CHAPTER XLIV
.
PRESENT CONDITIONS. THE NUMBER AND THE DISPERSION OF JEWS IN AMERICA. CONCLUSION.
Dispersion of the Jews over the country and its colonial possessions――The number of Jews in the United States about three millions――The number of communities in various States―― The number of Jews in the large cities――The number of the congregations is far in excess of the recorded figures――The process of disintegration and the counteracting forces――The building of synagogues――Charity work is not overshadowing other communal activities as in the former period, and more attention is paid to affairs of Judaism――The conciliatory spirit and the tendency to federate――Self-criticism and dissatisfaction which are an incentive to improvement――Our great opportunity here―― Our hope in the higher civilization in which the injustices of the older order of things may never reappear.
Jews are living at present (1911) in every State and Territory of the United States, and there are small communities in Hawaii, Porto Rico and the Philippine Islands. There are some forms of Jewish organizations, synagogues, lodges or cemetery associations in more than 750 separate localities, from places where there is only a “minyan” on the High Holidays at the beginning of the Jewish year, to the immense Jewish community of New York City, which is estimated to consist of nearly 1,000,000 souls. Wherever actual figures as to the number of Jewish inhabitants in smaller places and the number of synagogues in larger cities are obtained, they are usually far in excess of the published figures and estimates, and there seems to be justification for placing the number of Jews in the country at not far below 3,000,000, if not actually at that number. While the largest communities, as well as the largest number of communities, remain in the East and the Middle West, the dispersion is much more extensive than is generally supposed.
There are, for instance, nearly forty cities and towns in Texas which have Jewish communities; other Southern States, like Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi and Virginia, have each about, or nearly, half that number, and Arkansas, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee about ten each. Each of the new States of Arizona and New Mexico have three or four Jewish communities, Oklahoma has five; Florida, in the extreme South, and Maine, the furthest North, each have about a half dozen; California has more than both of them together; Washington has three, and Oregon one. Of the other far Western States Utah has two communities, Montana two, Nevada one, Idaho one, Wyoming one and Colorado nine.
Coming to the nearer Western States and toward the border States, we find four communities in Nebraska, eight in Kansas, twelve in Missouri, thirteen in Iowa, eight in Kentucky and five in West Virginia. North Dakota has five, Minnesota eight, while Wisconsin, with nineteen, and Michigan, with twenty-four, show the result of proximity to the great Central States where Jews have been settled in considerable numbers for the last two generations. Among those States Illinois has the largest number of Jews, owing to the great community of Chicago, while the number of cities containing Jewish communities――twenty-three――is somewhat smaller than that of Indiana, which has twenty-six, and of Ohio, with its twenty-seven. We notice the same in the two greatest States in the East, where, if we consider Greater New York City as one community, the number of places containing Jewish organizations is slightly less than in Pennsylvania, which has sixty-two such places. New Jersey has more than forty, and of the New England States Massachusetts leads with thirty-five, and Connecticut is second, having twenty. Rhode Island has seven; Vermont and New Hampshire four each. The list is completed with one community in the District of Columbia, five in Maryland and one in Delaware.[64]
Philadelphia and Chicago are, besides New York, the only two cities which contain about 100,000 or more Jews each. Boston has about three-fourths of that number, Baltimore, Cleveland and St. Louis about 50,000 each, and after them come in the order named: Newark, San Francisco, Pittsburg and Cincinnati (with about 30,000 each); Detroit, Buffalo, Providence and Jersey City, each having about half of that number, while Rochester, Syracuse, New Haven, Milwaukee, Louisville, New Orleans and Kansas City belong to the class which have 10,000 or more. The twin cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul would belong to that class if they were considered as one, which they really are. Washington, the national capital, belong to the class of cities having between 5 and 10,000 Jews, which includes Albany, N. Y.; Columbus, Ohio; Dallas, Tex.; Denver, Colo.; Pall River, Mass.; Hartford, Conn.; Indianapolis, Ind.; Los Angeles, Cal.; Memphis, Tenn.; Omaha, Neb.; Paterson, N. J; Portland, Ore.; Scranton, Pa.; Seattle, Wash., and Trenton, N. J. There are some old and important settlements containing less than 5,000, but the number which would have to be included in a class of communities of that size is too large to be mentioned.
Congregations are continually being organized and synagogues built in localities where none existed before, thus showing a gradual dispersion of Jews to all parts of the country, while new houses of worship in the large cities usually owe their erection to consolidation or to the settlement in new neighborhoods. But only the buildings which are entirely devoted to religious services are apt to be noticed by those making records or gathering statistical material, while the small congregation which worships in a private dwelling is usually overlooked. The statistics about Jewish congregations in the United States are for this reason more defective than the figures about any other phase of Jewish activity, and the total given by the above mentioned Year Book (for 5669, p. 65), _i. e_., 1745, for the entire country, should be doubled to be nearer the truth, even if the lowest estimate of the number of Jews in the country is accepted as the most probable one.
If it must be admitted that a process of disintegration is going on, in which the pessimist sees something worse than a transformation or re-adjustment to new conditions in a new world, it is, on the other hand, obvious that a strong effort is made to counteract the forces of dissolution. The various elements of the community, representing many countries and different strata of immigration, are coming together in a conciliatory spirit, as if instinctively impelled to co-operate. The widespread activity in the building of synagogues, in which many whose attitude was formerly indifferent, and even hostile, now participate, is only one phase of the attempt to preserve Judaism in this country. Much is done for charity and for Jewish education, the latter receiving more attention than ever before. The public school systems of most of the larger cities, following New York’s example, have taken over the largest part of the work which was done before in Jewish institutions to Americanize the immigrant. Not only the ♦proportion, but the actual number, of the dependents on charity is decreasing, and while the needs of Jewish charitable institutions are still great, more attention can now be paid to specifically Jewish matters than at the time when the problem of the material wants of the immigrants was overshadowing every other communal activity.
The attempts to organize on a more general scale, and to consolidate or federate existing organizations, which are frequently made and are more often successful than in the preceding periods, are the clearest manifestation of the spirit of the times in American Jewry. In most of the large cities outside of New York the important local Jewish charities are now federated, and the plan of federation is continually gaining in favor. The federations, of which there are now more than a dozen, and many other benevolent institutions of large and of smaller communities, are represented in the National Conference of Jewish Charities of the United States (organized 1899).
There is also noticeable in our communal life, as in American public life in general, that tendency to self-criticism which often degenerates into slander――that eternal dissatisfaction with things accomplished and with present conditions, which implies a sincere desire to achieve still better results. While this discontent and the poor opinion which many of us have of the spiritual condition of the Jews in America are of immense value as incentives to improvement, it dims the eye of the foreign observer, especially if he comes from a country where complacency and self-praise are the rule. It may still be too early to summarize the communal activities of the Jews in America, or to attempt to indicate how far we have approached the solution of the most pressing problems. But signs of throbbing life are visible everywhere, and the interest of the individual Jew in Jewish affairs is increasing. There is, therefore, every reason to believe and to hope that the opportunity which is afforded here to set the ♦Jewish house in order――the best, and perhaps the first, in the diaspora――will be utilized to its full extent by the future generations of native American Jews.
We are happy to have no Jewish problem here, in the sense in which the term is understood in the backward countries of the Old World. We need not waste a part of our best energies in repelling attacks from an anti-Semitic press or a Judophobe party, and our usefulness to ourselves as well as to our neighbors is thereby enhanced. Members of strange and hostile races and nationalities get along together in this country much better than anywhere else in the past or the present time, and their native children emerge from the “melting pot” united by a patriotism and a desire for improved conditions and improved relations which characterizes the American. The secularity of the Government and the diversity of religious beliefs preclude the spread of the denominational bigotry which is the real cause of the persecution of the Jews in other countries; while the liberty and equality which are vouchsafed to every citizen must themselves be lost before the unfavorable conditions which prevail elsewhere can confront us here. The Jew can become an American and at the same time preserve his religious distinctiveness, which he can lose only by his own negligence or disloyalty. Let us hope that those who now earnestly work to strengthen and build up Judaism in America will be successful, and that the fate or Divine Providence which has preserved us for thousands of years brought us here to participate under new circumstances in the advancement to a higher civilization in which the injustices of the older one may never reappear.
INDEX.
A
Aaron, Jonas, 76
Aboab, 51
Aboab da Fonseca, Isaac, 38, 39, 40
Aboab, Raphael, 45
Abraham, Noah, 93
Abraham, Pinhas, 61
♦Abramowitz, Rev. Herman, 384
Abrams family of New Hampshire, 109
Abrams, John, 110
Abrams, William, 110
Abravanel, Don Isaac, 12, 17
Adams, Charles Francis, 225
Adams, Dr., 117
Adee, A. A., 313, 314
Adler, Sergt. Abraham, 163
Adler, Cyrus, 200 (Note), 292, 340, 344, 356, 369, 370, 371, 375
Adler, Dankmar, 151
Adler, Elkan N., 22, 24
Adler, Dr. Felix, 177
Adler, Jacob P., 421
Adler, Rev. Liebman, 151, 155, 208
Adler, Dr. Samuel, 176–77
Adler, Sarah, 421
Adrian. See Hadrian
Agricultural Colonies, 266 ff. (in Canada), 386 (in Argentine), 390
Aguilar, Rabbi Jacob d’, 38, 40
Aguilar, Raphael d’, 38
Alabama, 370, 425
Alamo Monument, 160
Alaska Commercial Co., 157
Albany, N. Y., 175, 253, 426
Album, Rabbi Zebi Simon, 281
Albuquerque, Alphonso d’, 18
Albuquerque, Francisco d’, 18
Alcoran, 23
Aleinikoff, Nicholas, 287
Aleppo, 30
Alexander II., Emperor of Russia, 254
Algeciras, Spain, Conference of, 362
Algiers, Noah as American Consul there, 129
Alliance, N. J., 269
Alperstein, Rabbi Abr. Eliezer, 282, 406
Ambrosius, Moses, 63
American Jewish Committee, 288, 366–72
American Jewish Historical Society, 291
American, Sadie, 296
Amerigo, see Vespucci
Amesbury, Mass., 110
“Am Olam,” 262
Amram, David Werner, 413
Andrade, ♦Salvatore d’, (Note), 65, 67
Andron, S., 376
Anixter, Rabbi ♦Eliezer, 282
Annapolis, Md., Naval Academy of, 333
Anti-Jewish Riots, see “Pogroms”
Apotheker, David, 420
Appel, Major Aaron, 332
Appel, Major Daniel M., 332
“Ararat,” City of Refuge for the Jews on Grand Island, 132
Argentine, 27
Argentine, 387 ff.
