Part 18

BIBLIOGRAPHY.--The following works treat the general theory of the drama and the dramatic art, together with the principles of dramaturgy and of the art of acting. Works which have reference to the drama of a

## particular period or of a particular nation only are mentioned

separately. Works which deal with special authors only have been intentionally omitted in this bibliography, as being mentioned in the articles in the several authors.

Aristotle's _Poetics_ (text and transl. by S. H. Butcher, London, 1895; transl. by T. Twining, London, 1812; see also Donaldson's _Theatre of the Greeks_); H. Baumgart, _Aristoteles, Lessing, u. Goethe. Über das ethische u. ästhetische Princip der Tragödie_ (Leipzig, 1877); H. A. Bulthaupt, _Dramaturgie des Schauspiels_ (4 vols., Oldenburg u. Leipzig, 1893-1902); L. Campbell, _Tragic Drama in Aeschylus, Sophocles and Shakespeare_ (London, 1904); P. Corneille, _Discours du poëme dramatique--de la tragédie--des trois unités, OEuvres_, vol. i. (Paris, 1862); W. L. Courtney, _The Idea of Tragedy in Ancient and Modern Drama_ (Westminster, 1900); Diderot, _De la poésie dramatique_. _Entretiens sur le Fils Naturel, OEuvres complètes_, vii. (Paris, 1875); J. Dryden, _Essay of Dramatic Poesy_ and other critical essays (_Essays of J. Dryden_, ed. W. P. Ker, 2 vols., Oxford, 1900); G. Freytag, _Die Technik des Dramas_ (5th ed., Leipzig, 1886); G. W. F. Hegel, _Vorlesungen über Ästhetik_, ed. H. G. Hotho, bd. 3, chap. iii. c. _Die dramatische Poesie_ (Werke, x. 3; Berlin, 1838); G. Larroumet, _Études d'histoire et de critique dramatiques_, 2 sér. (Paris, 1892-1899); G. E. Lessing, _Hamburgische Dramaturgie_. _Erlautert von F. Schroter u. R. Thiele_ (Halle, 1877); _Materialien zu Lessing's Hamburgische Dramaturgie, von W. Cosack_ (Paderborn, 1876); G. H. Lewes, _On Actors and the Art of Acting_ (London, 1875); Sir T. Martin, _Essays on the Drama_ (London, 1874); K. Mantzius, _History of Theatrical Art in Ancient and Modern Times_, transl. by L. von Cossel (London, 1903, &c.); G. Meredith, _Essay on Comedy_ (Westminster, 1897); R. Prolss, _Katechismus der Dramaturgie_ (Leipzig, 1877); H. T. Rotscher, _Die Kunst der dramatischen Darstellung_ (3 vols., Berlin, 1841-1846); _Jahrbucher fur dramatische Kunst u. Literatur_ (Berlin and Frankfort, 1848-1849); P. de Saint-Victor, _Les Deux Masques, tragédie--comédie_ (3rd ed., 3 vols., Paris, 1881, &c.); Saint-Marc Girardin, _Cours de littérature dramatique_ (7th ed., 5 vols., Paris, 1868); A. W. von Schlegel, _Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature_ (Eng. transl., London, 1846); Sir W. Scott, _Essays on Chivalry, Romance and the Drama_ (including his article "Drama" written for the Supplement to the 4th edition of the _Ency. Brit._, and reprinted in the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th editions); F. T. Vischer, _Ästhetik_, vol. iv. (Stuttgart, 1857).

The fullest general history of the drama extant is J. L. Klein's _Geschichte des Dramas_, 13 vols. and index (Leipzig, 1865-1886). See also, for encyclopaedic information, W. Davenport Adams, _A Dictionary of the Drama_, vol. i. (London, 1904); C. M. E. Béquet, _Encyclopédie de l'art dramatique_ (Paris, 1886); A. Pougin, _Dictionnaire historique et pittoresque du théâtre et des arts qui s'y rattachent_ (Paris, 1885).

The drama of the Eastern nations is generally treated in:--A. P. Brozzi, _Teatri e spettacoli dei popoli orientali Ebrei, Arabi, Persani, Indiani, Cinesi, Giapponesi e Giavanesi_ (Milan, 1887); Comte J. A. de Gobineau, _Les Religions et les philosophies dans l'Asie centrale_ (2nd ed., Paris, 1866).

