CHAPTER III.

_Construction of the Geography of Mr. Park’s Expedition into Africa._

I next proceed to the detail of Mr. Park’s geographical materials. Should it be objected that I have been too diffuse and particular, in this part, I can only say, that since the information itself could not, from its nature be correct, it became the more necessary to investigate it closely, and also to place, not only the _result_ but the _detail_ of the investigation, together with the _original documents_ themselves, in the form of notes, in the hands of the public, that the true grounds of the construction, might be known. For whether it may happen, that no further lights should ever be obtained, concerning the subject; or whether some other traveller, more _fortunate_ (for he cannot possess more zeal, enterprize, temper, or firmness) should complete Mr. Park’s work; in either case, the original documents, as well as the mode of working them up, should be recorded; in the _former_, that we may know how to _appreciate_ them; in the _latter_, how best to _improve_ them. The successor of Mr. Park, cannot have too extensive a knowledge of the detail of his predecessor’s work; in order that he may know what parts require correction; and how to avoid delays, from a useless attention to objects, that are already attained.

Two new Maps have been constructed for the occasion. The one contains the PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY AND IMPROVEMENT in various parts of North Africa; the other, the GEOGRAPHY of Mr. PARK’S EXPEDITION, as well as the result of his particular inquiries in the same quarter; on a more extended scale. The _present_ remarks and discussions refer particularly to the latter.

In the construction of this map, it is first required to state those points, on which Mr. Park’s _outset_ depends; as also those which affect the position of Fort St. Joseph, near to which he passed; as they differ from the maps in present use. And, as some positions in the journey of Mess. Watt and Winterbottom, serve very much to aid the improvement of the geography, it will be proper to speak of them also.

Cape Verd, and Fort St. Louis, at the mouth of the Senegal river, are placed according to the observations and results of M. Fleurieu.[55]

Jillifrey, on the Gambia river is, from the mean of the longitudes set forth by D’Anville, D’Apres, and Woodville, and which do not differ amongst themselves, more than 4½ minutes.[56]

The detail of the coasts, as well as the lower parts of the rivers between Cape Verd, and Cape Verga, are also from the charts of M. Woodville. That part between Cape Verd and latitude 18°, is adjusted to M. Fleurieu’s result of longitude, whilst the particulars are from D’Anville and Woodville.

The course of the Rio Grande from the sea to the _break_ near the river Dunso, is from Dr. Wadstrom’s map. The Dunso river, crossed by Mr. Watt, appears evidently to be a continuation of the same river; several branches of which flow from the south-east. And the high tract of mountainous land beyond it, is no doubt a branch of the great ridge above commemorated, under the name of Komri, in the work of Abulfeda.

The route of Mr. Watt is described from a sketch communicated by the late Mr. BEAUFOY,[57] in which the scale appears, on a reference to the original journal, to be intended for _British_ miles. I have regarded them accordingly; whence Laby and Teembo are placed much nearer to the coast, than Dr. Wadstrom’s map represents: for it appears by the Journal, that Kissey, at the head of the river of the same name, is no more than eight journies from Teembo. Nor has the map more than 120 geographic miles between them, admitting the scale to be British miles, as I have concluded.[58]

The nearest point in Mr. Park’s route falls at 112 G. miles to the northward of the extreme point of Mr. Watt’s; and the river Gambia lay nearly midway between them. Thus, the map of Mr. Watt forms a most useful point of comparison; and adds confirmation to the report of the natives, respecting the course of the Gambia; for Mr. Park was told, that it was _crossed_ in the way from the Falemé river, to Foota Jallo, of which Teembo is the capital.

Pisania, on the Gambia (called also Kuttijar Factory), the place of Mr. Park’s outset[59] is stated by D’Anville to be 170 G. miles above Jillifrey, by the difference of longitude; but by M. Woodville’s map, no more than 156; which answers better to the statement of the land journey; for Mr. Park was told that it was no more than 6½ journies of a messenger.[60]

Pisania then, is placed in longitude 13° 28′, according to this result; and in latitude 13° 35′ north, according to Mr. Park’s observation, by sextant.

The causes of the _apparent wanderings_ of Mr. Park having been explained in the former part of this work, it will be no farther necessary to trace his course, than merely to explain the connection of the different parts of the _data_ for the general construction.

