Part 17

The constriction of an important artery or vein, which may be caused by a very slightly displaced bone, an indurated muscle, or other organ, may produce an excess of blood in one part of the body, thereby causing a deficiency in some other part. A dislocated member will generally show alteration in the form of the joint and axis of the limb; loss of power and proper motion; increased length or shortening of the limb; prominence at one point and depression at another; greatly impaired circulation, and pain due to the obstruction of nerve force in the parts involved.

The osteopathist claims that pain and disease arise mainly from some mal-adjustment in some part of the body, and that a return to good health involves treatment for the normal adjustment of the skeleton; he asserts, though any luxation may be only partial, it may cause pressure at some point upon a blood vessel, or a nerve of which the patient may be unconscious, and thus be a barrier to the restoration of good health.

Osteopathy asserts that trying to heal the body of an ailment caused by a dislocated member, be it a bone, ligament, or nerve, by which abnormal pressure is maintained upon a blood vessel or a nerve, would be like trying to operate a machine with an important cog out of gear. To cure it involves the reduction of a dislocation; the breaking up of adhesions, and the arousing of the enervated organ or organs partially or wholly failing in the performance of function.

THE LAW OF TRADEMARKS.

Any person, firm or corporation can obtain protection for any lawful trademark by complying with the following:

1. By causing to be recorded in the Patent Office the name, residence and place of business of persons desiring the trademark.

2. The class of merchandise and description of the same.

3. A description of the trademark itself with facsimiles.

4. The length of time that the said mark has already been used.

5. By payment of the required fee--$6 for labels and $25 for trademarks.

6. By complying with such regulations as may be prescribed by the Commissioner of Patents.

7. A lawful trademark must consist of some arbitrary word (not the name of a person or place), indicating or not the use or nature of the thing to which it is applied; of some designating symbol, or of both said word and symbol.

HOW TO OBTAIN A PATENT.

Patents are issued in the name of the United States, and under the seal of the Patent Office. A patent is a grant by the Government to the inventor, his heirs or assigns, for a limited period, of the exclusive right to make, use or sell any new and useful art, machine, manufacture or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, or any new, original and ornamental design for any article of manufacture.

Every patent contains a grant to the patentee, his heirs or assigns, for the term of seventeen years, of the exclusive right to make, use and vend the invention or discovery throughout the United States and the Territories, referring to the specification for the particulars thereof.

If it appears that the inventor, at the time of making his application, believed himself to be the first inventor or discoverer, a patent will not be refused on account of the invention or discovery, or any part thereof, having been known or used in any foreign country before his invention or discovery thereof, if it had not been before patented or described in any printed publication.

Joint inventors are entitled to a joint patent; neither can claim one separately. Independent inventors of distinct and independent improvements in the same machine cannot obtain a joint patent for their separate inventions; nor does the fact that one furnishes the capital and another makes the invention entitle them to make application as joint inventors; but in such case they may become joint patentees.

Application for a patent must be made in writing to the Commissioner of Patents, from whom blanks and printed instructions can be obtained by mail.

REISSUES.--A reissue is granted to the original patentee, his legal representatives, or the assignees of the entire interest, when, by reason of a defective or insufficient specification, or by reason of the patentee claiming as his invention or discovery more than he had a right to claim as new, the original patent is inoperative or invalid, provided the error has arisen from inadvertence, accident or mistake and without any fraudulent or deceptive intention.

CAVEATS.--A caveat, under the patent law, is a notice given to the office of the caveator's claim as inventor, in order to prevent the grant of a patent to another for the same alleged invention upon an application filed during the life of the caveat without notice to the caveator.

Any citizen of the United States who has made a new invention or discovery, and desires further time to mature the same, may, on payment of a fee of $10, file in the Patent Office a caveat setting forth the object and the distinguishing characteristics of the invention, and praying protection of his right until he shall have matured his invention. Such caveat shall be filed in the confidential archives of the office and preserved in secrecy, and shall be operative for the term of one year from the filing thereof.

An alien has the same privilege, if he has resided in the United States one year next preceding the filing of his caveat, and has made oath of his intention to become a citizen.

The caveat must comprise a specification, oath, and, when the nature of the case admits of it, a drawing, and, like the application, must be limited to a single invention or improvement.

