Part 16
Congress cannot pass a law to punish a crime already committed.
U. S. Senators are chosen by the legislatures of the States by joint ballot.
Bills for revenue can originate only in the House of Representatives.
A person committing a felony in one State cannot find refuge in another.
The Constitution of the United States forbids excessive bail or cruel punishment.
Treaties with foreign countries are made by the President and ratified by the Senate.
In the U. S. Senate Rhode Island or Nevada has an equal voice with New York.
When Congress passes a bankruptcy law it annuls all the State laws on that subject.
Writing alone does not constitute treason against the United States. There must be an overt act.
Congress cannot lay any disabilities on the children of a person convicted of crime or misdemeanor.
The Territories each send a delegate to Congress, who has the right of debate, but not the right to vote.
The Vice-President, who ex-officio presides over the Senate, has no vote in that body except on a tie ballot.
An act of Congress cannot become a law over the President's veto except on a two-thirds vote of both houses.
An officer of the Government cannot accept title of nobility, order or honor without the permission of Congress.
Money lost in the mails cannot be recovered from the Government. Registering a letter does not insure its contents.
It is the House of Representatives that may impeach the President for any crime, and the Senate hears the accusation.
If the President holds a bill longer than ten days while Congress is still in session, it becomes a law without his signature.
Silver coin of denominations less than $1 is not a legal tender for more than $5.00. Copper and nickel coin is not legal tender.
The term of a Congressman is two years, but a Congressman may be re-elected to as many successive terms as his constituents may wish.
Amendments to the Constitution requires two-thirds vote of each house of Congress and must be ratified by at least three-fourths of the States.
When the militia is called out in the service of the General Government, they pass out of the control of the various States under the command of the President.
The President of the United States must be 35 years of age: a United States Senator, 30; a Congressman, 25. The President must have been a resident of the United States fourteen years.
A grand jury is a secret tribunal, and may hear only one side of a case. It simply decides whether there is good reason to hold for trial. It consists of twenty-four men, twelve of whom may indict.
A naturalized citizen cannot become President or Vice-President of the United States. A male child born abroad of American parents has an equal chance to become President with one born on American soil.
CHAMOIS SKINS.
The animal from which the chamois skin derives its name inhabits the high mountains from the Pyrenees to the Caucasus. Chamois are most numerous in the Alps, where they dwell in small herds and feed on the herbage of the mountain sides. They are about the size of a small goat, dark chestnut-brown in color, with the exception of the forehead, the sides of the lower jaws and the muzzle, which are white. Its horns, rising above the eyes, are black, smooth and straight for two-thirds of their length, when they suddenly curve backward.
The chamois hunter, provided with a gun, a bag of provisions, an iron-shod staff to assist him in climbing and leaping, an ax to cut steps in the ice and shoes studded with iron points, traverses the mountains and follows his prey not only during the day, but also at night.
Nearly all the chamois skins now in the market are made from the skins of the lamb or sheep. This industry has been largely developed in England and France, and these countries have supplied the market of the United States almost exclusively until recent years, when the manufacture of these goods was commenced in the United States.
WHAT'S IN A NAME?
ORIGIN AND MEANING OF NAMES OF MEN.
A Aaron, Hebrew, a mountain, or lofty.
Abel, Hebrew, vanity.
Abraham, Hebrew, the father of many.
Absalom, Hebrew, the father of peace.
Adam, Hebrew, red earth.
Adolphus, Saxon, happiness and help.
Adrian, Latin, one who helps.
Alan, Celtic, harmony; or Slavonic, a hound.
Albert, Saxon, all bright.
Alexander, Greek, a helper of men.
Alfred, Saxon, all peace.
Alonzo, form of Alphonso, q. v.
Alphonso. German, ready or willing.
Ambrose, Greek, immortal.
Amos, Hebrew, a burden.
Andrew, Greek, courageous.
Anthony, Latin, flourishing.
Archibald, German, a bold observer.
Arnold, German, a maintainer of honor.
Arthur, British, a strong man.
Augustus, Latin, venerable, grand.
B
Baldwin, German, a bold winner.