Since the scale of the Map is fixed by the computed distances arising on the intervals of time employed in Mr. Park’s route, it is possible that some readers may be startled at the idea of following such an apparently vague authority. Those, however, who have been much in the habit of observing their rate of travelling, will be easily convinced that distances _may be_ approximated; and those in particular who have been much accustomed to travel in countries, where _time_ regulates the _distance_; or who have been in habits of working up geographical materials of this kind, will be the most easily convinced. It will of course be understood, that calculations of this kind can only be received from persons of judgment and experience: and also, that when opportunities of checking them, occur, they are always resorted to; after which, of course, no alternative remains, but to adopt the corrected distance.

In the present case, the _rate of travelling of camels_,[61] does not apply; as Mr. Park’s journey outwards was made on horseback, and his return chiefly on foot. Nor are camels, indeed, in use in that line of route. The checks to be employed, are the number of journies reported by the travelling merchants, from different points of Mr. Park’s route to Sego and Tombuctoo; and also those from the quarters of Morocco, Tunis, and Fezzan, to Tombuctoo; using as a scale, the rate arising on the route between Fezzan and Egypt, Morocco and Jarra, as the _best known_ lines of distance. These, altogether, furnish such kind of authority as will, I trust, lead to a satisfactory conclusion; as the general coincidence is certainly very striking.

My mode of procedure has been, to calculate, in the first instance, Mr. Park’s bearings and distances, and then to correct the bearings by his observed latitudes, as far as these extend: and beyond that, I have taken his bearing by compass, and allowed the _supposed quantity_ of variation.

The result of these calculations, together with the addition of his line of distance from Sego to Tombuctoo, was then compared with the popular report of the distance between the several stations of Woolli, Fort St. Joseph, Bambouk, and Tombuctoo. It was found that these reports did not materially differ from the aggregate distance given by Mr. Park; although they fell short of it; a difference which might naturally have been expected, and which I have ventured to alter. The difference, however, does not exceed twenty-four geographic miles; a mere trifle in African geography. The position of Tombuctoo, so obtained, differs only half a degree in latitude, and still less in longitude, from that arising from the intersection of the lines of distance from Morocco on the NW, and Fezzan on the NE: of which a particular account will be given in the sequel.

A great part of Mr. Park’s geographical memorandums are totally lost: but fortunately his bearings by compass during a great part of the way, are preserved. In other parts, he has preserved only the calculation of latitude and longitude, arising from them; which, however, of course furnish the means of obtaining the bearings, if necessary. As he omitted to take observations to determine the quantity of the variation of the compass, after he lost the means of correcting his course by observations of latitude, which was at Jarra, about midway in his route:[62] it becomes a question of some importance, what quantity to allow on those long lines of distance between Jarra and Silla; Silla and Manding.

It appears on inquiry, that the quantity of variation is no more known, any where _within_ the continent of _Africa_, than within that of _New Holland_. And it happens moreover, that the _lines of equal quantities_ of variation, do not run across Africa with that degree of regularity and parallelism, which takes place over great part of the Atlantic and Indian oceans (at least this is what appears clearly to my judgment): so that it became necessary to inquire, what quantity prevails in the surrounding seas; and what the general direction, as well as the _particular nature_, and _tendency_, of the curves, of the lines of equal quantities?

The variation lines on the globe have occupied a good deal of my attention at different periods of my life, and therefore the application of such new observations as the assiduity and kindness of my friends had procured for me on this occasion, was less difficult, than if the subject had been new to me. A dissertation on the subject, would be out of place here; and therefore I shall only give the result of my inquiries, in abstract; after premising, that the theoretical part belonging to the interior of Africa, is founded on a _supposed continuation_ of those lines of equal quantities, whose _tendency_ has been already ascertained, in the surrounding seas. I am perfectly aware, that some may regard the assumption as too great: but they will no doubt admit, at the same time, that it is difficult to conceive a more probable arrangement: and what is much more to the purpose, is, that if we are compelled to abandon the system, in the gross, the quantity of variation in the line of Mr. Park’s travels, cannot be greatly different from what we have assumed. For, whether the line of 18° in the _south Atlantic_, be a continuation of that in the _north_ Atlantic, or of that in the _Indian sea_, much the same result will follow: only that in the former case, the quantity will be somewhat greater.