FEES.--Fees must be paid in advance, and are as follows. On filing each original application for a patent, $15. On issuing each original patent, $20. In design cases: For three years and six months, $10: for seven years, $15; for fourteen years, $30. On filing each caveat, $10.

On every application for the reissue of a patent, $30. Added to these are the usual charges of patent solicitors for preparing the application and for drawings etc.

SHAKESPEARE'S COUNSEL.

(Polonius' Advice to His Son Laertes.)

And these few precepts in thy memory See thou character: Give thy thoughts no tongue. Nor any unproportion'd thought his act. Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar. Those friends thou hast, and their adoption tried, Grapple them to thy soul with hooks of steel; But do not dull thy palm with entertainment Of each new-hatch'd, unfledged comrade. Beware Of entrance to a quarrel, but, being in, Bear 't that the opposed may beware of thee. Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice; Take each man's censure, but reserve thy judgment. Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy. But not express'd in fancy; rich, not gaudy; For the apparel oft proclaims the man. * * * Neither a borrower nor a lender be: For loan oft loses both itself and friend, And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. This above all: to thine own self be true, And it must follow, as the night the day, Thou canst not then be false to any man. --"Hamlet," 1 :3.

POOR RICHARD'S SAYINGS. (Benjamin Franklin.)

Drive thy business! Let not thy business drive thee!

Diligence is the mother of good luck.

Now I have a sheep and a cow, everybody bids me good morrow.

If you would know the value of money, go and try to borrow some.

Great estates may venture more, but little boats should keep near shore.

What maintains one vice would bring up two children.

God helps them that help themselves.

Poverty often deprives a man of all spirit and virtue, 'Tis hard for an empty bag to stand upright.

Beware of little expenses; a small leak will sink a great ship.

For age and want, save while you may. No morning sun lasts a whole day.

HOW TO MAKE CHANGE QUICKLY.

Always consider the amount of purchase as if that much money were already counted out, then add to amount of purchase enough small change to make an even dollar, counting out the even dollars last until full amount is made up.

If the purchase amounts to 57 cents, and you are handed $2.00 in payment, count out 43 cents first to make an even dollar. Then layout the other dollar.

Should the purchase be $3.69, to be taken out of $20.00, begin with $3.69 as the basis and make up even $4.00 by laying out 31 cents. This 31 cents with the amount of the purchase you will consider as $4.00, and count out even dollars to make up the $20.00 which the customer has handed in.

MERCHANTS' COST AND PRICE MARKS.

All merchants use private cipher marks to note cost or selling price of goods. The cipher is usually made up from some short word or sentence of nine or ten letters, as:

C O R N E L I U S, A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

Five dollars, according to this key, would be eaa. But generally an extra letter is used to prevent repeating the mark for 0. If the sign for a second 0 in this case were y, we would have eay instead of eaa.

TIME IN WHICH MONEY DOUBLES.

Per Simple Compound Ct Interest. Interest. 2 50 yrs. 35 yrs. 2-1/2 40 yrs. 28 yrs. 26 da. 3 33 yrs. 4 mos. 23 yrs. 164 da. 3-1/2 28 yrs, 208 da. 20 yrs. 54 4 25 yrs. 17 yrs. 246 da. 4-1/2 22 yrs. 81 da. 15 yrs. 273 da. 5 20 yrs. 14 yrs. 75 da. 6 16 yrs. 8 mos. 11 yrs. 327 da. 7 14 yrs. 104 da. 10 yrs. 89 da. 8 12-1/2 yrs. 9 yrs 2 da. 9 11 yrs. 40da. 8 yrs. 16 da. 10 10 yrs. 7 yrs. 100 da.

"A DOLLAR SAVED, A DOLLAR EARNED."

The way to accumulate money is to save small sums with regularity. A small sum saved daily for fifty years will grow at the following rate:

Daily Savings. Result. Daily Savings. Result. One cent $ 950 Sixty cents $ 57,024 Ten cents 9,504 Seventy cents 66,528 Twenty cents 19,006 Eighty cents 76,032 Thirty cents 28,512 Ninety cents 85,537 Forty cents 38,015 One dollar 475,208 Fifty cents 47,520

[Transcriber's note: The figures from 1 to 90 cents assume about 5.5% interest. The one dollar amount ($475,208) assumes about 10% interest.]