The following works deal with the Indian drama:--M. Schuyler, _Bibliography of the Sanskrit Drama_ (Columbia Univ., Indo-Iranian, ser. iii., New York, 1906); H. H. Wilson, _Select Specimens of the Theatre of the Hindus_, transl. from the original Sanskrit (with introduction on the dramatic system of the Hindus), 3rd ed., 2 vols. (London, 1871); S. Levi, _Le Théâtre indien_ (supplements Wilson) (Paris, 1891).

For Chinese:--Tscheng-Ki-Tong, _Le Théâtre des Chinois_ (Paris, 1886); see also H. A. Giles, _History of Chinese Literature_ (London, 1901).

For Japanese:--C. Florenz, _Gesch. d. japan. Litteratur_, vol. i. 1 (Leipzig, 1905); see also F. Brinkley, _Japan, its History, Arts and Literature_, vol. iii. (Boston and Tokyo, 1901).

For Persian:--A. Chodzko, _Théâtre persan. Choix de téaziés ou drames, traduits pour la première fois du persan par A. Chodzko_ (Paris, 1878); E. Montet, _Le Théâtre en Perse_ (Geneva, 1888); Sir L. Pelly, _The Miracle Play of Hasan and Husain, collected from oral tradition; revised with explanatory notes by A. N. Wollaston_ (2 vols., London, 1879).

Of works treating of the ancient Greek and Roman drama only a small selection can be given here. In the case of the Greek drama, the chief histories of literature--such as G. Bernhardy's, K. O. Muller's (Eng. tr. by Sir G. C. Lewis, with continuation by J. W. Donaldson) and G. Murray's--and general histories--such as Grote's, Thirlwall's, Curtius's, &c.--should also be consulted; and for the administration and finance of the Attic theatre, Boeckh's _Public Economy of Athens_, Eng. tr. (London, 1842). Much useful information will be found in _A Companion to Greek Studies_, ed. by L. Whibley (Cambridge, 1905). The standard collective edition of the ancient Greek dramatic poets is the _Poetae scenici Graeci_, ed. C. W. Dindorf (5th ed., Leipzig, 1869), and that of the Comic poets A. Meineke's _Historia critica comicorum Graecorum. Cum fragmentis_ (5 vols., Berlin, 1839-1857). Aristotle's _Poetics_, cited above, will of course be consulted for the theory of the Greek drama in particular; and much valuable critical matter will be found in passages of Bentley's _Phalaris_ (1699), which are reprinted in Donaldson's _Theatre of the Greeks_. The following later works, some of which treat of the ancient classical drama in general, may be noted:--E. A. Chaignet, _La Tragédie grecque_ (Paris, 1877); J. Denys, _Histoire de la comédie grecque_ (2 vols., Paris, 1886); J. W. Donaldson, _The Theatre of the Greeks_ (7th ed., London, 1860); Du Méril, _Histoire de la comédie. Période primitive_ (Paris, 1864); _Histoire de la comédie ancienne_ (Paris, 1869); A. E. Haigh, _The Tragic Drama of the Greeks_ (Oxford, 1896); _The Attic Theatre_ (Oxford, 1898); G. Korting, _Gesch. des Theaters in seinen Beziehungen zur Kunstentwickelung der dramatischen Dichtkunst_, Bd. i. _Gesch. des griechischen u. romischen Theaters_ (Paderborn, 1897); R. G. Moulton, _The Ancient Classical Drama_ (Oxford, 1898); M. Patin, _Étude sur les tragiques grecs_ (3 vols., Paris, 1861); C. M. Rapp, _Gesch. des griechischen Schauspiels vom Standpunkt der dramatischen Kunst_ (Tubingen, 1862); H. Weil, _Études sur le drame antique_ (Paris, 1897); F. G. Welcker, "Die griechischen Tragodien, mit Rucksicht auf den epischen Cyklus" (_Rhein. Mus._ Suppl. ii.) 3 pts. (Bonn, 1839-1841).