Barnaby, Hebrew, a prophet's son.
Bartholomew, Hebrew, the son of him who made the waters to rise.
Beaumont, French, a pretty mount.
Benjamin, Hebrew, the son of a right hand.
Bennett, Latin, blessed.
Bertram, German, fair, illustrious.
Bertrand, German, bright, raven.
Boniface, Latin, a well-doer.
Brian, French, having a thundering voice.
C
Cadwallader, British, valiant in war.
Caesar, Latin, adorned with hair.
Caleb, Hebrew, a dog.
Cecil, Latin, dim-sighted.
Charles, German, noble-spirited.
Christopher, Greek, bearing Christ.
Clement, Latin, mild-tempered.
Conrad, German, able counsel.
Cornelius, Latin, meaning uncertain.
Crispin, Latin, having curled locks.
Cuthbert, Saxon, known famously.
D
Daniel, Hebrew, God is judge.
David, Hebrew, well-beloved.
Denis, Greek, belonging to the god of wine.
Douglas, Gaelic, dark gray.
Duncan, Saxon, brown chief.
Dunstan, Saxon, most high.
E
Edgar, Saxon, happy honor.
Edmund, Saxon, happy peace.
Edward, Saxon, happy keeper.
Edwin, Saxon, happy conqueror.
Egbert, Saxon, ever bright.
Elijah, Hebrew, God the Lord.
Elisha, Hebrew, the salvation of God.
Emmanuel, Hebrew, God with us.
Enoch, Hebrew, dedicated.
Ephraim, Hebrew, fruitful.
Erasmus, Greek, lovely, worthy to be loved.
Ernest, Greek, earnest, serious.
Esau, Hebrew, hairy.
Eugene, Greek, nobly descended.
Eustace, Greek, standing firm.
Evan, or Ivan, British, the same as John.
Evard, German, well reported.
Ezekiel, Hebrew, the strength of God.
F
Felix, Latin, happy.
Ferdinand, German, pure peace.
Fergus, Saxon, manly strength.
Francis, German, free.
Frederic, German, rich peace. `
G
Gabriel, Hebrew, the strength of God.
Geoffrey, German, joyful.
George, Greek, a husbandman.
Gerald, Saxon, all towardliness.
Gideon, Hebrew, a breaker.
Gilbert, Saxon, bright as gold.
Giles, Greek, a little goat.
Godard, German, a godly disposition.
Godfrey, German, God's peace.
Godwin, German, victorious in Cod.
Griffith, British, having great faith.
Guy, French, a leader.
H
Hannibal, Punic, a gracious lord.
Harold, Saxon, a champion.
Hector, Greek, a stout defender.
Henry, German, a rich lord.
Herbert, German, a bright lord.
Hercules, Greek, the glory of Hera or Juno.
Horace, Latin, meaning uncertain.
Howel, British, sound or whole.
Hubert, German, a bright color.
Hugh, Dutch, high, lofty.
Humphrey, German, domestic peace.
I
Ignatius, Latin, fiery.
Ingram, German, of angelic purity.
Isaac, Hebrew, laughter.
J
Jabez, Hebrew, one who causes pain.
Jacob, Hebrew, a supplanter.
James, or Jaques, beguiling.
Job, Hebrew, sorrowing.
Joel, Hebrew, acquiescing.
John, Hebrew, the grace of the Lord.
Jonah, Hebrew, a dove.
Jonathan. Hebrew, the gift of the Lord.
Joseph, Hebrew, addition.
Joshua, Hebrew, a savior.
Josiah, or Josias, Hebrew, the fire of the Lord.
Julius, Latin, soft-haired.
L
Lambert, Saxon, a fair lamb.
Lancelot, Spanish, a little lance.
Laurence, Latin, crowned with laurels.
Lazarus, Hebrew, destitute of help.
Leonard, German, like a lion.
Leopold, German, defending the people.
Lewis or Louis, French, the defender of the people.
Lionel, Latin, a little lion.
Llewellin, British, like a lion.
Llewellyn, Celtic, lightning.
Lucius, Latin, shining.