Aries, Isaac, 45
Arizona, 370, 425
Arkansas, 328, 370, 425
Aronson, Rabbi Joseph Moses, 406
Arthur, President Chester A., 323, 396
Aryans, 3
Ash, Rabbi Abraham Joseph, 189, 190, 191
Ashinsky, Rabbi Aaron Mordecai, 282
♦Ashkenazi, Dr. Herbert, 389
Astor, John Jacob, 70
Augusta, Ga., 144
Austria, 331
Autos da fe, 26, 27, 42
Avila, Bishop of, 13
Avilar, Capitein Jacob, 46
B
Bacher, Prof. Wilhelm, 340
Bahia, 34, 35
Baker, E. M., 370
Balatshano, Roumanian Minister, 345
Baltimore, Md., 125 ff., 176, 184, 234, 252, 282, 287, 354, 372, 378, 426
Bamberger, Herman, 152
Bamberger, Leopold, 295
Bamberger, Simon, 140
Barbadoes, 55–57
Baron de Hirsch Fund, 269, 289
Baron de Hirsch Institute, 385
Barondess, Joseph, 299, 371
♦Barsimson, Jacob, 63 (Note), 66
Basle, Switzerland, 201
Baum, Abba, 190
Bavaria, 243
Bayard, M. L., 269
Bayard, Thomas F., 312
Beaconsfield, Earl of, 227
Beeston, Sir William, Governor of Jamaica, 58
Belasco, David, 399
Belinfante, 60
Belisario, Family, 60
Belleville, Ont., 386
Belmonte, Benvenide, Poetess, 46
Bender, 357
♦Bender, Canada, 386
Benderly, Dr. S., 372
Bendit, Solomon, 154
Benedict Brothers, 150
Benjamin, Aaron, 93
Benjamin, Abraham, 189
Benjamin, Alfred D., 385
Benjamin, Eugene S., 289
Benjamin, Judah P., 148, 221–28
Benjamin, M. of Surinam, 76
Benjamin, Natalie St. Martin, 222
Benjamin, Philip and Rebeccah de Mendez, 221
Benjamin, Samuel, 383
Benjamin, Rev. Wolf, 107
♦Bennett, James Gordon, 133
Berenson, Bernhard, 410
Berg, Emanuel M., 155
Berkowitz, Dr. Henry, 295
Berlin, Ont., 386
Bernal, Family, 60
♦Bernal, physician, 14
Bernays, Consul to Zürich, 205
Bernheim, Isaac W., 370, 371
Bernstein, Bernhard, 422
Bernstein, Herman, 410
Bernstein, Hirsch, 256
Bessarabia, riot of, 344
Bien, Julius, 247
Bijur, Nathan, 289, 369, 371
Bindona, Joseph, 381
Blaine, James G., 311, 398
Blaine, Margaret, 398
Blank, actor, 422
Blaustein, David, 287
Bloch or Block, family of St. Louis, 142
Bloch, H. F., 157
Bloch, Wolf, 142
Block, Eliezer, 142
Block, Rudolph, 410
Bloomfield, Gen. Joseph, 123
Bloomfield, Prof. Maurice, 400
Bloomgarden, Solomon, 418
Blum, Isidor (quoted), 124
Blumenberg, Gen. Leopold, 234, 235
B’nai B’rith, Ind. Order, 247
Boas, Prof. Franz, 410
Bock, Mathias, Governor of Curaçao, 51
Bolivar, Simon, 392
Bolivia, 392
Bories, Rev. H., 157
Borowski, Isidor, 392
Bosquila, Rabbi, 75
Boston, Mass., 252, 282, 287, 362, 378, 426
Bousignac, Capt. Henri de, 228
Bovshoer, T., 418
Brackenridge, Thomas, 125, 126
Braganza, family, owners of Jamaica, 57
Brainin, Reuben, 409, 423
Brandeis, Louis D., 403
Brandford, Canada, 386
Bravo, 60
Bravo, Alexander, 60
Brazil, 17, 29, 34, 396
Breckenridge, Minister to Russia, 313, 314
Brenner, Victor D., 396
Bresler, C. F., 154
Bresler, Louis, 154
Bridgetown, Barbadoes, 57
British American Colonies, naturalizations in, 60
British Columbia, 383
British West Indies, 55
Brittannia, 3
Brodsky, Rabbi H. S., 407
Brooklyn, N. Y., 253
Brounoff, Platon G., 413
Brudno, Ezra S., 410
Brunner, Arnold W., 410
Brussels, Belgium, 366
Bublik, G., 423
Buchanan, President James, 203
Bucharest, 352
Buckingham, Solomon, 138
Buenos Ayres, Argentine, 387 ff.
Buffalo, N. Y., 253, 426
Bukansky, M., 423
Burgos, 15
Burgoyne, General, 382
Burlington, Ia., 153
Bush, David, 108
Bush, Isidor, 198
Bush, Lewis, 90, 108
Bush, Mathias, 76
Bush, Solomon, 90
Butensky, Julius, 396
Butler, Pierce (Note), 222
Buttenwieser, Dr. M., 375
Butzel, Henry M., 370
C
Caballera, Diego, 21
Cahan, Abraham, 299, 410, 422
Calgary, Alberta (Can.), 386
California, 155, 234, 328, 370, 403, 425
Calle, Alphonso de, 14
♦Campanall, Mordecai, 73
Canada, 84, 380 ff.
Canon Law, 4
Cantors, their temporary prominence, 284
Capelle, Joseph, 109
Caplan, P., 287
Carabajal (Carvalho?), family, 25
Caracas, Venezuela, 392
Cardoze, 51
Cardozo, family, 60
Cardozo, Abraham Nunez, 79
Cardozo, E. A. (quoted), 345
Cardozo, Isaac, 156
Carmel, N. J., 269
Caro, Joseph, 15
Carregal, Rabbi R. H. I., 75
Carrilho, Ishac, 47
Carrilon, Rabbi B. C., of Surinam, 49
Carvalho of California, 155
Carvalho, Isaac, 47
Carvalho, S., 414
Carvalho, Solomon N., 417
♦Caseras, Henrique de, 45
Caseres, Benjamin de, 55
Caseres, Henry de, 55
Cass, Lewis, 204
Cassard, French Commander, 46
Cassel, Selig (Dr. Paulus), 6
Casthunho, Isaac, 37
Castille, 5
Castle, Representative Curtis H., 315
Castro, Abraham de, 40
Castro County, Tex., 161
Castro, Henry, 161
Castroville, Tex., 161
Catholics, 86, 110, 117, 320
Cayenne, 40, 43, 53, 56
Ceuta, North Africa, 11
Chan (Cahn?), S. Joseph, 140
Charitable Institutions, 248–9, 270
Charities, National Conference of Jewish, 428
Charles I., King of Roumania, 344
Charles V., Emperor, 21, 22
Charleston, S. C., 79, 102, 139, 168, 251
Chase, Gov. Salmon P., 194
Chatham, N. B., 386
Chaviz, 51
Chicago, Ill., 150 ff., 177, 249, 252, 272, 281, 282, 287, 372, 378, 403, 425, 426
Chili, 26
Chipman, S. Logan, 312
Chuck, ♦Jerahmel, 190
Church Councils, 4
Cid, Israel Calabi, 45
Cincinnati, O., 137 ff. 175, 244, 378, 426
Cisneros, Cardinal Ximenes de, 21
Civil War, 218 ff.
Claiburn, Ala., 144
Clara, group of colonies, Argentine, 389
Clay, Henry, 200
Clemens, Samuel L. (“Mark Twain”), 398
Clement VII., Pope, 29
Clement VIII., Pope, 26
Cleveland, President Grover, 308, 325, 354, 362
Cleveland, O., 141
Cobral, Pedro Alvarez, 17
Cochin, 18
Coen, Abraham, 39
Cohen, family of Richmond in Baltimore, 125
Cohen, six brothers in the Confederate Army, 229
Cohen, three brothers from Arkansas, 230
Cohen, Emanuel, 370
Cohen, Rev. G. M., 141, 142
Cohen, Rev. Henry (quoted), 161
Cohen, Rev. Hirschel, 385
Cohen, Israel, 190, 191
Cohen, Israel I., 117
Cohen, Jacob, 65
Cohen, Rev. Jacob, 141
Cohen, Jacob, 107
Cohen, Jacob I., 117
Cohen, Jacob I., Jr., 117
Cohen, Jacob J., 125, 127
Cohen, Rev. Jacob Raphael, 106, 382
Cohen, Leib, 190
Cohen, Lewis, 138
Cohen, Max, 154
Cohen, Moses, 79
Cohen, Rabbi, 75
Cohn, Prof. Adolphe, 401
Cohn, Albert, 401
Cohn, Joseph H., 369
Cohn, Miss Katherine M., 398
Cohn, Morris M., 370
Cohn, Nathan, 370
Colorado, 269, 328, 370
Columbia, 392
Columbus, Christopher, 12, 13, 15, 16, 57, 391
Columbus, O., 426
Commons, John R., 299
Cone, ♦Ceasar, 370
Connecticut, 269, 328, 371, 425
Cook, Commander Simon, 333
Cooper, Israel, 284
Corcos, Rev. J. M., 61
Cordoba, Argentine, 389
Cordova, de, family, 60
Cordova, Emanuel de, 381
Cordova, Jacob de, 161
Cordova, Pedro de, 21
♦Cordoza, Hakam de, 61
Cordozo, J. M., 200
Coro, Venezuela, 392
Coronel, David, Senior, 37
Costa, Abraham da, 79
Costa, Bento da, 45
Costa, David de, 50
Costa, Isaac da, 45, 79
Costa, Joseph da, 63 (note), 65
Costa Rica, 401
Council of Jewish Women, 296
Cousins, Robert G., 361
Coutinho, ♦Henriques, 51
Coutinho, Isaac ♦Jerajo, 56
Cowen, Philip, 417
Cox, Representative Samuel S., 309, 312
Cozens, Isaac, 154
Cozens, Sophie, 154
Craig, Sir John, 382
♦Cresques, Jafuda (Judah), 11
Cromwell, Oliver, 55
Cruz Alta, Brazil, 392
Cuba, 14, 393
♦Cufo, see Hucefe
Curaçao, 40, 51, 52–54
Cutler, Harry, 371
D
Dalidansky, J. L., 423
Dallas, Tex., 426