In addition to the works of individual Roman dramatists, and critical writings concerning them, see _Scaenicae Romanorum poesis fragmenta_, 2 vols. (I. Tragic, II. Comic) ed. by O. Ribbeck (3rd ed. Leipzig, 1897-1898). W. S. Teuffel's _History of Roman Literature_, Eng. tr. (2 vols., London, 1891-1892), and M. Schanz' _Gesch. der romischen Litteratur bis Justinian_ (2 vols., Munich, 1890-1892), may be consulted for a complete view of the course of the Roman drama. For its later developments consult Dean Merivale's _History of the Romans under the Empire_, and S. Dill's _Roman Society in the Last Days of the Western Empire_ (London, 1898). See also L. Friedländer, _Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms_, 6th ed., vol. ii. (Leipzig, 1889); M. Meyer, _Étude sur le théâtre latin_ (Paris, 1847); O. Ribbeck, _Die römische Tragödie im Zeitalter der Republik_ (Leipzig, 1875).

The following works treat of the medieval drama, religious or secular, of its origins and of usages connected with it:--H. Anz, _Die lateinischen Magierspiele_ (Leipzig, 1905); E. K. Chambers, _The Medieval Stage_ (2 vols., Oxford, 1903), with full bibliography; E. de Coussemaker, _Drames liturgiques du moyen âge_ (Paris, 1861); du Méril, _Theatri liturgici quae Latina supersunt monumenta_ (Caen and Paris, 1849); C. A. Hase, _Miracle Plays and Sacred Dramas_ (Eng. tr.), (London, 1880); Hilarius, _Versus et ludi_, ed. Champollion-Figeac (Paris, 1838); R. Froning, _Das Drama des Mittelalters_ (3 vols., Stuttgart, 1891, &c.); Edwin Norris, _Ancient Cornish Drama_ (ed. and tr. 2 vols., 1859); W. Hone, _Ancient Mysteries Described_ (London, 1823); A. von Keller, _Fastnachtsspiele aus dem 15. Jahrhundert_ (Stuttgart, 1858); C. Magnin, _Les Origines du théâtre moderne_, vol. i. only (Paris, 1838); F. J. Mone, _Schauspiele des Mittelalters_ (2 vols., Karlsruhe, 1846); A. Reiners, _Die Tropen-, Prosen-, u. Präfations-Gesänge_ (Luxemburg, 1884); J. de Rothschild, _Le Mistère du Viel Testament_, ed. J. de Rothschild (6 vols., Paris, 1878-1891); M. Sepet, _Le Drame chrétien au moyen âge_ (Paris, 1878); _Origines catholiques du théâtre moderne_. _Les drames liturgiques_ (Paris, 1901); T. Wright, _Early Mysteries and other Latin Poems of the 12th and 13th Centuries_ (London, 1838); C. A. G. von Zezschwitz, _Das mittelalterliche Drama_ (Leipzig, 1881).

For French medieval drama in particular:--L. Clédat, _Le Théâtre en France au moyen âge_ (Paris, 1896); E. Fournier, _Le Théâtre français avant la Renaissance_ (Paris, 1872); _Miracles de Notre Dame par personnages_, ed. G. Paris and U. Robert (8 vols., Paris, 1876-1893); L. J. N. Monmerqué and F. Michel, _Théâtre français au moyen âge_ (Paris, 1839); L. Petit de Julleville, _Histoire du théâtre en France au moyen âge_ (5 vols., Paris, 1880-1886); E. L. N. Viollet-le-Duc, _Ancien Théâtre français_ (10 vols., Paris, 1854-1857).

For the medieval Italian in particular:--A. d'Ancona, _Sacre rappresentazioni dei secoli XIV., XV. e XVI._ (Florence, 1872).

For medieval English in particular:--Ahn, _English Mysteries and Miracle Plays_ (Trèves, 1867); S. W. Clarke, _The Miracle Play in England_ (London, 1897); F. W. Fairholt, _Lord Mayors' Pageants_, 2 vols. (Percy Soc.) (London, 1843-1844); A. W. Pollard, _English Miracle Plays, Moralities and Interludes_ (3rd ed., Oxford 1898); _Chester Plays_ ed. T. Wright, 2 vols. (Shakespeare Soc.) (London, 1843), re-ed. by H. Deimling (part only) (E.E.T.S.) (London, 1893); _Coventry Plays, Ludus Coventriae_, ed. J. O. Halliwell (-Phillipps) (Shakespeare Soc.) (London, 1841); _Coventry Plays_. _Dissertation on the pageants or mysteries at Coventry_, by T. Sharp (Coventry, 1825); _Digby Plays_, ed. F. J. Furnivall (E.E.T.S.) (London, 1896); _Towneley Mysteries_, ed. G. England and A. W. Pollard (E.E.T.S.) (London, 1897); _York Plays_, ed. L. T. Smith (Oxford, 1885).