SHORT INTEREST RULES.

To find the interest on a given sum for any number of days, at any rate of interest, multiply the principal by the number of days and divide as follows:

At 3 per cent, by 120 At 9 per cent, by 40 At 4 per cent, by 90 At 10 per cent, by 36 At 5 per cent, by 72 At 12 per cent, by 30 At 6 per cent, by 60 At 15 per cent, by 24 At 7 per cent, by 52 At 20 per cent, by 18 At 8 per cent, by 45

TRADE DISCOUNTS.

Wholesale houses usually invoice their goods to retailers at "list" prices. List prices were once upon a time supposed to be retail prices, but of late a system of "long" list prices has come into vogue in many lines of trade--that is, the list price is made exorbitantly high, so that wholesalers can give enormous discounts. These discounts, whether large or small, are called trade discounts, and are usually deducted at a certain rate per cent from the face of invoice.

The amount of discount generally depends upon size of bill or terms of settlement, or both. Sometimes two or more discounts are allowed. Thus 30% and 5% is expressed 30 and 5 meaning first a discount of 30% and then 5% from the remainder.

30 and 5 is not 35% but 33-1/3%. 10, 5 and 3 off means three successive discounts.

A wholesale house allowing 10, 5 and 3 off gets more for its goods than it would at 18 off.

HOW TO DETECT COUNTERFEIT MONEY.

In the space at disposal here, it is impossible of course to give a complete illustrated counterfeit detector, but the following simple rules, laid down by Bank Note Examiner Geo. R. Baker, will be found extremely valuable:

Examine the form and features of all human figures: if graceful, and features distinct, examine the drapery. Notice whether the folds lie naturally, and observe whether the fine strands of the hair are plain and distinct.

Examine the lettering. In a genuine bill is absolutely perfect. There has never been a counterfeit put out but was more or less defective in the lettering.

Counterfeiters rarely, if ever, get the imprint or engraver's name perfect. The shading in the background of the vignette and over and around the letters forming the name of the bank, on a good bill, is even and perfect; on a counterfeit, it is uneven and imperfect.

The die work around the figures of the denomination should be of the same character as the ornamental work surrounding it.

Never take a bill deficient in any of these points.

Big Trees.--Of ninety-two redwood trees in Calaveras Grove, Cal., ten are over thirty feet in diameter, and eighty-two have a diameter of from fifteen to thirty feet. Their ages are estimated at from 1,000 to 3,500 years. Their height ranges from 150 to 237 feet.

FACTS OF GENERAL INTEREST.

A hawk flies 150 miles per hour; an eider duck 90 miles; a pigeon, 40 miles.

A man's working life is divided into four decades: 20 to 30, bronze; 30 to 40, silver; 40 to 50, gold; 50 to 60, iron. Intellect and judgment are strongest between 40 and 50.

Hair which is lightest in color is also lightest in weight. Light or blond hair is generally the most luxuriant, and it has been calculated that the average number of hairs of this color on an average person's head is 140,000; while the number of brown hairs is 110,000, and black only 103,000.

Goldsmith received $300 for "The Vicar of Wakefield;" Moore, $15,500 for "Lalla Rookh;" Victor Hugo, $12,000 for "Hernani;" Chateaubriand, $110,000 for his works; Lamartine, $16,000 for "Travels in Palestine;" Disraeli, $50,000 for "Endymion;" Anthony Trollope, $315,000 for forty-five novels; Lingard, $21,000 for his "History of England;" Mrs. Grant received over $600,000 as royalty from the sale of "The Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant."

One woman in 20, one man in 30 is barren--about 4 per cent. It is found that one marriage in 20 is barren--5 per cent. Among the nobility of Great Britain, 21 per cent have no children, owing partly to intermarriage of cousins, no less than 4-1/2 per cent being married to cousins.

The largest bells are the following, and their weight is given in tons: Moscow, 216: Burmah, 117; Pekin, 53; Novgorod, 31; Notre Dame, 18; Rouen, 18; Olmutz, 18; Vienna, 18; St. Paul's, 16; Westminster, 14; Montreal, 12; Cologne, 11; Oxford, 8; St. Peter's, 8. Bell metal should have 77 parts copper and 23 tin.