Daly, Judge Charles P. (quoted), 63, 69, 256, 413
Damascus Affair, 194–98
Damrosch, Frank H., 398
Damrosch, Dr. Leopold, 398
Damrosch, Walter J., 398
Daniels, Aaron, 148
Dark Ages, 1
Davenport, Ia., 153
David, Dr. Aaron Hart, 383
David, David, 382, 383
David, Lazarus, 381, 382
Davidson, Israel, 375
Davidson, Joseph, 397
Davidson, Samuel, 142
Davilar, Samuel Uz, 47
Davis, Jefferson, 224
Davis, Mrs. Jefferson, 226
Davitt, Michael, 356
Dawson, Yukon Territory, 386
De Haas, Jacob, 337
Deinard, Ephraim, 302, 408
Delaware, 108, 371, 426
De Leon, David Camden, 162, 230
De Leon, Edwin, 162, 414
Dembitz, Lewis N., 215
Denver, Col., 426
Des Moines, Ia., 153
Detroit, Mich., 154, 252, 426
Deutsch, Prof. Gotthard, 340, 375
De Young, Michael H., 414
Dias, Lewis, 56
Dinkelspiel, Rev. J., 143
District of Columbia, 328, 371, 426
Dittenhoefer, A. J., 216
Dobsevage, A. D., 305
Dohm, Christian Wilhelm v., 49
Dolitzki, M. M., 305, 408, 421
Dongan, Governor, 67
♦Dungan, Irvine, 312
Dorf, Samuel, 287, 371
Drachman, Dr. Bernard, 371, 407 (note)
Drago, Isaac, 45
Dreyfus Case, 334–5
Dropsie College, 375
Dropsie, Gabriel, 162
Dropsie, Moses A., 375
Dubs, President of Switzerland, 205
Dubuque, Iowa, 153
Ducachet, Dr., 198
Duffield, John, 107
Dutch, 30, 32, 33
Dutch Guiana, see Surinam
Dutch West India Company, 35, 63
Dutch West Indies, 51
Dyer, Isidor, 160
Dyer, Leon, 160, 163
E
East Jersey Bill of Rights, 109
Easton, Pa., 76
Ebron, David, 26
Eckman, Rev. Julius, 157
Edelstadt, David, 418
Edlin, William, 423
Educational Institutions, 248–9, 276
Ehrlich, Arnold B., 408
Einhorn, Dr. David, 175, 178, 203, 208
Einhorn, Dr. Max, 403
Einstein, Lewis, 401
Einstein, Col. Max, 236
Eisenstadt, Ben Zion, 407
Eisenstein, J. D., 189, 192, 406, 408
Elbe, L., 423
Eliassof, H. (quoted), 152, 282
Elkus, Abr. I., 289
Ellinger, Moritz, 295, 417
Ellman, Mischa, 398
Elmira, N. Y., 233
Emanuel, Albert, 159
Emanuel, Rev. Baruch M., 143
Emanuel, Gov. David, 144
England, 137, 139, 227, 381
Englander, Dr. Henry, 375
Enriques, Jacob Joshua Bueno, 58
En-Riquez, Joshua Mordecai, 52
Entin, J., 423
Ephraim, Rabbi, 15
Epstein, Elias, 154
Epstein, Mrs., 422
Erlanger, Abraham L., 399
Erlanger, M. L., 399
Entre Rios, Argentine, 389
_Ersch und Gruber’s_ Encyclopedia, 6
Española, 20
Ethiopia, 3
Ettelson, Baruch, 407
Ettelson, N. B., 259, 409
Etting, Reuben, 125
Etting, Solomon, 107, 124, 125, 127
Evansville, Ind., 152, 252
Evarts, William M., 345
Expulsion from Portugal, 5
Expulsion from Spain, 5, 13
Ezekiel, Jacob (quoted), 117, 194
Ezekiel, Moses Jacob, 395
F
Fairbanks, Charles W., Vice-President, 362
Falk, Joshua, 190, 407
♦Falmouth, Jamaica, 60
Faquin, Juceff, 11
Faro, Solomon ♦Gabay, 58
Fass, Rev. M., 384
Fassbinder, Rev. Wolf, 141
Fay, Theo. S., 202, 203, 204
Federation of American Zionists, 336
Federations, 379
Feigenbaum, Benjamin, 420
Feinman, Sigmund, 421
Felsenthal, Dr. Bernhard, 152, 177–78, 208
Ferdinand of Aragon, 5, 12
Ferrena, Gaspar Diaz, 37
Fiddletown, Cal., 156
Field, Dr. Henry M., 83 (note)
Fillmore, President Millard, 199
Financiers, 404
Fine, Solomon, 153
Fischel, Harry, 371
Fishberg, Dr. Maurice, 413
Fishkind, 422
Fishman, Jacob, 423
♦Fishman, William, 371
Fitzgerald, John F., 315
Fleischer, S. S., 289
Flexner, Dr. Simon, 402
Florence, family, 144
Florida, 370, 425
Fogg, George G., 204, 205
Folk, Rev. M., 154
Folsom, Cal., 156
Fonseca, family, 60
Fonseca, Rev. Abraham Lopez de, 53
Fonseca, Alaus de, 45
Fonseca, Fernandez de, 381
Fonseca, Isaac de, 52
Fonseca, Joseph Nunez de, 52
Ford――Committee on ♦Immigration, 324
Foreman, Edwin G., 370
Fornberg, Dr., 423
Foster, John W., 308, 310
Forsyth, John, 196, 197
Fort Wayne, 152
France, 85, 335, 347, 381
Franco, Alexander, 152
Franco, Daniel, 152
Franco, Solomon, 72
Frank, Abraham, 157
Frank, Isaac W., 370
Franklin, Benjamin, 107
Franklin, Prof. Fabian, 402
Franklin, Dr. Leo M., 154
Franklin, Louis, 155
Franks, Abr., 381, 328
Franks, David, 76, 90, 109
Franks, David S., 88, 89
Franks, Isaac, 89
Franks, Jacob, 154
Franks, Jacob S., 382
Fraso, Jacob, 55
Fraternal Organizations, 247–8
♦Frazon or Frazier, Joseph, 72
Fredric, Harold, 413
Freemasonry, see Masonry
“Free Sons of Benjamin,” 247
“Free Sons of Israel,” 242
♦Freiberg, J. Walter, 370
Freidus, A. S., 413
Freiman, Meir, 406
French Revolution, The, 116, 122
Frera, David, 63 (note), 65
Friedberg, Albert M. (quoted), 109, 193, 199, 208, 292, 327
Friedenwald, Dr. Aaron, 337
Friedenwald, Dr. Harry, 337, 371
Friedenwald, Dr. Herbert, 299
Friedkin, Joseph, 423
Friedlander, Aaron Joel, 154
♦Friedlaender, Dr. Israel, 371, 375
Friedlander, Moritz, 156
Friedman, Aaron Zebi, 407
Friedman, Isaac K., 410
Friedman, Israel, 423
Friedman, Joseph, 154
Friedman, Lee N., 371
Friedman, Col. Max, 237
Frohman, Charles, 399
Frohman, Daniel, 399
Fuld, Rabbi, 142
Funk and Wagnalls, 340
Funk, Rev. Isaac K., 340
G
Gabai, David, 59
Gabrilowitsch, Joseph, 398
Galveston, Tex., 160, 161, 230
Gama, see Vasco da Gama
Garcia, Hananiel, 381
Garfil, Mordecai, 406
Gaspar da Gama, 17, 18
Gaston, William, 119
Georgia, 77, 370, 425
Gerechter, Rev. Emanuel, 154
Germanic Kingdoms, 3
German-Jewish Congregations, 251, see also Union of American Hebrew Congregations
German Period of Immigration, 135 ff., 243
Germany, 347
Gerstle, Lewis, 157
Giers, M. de, 310
Ginsberg, Jacob, 422
Ginzberg, Dr. Lewis, 340, 375
Gittelson, Rabbi Benjamin, 406
Glace Bay, C. B. (Can.), 286
Gladstone, William E., 227
Glazer, Rev. S. (quoted), 153
Glick, Joseph Selig, 423
Glickman, Ellis, 422
♦Gliddon, John, 196
Goa, 17, 30
Goldberg, A., 423
Goldberg, R. L., 398
Goldfaden, Abraham, 419, 420, 421
Goldfogle, Henry Mayer 315, 317, 361
Goldman, Dr. Julius, 289
Goldman, Moses, 409
Goldsmid, Sir Francis H., 60
Goldsmith, brothers in the Confederate Army, 230
Goldsmith, Emily Gerson, 410
Goldsmith, I., 143
Goldstein, Rev. S., 384
Goldstucker, A., 143
Gomez, family, 60
Gomez, Louis Moses, 68
Gonikman, J., 423
Gootman, A. H., 202
Gordin, Jacob, 419, 421
Gorin, Bernhard, 419, 421
Gottheil, Dr. Gustave, 177, 292, 295
Gottheil, Prof. Richard (note), 42, 292, 336, 340
Gotthelf, B. H., 143
Gottlieb, Abraham, 403
Gottlieb, J., 150
Grace, William R., 262
Gradis, Abraham, 381
Gradis, David, 381
Graf, actor, 422
Grant, Pres. U. S., 234, 262, 344
Grass Valley, 156
Gratz, Bernard, 76, 106, 124
Gratz, Michael, 76
Gratz, Rebeccah, 107
Gratz, Simon, 117
Great Britain, 347, 351
Greece, 3
Green, Abraham, 148
Green, S. Hart, 386
Green Bay, Wis., 154
Greenebaum, Henry, 152
Greenebaum, N. E., 370
Greensfelder, Isaac, 152
Greenstein, Elijah, 190
Greenstone, Julius H., 413
Greer, Bishop David, 362
Gries, Dr. Moses J., 141
Gross, Prof. Charles, 11, 401
Grossman, Dr. Louis, 155, 375
Grotius, Hugo, 37
Guam, 333
Guggenheim, Daniel, 355
Guggenheim, Murry, 289
Guggenheims, 404
Guild, Curtis, Jr., 362
Guinea, 11
Gutheim, Rabbi James K., 140
Gutterect, family, 60
H
♦Hackenburg, Wm. B., 289, 295, 370
Hadrian, Pope, 21
Hahn, Dr. Aaron, 141
Haiti, 20
Halifax, N. S.; 286
Halphen, Samuel, 389
Hamburg, 30