[Illustration: CHART _of the_ Lines _of_ Magnetic VARIATION, _in the Seas around AFRICA_.

_Published by James Rennell May 18th. 1798._]

It would appear, that between the East Indies and South America, Europe and South Africa, there are _four_ distinct sets of what may be termed _concentric curves_ of variation lines, on the globe, and whose highest points of convexity are opposed to each other, within the great body of Northern Africa. The accompanying sketch will best explain it.[63] It would appear moreover, that from the place of opposition of these curves, in Africa, where the quantity of variation is 18°, it _decreases_ with great rapidity, and finally to nothing, in going _eastwards_ to _India_, or _south-westward_ to _south America_: and that from the same point, it _increases_, in going _NNW_, towards _Ireland_, or to the _opposite quarter_, towards the coast of _Caffraria_. But the change is not in any proportion so rapid in the _increase_, in going _north_ or _south_, as in the _decrease_, in going _east_ or _west_. Such are the outlines of this system; by which, if a person was to set out from Cape Verd, or Cape Blanco, to traverse Africa from WSW to ENE, to Upper or Lower Egypt, he would find at setting out, from 15½ to 16½ degrees of westerly variation, which would increase to 18° about the centre of the continent, and afterwards decrease to a less quantity than at his setting out. Mr. Park’s travels being comprized between Cape Verd and the centre of Africa, will therefore be in the quarter that has from 16 to 18 degrees; and the part more particularly, where, from the want of observations of latitude, we must depend on his compass bearings, nearer 18° than 17°.[64] I shall now proceed to the detail of Mr. Park’s materials.

Leaving Pisania, Mr. Park proceeded eastward to Medina,[65] the capital of Woolli; and thence to the ENE, through the countries of Bondou, Kajaaga, and Kasson; the two latter of which are separated by the river of Senegal.

In his way, he took observations of latitude at Kolor, Koorkoorany, and Joag, on this side the river: by which means we are enabled to correct the parallels. The _distance_ at _present_ is left as it stands in the Journal, with a view of correcting it afterwards. The result of these bearings and distances (the particulars of which appear below),[66] places Joag at 247 miles east of Pisania; and the latitude, by two different observations, was found to be 14° 25′.[67]

At Joag Mr. Park was informed that Dramanet, which is about 2½ miles to the _eastward_ of Fort St. Joseph, was 10 miles to the _westward_ of him. That fort is said to be in 14° 34′, or 9 min. north of Joag; so that it ought to lie to the north-west, rather than to the west: and accordingly, there is found, in the map in Labat,[68] a place named Gacouva, no doubt meant for Joag, on the SE of St. Joseph; and in point of distance answering to it. Other places in the same map of Labat, are also recognized in the route of Mr. Park; so that the connection between it and the French settlement on the Senegal, is very clearly made out; which is a circumstance of some importance in this geography.

It will appear that the _reckoning_ kept by Mr. Park gave 89 min. difference of latitude between Pisania and Joag, whilst the observation gave 50 only. About 9 minutes may be placed to the account of _excess of distance_, and 30 will then remain, on the whole distance of 253 geographic miles. In other words, the _dead reckoning_, corrected by allowing 17 degrees of westerly variation, gave a course of E 20°½ N; which, however, by the observations of latitude, is shewn to be E 11°¼ N (or E by N) making a difference of 9¼ degrees. But this I regard as coming very near, considering the circumstances under which the reckoning was kept.

From Joag we accompany Mr. Park to Kooniakarry and Jarra. The reckoning between the two first gives about 23¼ min. difference of latitude, 55 of easting.[69] And hence the latitude of Kooniakarry will be 14° 48′ by account; but the observation taken at Jumbo, in its neighbourhood, giving only 14° 34′, the account is 14 to the north; equal to about a point and quarter in bearing. The same mode of correction has been applied here, as in the former part of the route; that is, the _whole distance_ has been (for the present) allowed; with the difference of latitude by observation; and hence Kooniakarry will fall 59½ geographic miles to the east of Joag.

The route from Kooniakarry to Jarra[70] may be divided into two parts; first, to Feesurah, a place of _observation_, south-eastward; and secondly, to Jarra, north-eastward.