For the German in particular:--F. J. Mone, _Altteutsche Schauspiele_ (Quedlinburg, 1841); H. Reidt, _Das geistliche Schauspiel des Mittelalters in Deutschland_ (Frankfort, 1868); E. Wilken, _Gesch. der geistlichen Spiele in Deutschland_ (Göttingen, 1872).

The revival of the classical drama in the Renaissance age is treated in P. Bahlmann's _Die Erneuerer des antiken Dramas und ihre ersten dramatischen Versuche_, 1314-1478 (Münster, 1896); A. Chassang's _Des essais dramatiques imités de l'antiquité au XIV^e et XV^e siècle_ (Paris, 1852); and in V. de Amitis' _L'Imitazione latina nella commedia del XVI. secolo_ (Pisa, 1871).

Both the medieval and portions of the later drama are treated in W. Cloetta, _Beiträge zur Litteraturgeschichte des Mittelalters und der Renaissance_ (2 vols., Halle, 1890-1892); W. Creizenach, _Geschichte des neueren Dramas_, vols. i.-iii. (Halle, 1893-1903); R. Prölss, _Geschichte des neueren Dramas_ (3 vols., Leipzig, 1881-1883). See also L.-V. Gofflot, _Le Théâtre au collège, du moyen âge à nos jours_, Préface par Jules Claretie (Paris, 1907).

The history of the modern Italian drama, in its various stages, is treated by A. d'Ancona, _Origini del teatro italiano_ (2nd ed., 2 vols., Turin, 1891); J. Dornis, _Le Théâtre italien contemporain_ (Paris, 1904); H. Lyonnet, _Le Théâtre en Italie_ (Paris, 1900); L. Riccoboni, _Histoire du théâtre italien_ (2 vols., Rome, 1728-1731); J. C. Walker, _Historical Memoir on Italian Tragedy_ (London, 1799). See also A. Gaspary, _History of Early Italian Literature_, transl. by H. Oelsner (London, 1901).

Some information as to the modern Greek drama is given in R. Nicolai, _Geschichte der neugriechischen Literatur_ (Leipzig, 1876).

Modern Spanish drama:--M. A. Fée, _Études sur l'ancien théâtre espagnol_ (Paris 1873); A. Gassier, _Le Théâtre espagnol_ (Paris, 1898); G. H. Lewes, _The Spanish Drama_ (London, 1846); H. Lyonnet, _Le Théâtre en Espagne_ (Paris, 1897); A. Schäffer, _Gesch. des spanischen Nationaldramas_ (2 vols., Leipzig, 1890); L. de Viel-Castel, _Essai sur le théâtre espagnol_ (2 vols., Paris, 1882). See also G. Ticknor, _History of Spanish Literature_ (3 vols., London, 1863).

Modern Portuguese:--H. Lyonnet, _Le Théâtre au Portugal_ (Paris, 1898); see also K. von Reinhardstoettner's _Portugiesische Literaturgeschichte_ (Sammlung Göschen) (Leipzig, 1904), which contains a useful bibliography.

Regular French drama (tragedy and comedy):--F. Brunetière, _Les Epoques du théâtre français_, 1636-1850 (Paris, 1892); E. Chasles, _La Comédie en France au XVI^e siècle_ (Paris, 1862); E. Faguet, _La Tragédie française au XVI^e siècle_ (Paris, 1883); A. Filon, _The Modern French Drama_ (London, 1898); V. Fournel, _Le Théâtre au XVII^e siècle_ (Paris, 1892); E. Fournier, _Le Théâtre français au XVI^e et au XVII^e siècle_ (2 vols., Paris, s.d.); F. Hawkins, _Annals of the French Stage_ (London, 1884); H. Lucas, _Hist. philosophique et littéraire du théâtre français depuis son origine_ (3 vols., Paris); Parfait, _Hist. du théâtre français_ (15 vols., Paris, 1745-1749); L. Petit de Julleville, _Le théâtre en France depuis ses origines jusqu'à nos jours_ (Paris, 1899); E. Rigal, _Le théâtre français avant la période classique_ (Paris, 1901); E. Roy, _Études sur le théâtre français du XV^e et du XVI^e siècle_ (Dijon, 1901).