Hamburger, Samuel B., 371
Hamilton, Ont., 386
Hammerstein, Oscar, 399
Hapgood, Hutchins, 413
Harby, Levi Myers, 160, 230
Harkavy, Alexander, 419–20
Harris, Asher ♦Lemil, 192
Harris, Bernhard, 287
Harris, Haym, 148
Harris, Henry, 140
Harris, Hyman, 190
Harris, Rev. Maurice H., 371
Harrison, President Benjamin, 308, 324, 365
Hart, Aaron, 380, 381
Hart, Aaron Philip, 383
Hart, Abraham, 237
Hart, Benj. I., 295
Hart, Ephraim, 105
Hart, Ezekiel, 382
Hart, John, 191
Hart, Myer and his family, 76, 77
Hart or Harte, Zachariah, 111
Harte, Bret, 410
Hartford, Conn., 75, 426
Hartogensis, B. H., 287
Havana, Cuba, 393
Hawaii, 424
Hay, John, 316, 343, 346, 347, 351
Hayman or Hyman of Louisville, 143
Hays, Andrew, 381
Hays, Benjamin, 124
Hays, Daniel P., 287
Hays, David, 109
Hays, Jacob, 124
Hays, Moses Michael, 147
Hays, Solomon, 107
Hearst, Wm. R., 355, 356
Hebrew Institutes, 378
Hebrew Union College, 244
Heilprin, Prof. Angelo, 211
Heilprin, Louis, 211
Heilprin, Michael, 208–12, 266, 269
Heilprin, Pinhas Mendel, 208
Heiman, Marcus, 154
Hein, Alex., 154
Heller, Dr. Maximilian, 252, 353
Hendricks, Benjamin, ♦70
Hendricks, Isaac, 144
Henrique, Jacob Cohen, 63 (note)
Henriques, Abraham, 48
Henriques, David Gomez, 58
Henriques, Jacob, 59
Henry, the Navigator, 11
Henry, H. A., 141
Henry, Jacob, 119, 126
Henry, Jacob, 158
Henry, Patrick, 113, 114
Herat, Afghanistan, 392
Hermalin, D. M., 420, 421
Herrera, Abraham Cohen, 39
Herschell, Rabbi Solomon of London, 180
Hershman, Rev. A. M., 155
Hertz, Dr. Joseph, 159
Hertzman, Rev. E., 142
Herzl, Dr. Sigmund, 198
Herzl, Dr. Theodore, 336
Heydenfeldt, ♦Elkan, 156
Heydenfeldt, Solomon, 156, 208
♦Heister, Gen.,95
Higgins, Gov. Francis W. of N. Y., 362
Hilfman, Rabbi P. A. (quoted in note), 42
Hillquit, Morris, 299, 410
Hirsch, Adam, 154
Hirsch, Baroness Clara de, 390
Hirsch (Colony), Canada, 386
Hirsch, Edward, 216
Hirsch, Dr. Emil G., 178, 340, 369, 417
Hirsch, Maier, 215
Hirsch, Baron Maurice de, 289, 290, 385, 390
Hirsch, Dr. Samuel, 178
Hirsch, Solomon, 215
Hirshowitz, Rabbi Abraham Eber, 406
Hoboken, N. J., 253
Hoffman, Dr. B., 423
Hoffman, Isaac, 141
Hoffman, James H., 289
Hofnung, Abraham, 384
Hofnung, Rev. Samuel, 384
Holland, see Dutch
Hollander, Dr. J. H. (quoted), 45, 124, 292, 371, 400
Holy Office, see Inquisition
Holzman, Elijah, 256, 407
Homel, 357
Horwich, B., 370
Horwitz, Moses, 421
Hoschander, Jacob, 376
Hourwich, Isaac A., 298, 410
Houston, Sam, 161
Houston, Tex., 161
Hübsch, Rev. Adolph, 183
Hucefe, 18
Hühner, Leon (quoted), 63, 68, 119, 144, 292
Hyman, Samuel I., 371
Hyneman, Herman Naphtali, 397
I
Idaho, 370, 425
♦Iliowizi, Rabbi Henry, 410
♦Illan, Jaude, 52
Illinois, 216, 230, 328, 370, 425
Illowy, Rev. Bernhard, 107, 142
Imber, Naftali Herz, 305, 408
Immigration, 135–37, 242–3, 254, 261, 288, 306, 319 ff., 338, 343, 358, 385
Immigration Commission of 1907, 326
Independent Order Brith Abraham, 247
Indiana, 152, 236, 328, 370
Indianapolis, Ind., 152, 252, 426
Indians, supposed to be the lost Tribes of Israel, 14; persecuted by the Inquisition, 21
Inquisition, 12, 20, 22, 24
Iowa, 153, 328, 370, 425
Iquitos, Peru, 393
Isaac, Abraham, 110, 111
Isaac, David, 117
Isaac, Isaiah, 117
Isaac, Adjutant-General Moses, 237
Isaacs, Col., 90
Isaacs, Abraham, 111
Isaacs, Prof. Abram S., 179
Isaacs, Alexander, 148
Isaacs, M. S., 289, 345
Isaacs, Samuel, 158
Isaacs, Samuel Hillel, 190
Isaacs, Rev. Samuel Mayer, 179
Isaacson, Rabbi I., 409
Isaaks, Noah, 48
Isabella, Queen, 5, 12, 20, 28
Ismail, riot of, 344
Israel, David, 63
Israel, Isaac, 93
Italy, 3, 347
Itamarica, Brazil, 38
J
Jackson, Andrew, 131
Jackson, Cal., 155
Jackson, John B., 351
Jackson, Rebeccah, wife of M. M. Noah, 134
Jacob, Moses, 117
Jacobi, Dr. Abraham, 402
Jacobs, Benjamin, 95
Jacobs, Charles M., 403
Jacobs, Rev. George, 61
Jacobs, Gerrit, 47
Jacobs, Hart, 93
Jacobs, Rev. Henry S., 184
Jacobs, Dr. Joseph, 194, 262 (quoted), 340, 375
Jacobs, Morris, 148
Jacobs, Samuel, 153
Jacobs, Samuel, 381
Jacobson, Dr. Nathan, 403
♦Jaffe, Rabbi Shalom Elhanan, 282, 406
Jaime, King of Mallorca, 11
Jalomstein, Mordecai, 256, 259
Jamaica, W. I., 45, 57–61
Janowski, S., 423
Jarmulowsky, S. (d. 1912), 371
Jastrow, Prof. Joseph, 186
Jastrow, Dr. Marcus, 185–86, 295, 340
Jastrow, Prof. Morris, 186, 340
Jefferson, Thomas, 113, 115, 125, 241
Jersey City, 253, 426
Jeshurun, 51
Jesu Maria, Cal., 156
“Jew Bill” of Maryland, 125 ff.
Jewish Alliance of America, 287
Jewish Chautauqua Society, 295
“Jewish Chronicle” (quoted), 391
Jewish Colonization Association (I. C. A.), 290, 388, 389
“Jewish Encyclopedia,” 339
Jewish Publication Society of America, 292
Jewish Theological Seminary, 183
Joachimsen, Philip J., 235
João, King of Portugal, 16
♦Joffe, Joshua A., 375
John III., King of Portugal, 29
Johnson, President Andrew, 235
Johnson, David Israel, 138, 140
Johnson, Edward J., 159
Jonas, Abraham, 138
Jonas, Abraham, 216–17
Jonas, Benj. F., 217
Jonas, Charles H., 216
Jonas, Edward, 138
Jonas, George, 138
Jonas, Joseph, 137, 139, 140
Jonas, Lyon, 105
Jonas, Moses, 139
Jonas, Samuel, 138
Jones, Israel I., 143
Jones, Solomon, 143
“Jooden Savane” (Savannah of the Jews), 46
Joseph, Gershom, 384
Joseph, H., 155
Joseph, Chief Rabbi Jacob, 278
Joseph, Jacob, 384
Joseph, Jacob Henry, 383
Joseph, Jesse, 383
Joseph, Samuel, 139
Josephson, Manuel, 103, 107
Jost, historian (quoted), 194
Juan I. of Aragon, 11
Juana, Queen of Castille, 21
Judah, Hart, 140
Judah, Uriah, 381
K
Kadison, Dr. A. P., 287
Kaiser, Rev. Alois, 413
Kalich, Bertha, 421
Kalisch, Rev. Isidor, 141, 154, 155, 183
Kalisch, Judge Samuel, 183
Kalm, Peter, 70
Kamaiky, Leon, 371
Kansas, 269, 322, 328, 370, 425
Kansas City, Mo., 253, 426
Kaplan, E., 423
Kaplan, Prof. M. M., 375
Kaplan, N., 423
Kaspe, Dr.Abraham, 420
Kasson, Minister John A., 345
Katz, Abr. J., 371
Kaufman, David S., 159
Kaufman, Sigismund, 212
Kayserling, Dr. M., 11, 20, 37, 85, 401
“Kehillah” of New York, 370, 372
Kelly, Myra, 413
Kempner, Isaac H., 370
Kennedy, Rev. Mr., 198
Kennedy, Thomas, 125
Kentucky, 216, 328, 370, 425
Keokuk, Ia., 153
“Kesher Shel Barzel,” 247
Keyser, Ephraim, 395
Kiev, Russia, 262
Kingston, Jamaica, 60–61
Kishinev, 353 ff., 358
Kleeberg, Rev. L., 143
Klein, Charles, 399
Klein, Mayer, 151
Klein, Dr. Philip, 283, 371
Knefler, family, 152
Knefler, Gen. Frederick, 233
“Knights of Zion,” 337
“Know Nothing” Party, 223, 320, 321–2
Kobrin, Leon, 419, 421
Kohen, Rabbi Baruch, 407
Kohler, Dr. Kaufman, 155, 340, 375
Kohler, Max J., 114 (note), ♦207 (note), 243, 289, 292, 380, 413
Kohn, Abraham, 150, 151, 217
Kohn, Arnold, 355
Kohn, Julius, 150
Kohn, Moses, 150
Kohut, Dr. Alexander, 186
Kohut, George A., 72, 189, 406, 413
Konti, Isidor, 395
Kornblith, Z., 423
Kossuth, Louis, 189, 211
Krantz, Philip, 420
Kraus, Adolph, 247
Krauskopf, Rabbi Joseph (note), 244
Krouse, Robert, 153
Krouse, William, 153
Kruttschnitt, Julius, 222
Kunreuther, Rev. Ignatz, 151
Kursheedt, J. B., 195
Kutner, Adolph, 315
L
Labatt, A. C., 156, 158
Labor Movement Among Immigrants, 297 ff.