The account to Feesurah agrees very nearly with the bearings and distance. The latitude by observation was 14° 5′, and the easting from Kooniakarry, corrected, 47 miles. Then, to Jarra, the account also agrees very nearly; the latitude was 15° 5′, that is, just one degree north of Feesurah; and the easting from thence 33 miles.

The aggregate of easting, between Joag and Jarra, is then 139½ miles.[71]

It may be observed, that throughout this journey, generally, the reckoning has been to the northward of the observations; and that, by about _ten_ degrees on the _whole_ traverse, when 17 degrees of variation have been allowed. It will hardly be supposed that the difference arises from allowing too much variation by _ten_ degrees; but it is singular, that the error should, in all cases but _one_, lie the same way. I do not by any means regard the error as considerable, circumstances considered:[72] nor is it of any consequence in the parts where the observations of latitude serve to correct it: as between Pisania and Jarra.

Mr. Park was plundered of his sextant at Jarra, which accident of course put an end to his observations of latitude; and thus, unfortunately, left the remaining _half_ (very nearly) of his geography in a state of uncertainty, as to parallel. This point, therefore, must be regarded as the most advanced geographical station, that rests on any _certain basis_ of parallel. However, the remaining part of the route will not appear to be much out, when it is seen how nearly the bearing of Sego, as determined by Mr. Park, agreed with the line of direction pointed out from Jarra.

It is, no doubt, a favourable circumstance, that the instrument was not lost at an earlier period, and before the commencement of the intricate route between the pass of the Senegal river and Jarra; to which may be added, the advantage of a _known parallel_, from whence to set off the very important bearing of Tombuctoo. In effect, the bearing was pointed out from Benowm, but this place being nearly east from Jarra, and the bearing in question E ½ N, no error of any magnitude can be looked for.

Jarra (called also Yarra), has already appeared in the Maps drawn for the Association, and was originally taken from M. Delisle’s Map; but was neglected, or overlooked, by M. D’Anville. In the former Map it was placed somewhat more to the west, and in a higher parallel by about ¼ of a degree.

Between Jarra and Wassiboo, Mr. Park’s reckoning, as it appears wrought up in his table of day’s works, gives 41 min. diff. of latitude N, and 1° 31′ diff. longitude E; which reduced to departure, in miles, is 89, and produces a course of E 26° S. But he allowed _no variation_ after he left Jarra: and as I allow 17°, the course must be taken at E 9° S, distance 96½ geographic miles. From this arises a diff. lat. of 16′ only; departure 95: and, hence, Wassiboo should be in latitude 14° 49′, and 95 east of Jarra.[73]

Mr. Park was so lucky as to preserve his original bearings,[74] between Wassiboo, and Diggani (a place about 15′ short of Sego); and _these alone_, out of all that were taken during the route. These give a course of E 27°½ S, 174 geographical miles; so that when 17° of variation are allowed, the true course will be E 10½ S; the diff. lat. 31,7; departure 171,1; whence Diggani should be in lat. 14° 17′, and 266,1 east of Jarra.

Between Diggani and Sego (returning again to the table of latitude and longitude), Mr. Park’s account gives E 43 S 15′; or corrected E 26 S, which gives diff. lat. 6,6; departure 13,5: so that Sego, the capital town of Bambara, falls, by this account, in lat. 14° 10′ 30″ and 279,6 east of Jarra.[75]

In this position, it bears E 10½ S from Jarra, distant 284 geographical miles. It is important to mention, that whilst at Jarra, the bearing of Sego was pointed out to Mr. Park by compass, ESE, or E 22°½ S. His route made it E 27°½ S, or 5° more to the south. This difference, so trifling in a distance of about 330 of our miles, on a straight line (in other words, the distance from London to Edinburgh), is not worth investigating. If we could suppose the report of the natives to be true, it would place Sego nearly 25 minutes more to the north. For my own part, I do not believe that any person, from mere judgment, unassisted by geographical records, and so far removed as to be out of the hearing of cannon, and of the view of conflagrations (two circumstances that aid the most in fixing the line of direction between distant places), could ever come nearer than _several_ degrees of the bearing of two places that are 330 British miles asunder.[76]