Luke, Creek, a wood or grove.
M
Manfred, German, great peace.
Mark, Latin, a hammer.
Martin, Latin, martial.
Matthew, Hebrew, a gift or present.
Maurice, Latin, sprung of a Moor.
Meredith, British, the roaring of the sea.
Michael, Hebrew, who is like God.
Morgan, British, a mariner.
Moses, Hebrew, drawn out.
N
Nathaniel, Hebrew, the gift of God.
Neal, French, somewhat black.
Nicholas, Greek, victorious over the people.
Noel, French, belonging to one's nativity.
Norman, French, one born in Normandy.
O
Oliver, Latin, an olive.
Orlando, Italian, counsel for the land.
Orson, Latin, a bear.
Osmund, Saxon, house peace.
Oswald, Saxon, ruler of a house.
Owen, British, well descended.
P
Patrick, Latin, a nobleman.
Paul, Latin, small, little.
Percival, French, a place in France.
Percy, English, adaptation of "pierce eye."
Peter, Greek, a rock or stone.
Philip, Greek, a lover of horses.
Phineas, Hebrew, of bold countenance.
R
Ralph, contracted from Randolph, or Randal, or Rudolph, Saxon, pure help.
Raymond, German, quiet peace.
Reuben, Hebrew, the son of vision.
Reynold, German, a lover of purity.
Richard, Saxon, powerful.
Robert, German, famous in counsel.
Roderick, German, rich in fame.
Rollo, form of Roland, q.v.
Rufus, Latin, reddish.
Roger, German, strong counsel.
Roland, German, counsel for the land.
S
Samson, Hebrew, a little son.
Samuel, Hebrew, heard by God.
Saul, Hebrew, desired.
Seth, Hebrew, appointed.
Silas, Latin, sylvan or living in the woods.
Simeon, Hebrew, hearing.
Simon, Hebrew, obedient.
Solomon, Hebrew, peaceable.
Stephen, Greek, a crown or garland.
Swithin, Saxon, very high.
T
Theobald, Saxon, bold over the people.
Theodore, Greek, the gift of God.
Thomas, Hebrew, a twin.
Timothy, Greek, a fearer of God.
Titus, Greek, meaning uncertain.
Toby, Hebrew, goodness of the Lord.
V
Valentine, Latin, powerful.
Victor, Latin, conqueror.
Vincent, Latin, conquering.
Vivian, Latin, living.
W
Walter, German, a conqueror.
Wilfred, Saxon, bold and peaceful.
William, German, defending many.
Z
Zaccheus, Syriac, innocent.
CHRISTIAN NAMES OF WOMEN.
A
Adela, German, same as Adeline, q. v.
Adelaide, German, same as Adeline, q. v.
Adeline, German, a princess.
Agatha, Greek, good.
Agnes, German, chaste.
Althea, Greek, hunting.
Alice, Alicia, German, noble.
Alma, Latin, benignant.
Amabel, Latin, lovable.
Amy, Amelia, French, beloved.
Angelina, Greek, lovely, angelic.
Anna, or Anne, Hebrew, gracious.
Arabella, Latin, a fair altar.
Aurora, Latin, morning brightness.
B
Barbara, Latin, foreign or strange.
Bella, Italian, beautiful.
Benedicta, Latin, blessed.
Bernice, Greek, bringing victory.
Bertha, Greek, bright or famous.
Bessie, short form of Elizabeth. q.v.
Blanche, French, fair.
Bona, Latin, good.
Bridget, Irish, shining bright.
C
Camilla, Latin, attendant at a sacrifice.
Carlotta. Italian, same as Charlotte, q. v.
Caroline, Latin, noble-spirited.
Cassandra, Greek, a reformer of men.
Catherine, Greek, pure or clean,
Charity, Greek, love, bounty.
Charlotte, French, all noble.
Chloe, Greek, a green herb.
Christina, Greek, belonging to Christ.
Clara, Latin, clear or bright.
Constance, Latin, constant.
D
Dagmar, German, joy of the Danes.
Deborah, Hebrew, a bee.
Diana, Greek, Jupiter's daughter.
