CHAPTER IX

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NEW AMSTERDAM AND NEW YORK.

Poverty of the first Jewish immigrants to New Amsterdam―― Stuyvesant’s opposition overruled by the Dutch West India Company――Privileges and restrictions――Contributions to build the wall from which Wall street takes its name――The first cemetery――Exemption from military duty――Little change at the beginning of the English rule――The first synagogue after a liberal decree by the Duke of York――Marranos brought back in boats which carried grain to Portugal――Hebrew learning―― Question about the Jews as voters and as witnesses――Peter Kalm’s description of the Jews of New York about 1745――Hyman Levy, the employer of the original Astor.

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