Having at length reached the banks of the _long sought for_ river NIGER (or JOLIBA), near which the city of Tombuctoo stands, Mr. Park proceeded along it several days’ journey, towards the city in question, on a course E 15½ N by compass, but corrected E 32½ N 70 G. miles; which giving a diff. lat. of 37½, departure 59, places Silla, the extreme point of his expedition, in latitude 14° 48′; and longitude by reckoning 0° 59′ west of Greenwich; but, as will be hereafter shewn, when corrected, 1° 24′ west. Here, then, terminates his journey eastward, at a point somewhat more than 16 degrees east of Cape Verd, and precisely in the same parallel. The line of distance arising from this difference of longitude is about 941 G. miles, or 1090 British, within the western extremity of Africa; a point which, although short by 200 miles of the desired station, Tombuctoo, the attainment of which would unquestionably have been attended with great _eclat_, was yet far beyond what any other European, whose travels have been communicated to the European world, had ever reached.[77]

[Footnote 55: That is, Cape Verd in latitude 14° 48′, longitude 17° 34′ west of Greenwich: St. Louis in latitude 16° 5′ (by D’Anville), longitude 16° 8′ by Fleurieu.]

[Footnote 56:

D’Anville 16° 9′ 30″ } } D’Apres 16 5 0 } Mean, 16° 7′ } Woodville 16 8 3 }

Latitude 13° 16′ ]

[Footnote 57: The public cannot but recollect the obligations due to this gentleman, on the score of his persevering industry, and laudable zeal, in the work of extending our knowledge of the interior parts of Africa. Accordingly his loss to society, in this department, is likely to be felt for some time, if not for ever: the researches in Africa being a path of his own choosing; a path which, more than any other person, he had contributed to open, and to render smooth; and in which he seemed destined to succeed!]

[Footnote 58: Dr. Afzelius supposes that the town of Kissey may be, in direct distance, about 36 geographical miles to the north-east by east of Serra Leona. Hence, Teembo should be no more than 156 from Serra Leona. On the general map it is 170. I have adhered to the bearing lines on Mr. Watt’s map; but think it probable that Teembo, and the whole route may be _more to the south_.]

[Footnote 59: This is the residence of Dr. LAIDLEY, a gentleman to whom Mr. PARK and the ASSOCIATION are under great obligations. He received Mr. Park into his house, and treated him more like a child of the family than a stranger. He cured Mr. Park of a serious illness, which confined him for many weeks: and when Mr. Park was disappointed of the goods necessary for his expences, which were to have been sent out with Consul Willis, the Doctor supplied him with every possible necessary, he had occasion for; taking his bills upon the Association for the amount.]

[Footnote 60: A journey of an ordinary traveller may be taken at about 17 geographical miles in direct distance; that of messengers in India, is equal to about 25, or 100 English miles by the road, in three days.]

[Footnote 61: See Phil. Trans. for 1791.]

[Footnote 62: The places of observation are marked on the Map by asterisks.]

[Footnote 63: This sketch is not pretended to be minutely accurate; it being morally impossible to procure recent observations in every part, from the rapid change that takes place in the quantity of the variation, in one and the same spot. However, the observations that determine the course of the lines in the Atlantic (and which are marked on the sketch) are from observations so late as 1793. The same is to be said of those in the western quarter of the Mediterranean; and those beyond the Cape of Good Hope, to longitude 30° east, are of the year 1789.

It is obvious that a critical knowledge of the _quantity_ of the variation in any particular place, and at a given time, is of less importance to the present question, than that of the _bearing_ of the _lines_ of equal quantities, at any _recent_ period: and this object is, I think, tolerably well obtained, by the materials before me. Any change that may have taken place since 1793, is in favour of a greater quantity of variation, within the limits of Mr. Park’s travels.

In the Atlantic, the increase appears to be about a degree in seven years. In the Indian ocean, less: and in the Red Sea, there seems to have been little alteration between 1762, and 1776.

The lines, as far as they are founded on _authority_, are _continuous_; but _broken_ in the parts _assumed_.]

[Footnote 64: It is in proof of the existence of this quantity of variation, that, on closing Mr. Park’s route at Woolli, there appeared to be only a small deficiency of distance on the Map, when 17° variation were allowed. Had the quantity allowed been less, this ought not to have happened, as Jarra is placed according to its latitude.]