Lacovia, Jamaica, 60
Lafayette, Ind., 152
Lagarto, Rabbi Jacob, 38
Laguna, Daniel Israel Lopez, 61
Lamport, Nathan, 371
Lancaster, Pa., 76
Landauer, Max, 370
Landis, C. K., 25
Landsberg, Rabbi Max, 253
Langdon, Rev. Samuel, 82
Las, Rabbi Zebi, 407
Lasker, Alexander, 154
♦Lasky, David, 190
Lateiner, Joseph, 420–1
Lateran, Council of, 4
Lawrence, Amos, 147
Lazard, brothers, 156
Lazarus, Aaron, 111
Lazarus, Emma, 73, 265–6, 409
Lazarus, Michael, 79
Lecky, the Historian, 81
Lee, Gen. R. E., 226
Leeser, Rabbi Isaac, 171–72, 198, 203, 204, 292
Leghorn, Italy, 43
Lehman, David S., 370
Lehman, Emanuel, 355
Leibowitz, M., 392
Leipziger, Henry M., 287
Leon, de, 51
Leon, Jacob de, 93
Leopold, L. M., 151
Lerma, Bernardino de, 15
Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole (quoted), 255
Lesser, Rabbi Abr. J. G., 282, 406
Lessing, Bruno, see Block, Rudolph
Leventrite, Aaron, 141
Levi, Alexander, 153
Levi, Barnard, 77
Levi, Barnet, 138
Levi, Leo N., 247
Levi, William, 110
Levie, Solomon Joseph, 47
Levin, Elias, 48
Levin, Louis II., 417
Levinsohn, Jehiel Judah, 407
Levinthal, Rabbi B. L., 282, 370
Levis, family, 380
Levy, brothers in the Confederate Army, 230
Levy, Aaron, 95 (note)
Levy, Aaron, 117
Levy, Abraham, 190
Levy, Abraham, 222
Levy, Asser, 63 (note), 66, 67, 100
Levy, Benjamin, 76, 95
Levy, Daniel, 108
Levy, Ferdinand, 287
Levy, Hayman, 70, 95, 105
Levy, Hyman, Jr., 76
Levy, Isaac, 144
Levy, Jacob, 190
Levy, Congressman Jefferson M., 241
Levy, Jonas P., 218
Levy, Joseph, 110
Levy, Joseph, 138
Levy, Lionel, 233
Levy, Louis Edward, 88 (note), 287
Levy, Louis N., 241
Levy, Moses, 108
Levy, Moses Albert, 160
Levy, Myers, 109
Levy, Nathan, 76
Levy, Nathan, 109
Levy, Nathaniel, 93
Levy, Sampson, 76, 108
Levy, Samuel, 144
Levy, Samuel, 157
Levy, Simon, 381
Levy, Commodore Uriah Philips, 238–41
Levy, Zeporah, 70
Lewenstein, Rabbi M. J., of Surinam, 49
Lewi, Isidor, 417
Lewisohn, Adolph, 371 (see also 404)
Libin, Z., 419, 421
Libowitz, N. S., 407
Lichtenstein, Benjamin, 189, 190
Lieberman, D. M., 369
Liesin, A., 423
Lilienthal, Dr. Max, 141, 172–75, 194
Lima, Peru, 22, 26, 393
Lincoln, Abraham, 205, 212, 215, 216, 217, 322
Lindo, Moses, 79
Lipman, Rev. Jacob, 107
Lipzin, Mrs. K., 421
Lisbon, 18, 74
Literature, 405 ff., 418
Lobel, Mme., 422
Locke, John, 78
Loeb, Jacques (deceased), 370
Loeb, Prof. Jacques, 401
Loeb, Louis, 398
Loeb, Solomon, 398
London, Ont., 386
Long, Jacob, 154
Longfellow, H. W., 73
Lopez, Aaron, 73, 98, 99
Lopez, Moses, 101
Loris-Melikov, Russian Minister, 311
Los Angeles, Cal., 155, 426
Louis, Nathan, 153
Louisiana, 147, 370, 425
Louisville, Ky., 143, 252, 283, 426
Louzada, David Baruch, 56
Low, Seth, Mayor of New York, 354
Lucena, Abraham d’, 63, 65, 66, 68
Lumbrozo, Jacob, 77
Luna, Gonzolo de, 26
Luther, Martin, 23
Lutherans, persecuted by the Inquisition, 23
Lynch, Sir Thomas, Governor of Jamaica, 57
Lyon, Abraham de, 78
Lyon, Solomon, 107
Lyons, Henry A., 156
Lyons, Dr. Isaac, 160
Lyons, Jacob, 158
Lyons, Rev. Jacques Judah, 180
Lyons, S., 143
Lyons, Samuel, 95
M
Macedonia, 3
Machado, M., 46
Machol, Rabbi M., 142
Mack, Julian W., 369, 370, 371
MacMahon, John V. L., 125
Madison, Ind., 177
Madison, James, 96, 113, 114
Magidoff, Jacob, 423
Magnes, Dr. J. L., 337, 369, 371
Magnetowan, Canada, 386
Magnus, Lady, 392
Maimonides College, 183, 249
Maine, 328, 371, 425
“Maine” (Battleship), 334
Malaga, 12
Malitz, Ch., 423
Mallorca, King Jaime of, 11
Malter, Prof. Henry, 376
Manasseh ♦ben Israel, 14, 37
Manitoba, 386
Mankato, Minn., 153
Mann, A. Dudley, 199, 202
Mannes, David, 398
Mansfield, M., 157
♦Manso, Bishop Alphonso, 21
Manuel, Dom, King of Portugal, 16, 28
Marache, Solomon, 76
Marchena, 51
Marco, Surgeon, 14
Marcus, Rev. Samuel, 155
Marcus, S. L., 259, 409
Marcy, William L., 202
Margolioth, Rabbi Gabriel Z., 281
Margolis, Prof. Max L., 375
♦Margolies, Rabbi M. Z., 282, 371
Marix, Rear-Admiral Adolph, 333–4
Markens, Isaac (quoted), 138, 142, 215, 235, 413
Marks, Bernhard, 287
Marks, Isaac, 153
Marks, Joseph, 76
Marks, Rudolph, 421
Markstein, D., 143
Marranos, 8, 12, 19, 26, 29, 30, 41
Marshall, Louis, 317, 369, 371
Martinique, 123, 381
Marx, Prof. Alex., 375
Marx, Samuel, 156
Maryland, 77, 124 ff., 371, 425, 426
Marysville, Cal., 156
Masliansky, Hirsch, 420
Mason, James Murray, 225
Masonry, 73, 94, 110, 128, 132, 216
Mass, Samuel, 159
Massachusetts, 328, 371, 425
Massacres of 1391, 7. See also “Pogroms”
Maurera, Jacob de, 381
Maurice of Nassau, 37
Mauricio Colony, Argentine, 390
Mayer, Annie Nathan, 410
Mayer, Constant, 397
Mayer, Henry (“Hy”), 398
Mayer, Rev. Jacob, 141
Mayer, Jacob, 157
Mayer, Leopold, 152, 157
Mayer, Levy, 403
Mayer, Nathan, 191
Mayer, Gen. William, 235
Mayhew, Rev. Jonathan, 81
McClellan, Mayor Geo. B., of N. Y., 362
McGregor, Ia., 153
McKinley, President William, 332, 334, 400
McLaurin, Senator Anselm J., 361
Media, 3
Mehatob, Isaac and Judith, 42
Meisels, Rabbi Berush, 185
Memphis, Tenn., 426
Mendes, Rev. Abraham P., 101
Mendes, Rabbi Frederick de Sola, 340
Mendes, Dr. H. P., 371
Menken, Solomon, 138
Mera, Isaac, 45
Mercado, Abraham de, 37, 55
Mercado, Raphael de, 55, 56
Meridian, Miss., 252
Merzbacher, Rabbi L., 177
Mesa, Isaac, 63 (note)
Mesquita, Abraham de, 48
Messing, Rev. Henry. J. Messing, 142
♦Mesia, Daniel, 45
Mexican War, 161–63
Mexico, 24 ff., 158, 393
Meyer, Gen. Adolph, 230
Meza, de, 51
Michael, Elias, 370
Michalovsky, Israel, 284
Michelson, Prof. Albert A., 399–400
Michelson, Charles, 400
Michelson, Miriam, 400
Michigan, 154, 236, 269, 328, 370, 425
Middle Ages, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8
Middleman, Judah, 189, 190, 191
Mielziner, Prof. Moses, 295
Miller, Alexander, 385
Miller, Louis, 422
Milwaukee, Wis., 154, 426
Minikes, Ch. J., 423
Minis, Isaac, 78
Minkovsky, Pinhas, 284
Minneapolis, Minn., 426
Minnesota, 153, 328, 370
Mirabeau, Count, 116
Miranda, 381
Miranda, Isaac, 76
Misch, Marion L., 119 (note), 296
Mississippi, 370, 425
Missouri, 269, 328, 370, 425
Mobile, Ala., 143
Mogulesco, Sigmund, 421
Moise, Isaac and Jacob, 144
Moiseville, Colony, Argentine, 390
Monis, Judah, 72
Monroe, James, 130
Monroe, La., 252
Montana, 328, 370, 425
Montefiore, Mr. (probably Joshua), 60
Montefiore, Sir Moses, 145
Montel, Solomon, 48
♦Montevido, Uruguay, 392
Montgomery, Ala., 143
Montgomery, General, 382
♦Montego Bay, Jamaica, 60
Montreal, Que., Canada. 381, 386
Moors, 5
Mora, Don Francisco de, 37
Morais, Henry S., 108 (quoted), 172, 183, 288, 413
Morais, Sabato, 180–83, 189, 208
Morales, Dr. C. M., 61
Mordecai, Abraham, 143
Mordecai, Major Alfred, 111
Mordecai, Gratz, 111 (note)
Mordecai, Gen. J. Randolph, 230
Mordecai, Jacob, 111
Mordecai, Moses, 76, 111, 117
Morgenstern, Dr. Julian, 375
Morocco, 365
Morris, Minister to Turkey, 344
Morris, Edward, 404
Morris, Robert, 89, 95, 129
Morrison, 295
Morrison, Isidor D., 337
Morrison, Moritz, 422
Morton, Martha, 410
Moses, brothers of Alabama, 230
Moses, family of New Hampshire, 109
Moses, Abraham, 73
Moses, Major George W., 332
Moses, Isaac, 95
Moses, Lieut-Col. Israel, 163
Moses, Capt. Mayer, 123
Moses, Col. Nathan, 123
Moses, Pinhas, and his five brothers, 138, 140
Moses, Raphael and his sons, 229
Moses, Col. Raphael J., 230
Moskovich, actor, 422
Mosler, Henry, 397
Moss, Mary, 409
Motta, Jacob de la, 93
Motthe, Jacques de la, 62
Mucate, Jacob, 37
Muhr, Simon, 287
Myers, Asher, 106
Myers, Capt. Isaac, 88
Myers, Levy, 117
Myers, Capt. Mordecai, 123
N
Naär, Capt., 47
Nacogdoches, Tex., 159
Napoleon III., 201, 225
Nassi, David, 43, 45, 46, 47
Nassi, Isaac, 48
Nassi, J. C., 49
Nassi, Joshua, 47
Nassi, Samuel, 45, 46
Natchez, Miss., 252
Nathan, Rabbi, 142
Nathan, of British Columbia, 383
Nathan, Joseph, 77
Nathan, Moses, 138
Nathan, Simon, 106
Nebraska, 322, 328, 370, 425
Neo-Christians, 29
Neto, Rabbi Isaac, 45
♦Neumann, Dr. S., 371
Neumark, Prof. David, 375
Nevada, 370, 425
Nevada City, Cal., 155
New Amsterdam, 40, 52, 62 ff.
Newark, N. J., 183, 253, 426
Newbauer, Leopold, 154
♦Newburg, P., 150, 151
Newberger, Louis, 370
♦Newburger, Morris, 292
New Hampshire, 109, 110, 371, 425
New Haven, Conn., 75, 426
New Jersey, 109, 269, 328, 370, 425
Newman, Isidor, 369
Newman, Lieut. Col. Leopold C., 237
New Mexico, 370, 425
New Orleans, La., 140, 144–48, 252, 354, 426
Newport, R. I., 72, 98 ff.