The connexion between the Italian and French theatre in the 17th century is traced in L. Moland, _Molière et la comédie italienne_ (2nd ed., Paris, 1867). See also J. C. Démogeot's, H. von Laun's and Saintsbury's histories of French Literature.

Of the ample literature concerned with the modern English drama the following works may be specially mentioned, as dealing with the entire range of the English drama, or with more than one of its periods:--D. E. Baker, _Biographia dramatica_ (continued to 1811 by J. Reed and S. Jones) (3 vols., London, 1812); J. P. Collier, _History of English Dramatic Poetry_, new ed. (3 vols., London, 1879); C. Dibdin, _A complete History of the English Stage_ (5 vols., London, 1800); J. J. Jusserand, _Le Théâtre en Angleterre_ (2nd ed., Paris, 1881); G. Langbaine, _Lives and Characters of the English Dramatic Poets_ (London, 1699); _The Poetical Register: or lives and characters of the English dramatick poets_ (London, 1719); C. M. Rapp, _Studien über das englische Theater_, 2 parts (Tübingen, 1862); "G. S. B.", _Study of the Prologue and Epilogue in English Literature_ (London, 1884); _The Thespian Dictionary: or dramatic biography of the 18th century_ (London, 1802); A. W. Ward, _History of English Dramatic Literature to the Death of Queen Anne_ (2nd ed., 3 vols., London, 1899); see also the histories of English Literature or Poetry, by Warton, Taine, ten Brinck, Courthope, Saintsbury, &c.

The following works contain the most complete lists of English plays:--W. W. Greg, _A List of English Plays written before 1643 and published before 1700_ (Bibliogr. Soc.) (London, 1900); J. O. Halliwell (-Phillipps), _Dictionary of Old English Plays_ (London, 1860); W. C. Hazlitt, _A Manual for the Collector and Amateur of Old English Plays_ (London, 1892); R. W. Lowe, _Bibliographical Account of English Dramatic Literature_ (London, 1888) is a valuable handbook for the whole of English theatrical literature and matters connected with it. The unique work of Genest, _Some Account of the English Stage from 1660-1830_ (10 vols., Bath, 1832), includes, with a chronological series of plays acted on the English stage, notices of unacted plays, and critical remarks on plays and actors. "A Compleat List" of English dramatic poets and plays to 1747 was published with T. Whincop's _Scanderbeg_ in that year.

The following are the principal collections of English plays--_Ancient British Drama_, ed. Sir W. Scott (3 vols., London, 1810); _Modern British Drama_, ed. Sir W. Scott (5 vols., London, 1811); W. Bang, _Materialien zur Kunde des älteren englischen Dramas_ (Louvain, 1902, &c.); A. H. Bullen, _Collection of Old English Plays_ (4 vols., London, 1882); R. Dodsley, _A Select Collection of Old Plays_, 4th ed. by W. C. Hazlitt (15 vols., London, 1874-1876); _Dramatists of the Restoration_ (14 vols., Edinburgh, 1872-1879); _Early English Dramatists_, ed. J. S. Farmer (London, 1905, &c.); C. M. Gayley, _Representative English Comedies_ (vol. i., New York, 1903); T. Hawkins, _Origin of the English Drama_ (3 vols., Oxford, 1773); Mrs Inchbald, _British Theatre_, new ed. (20 vols., London, 1824), _Modern Theatre_ (10 vols., London, 1811), _Collection of Farces and Afterpieces_ (7 vols., London, 1815); Malone Society publications (London, 1907, &c.); J. M. Manly, _Specimens of the Pre-Shakespearean Drama_ (3 vols., London, 1897); _Mermaid Series of Old Dramatists_, ed. Havelock Ellis (London, 1887. &c.); _Old English Drama_ (2 vols., London, 1825); _Pearson's Reprints of Elizabethan and Jacobean Plays_ (London, 1871, &c.).