[Footnote 65: Major Houghton’s point of outset in 1791 was Medina. His route falls into that of Mr. Park at several points, and finally branches off from it about 30 miles short of the Falemé river, which the Major crossed at Calcullo, near 20 miles higher up than Naye, where Mr. Park crossed it.]

[Footnote 66:

-----------+-----+-------+--------+----------+-------+---------------- | | G. |Bearings| | Lat. | |Hours| Miles | by | Country |by obs.| REMARKS. | |direct.|compass.| | | -----------+-----+-------+--------+----------+-------+---------------- Pisania } | | | | |13° 35′| } | | | | | | to } | 6 | 16 |SE by E | Yani | |On these } | | | | | |bearings 17° Jindey } | | | | | |westerly | | | | | |variation were Kootacunda | 5 | 13 | E |} | |allowed. The | | | |} | |diff. lat. was Tabajang | 2½ | 6 | E ½ N |} | |then 89; | | | |} | |departure Medina | 5¼ | 15 | ditto |} | |easterly 237. | | | |} | |But the diff. Konjour | 3 | 8 | E ½ S |} | |lat. by obs. | | | |} | |being only 50, Mallaing | 2 | 6 | E by S |} Woolli | |the course | | | |} | |should be Kolor | 5 | 12 | ENE |} |13° 49′|E. 11¼ N. | | | |} | |instead of Tambacunda | 5¼ | 14 |SE by E |} | |E. 20½, as | | | |} | |before; and the Kooniakarry| 5 | 13 | E by N |} | |departure 247. | | | |} | |But I have Koojar | 3 | 9 | E ½ N |} | |finally | | | | | |corrected At a well | 13 | 34 | E by N | Woods | |the easting, by | | | | | |reducing it 24 Tallica | 4 | 10 | E |} | |miles, or to | | | |} | |223. Ganada | 4 | 10 | E ½ N |} | | | | | |} | | Koorkoorany| 4½ | 12 | ESE |} |13° 53′| | | | |} | | Dooggi | 1 | 3 | E by N |} | | | | | |} | | Buggil | 4½ | 14 | E ½ N |} Bondou | | | | | |} | | Soobroodka | 7 | 18 | E by N |} | | | | | |} | | Naye | 7 | 16 | ENE |} | | | | | |} | | Fattyacunda| 3¼ | 7 | ditto |} | | | | | |} | | Kimmoo | 4½ | 12 | ditto |} |14° 25′| | | | | | | Joag | 6 | 16 | E by N | Kajaaga | | ]

[Footnote 67: According to this result, Joag would be in longitude 9° 12′, and Fort St. Joseph in 9° 21′; which is about 38 min. more easterly than M. D’Anville’s Map of the Senegal allows: of which more in the sequel.]

[Footnote 68: In Vol. iv. p. 92.]

[Footnote 69:

------------+-----+---------+-----------+----------+---------- |Hours|G. miles | Bearings | Lat. by |Country. | | direct. |by compass.| observ. | ------------+-----+---------+-----------+----------+---------- Joag to } | — | — | — | 14° 25′ }| } | | | | }| } | 7 | 18 | E by N | }|Kajaaga } | | | | | Sammee } | | | | }| | | | | }| Kayee | 3½ | 9 | Ditto | }| | | | | }| Teesee | 7½ | 18 | NE by N | }| | | | | }| Medina | — | 12 | SE by E | }| Kasson | | | | }| Jumbo | — | 12 | Ditto | 14° 34′ }| | | | | }| Kooniakarry | — | 3 | E by S | }| ]

[Footnote 70: The register of the bearings and distance between Kooniakarry and Jarra, being lost or mislaid, Mr. Park gave them from memory only; but the observations of latitude at two places within that space, were preserved, as well as the latitude by account at two other places.