Dorcas, Greek, a wild roe.
Dorothy, Greek, gift of God.
E
Edith, Saxon, happiness.
Eleanor, Saxon, all-fruitful.
Eliza, Elizabeth, Hebrew, the oath of God.
Emily, corrupted from Amelia.
Emma, German, a nurse.
Esther, Hester, Hebrew, secret.
Eudora, Greek, good gift.
Eugenia, French, well-born.
Eunice, Greek, fair victory.
Eva, or Eve, Hebrew, causing life.
F
Fanny, dim. of Frances, q.v.
Flora, Latin, flowers.
Florence, Latin, blooming, flourishing.
Frances, German, free.
G
Gertrude, German, all truth.
Grace, Latin, favor.
H
Hannah, Hebrew, gracious.
Harriet, German, head of the house.
Helen, or Helena, Greek, alluring.
Henrietta, fem. and dim. of Henry, q. v.
Hilda, German, warrior maiden.
Honora, Latin, honorable.
Huldah, Hebrew, a weasel.
I
Irene, peaceful.
Isabella, Spanish, fair Eliza.
J
Jane, or Jeanne, fem. of John, q.v.
Janet, Jeanette, little Jane.
Jemima, Hebrew, a dove.
Joan, Joanna. Hebrew, fem. of John, q. v.
Joyce, French, pleasant.
Judith, Hebrew, praising.
Julia, Juliana, fem. of Julius, q. v.
K
Katherine, form of Catherine, q. v.
Ketura, Hebrew, incense.
L
Laura, Latin, a laurel.
Lavinia, Latin, of Latium.
Letitia, Latin, joy or gladness.
Lilian, Lily, Latin, a lily.
Lois, Greek, better.
Louisa, German. fem. of Louis, q.v.
Lucretia, Latin, a chaste Roman lady.
Lucy, Latin, fem. of Lucius.
Lydia. Greek, descended from Lud.
M
Mabel, Latin, lovely or lovable.
Madeline, form of Magdalen, q. v.
Margaret, Greek, a pearl.
Martha, Hebrew, bitterness,
Mary, Hebrew, bitter.
Matilda, German, a lady of honor.
Maud, German, form of Malilda, q.. v.
May, Latin, month of May.
Mercy, English, compassion.
Mildred, Saxon, speaking mild.
Minnie, dim. of Margaret. q. v.
N
Naomi, Hebrew, alluring.
O
Olive, Olivia, Latin, an olive.
Ophelia, Greek, a serpent.
P
Patience, Latin, bearing patiently.
Penelope, Greek, a weaver.
Persis, Greek, destroying.
Philippa, Greek, fem. of Philip.
Phoebe, Greek, the light of life.
Phyllis, Greek, a green bough.
Polly, variation of Molly, dim. of Mary, q. v.
Priscilla, Latin, somewhat old.
Prudence, Latin, discretion.
R
Rachel, Hebrew, a lamb.
Rebecca, Hebrew, fat or plump.
Rhoda, Greek, a rose.
Rose or Rosa, Latin, a rose.
Rosalind, Latin, beautiful as a rose.
Roxana, Persian, dawn of day.
Rosamond, Saxon, rose of peace.
Ruth, Hebrew, trembling, or beauty.
S
Sabina, Latin, sprung from the Sabines.
Salome, Hebrew, a princess.
Selina, Greek, the moon.
Sibylla, Greek, the counsel of God.
Sophia, Greek, wisdom.
Susan, Susanna, Hebrew, a lily.
T
Tabitha, Syriac, a roe.
Theodosia, Creek, given by God.
U
Ursula, Latin, a she bear.
V
Victoria, Latin, victory.
Vida, Erse, fem. of David.
W
Walburga, Saxon, gracious.
Winifred, Saxon, winning peace.
Z
Zenobia, Greek, the life of Jupiter.
PRINCIPAL AMERICAN CITIES
With Population of over 100,000 in 1910.
(The population for 1900 is given in parentheses by way of comparison.)
