Witches, 31
Wolf, 85
Wolf-god, 132
Wood-carver, 101
Wool-work, 165
Words of power, 31, 149
Writing, 22
Writing, art of, introduced, 194
Writing reeds, 53
Xerxes I, the Great, 263, 267, 288, 301
Xoïs, 17, 222
Year, the calendar, 184; the lunar, 182; the primitive, 182; the solar, 182; the Sothic, 182; the vague, 184
Young, Thomas, 44, 270
Zaêl, 57
Zaḳâzîḳ, 18
Zâwyet al-ʿAryân, pyramids of, 170
Zedekiah, 259, 260
Zobah, 253
Zodiac, 71
Zoëga, 44
Zûma, pyramids of, 170
PUBLICATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF EGYPTIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES.
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