American life averages for professions (Boston): Storekeepers, 41.8 years; teamsters, 43.6 years; laborers. 44.6 years; seamen, 46.1 years; mechanics, 47.3 years; merchants, 48.4 years; lawyers, 52.6 years; farmers, 64.2 years.

A camel has twice the carrying power of an ox; with an ordinary load of 400 lb. he can travel 12 to 14 days without water, going 40 miles a day. Camels are fit to work at 5 years old, but their strength begins to decline at 25, although they live usually till 40.

The checks paid in New York in one year aggregate $77,020,672,494, which is more than nine times the value of all the gold and silver coin in existence.

Pounds of water evaporated by 1 lb. of fuel as follows: Straw. 1.9; wood, 3.1; peat, 3.8; coke or charcoal. 6.4; coal, 7.9; petroleum, 14.6.

The average elevation of continents above sea level is: Europe, 670 feet; Asia, 1,140 feet; North America. 1,150 feet; South America, 1,100 feet.

A body weighing 140 lb. produces 3 lb. ashes; time for burning, 55 minutes.

The seven largest diamonds in the world weigh, respectively, as follows; Kohinoor, 103 carats; Star of Brazil, 126 carats; Regent of France, 136 carats; Austrian Kaiser, 139 carats; Russian Czar, 195 carats; Rajah of Borneo, 367 carats; Braganza, 1,880 carats. The value of the above is not regulated by size, nor easy to estimate, but none of them is worth less than $500,000.

According to Orfila, the proportion of nicotine in Havana tobacco is 2 per cent; in French, 6 per cent; and Virginia tobacco, 7 per cent. That in Brazilian is still higher.

One horsepower will raise 16-1/2 tons per minute a height of 12 inches, working 8 hours a day. This is about 9,900 foot-tons daily, or 12 times a man's work.

Good clear ice two inches thick will bear men to walk on; four inches thick will bear horses and riders; six inches thick will bear horses and teams with moderate loads.

One pair of rabbits can become multiplied in four years into 1,250,000. Australia ships 6,000,000 rabbit skins yearly to England.

The largest of the Pyramids, that of Cheops, is composed of four million tons of stone, and occupied 100,000 men during 20 years, equal to an outlay of $200,000,000. It would now cost $20,000,000 at a contract price of 36 cents per cubic foot.

One tug on the Mississippi can take, in six days, from St. Louis to New Orleans, barges carrying 10,000 tons of grain, which would require 70 railway trains of fifteen cars each.

Comparative Scale of Strength.--Ordinary man, 100; Byron's Gladiator, 173; Farnese Hercules, 362; horse, 750.

A man will die for want of air in five minutes; for want of sleep, in ten days; for want of water, in a week; for want of food, at varying intervals, dependent on various circumstances.

The average of human life is 33 years. One child out of every four dies before the age of 7 years, and only one-half of the world's population reach the age of 17. One out of 10,000 reaches 100 years. The average number of births per day is about 120,000, exceeding the deaths by about 15 per minute. There have been many alleged cases of longevity in all ages, but only a few are authentic.

The various nations of Europe are represented in the list of Popes as follows: English, 1; Dutch, 1; Swiss, 1; Portuguese, 1; African, 2; Austrian, 2; Spanish, 5; German, 6; Syrian, 8; Greek, 14; French, 16; Italian, 200. Eleven Popes reigned over 20 years; 69, from 10 to 20; 57, from 5 to 10; and the reign of 116 was less than 5 years. The reign of Piux IX was the longest of all, the only one exceeding 25 years.

A knot, in sailor phrase, is a nautical mile, 6,080 feet, or 800 feet more than a land mile.

The Garden of the Gods is near Colorado Springs and consists of a tract some 50 acres in area surrounded by mountains and ravines of red sandstone. A number of large upright rocks, some as high as 350 feet, have given the beautiful valley its name. It is entered by a very narrow pass called the "Beautiful Gate."

The Trans-Siberian Railway is 6,003 miles long and was built at a cost of $201,350,860.