New York, N. Y., 4,766,883 (3,437,202); Chicago, Ill., 2,185,283 (l,698,572); Philadelphia, Pa., 1,549,008 (1,293,697); St. Louis, Mo., 687,029 (575,238); Boston, Mass., 670,585 (560,892); Cleveland, O., 560,663 (381,768); Baltimore, Md., 558,485 (508,957); Pittsburg, Pa., 533,905 (451,512); Detroit. Mich., 465,766 (285,704); Buffalo, N. Y., 423,715 (352,387); San Francisco, Cal., 416,912 (342,782); Milwaukee, Wis., 373,857 (285,315); Cincinnati, O., 364,462 (325,902); Newark. N. J., 347,469 (246,070); New Orleans. La., 339,075 (287,104); Washington. D. C., 331,069 (278,718); Los Angeles, Cal., 319,198 (102,479); Minneapolis, Minn., 301,408 (202,718); Jersey City, N. J., 267,779 (206,433); Kansas City, Mo., 248,331 (163,752); Seattle, Wash., 237,194 (80,671); Indianapolis, Ind., 233,650 (169,164); Providence, R. I., 224,326 (175,597); Louisville, Ky., 223,928 (204,731); Rochester, N. Y., 218,149 (162,608); St. Paul, Minn., 214,744 (163,065); Denver, Col., 213,381 (133,859); Portland, Ore., 207,214 (90,426); Columbus, O., 181,548 (125,560); Toledo, O., 168,497 (131,822); Atlanta, Ga., 154,839 (89,672); Oakland, Cal., 150,174 (66,960); Worcester, Mass., 145,986 (118,421); Syracuse, N. Y., 137,249 (108,374); New Haven, Conn., 133,605 (108,027); Birmingham, Ala., 132,683 (38,415); Memphis, Tenn., 131,105 (102,320); Scranton, Pa., 129,867 (102,026); Richmond, Va., 127,628 (85,050); Paterson, N. J., 125,600 (105,171); Omaha, Neb., 124,096 (102,555); Fall River, Mass., 119,295 (104,803); Dayton, O., 116,577 (85,333); Grand Rapids, Mich., 112,571 (87,565); Nashville, Tenn., 110,364 (80,865); Lowell, Mass., 106,294 (94,969); Cambridge, Mass., 104,839 (91,886); Spokane, Wash., 104,402 (36,848); Bridgeport, Conn., 102,054 (70,996); Albany, N. Y., 100,253 (94,151).
STATE FLOWERS.
The following list includes all the "State flowers" Commonly accepted or officially adopted:
Alabama, goldenrod; Arizona, sequoia cactus; Arkansas, apple blossom; California, poppy; Colorado, columbine; Delaware, peach blossom; Georgia, Cherokee rose; Idaho, syringa; Illinois, violet; Iowa, wild rose; Kansas, sunflower; Louisiana, magnolia; Maine, pine cone; Michigan, apple blossom; Minnesota, moccasin; Mississippi, magnolia; Montana, bitter root; Missouri, goldenrod; Nebraska, goldenrod; New Jersey, sugar maple (tree); New York, rose; North Dakota, goldenrod; Oklahoma, mistletoe; Oregon, Oregon grape; Rhode Island, violet; Texas, blue bonnet; Utah, Sego lily; Vermont, red clover; Washington, rhododendron.
HEIGHT OF NOTED STRUCTURES.
Following is the height in feet of some noted monuments and structures:
Amiens cathedral, 383; Bunker Hill monument, 221; Capitol, Washington, 288; City Hall, Philadelphia, 535; Cologne cathedral, 512; Eiffel tower, 984; Florence cathedral, 387; Fribourg cathedral, 386; Masonic Temple, Chicago, 354; Metropolitan building. N. Y., 700; Milan cathedral, 360; the Great Pyramid, 451; Rouen cathedral, 464; St. Paul's, London, 404; St. Peter's, Rome, 433; Singer building, N. Y., 612; Strassburg cathedral, 465; St. Stephen's, Vienna, 470; Ward building, Chicago, 394; Washington monument, 556.
MAXIMUM AGE OF TREES.