--------------+-----+---------+-----------+-----------+-------------- |Hours|G. miles | Bearings | Lat. by | Country. | | direct. |by compass.| observ. | --------------+-----+---------+-----------+-----------+-------------- Kooniakarryto | — | — | — | 14° 34′ }| | | | | }| Soomo | — | 17 | SE ½ E | }| | | | | }| Kasson Kanjee | — | 17 | Do. | 14° 10′ }| | | | | }| Leekarago | — | 8 | Easterly | }| | | | | | Feesurah | — | 14 | E by S | 14° 5′ }| | | | | }| Karancalla | — | 18 | Easterly | }| | | | | }| Kemmoo | — | 8 | E by N | }| | | | | }| Kaarta Marina | — | 13 | Northerly | }| | | | | }| Toordah | — | 8 | Do. | }| | | | | }| Funingkeddy | — | 12 |N by E ½ E | }| | | | | | Simbing | — | 16 | N by E | }| | | | | }| Ludamar Jarra | — | 2 | NNE | 15° 5′ }| ]

[Footnote 71:

Equal to 144 min. of longitude; whence Joag being by account in long. 9° 12

Add 144 min. 2 24 ----- Long. of Jarra, by Mr. Park’s original calculation 6 48 ]

[Footnote 72: Mr. Carmichael came within 6 or 7 degrees in the bearing between Aleppo and Bussorah, on a distance of 720 British miles. But the advantages were prodigiously in his favour; the road being straight, the country open, and the camel walking an equable pace. (See Phil. Trans. for 1791.)]

[Footnote 73:

----------+-------+-------++-------------------------+-------+------- | Diff. | Diff. || | N. | E. |Lat. S.|Lon. E.|| | | ----------+-------+-------++-------------------------+-------+------- JARRA to | | ||Doolinkeaboo | 7 | 24 | | || | | Queira | 11′ | 25′ ||Diggani§ | 19 | 8 | | || | | Sherilla | 14 | 40 ||Seracorro | 5 | 9 | | || | | Dama | 11 | 4 ||SEGO | 6 | 3 | | || +-------+------- Wawra | 5 | 8 ||Lat. by account 13° 4′ }| | | | || }| 121 S | 281 E Dingyee | — | 7 ||Diff. lon. 4° 41′ E }| | | | || +-------+------- Wassiboo‖ | — | 7 ||Sansanding | 10 N | 15 E | | || | | Satile | 18 | 31 ||Sibiti | — | 7 | | || | | Galloo | 1 | 21 ||Nyara | 3 | 16 +-------+ || | | Moorja | 4 N | 14 ||Modiboo | 3 | 19 +-------+ || | | Datiliboo | 9 S | 38 ||Silla | 2 | 12 | | || +-------+------- Fanimboo | 12 | 24 ||Lat. by account 13° 22′ }| | | | || }| 18 N | 69 E Jiosorra | 7 | 18 ||Diff. lon. 1° 9′ E }| |

No variation was allowed in this calculation.]

[Footnote 74: Original bearings between Wassiboo‖ and Diggani.§

--+-------------+--------+--------------+-- | Places. | Dist. | Bearings. | +-------------+--------+--------------+ |Wassiboo to | | | | | | | |Satile | 30 | SE b E | | | | | |Galloo | 20 | ESE | | | | | |Moorja | 15 | E b N | | | | | |Datiliboo | 25 | SE b E | | | | | |Fanimboo | 35 | ESE | | | | | |Jiosorra | 20 | ESE | | | | | |Doolinkeaboo | 15 | SE b E | | | | | |Lions | 18 | SE b S | | | | | |[a]Diggani | 7 | South | | | | | ]

[Footnote a: On working these bearings over again, it appeared that Mr. Park had made a mistake; and thence inferred a wrong position for Diggani, Sego, &c. in his table of latitudes and longitudes. I mention this, to shew that he has acted fairly, in exposing his whole process; and even his errors.]

[Footnote 75: This being equal to 4° 47′ difference of longitude, Sego, by Mr. Park’s reckoning, would lie in 2° 1′ west of Greenwich.]

[Footnote 76: The informant might possibly be influenced by the bearing of _that portion_ of the road _nearest_ to him, which is more _easterly_ than the part towards Sego.]

[Footnote 77: It may not be known to the generality of readers, that, in the former part of this century, Tombuctoo was as much the object of geographical research amongst the French, as it has been of late with the English. D’Anville was particularly anxious about it, as may be seen in the Mem. of the Academy of Inscrip. Vol. xxvi. p. 73.]