The longest reigns in English history were; Victoria, 64 years; George III., 60; Henry III, 56; Edward III, 50; Elizabeth, 45; Henry VIII., 38.

The highest mountain in North America is Mt. McKinley, at the headwaters of the Suswhitna and Kuskokwim rivers, Alaska. Its height is 20,464 feet.

The largest viaduct in the world was designed and built by American engineers for the English railway in Burma. It crosses the Gokteik gorge, eighty miles from Mandalay. It is 2,260 feet long and 325 feet high, and was constructed in 1900.

The degrees of alcohol in wines and liquors are: Beer, 4.0; porter, 4.5; ale, 7.4; cider, 8.6; Moselle, 9.6; Tokay, 10.2; Rhine, 11.0; orange, 11.2; Bordeaux, 11.5; hock, 11.6; gooseberry, 11.8; Champagne, 12.2; claret, 13.3; Burgundy, 13.6; Malaga, 17.3; Lisbon, 18.5; Canary, 18.8; sherry, 19.0; vermouth, 19.0; Cape, 19.2; Malmsey, 19.7; Marsala, 20.2; Madeira, 21.0; Port, 23.2; Curacoa, 27.0; aniseed, 33.0; Maraschino, 34.0; Chartreuse, 43.0; gin, 51.6; brandy, 53.4; rum, 53.7; Irish whisky, 53.9; Scotch, 54.3. Spirits are said to be "proof" when they contain 57 per cent. The maximum amount of alcohol, says Parkes, that a man can take daily without injury to his health is that contained in 2 oz. Brandy, 1/4 pt. of sherry, 1/2 pt. of claret, or 1 pt. of beer.

The measurement of that part of the skull which holds the brain is stated in cubic inches thus: Anglo-Saxon, 105; German, 105; negro, 96; ancient Egyptian, 93; Hottentot, 58; Australian native, 58. In all races the male brain is about ten per cent heavier than the female. The highest class of apes has only 16 oz. of brain. A man's brain, it is estimated, consists of 300,000,000 nerve cells, of which over 3,000 are disintegrated and destroyed every minute. Everyone, therefore, has a new brain once in sixty days. But excessive labor, or lack of sleep, prevents the repair of the tissues, and the brain gradually wastes away. Diversity of occupation, by calling upon different portions of the mind or body successively, affords, in some measure, the requisite repose to each. But in this age of overwork there is no safety except in that perfect rest which is the only natural restorative of exhausted power.

The King James version of the Bible contains 3,566,480 letters, 773,746 words, 31,173 verses, 1,189 chapters, and 66 books. The word and occurs 46,277 times. The word Lord occurs 1,855 times. The word Reverend occurs but once, which is in the 9th verse of the 111th Psalm. The middle verse is the 8th verse of the 118th Psalm. The 21st verse of the 7th chapter of Ezra contains all the letters of the alphabet except the letter J. The 19th chapter of II Kings and the 37th chapter of Isaiah are alike. The longest verse is the 9th verse of the 8th chapter of Esther. The shortest verse is the 35th verse of the 11th chapter of St. John. There are no words or names of more than six syllables.

SOME OF NATURE'S WONDERS.

The human body has 240 bones.

Man's heart beats 92,160 times in a day.

A salmon has been known to produce 10,000,000 eggs. Some female spiders produce 2,000 eggs. A queen bee produces 100,000 eggs in a season.

There are 9,000 cells in a square foot of honeycomb.

It requires 2,300 silkworms to produce one pound of silk.

It would take 27,600 spiders to produce one pound of web.

THE RULE OF THE ROAD.

The "rule of the road" in the United States is "turn to the right"; in England it is the reverse. The rule holds in this country in the case where two vehicles going in opposite directions meet. When one vehicle overtakes another the foremost gives way to the left and the other passes by on the "off side"; and when a vehicle is crossing the direction of another it keeps to the left and crosses in its rear. These two rules are the same in this country as in England, and why the rule concerning meeting vehicles should have been changed it is impossible to say.

CANARY BIRDS.

How to Keep Them Healthy and in Good Song.

Place the cage so that no draught of air can strike the bird.

Give nothing to healthy birds but rape, hemp, canary seed, water, cuttle-fish bone, and gravel, paper or sand on floor of cage.