The following deal with the Elizabethan and Jacobean drama in especial:--W. Creizenach, _Die Schauspiele der englischen Komödianten_ (Berlin, 1895); J. W. Cunliffe, _The Influence of Seneca on Elizabethan Tragedy_ (London, 1893); F. G. Fleay, _A Chronicle History of the London Stage, 1559-1642_ (London, 1890), _A Biographical Chronicle of the English Drama, 1559-1642_ (London, 1891); W. C. Hazlitt, _The English Drama and Stage under the Tudor and Stuart Princes, 1543-1664_ (London, 1869); W. Hazlitt, _Dramatic Literature of the Age of Elizabeth_ (Works, ed. A. R. Waller, vol. v.) (London, 1902); A. F. von Schack, _Die englischen Dramatiker vor, neben, und nach Shakespeare_ (Stuttgart, 1893); J. A. Symonds, _Shakspere's Predecessors in the English Drama_ (London, 1884).

As to the Latin academical drama of the Elizabethan age see G. B. Churchill and W. Keller, "Die latein. Universitäts-Dramen Englands in der Zeit d. Königin Elizabeth" in _Jahrbuch der deutschen Shakespeare-Gesellschaft_. For a short bibliography of the Oxford academical drama, 1547-1663, see the introduction to Miss M. L. Lee's edition of _Narcissus_ (London, 1893). A list of Oxford plays will also be found in _Notes and Queries_, ser. vii., vol. ii. For a list of Cambridge plays from 1534 to 1671, the writer of this article is indebted to Prof. G. C. Moore-Smith of the university of Sheffield.

For an account of the Mask see R. Brotanek, _Die englischen Maskenspiele_ (Vienna and Leipzig, 1902); H. A. Evans, _English Masques_ (London, 1897); W. W. Greg, _A List of Masques, Pageants, &c._ (Bibliogr. Soc.) (London, 1902).

As to early London theatres see T. F. Ordish, _Early London Theatres_ (London, 1894).

Some information as to puppet-plays, &c., will be found in Henry Morley's _Memoirs of Bartholomew Fair_ (London, 1859).

Among earlier critical essays on the Elizabethan and Stuart drama should be mentioned those of Sir Philip Sidney, G. Puttenham and W. Webbe, T. Rymer and Dryden. For recent essays and notes on the Elizabethan drama in general, see, besides the essays of Coleridge, Lamb (including the introductory remarks in the _Specimens_), Hazlitt, &c., and the remarkable series of articles in the _Retrospective Review_ (1820-1828), the Publications and Transactions of the Old and New Shakespeare Societies (1841, &c.; 1874, &c.), which also contain reprints of early works of great importance for the history of the Elizabethan drama and stage, such as Henslowe's _Diary_, &c., the _Jahrbuch der deutschen Shakespeare-Gesellschaft_ (1865, &c.), as well as the German journals _Anglia_, _Englische Studien_, &c., and the _Modern Language Review_ (Cambridge).

The later English drama from the reopening of the theatres (1660) is treated in L. N. Chase, _The English Heroic Play_ (New York, 1903); C. Cibber, _Apology for the Life of C. Cibber_, written by himself, new ed. by R. W. Lowe (2 vols., London, 1889), who has also edited Churchill's _Rosciad_ and _Apology_ (London, 1891); J. Doran, _Their Majesties' Servants: annals of the English Stage_ (3 vols., London, 1888); A. Filon, _Le Théâtre anglais: hier, aujourd'hui, demain_ (Paris, 1896); W. Hazlitt, _A View of the English Stage_ (_Works_, ed. A. R. Waller, vol. viii.) (London, 1903); W. Nicholson, _The Struggle for a Free Stage in London_ (Westminster, 1907).

The following treat of the modern German drama in particular periods:--R. Prölss, _Gesch. der deutschen Schauspielkunst von den Anfangen bis 1850_ (Leipzig, 1900); R. E. Prutz, _Vorlesungen über die Geschichte des deutschen Theaters_ (Berlin, 1847); R. Froning, _Das Drama der Reformationszeit_ (Stuttgart, 1900); C. Heine, _Das Schauspiel der deutschen Wanderbuhne vor Gottsched_ (Halle, 1889); J. Minor, _Die Schicksalstragodie in ihren Hauptvertretern_ (Frankfort, 1883); M. Martersteig, _Das deutsche Theater im XIX^ten Jahrh._ (Leipzig, 1904). See also G. G. Gervinus, _Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung_ (5th ed., 5 vols., Leipzig, 1871-1874); and the literary histories of K. Goedeke (_Grundriss_), A. Koberstein, &c. A special aspect of the drama in modern Germany is dealt with in P. Bahlmann, _Die lateinischen Dramen von Wimpheling's Stylpho bis zur Mitte des XVI^ten Jahrhunderts, 1480-1550_ (Münster, 1893), and the same author's _Jesuiten-Dramen der niederrheinischen Ordensprovinz_ (Leipzig, 1896).