New York, 40, 62 ff., 102, 104, 118, 164, 179, 236, 255–6, 262, 271, 272, 274, 277, 282, 299, 301, 307, 329, 332, 354, 361, 362, 366, 371, 378, 425
Nicea, Council of, 4
Nicholas I., Emperor of Russia, 254
Nieuhoff (quoted), 38
Ninette, daughter of Judah P. Benjamin, 228
Noah, Joel, 155
Noah, Manuel Mordecai, 93, 94, 128
Noah, Mordecai Manuel, 128–34, 414
Nones, Benjamin, 93
North Africa, 7
North Carolina, 86, 110 ff., 117 ff., 370, 425
North Dakota, 269, 328, 370, 425
Nuevos Christianos, 20
Nuñez family, 60
Nunez, Jacob, 45
Nunez, Samuel, 77, 78
O
Oberman, Judah, 192
Ochs, Adolph, 414
Ochs, George W., 414
Ochs, Milton B., 414
Offenbach, 159
Oglethorpe, General James Edward, 77
Ogus, A. D., 420
Ohio, 236, 328, 370, 425
Oklahoma, 328, 425
Oliveira, 51
Olivera, David de, 79
Ollendorf, M. A., 384
Olney, Richard, 314, 316
Omaha, Neb., 253, 426
Oporto, 34
Oppenheim, James, 410
Oppenheim, S., 73 (note), 108 (note), 123
Opper, Frederick B., 398
Orange-Nassau, Prince William Charles of, 54
Order Brith Abraham, 247
Oregon, 157, 215, 269, 370, 425
Ottawa, Ont., 386
Ottolenghi, Joseph, 78
Owensboro, Ky., 252
Ox Bow, Canada, 386
P
Packeckoe, Moses, 73
Paducah, Ky., 252
Paley, John, 423
Panama, 392
Papineau’s Rebellion, 383
Para, Brazil, 391
♦Parahiba, Brazil, 38
Paramaribo, Surinam, 42, 45, 48
Pardo, Rabbi David, 45
Pardo, Isaac R. de, 45
Pardo, Rabbi Joshua, 53, 61
Parona, Argentine, 389
♦Parra, La, 51
Passport Question, 306 ff., 329
Paterson, N. J., 426
Pedro, Emperor Dom, of Brazil, 391
Peirce, H. H. D., 313
Peixotto, Benj. F., 344, 379
Peixotto, Gen. Floriano, 391
Peixotto, George D. M., 397
♦Pelatas, Brazil, 391
Penn, William, 75
Pennsylvania, 75, 118, 237, 370, 425
Pensacola, Fla., 333
Penyha, Rev. Isaac de la, 384
Peoria, Ill., 152
Pereira, Abraham, 56
Pereire-Mendes, Rev. Abraham, 61
Periodicals, 256 ff., 302, 409, 417, 422
Perkins, Senator J. C., 315
Pernambuco, see Recife
♦Perreira, Isaac, 45
Perreire, 51
Persian Gulf, 3
Peru, 26, 27, 393
Peters, Dr. Madison C., 413
Pettus, Sen. E. W., 316
Philadelphia, 57, 75, 94, 102, 105 ff., 171, 186, 198, 249, 262, 272, 282, 287, 354, 372, 377, 378, 426
Philip II., 22
Philip III., 23
Philippine Islands, 424
Philippson, Colony, Brazil, 391
Philips, Asher, 148
Philips, Feibel, 190
Philips, Moses H., 377
♦Philipson, Rev. David (quoted), 138, 370
Phillips, Barnet, 414
♦Phillips, Col. Frederick, 69
Phillips, Henry M., 108, 128
Phillips, Jonas, 85, 128
Phillips, Morris, 414
Phillips, Zalegman, 108
Phoenicians, 2, 3
Pierce, President Franklin, 163, 202
Pimenta, Moses, 79
♦Pinelo, Francisco, 15
Pinhal, Brazil, 392
Pinheiro, 18
Pinner, Moritz, 212
Pinski, David, 419, 421
Pinto, brothers, 75
Pinto family, 39, 93
Pinto, Abraham, 47, 93
Pinto, Isaac, 46
Pinto, Jacob, 94
Pinto, Solomon, 94
Pinto, William, 93
Pittsburg, Pa., 282, 426
Piza, Rabbi David, 384
Plotz, Abraham, 148
“Pogroms” or Anti-Jewish Riots, 262, 353
Polak, Jakob Arons, 47
Pollock, Gov. James of Pennsylvania, 236
Polonies, Myer, 105
Pombal, Marquis de, 42
Porter, David, 197
Port Gibson, Miss., 252
Portland, Ore., 157, 287, 426
Porto ♦Alegra, Brazil, 391
Porto Rico, 21, 424
Portsmouth, N. H., 110
Portugal, 5, 6, 28, 33
Poznanski, Rabbi Gustave, 168
Prager, Regina, 421
Providence, R. I., 426
Pulitzer, Joseph, 414
Q
Qu’appelle, Canada, 386
“Quebec Act,” 84
Quebec, Canada, 381, 386
Quevedo, Fra Juan, 21
Quincy, Ill., 216
Quixano, Moses Mendes, 59
R
Rabinowitz, Isaac, 408
Rabinowitz, Mayer, 407
Raczker, Leibel, 190
Raisin, Dr. Max, 408
Ramsay, Dr., 198
Randolph, Beverly, 114
Ranke, the historian, 5
Raphall, Isidor, 190
Raphall, Rev. Morris Jacob, 180, 208
Rapoport, Philip, 414
Rau, Rev. Moses, 107
Rayner, Isidor, 313
Recife, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40
Reese, Michael, 156, 249
Regina, Canada, 386
Regio, Abraham Levi, 56
Rehiné, Zalma, 171
Reiner, Abraham, 190
♦Reisen, A., 423
Reiter, Rabbi Naftali, 283
Religious Sects in the Colonies, 84
Republican Party, 212
Rhode Island, 72, 73, 118, 328, 371, 425
Ribiero, Francisco, 34
Rice, Henry, 289
Richmond, Va., 102, 116–17, 171, 180, 184, 198, 233, 295
Riesser, Gabriel, 199
Rigio, Antonio Rodrigo, 56
Rindskopf, ♦Löbl, 154
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 38, 391
Rio Grande, Brazil, 391
Rittenhouse, David, 107
♦Rivera, Jacob Rodrigues, 73
Robbins, B. R., 420
Rochester, N. Y., 253, 426
Rodkinson, Michael L., 409
Roman Empire, 3
Roos, Rev. J. S., 42, 47, 48
Roosevelt, President Theodore, 317, 332, 343, 353, 356, 362, 365, 400
Root, Elihu, 317, 362
Rosario, Argentine, 389
Rosenbaum, M., 370
Rosenbaum, S. G., 289
Rosenberg, Abraham H., 303, 408–9
Rosenberg, Major Felix, 332
Rosenberg, Jacob, 150
Rosendale, Simon W., 369, 371
Rosenfeld, A., 141
Rosenfeld, Morris, 418
Rosenfeld, Sydney, 399
Rosenhayn, N. J., 269
Rosenstraus, Theodore, 309
Rosenthal, Adolph, 152
Rosenthal, Albert, 397
Rosenthal, Herman, 266, 269, 340, 409
Rosenthal, Dr. J. M., 152
Rosenthal, Max, 397
Rosenthal, Toby Edward, 397
Rosenwald, Julius, 370, 371, 378, 404
Rosenzweig, Gerson, 303, 408–9
Rosewater, Edward, 414
Rosewater, Victor, 370, 414
Rothschild, Baruch Solomon, 190
Rothstein, Joshua, 190
“Rough Riders,” 332
Roumania, relations with, 331, 343–52
Rubifrayn, see Ephraim, Rabbi, 15
Rudiger, Bishop, 4
Rülf, Dr. Isaac (quoted), 255
Russia, relations with, 306 ff., 331, 347
Russian Period of Immigration, 260 ff.
Russian-Poland, Immigration from, 189, 254
S
Sabayo, 17
Sabsovich, Prof. H. L., 269, 289
Sacramento, Cal., 156
Sagres, 11
St. Catherine’s, 386
St. John, N. B., 386
St. Joseph, Mo., 253
St. Louis, Mo., 142, 249, 253, 378, 426
St. Paul, Minn., 153, 252
Salomon, Edward S., 152, 234
Salomon, Haym, 95–97, 106
Salomon, Haym M., 97
Salomon, William, 97
Salt River, N. B., 386
Salvador, Francis, 79
Salwen, Mayer, 191
Sampson, Solomon, 105
Samuel, Lewis, 385
Samuel, Mark, 385
Samuels, brothers, 153
Samuels, Joseph, 140
Samuels, Capt. Morris, 153
Samuelson, Simha, 192
San Antonio, Tex., 161
Sanchez, Gabriel, 15, 16
Sanchez, Juan, 20
Sanchez, Rodrigo, 14
San Francisco, Cal., 155 ff., 234, 252, 287, 402, 426
Santa Fe, Argentine, 398
Santa Maria, Brazil, 392
Santangel, Louis de, 12, 15, 16
Santiago, Chile, 393
Santo Domingo, 20, 381, 400
Sao Gabriel, Brazil, 391
Saphirstein, Jacob, 422
Sarasohn, ♦Kasriel H., 259, 303, 355, 409
Savannah, Ga., 78, 102, 144, 252
Schafferstown, Pa., 77
Schaikewitz, N. M. (♦Shomer), 304
Schechter, Prof. Solomon, 340, 375
Scherpenhuitzen, Van, 46
Scheusses, Henry de, 47
Schiff, Jacob H., 289, 317, 358, 362, 369, 371, 413
Schildkraut, Rudolph, 422
Schiller-Szinessi, Rabbi, 254
Schloss, Simon, 159
Schomer, Abraham S., 421
Schreiber, Moses Aaron, 408
Schur, William, 302, 407, 409
Schwab, Rev. Isaac, 157
♦Schwartz, Tobias, 190
Schwarzberg, Samuel B., 303, 409
Scovil, Joseph A. (quoted), 256
Scranton, Pa., 426
Seattle, Wash., 426
Sebastian, King, 29
Sects, religious, in the Colonies, 84
Seddon, Secretary of War, 221
Seeligsohn, Henry, 160, 163
Seeligsohn, Michael, 160
Seifert, Moses, 419, 421
Seixas, Benjamin, 105
Seixas, Rev. Gershom Mendes, 104, 105, 106, 139
Seixas, Rev. Isaac B., 171
Seixas, Moses, 99, 101
Seixas, Theodore J., 195
Seligman, brothers, 156
Seligman, Prof. E. R. A., 401
Seligman, Jesse, 289
Selikovich, George, 304
Selling, Benjamin, 370
Semel, Bernard, 371
Seminole War, 162
Semites, 3
Senior, Abraham, 12
Senior, Max, 369
Sewall, J. M., 110
Seward, William H., 204, 205, 343
Shaftesbury, Lord ♦344
Shannon, Joseph, 156
Sharkansky, A. M., 418, 421
Sharp, Rev. John, 68
♦Shasta, Cal., 156
Sheftal, Levi, 102
Sheftal, Mordecai, 79, 94
Shelvin, Bernhard, 423
♦Sherbrooke, Canada, 386
Shreveport, La., 252
Shor, Anshel, 421
Shubert, Nathan, 150
Sicily Island, La., 266
Siegbert, Louis, 289
Siegelstein, Dr. P. A., 371
Silberman, Jacob, 154
Silberstein, Shalom Joseph, 407
Silva, de, family, 60
Silva, Aaron de, 45
Silva, Antonio José da, 41
Silva, Francisco Maldonado de, 27
Silva, Rev. de, 143
Silverman, Emanuel, 154
Silverman, Rev. Joseph, 371
Silverman, Samuel, 384
Simon, Abraham de la, 63 (note), 64
Simon, B., 157
Simon, Joseph, of Lancaster, 76
Simpson, Samson, 191
Singer, Dr. Isidor, 340, 356
Sivitz, Rabbi Moses Simon, 282, 407
Slidell, Thomas, 222, 225
Slonim, Joel, 423
Sloss, Louis, 156
Sloss, M. C., 369, 370, 403
Soarez, family, 60
Sobel, Isidor, 370, 371
Sobramonto, Don Thomas de, 25
Socialism, 273, 301
Sofer, Rabbi S., 407
Sola, Rev. Abraham de, 384
Sola, Rev. Meldola de, 384
Solaterevsky, 421
Solis-Cohen, David, 287
Solis-Cohen, Dr. Jacob da Silva, 403
Solis-Cohen, Dr. Solomon, 287, 403
Solomon, Hannah G., 296
Solomon, J. P., 417
Solomon, Rev. M. H., 61
Solomons, Adolphus S., 289
Solomons, Israel, 155
Solomons, Levy, 381, 382
Sombart, Werner, 4 (note)
Sonnenschein, Rev. H. S., 142
Sonora, Cal., 155
Soria, 15
♦Sossnitz, Jos. L., 305, 408
Sousa, Don Luis, 34
South, Jews of, see Civil War
South America, 387 ff.