Palm, 250 years; elm, 355 years; cypress, 388 years; ivy, 448 years; maple, 516 years; larch, 576 years; lemon, 640 years; plane, 720 years; cedar, 800 years; chestnut, 860 years; walnut, 900 years; lime, 1,076 years; spruce, 1,200 years; oak, 1,600 years; olive, 2,000 years; yew, 2,880 years; baobab, 5,100 years; dragon, 5,900 years.
Eucalyptus, or Australian gum-tree, sometimes grows twenty-four feet in three months: bamboo, two feet in twenty-four hours.
DICTIONARY OF AERONAUTICS
The new science of aeronautics has given rise to many new words, among them some of awkward derivation, and even those properly formed and worthy of preservation in the language are often erroneously used. The following compact lexicon is therefore both interesting and instructive:
Aeroplane--A generic term applied in common use to all classes of sustaining surfaces; strictly applicable only to flat surfaces.
Adjusting Surfaces--Commonly a comparatively small surface, usually at the end of a wing tip, used to adjust lateral balance; preferably restricted to surfaces capable of variable adjustment, but not of movement by controlling devices. See "Stabilizer'" and "Wing tip" and compare "Aileron."
Advancing Edge--The front edge of a sustaining or other surface.
Advancing Surface--A surface that precedes another through the air, as in a double monoplane.
Aerocurve--A proposed substitute for aeroplane.
Aerodrome--A substitute proposed by Langley for aeroplane. Strictly applicable to a course rather than to a vehicle.
Aileron (a'ler-on)--A small hinged or separated wing tip or surface capable of independent manipulation for the purpose of maintaining lateral balance.
Aviation (a-vi-a'shun)--Dynamic flight by means of heavier-than-air mechanisms.
Aviator (a'vi-a-ter)--The operator or pilot of a heavier-than-air machine.
Aerofoil--Term used to indicate lifting surface,
Angle of Incidence--The angle which a line drawn from the leading to the trailing edge of the plane makes with the horizontal trailing angle between the tangent to the trailing edge of the plane and the chord or a line drawn from the leading to the trailing edge.
Arc--Any portion of a circle or other curve.
Aspect--The top or plan view of an aeroplane surface.
Automatic Stability--Applied to lateral or longitudinal stability maintained by the action of suitable elements on mechanisms independent of any control exercised by the operator. There is a tendency to restrict the term to such stability secured by automatic manipulation of controlling devices, rather than to systems in which balance is maintained by the use of dihedral arrangements.
Biplane (bi'plane)--An aeroplane with two superposed main surfaces.
Balance--To maintain equilibrium by hand or automatic movement of balancing surfaces, as opposed to equilibrium maintained by stabilizing. See "Stabilizer."
Body--The center part of an aeroplane or other aerial vehicle, in which the motor, fuel tanks, passenger accommodation, etc., are placed.
Camber--The camber of the ribs is the amount of curvature which is imparted to them in the same way that a motor car spring or a road has a camber or curvature.
Chassis (shas-see)--That part of the main framework of a monoplane to which the main planes and tail planes are fitted and which contains the engine and aviators seat.
Center of Pressure--Really a line of pressure along the under side of a wing or aeroplane surface, on either side of which the pressures are equal.
Center of Gravity--The center of weight, about which the vehicle balances in all directions.
Chord--A straight line drawn between the ends of the arc of a circle or other curve.
Dirigible (dir'-igihle)--Steerable or navigable; applied to balloons.
Derrick--A tower in which a falling weight is dropped in starting an aeroplane.
Diagonal--A diagonal brace or stay in a framework.
Dihedral (di-he'dral)--Said of wing pairs inclined at an upward angle to each other.
Elevator--A principal supplementary surface, usually of a miniature form of the main planes. Used for purpose of altering the vertical direction of machine.
Gap--The distance between two main planes in a biplane.
Gliding--Flying down a slant of air without power.
Gyroscopic Effect--The property of any rotating mass whereby it tends to maintain its plane of rotation against disturbing forces.
Gauchissement (or warping)--Applied to the main planes and produces the same ultimate effect as the use of ailerons.