The standard history of the modern German stage is Eduard Devrient, _Gesch. der deutschen Schauspielkunst_ (2 vols., Leipzig, 1848-1861); see also R. Prölss, _Gesch. der deutschen Schauspielkunst von den Anfangen bis 1850_ (Leipzig, 1900); O. G. Flüggen, _Biographisches Buhnen-Lexikon der deutschen Theater_ (Munich, 1892).

A good account of the history of the Dutch drama is F. von Hellwald's _Geschichte des hollandischen Theaters_ (Rotterdam, 1874). See also the authorities under J. van den Vondel.

Information concerning the Danish drama will be found in the autobiographies of Holberg, Öhlenschläger and Andersen; see also vol. i. of G. Brandes's _Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature_ (Eng. tr., London, 1901). As to the modern Norwegian drama see the same writer's _Ibsen-Bjornson Studies_ (Eng. tr., London, 1899); also E. Tissot, _Le Drame norvégien_ (Paris, 1893).

The Russian drama is treated in P. O. Morozov's _Istoria Russkago Teatra_ (_History of the Russian Theatre_), vol. i. (St Petersburg, 1889); see also P. de Corvin, _Le Théâtre en Russie_ (Paris, 1890). A. Brückner, _Geschichte der russischen Literatur_ (Leipzig, 1905), may be consulted with advantage. Information as to the dramatic portions of other Slav literatures will be found in A. Pipin and V. Spasovich's _Istoria Slavianskikh Literatur_ (_History of Slavonic Literatures_), German translation by T. Pech (2 vols., Leipzig, 1880-1884). (A. W. W.)

FOOTNOTES:

[1] _Gallicanus_, part ii.; _Sapientia_.

[2] _Gallicanus_, part i.; _Callimachus_; _Abraham_; _Paphnutius_.

[3] The passion-play of Oberammergau, familiar in its present artistic form to so many visitors, was instituted under special circumstances in the days of the Thirty Years' War (1634). Various reasons account for its having been allowed to survive.

[4] To the earliest group belong _The Castle of Perseverance_; _Wisdom who is Christ_; _Mankind_; to the second, or early Tudor group, Medwell, _Nature_; _The World and the Child_; _Hycke-Scorner_, &c.

[5] _Magnyfycence_.

[6] _New Custome_; N. Woodes, _The Conflict of Conscience_, &c.

[7] _Albyon Knight_.

[8] Rastell, _Nature of the Four Elements_; Redford, _Wit and Science_; _The Trial of Treasure_; _The Marriage of Wit and Science_.

[9] _The Marriage of Wit and Wisdom_; _The Contention between Liberality and Prodigality_.

[10] _Jack Juggler_; _Tom Tiler and his Wife_, &c.

[11] _The Four P's_, &c.

[12] _The Disobedient Child_ (c. 1560).

[13] The [Greek: Christos paschôn], an artificial Byzantine product, probably of the 11th century, glorifying the Virgin in Euripidean verse, was not known to the Western world till 1542.

[14] Of G. Manzini della Motta's Latin tragedy on the fall of Antonio della Scala only a chorus remains. He died after 1389. Probably to the earlier half of the century belongs the Latin prose drama _Columpnarium_, the story of which, though it ends happily, resembles that of _The Cenci_. Later plays in Latin of the historic type are the extant Landivio de' Nobili's _De captivitate Ducis Jacobi_ (the _condottiere_ Jacopo Piccinino, d. 1464); C. Verardi's _Historia Baetica_ (the expulsion of the Moors from Granada) (1492), and the game author's _Ferdinandus_ (of Aragon) _Servatus_, which is called a tragi-comedy because it is neither tragic nor comic. The Florentine L. Dali's _Hiempsal_ (1441-1442) remains in MS. A few tragedies on sacred subjects were produced in Italy during the last quarter of the 15th century, and a little later. Such were the religious dramas written for his pupils by P. Domizio, on which Politian cast contempt; and the tragedies, following ancient models, of T. da Prato of Treviso, B. Campagna of Verona, _De passione Redemptoris_; and G. F. Conti, author of _Theandrothanatos_ and numerous vanished plays.

[15] _Imber aureus_ (Danae), &c.