South Carolina, 78, 370, 425
South Dakota, 269, 328, 370
Southey, Robert (quoted), 35
Sovrin, Nathan, 423
Spain, 3, 5, 6, 7
Spanish American War, 331――
Spanish Jews as land owners, 4
Spanish Town, Jamaica, 60
Sparger, Wm., 413
Speyer, 4
Spiegel, Col. Marcus M., 235–6
Spinosa, Cardinal Diego de, 23
Spitz, Rabbi Moritz, 142, 417
Spivak, Rabbi Aaron, 406
Spivak, Dr. Charles D., 287, 417
Stern, Morris, 370
Stern, Myer, 295
Sterne, Adolphus, 159
Stiles, Ezra, 73, 74, 82
Stockton, Cal., 155
Stolz, Rev. Joseph, 370
Straus, Isidor, 365, 371
Straus, Nathan, 365
Straus, Oscar S., 71 (note), 81, 289, 292, 358, 365, 369
Strauss, Commander Joseph, 333
Strauss, Samuel, 414
Stroock, Sol. M. (quoted), 200
Stuyvosant, Peter, Governor of New Netherland, 52, 63, 75
Styfft, Capt. Michael, 163
Sueiro, Ephraim, 37
Sulzbacher, Rev. Moses, 107
Sulzberger, Cyrus L., 371
Sulzberger, Mayer, 171, 289, 292, 362, 369, 370, 371, 376
Sulzer, Representative William, 318, 361
Sumero-Accadians, 2
Sunday Laws, 307, 327 ff.
Surinam, 40, 42, 43, 45
Sutro, Adolph, 156, 402
Switzerland, Passport Question, 199–205
Sydney, Canada, 386
Synagogues and Temples, 250 ff., 274, 338, (in Canada), 385
Syracuse, N. Y., 253, 426
Szold, Adele (note), 265, 337
Szold, Dr. Benjamin, 184
Szold, Miss Henrietta, 185, 295
T
Taft, President Wm. H., 317, 318, 332, 334, 401
Talmud Torahs, 276, 376–7 (in Canada), 385
Tamarica, Brazil, 38
Tannenbaum, Abner, 304, 419
Tanzman, Mr. and Mrs., 422
“Tashrak,” see Zevin, Israel I.
Taussig, Rear-Admiral Edward David, 333
Taylor Falls, Minn., 153
Technical and Training Schools, 378
Temple of Jerusalem, destruction of, 13
Tennessee, 425
Texas, 158 ff., 328, 370, 425
Thomas, E. S., 125
Thomashefsky, Bessie, 421
Thomashefsky, Boris, 421
Thorman, Simson, 141
Thornberg, 422
Thorowgood’s Work on the Indians as Jews, 14
Three Rivers, Can., 382
Tim, B. L., 143
Tintner, Rabbi Moritz, 142
Tobacco, discovered by Torres, 14
Tobias, Mr. and Mrs., 422
Tobias, Joseph and Michael, 79
Toronto, Ont., 385
Torres, Louis de, 13, 14
Touro, 51, 53
Touro, Abraham, 101
Touro, Rabbi Isaac, 74, 98
Touro, Judah, 101, 124, 144 ff., 207
Towne, Charles A., 361
Toy, Prof. Crawford H., 340
Trenton, N. J., 426
Triest, Montague, 370
Tucacas, Venezuela, 53
Tucuman, 26
Tunis, M. M. Noah, as American Consul There, 130
Turkey, Treaty with, of 1808, 130, 347, 365
Tyler, President John, 321
U
Ullman, Isaac M., 371
Ullman, Samuel, 233
Union Army, Jews in The, see Civil War
Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 244
United Hebrew Charities of New York, 248, 289, 290
Untermyer, Samuel, 403
Utah, 370, 425
V
Van Buren, Martin, 194, 195
Vancouver, B. C., 386
Van Horne, Capt. Cornelius, 69
Vasco, da Gama, 16, 17
Vaz family, 60
Vecinho, Joseph, 11
Velasco, Tex., 158
Velosino, Jacob de, 40
Venezuela, 392
Vermont, 123, 371, 425
Vespucci, Amerigo, 17
Vicksburg, Miss., 252
Victoria, B. C., 386
Vidaver, Rev. Henry, 107
Vidrevitz, Rabbi Chayyim Jacob, 282
Vieyra, 36
Vincente, Juan, 26
Virginia, 113 ff., 269, 328, 371, 425
Vizitelly, Frank H., 340
Voorsanger, Rabbi Jacob, 417
Vossius, The Old, 37
W
Waco, Tex., 161
Wake Island, Oceanica, 333
Waldstein, Prof. Charles, 400–1
Waldstein, Louis, 401
Waldstein, Martin, 401
War of 1812, 123 ff.
Warburg, Felix M., 371
Warfield, David, 399
Washington, 370, 425
Washington, D. C., 252, 426
Washington, George, 90, 99 ff. (his Correspondence with Jews)
Washington, L. O., 226
Webster, Daniel, 147, 200
Weigel, Abraham, 142
Weil, Isaiah, 144
Weil, Leo, 370, 371
Weinberg, Alex. B., 162
♦Weinshel, Hayyim, 408
Weinstock, Harris, 370
Weiss, Simon, 159
West Jersey, 109
West Virginia, 328, 370, 425
Weyl, Max, 397
White, Andrew D., 312, 318
White, Henry Ambassador, 362
Wilcox, John A., 201
Willeken, Commander, 35
Willemsted, Curaçao, 51, 53
William of Orange, 32
Williams, Roger, 71
Willoughby, Lord, 43
Wilmington, Del., 108, 111
Wilmington, N. C., 120
Wilowski, Rabbi Jacob David, 281
Wilson, Charles L., 346
Wilson, James, 96
Winchevsky, Morris, 418
Winder, Gen., 125
Winnipeg, Man., 380, 386
Wisconsin, 154, 328, 370, 425
Wise, Rev. Isaac M., 141, 175–76, 203, 414, 417
Wise, Dr. Stephen. 337
♦Wistar, William, 107
Witte, Count Serge, 317
Wittenstein, Zeeb Dob, 407
Wolf, Benjamin, 117
Wolf, Benjamin, 370
Wolf, Edwin, 292
Wolf, Simon (quoted), 33, 83, 88, 123, 130, 218, 233, 287, 295, 369, 381
Wolfenstein, Martha, 410
Wolff, A., 160
♦Wolff, J. Meyer, 47
Woodbine, N. J., 269
Woodstock, Canada, 386
Woolf, Moses, 152
Woolner, Samuel, 370
World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893, 186, 295, 403
Wormser, Isaac, 151
Worthington, Col. W. G. D., 125, 126
Wyoming, 370, 425
Y
Yarmouth, Canada, 386
“Yehoash,” see Bloomgarden, Solomon
Yelisavetgrad, Russia, 262
Yeshibot, 276, 376
Yonkers, N. Y., 396
York, Duke of, afterwards King James II., 67
Yorkton, Canada, 386
Young Men’s Hebrew Associations, 378
Young Women’s Hebrew Associations, 379
Yulee, David, 207
Z
Zacuto, Abraham, 12, 16, 17
Zalinski, Lieut.-Col. Moses G., 332
Zamora, 15
Zarfati, Joshua, 40
Zarhi, Rabbi Asher Lipman, 283
Zevin, Israel I., 420
Zhitlovsky, Dr. Charles, 423
Zhitomir, 357
Ziegler, Isaac, 150
Zionism, 336–7
Ziony, Israel, 423
Zirndorf, Dr. Henry, 155
Zollschan, “Das Rassenproblem,” 3
Zolotkoff, Leon, 287, 422
Zunser, ♦Eliakim, 418
Zuntz, Alexander, 105
Footnotes.
1 ‒ A remarkable work by Werner Sombart, _Die Juden and das Wirtschaftsleben_ (Leipsic 1911), which appeared after the above was written, deals exhaustively with the important part which the Jews played in the development of business and finance in medieval as well as in modern times. While it is avowedly a partisan work written for a special purpose, it is a notable contribution to social-economic Jewish history which no student of the subject can afford to neglect.
2 ‒ A fac-simile of this map is found in the “Jewish Encyclopedia,” vol. III., opp. p. 678.
3 ‒ There is a record that it was not Columbus himself but a sailor from Lepe who first saw a distant light and cried “land!” and who, when he found that he had been defrauded of the gratuity, obtained his discharge, went to Africa and there discarded Christianity for his old faith. But the chronicler does not inform us whether the sailor’s old faith was Judaism or Islam.
4 ‒ This subject is treated extensively in the chapter headed “Services rendered by the Jews to the Dutch, 1623–44,” in Mr. Simon Wolf’s valuable work “_The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen_,” p. 443 ff., and in the monogram “Damage done to Spanish Interests in America by Jews of Holland,” which is incorporated in the “Publications,” vol. XVII.
5 ‒ Rabbi P. A. Hilfman of Paramaribo, Surinam, in “Publications” XVI, p. 7 ff., supplementing the chronology made by Prof. Richard Gottheil in the same Publications at the beginning of Vol. IV. See also Rev. J. S. Roos of the Dutch Congreg. in Paramaribo, Ibid. Vol. XIII, pp. 126 ff.