Hangar (hang'ar)--A shed for housing balloons or aeroplanes, generally the latter.
Horsepower--A rate of work equivalent to the lifting of 33,000 ft.-lb. a minute.
Head Resistance--The resistance of a surface to movement through the air; closely proportionate to its projected area.
Heavier-than-air--Applied to dynamic flying machines weighing more than the air they displace.
Horizontal Rudder--A horizontally placed rudder for steering in vertical directions.
Lift--The sustaining effect, expressed in units of weight of an aeroplane or wing surface.
Monoplane--An aeroplane with one or more main surfaces in the same horizontal plane.
Main Plane--Usually the largest or lowest supporting surface of a multi-surfaced aeroplane.
Mast--A spar or strut used for the attachment of wire or other stays to stiffen the wings or other parts of a structure.
Main Spars--Lateral spars upon which the main planes are built.
Main Landing Wheels--In an alighting gear, the wheels that take the chief shock in landing.
Ornithopter--A dynamic flying machine of the heavier-than-air type, in which sustension is provided by the effect of reciprocating wing surfaces.
Pylon--A tower to mark the course in aerial racing contests.
Ribs--Supports for the fabric, made of ash or spruce and bent to the correct curves.
Rudder--One or more steering planes are invariably fitted to practical machines to control the direction of flight.
Superposed Planes--Arrangement of one plane over the other, as in the Wright, Voisin and Farman machines.
Supplementary Planes (or surfaces)--Additional surfaces which are used for stabilization.
Stabilizer--Any surface for automatically maintaining lateral or longitudinal balance.
Struts--Fixtures used in biplane construction to maintain an equal distance between two planes.
Skids--Long skates on which the machine can land in safety.
Span--The distance from tip to tip of the main planes in a transverse direction to that of flight.
Soaring Flight--The flight of certain large birds without wing flapping. Its solution and imitation constitute one of the problems of aerial navigation.
Sustaining Surface--Any surface placed in a horizontal or approximately horizontal position, primarily for the purpose of affording sustension.
Triplane--An aeroplane with three main surfaces.
Webs--Small blocks of wood placed between the ribs which act as distance pieces.
Wing Warping--A system of maintaining lateral balance by differential twisting of wing tips in such manner as to increase the sustension on one side and decrease it on the other.
--New York Tribune.
COLLEGE COLORS.
Amherst--Purple and white.
Beloit--Old gold,
Bowdoin--White.
Brown--Brown and white.
Columbia--Light blue and white.
Cornell--Carnelian and white.
Dartmouth--Green.
Harvard--Crimson.
Indiana--Crimson and cream.
Iowa--Scarlet and black.
Iowa State--Cardinal and gold.
Johns Hopkins--Black and old gold.
Lake Forest--Red and black.
Leland Stanford--Cardinal.
Northwestern--Royal Purple.
Oberlin--Crimson and gold
Princeton--Orange and black.
Purdue--Old gold and black.
University of Chicago--Maroon.
University of Illinois--Orange and navy blue.
University of Michigan--Maize and blue.
University of Minnesota--Old gold and maroon.
University of Notre Dame--Gold and blue.
University of Pennsylvania--Red and blue.
University of Rochester--Dandelion yellow.
University of Wisconsin--Cardinal.
Vassar--Rose and gray.
Williams--Royal purple.
Yale--Blue.
THE CLAIMS OF OSTEOPATHY.
Strictly construing the claims of osteopathic doctors, it is an anti-medicine system of practice for the cure of every disease to which the human body is liable.
Dr. Andrew T. Still, who claims to have made the discoveries that led to the establishment of the school of Osteopathy, asserts that all diseases and lesions are the result of the luxation, dislocation, or breakage of some bone or bones; this, however, is not now maintained to any great extent by his followers. Osteopathists, though, do generally claim that all diseases arise from some maladjustment of the bones of the human body, and that treatment, therefore, must be to secure the normal adjustment of the bones and ligaments that form the skeleton. They claim that a dislocation is not always necessarily the result of external violence; it may be caused by the ulceration of bones, the elongation of ligaments, or excessive muscular action.