6 ‒ Daly, “The Settlement of the Jews in North America,” p. 7 ff. The names of those early immigrants (some of them coming from Holland about the same time) as far as can be gathered from the records, are as follows: Abraham d’Lucena, David Israel, Moses Ambrosius, Abraham de la Simon, Salvatore d’Andrade, Joseph da Costa, David Frera, Jacob Barsimson, Jacob C. Henrique (or Jacob Cohen), Isaac Mesa and Asser Levy.
7 ‒ Judge Daly himself, however, sees no ground for inferring that the decision proceeded from aversion. He thinks it was simply a question of law. The law of New York colony was especially modeled upon that of the mother country. New York was a conquered province, and when it was taken from the Dutch, the English mode of procedure in all matters of law and government was introduced bodily; and from this circumstance English forms, precedents and modes of proceeding came into use to an extent that did not prevail in other colonies where the people themselves had been left to originate and frame such a system of government and laws as was suggested by their wants and most conducive to their interests. The Legislative Assembly was therefore simply declaring the law as it existed in England at that time. (l. c.)
8 ‒ Oscar S. Straus, “The Origin of the Republican Form of Government in the United States,” p. 48.
9 ‒ See Oppenheim, “The Jews and Masonry,” in “Publications” XIX, pp. 9 ff., for an interesting treatment of the discussion about the authenticity of this statement.
10 ‒ For a list of their names see “Publications” XVII, pp. 168–69.
11 ‒ Lecky, _Rationalism in Europe_, vol. II, 168, quoted in Straus, _Origin of Republican Form of Government in the United States_, pp. 19 _ff._, which see for an extensive treatment of this subject.
12 ‒ Another great American clergyman, Dr. Henry M. Field (1822–1907), who wrote about a century later, also found in the Jewish polity much that was later adopted in the Constitution of the United States. In his work _On the Desert_ (New York, 1883), he says: “Perhaps it does not often occur to readers of the Old Testament that there is much likeness between the Hebrew Commonwealth and the American Republic.... At the bottom there is one radical principle that divides a republic from a monarchy or an aristocracy; it is the natural equality of men――that “all men are born free and equal”――which is fully recognized in the laws of Moses as in the Declaration of Independence. Indeed, the principle is carried further in the Hebrew Commonwealth than in ours; for not only was there equality before the laws, but the laws aimed to produce equality of condition in one point, and that a vital one――the tenure of land, of which even the poorest could not be deprived, so that in this respect the Hebrew Commonwealth approached more nearly to a pure democracy.” See a more extensive quotation in Simon Wolf’s _The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen_, pp. 494–98.
13 ‒ A drawing of this design is printed as the frontispiece of Mr. Straus’s above-named work.
14 ‒ See Dr. M. Kayserling. _A Memorial Sent by German Jews to the President of the Continental Congress_, in “Publications” VI, pp. 5–8, where it is also stated that the letter was wrongly attributed to Moses Mendelssohn (1729–86).
15 ‒ _The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen_, by Simon Wolf, edited by Louis Edward Levy, Philadelphia, 1895.
16 ‒ Aaron Levy (b. in Amsterdam, 1742; d. in Philadelphia, 1815), who was also of great assistance to the colonies in their struggle for independence, was a partner of Robert Morris in various enterprises in Pennsylvania. The town of Aaronsburg, Center County, Pa., was founded by Levy and is named after him. (See “Jew. Encyclopedia,” s. v., Aaronsburg and Levy, Aaron.)
17 ‒ A fac-simile of Washington’s reply is found in the “Jewish Encyclopedia,” vol. IX, between pp. 294–95.
18 ‒ See Hyman Polock Rosenbach, _The Jews in Philadelphia prior to 1800_, pp. 22–23, _ff._, Philadelphia, 1883.
19 ‒ See Oppenheim, The Jews and Masonry, in “Publications,” vol. XIX, 1–94, for the sources of most of the references to Masonry in this work.
20 ‒ A description of this highly interesting Jewish family, by Gratz Mordecai, is found in “Publications,” VI, pp. 39–48.
21 ‒ See Max J. Kohler, _Phases in the History of Religious Liberty in America ..._ in “Publications,” XI, pp. 53–73, where the subject is extensively treated and the sources are given.
22 ‒ See Jacob Ezekiel, _The Jews of Richmond_, in “Publications,” IV, pp. 21–27.
23 ‒ See Leon Hühner, _Religious Liberty in North Carolina_, in “Publications,” XVI, pp. 37–71, for the facts and the sources, and also for Henry’s speech, which is too long to be reproduced here. The speech is also found in _Selections for Homes and Schools_, by Marion L. Misch, pp. 305–10, issued by the Jewish Publication Society of America in 1911.
24 ‒ See _Jewish Encyclopedia_, VIII. pp. 353–54, s. v., Martinique; and also Oppenheim in “Publications,” XVIII. pp. 17–18.
25 ‒ See J. H. Hollander, _Civil Status of the Jews in Maryland_, in “Publications,” II. pp. 33–44; the article _Maryland_ in the “Jewish Encyclopedia” and Blum’s _History of the Jews of Baltimore_.
26 ‒ Daly, p. 112, et seq.; see also Wolf, _Mordecai Manuel Noah_, Philadelphia, 1897, and _Jewish Encyclopedia_, s. v., Noah.
27 ‒ See Philipson, _The Jewish Pioneers in the Ohio Valley_, in “Publications,” VIII, pp. 43 et seq.; also Markens, pp. 100–104, and _Jewish Encyclopedia_, s. v. Cincinnati.
28 ‒ See Leon Hühner, _The first Jew to hold the Office of Governor of one of the United States_ in “Publications,” XVII, pp. 187–95.
29 ‒ The lines read as follows:
Amos and Judah――venerated names! Patriarch and prophet, press their equal claims. Like generous coursers running neck and neck, Each aids the work by giving it a check. Christian and Jew, they carry out a plan―― For though of different faith, each is in heart a man.
30 ‒ See H. Eliassof, _The Jews of Chicago_, in “Publications,” XI, which also appeared separately.
31 ‒ See the papers contributed by Rev. Henry Cohen, of Galveston, Tex., to the “Publications,” Vols. II, IV, V, on the Jews of Texas (the last being on Henry Castro) and his article “Texas” in the Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. XII.
32 ‒ Henry S. Morais, _The Jews of Philadelphia_, p. 45.
33 ‒ The list of these members as given by J. D. Eisenstein in his _History of the first Russian-American Jewish Congregation_ in Publications IX, pp. 63–74, is as follows: Benjamin Lichtenstein, Judah Middleman, Abraham Benjamin (of Hamburg), Abraham Joseph Ash, Joshua Rothstein, Israel Cohen, Abba Baum, David Lasky, Leib Cohen, Baruch Solomon Rothschild, Elijah Greenstein, Feibel Philips (the scribe), Abraham Reiner, Tobias Schwartz, Abraham Levy (of Raczki), Hyman Harris, Leibel Raczker, Samuel Hillel Isaacs, Jerahmel Chuck (of Berlin), Isidor Raphall and Jacob Levy. The first twelve were the original members.
34 ‒ See A. M. Friedenberg, Publications, _Calendar of American-Jewish Cases_, XII, pp. 87 _et seq._
35 ‒ Jost, _Neuere Geschichte der Israeliten_, ii, pp. 360–68. See also Jacob Ezekiel, _Persecution of the Jews in 1840_, “Publications,” VIII, pp. 141–45, and Joseph Jacobs, _The Damascus Affair of 1840 and the Jews of America_, ibid. x, pp. 119–28.
36 ‒ See Sol. M. Stroock _Switzerland and the American Jews_, “Publications” XI, pp. 7–52, and Cyrus Adler, _Jews in American Diplomatic Correspondence_, ibid. XV, pp. 25–39, for ample treatment of the subject, including numerous documents and copious references.
37 ‒ See Max J. Kohler in article _Antislavery Movement in America_ in “Jew. Encyclopedia.”
38 ‒ See Markens, _Lincoln and the Jews_ in “Publications,” XVII, pp. 10–65, for a more detailed treatment of the subject of this chapter.
39 ‒ _The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier and Citizen_, p. 6.
40 ‒ Pierce Butler, _Judah P. Benjamin_, Philadelphia, 1907, p. 62. This complete biographical work is the only one of its kind written of an American Jew, and practically supersedes all that was written about Benjamin before.
41 ‒ See Kohler, _German-Jewish Migration to America_ in “Publications” IX, 96 ff.
42 ‒ Rev. Joseph Krauskopf, _Half a Century of Judaism in the United States_, in “The American Jews’ Annual” for 5648, p. 87.
43 ‒ See Dr. Isaac Rülf (1834–1902), _Die Russische Juden_, Memel, 1892, p. 4 ff.
44 ‒ Adele Szold in _Emma Lazarus, a biographical sketch_, in “The Hebrew Standard” for December 1, 1905.
45 ‒ See Morais, _The Jews of Philadelphia_, p. 142, and also _Constitution of the Jewish Alliance of America_, etc., Philadelphia, 1891.
46 ‒ John R. Commons, in his report on “Immigration and Its Economic Effects,” quoted in the article “Trade Unionism” in _The Jewish Encyclopedia_, vol. XII.
47 ‒ See article “Migration” in the _Jewish Encyclopedia_, where the figures are interesting but the sources do not justify complete reliability.
48 ‒ See _The American Passport in Russia_ in the American Jewish Year Book for 5665; also _The Passport Question in Congress_, ibid. for 5670.
49 ‒ See _Abstract of the Report on Federal Immigration Legislation_ by the Immigration Commission, issued by the Government, Washington, 1911.
50 ‒ See his _The Jews and the American Sunday Laws_ in “Publications,” XI, pp. 101–15 (also note ibid., XII, pp. 171–73), and his _Sunday Laws in the United States and Leading Judicial Decisions Having Special Reference to the Jews_ in The American Jewish Year Book for 5669, pp. 152–89.
51 ‒ See _Preliminary list of Jewish Soldiers and Sailors who served in the Spanish-American War_ in The American Jewish Year Book for 5661, pp. 525–622.
52 ‒ American-Jewish Year Book for 5661 (1900–1901).
53 ‒ See Adler, _Jews in American Diplomatic Correspondence_, “Publications” XV, pp. 48–73.
54 ‒ Rabbi Maximilian Heller in _American Jewish Year Book_ for 5664. p. 21.
55 ‒ See Adler, _The Voice of America on Kishineff_, Philadelphia, 1904. Among the books which appeared in the United States on this subject are also _Russia at the Bar of the American People_, by Isidore Singer, New York, 1904, and _Within the Pale_, New York, 1903, by the Irish patriot, Michael Davitt, who was sent to Russia soon after the massacre as a representative of Mr. Hearst’s papers.
56 ‒ Volume XIV of the _Publications_ is devoted to the proceedings and the addresses of this celebration. It also appeared in a separate volume entitled _The Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Settlement of the Jews in the United States_. New York, 1906.
57 ‒ See _American-Jewish Year Book_ for 5667, pp. 230, 233, 234.
58 ‒ See above,