Part 27

From LANCASTER to Big Chickey’s Cockran’s 9 Elizabeth town _Black horse_ 9 Middletown 9 _Chambers’ ferry_ over the Susquehannah 6 ¶ _Silver springs_[54] 8 Carlisle 10 Mount rock _Grand Turk_ 10 Shippensburg 11 Strasburg 11 _Over_ TWO MOUNTAINS _to_ Fannetsburg 7 _Over the_ THIRD MOUNTAIN _to_ Burnt Cabins 4 _Over_ SIDELING HILLS to Wilds 13 _Crossings of the_ Juniata ¶ Martin’s 9 ¶ Graham’s 8 {76} Bedford[55] 6 _Forks of the road_[56] ¶ Smith’s 4 _Glade road_ Metzker’s 10 _Top of the_ ALLEGHANY _White horse_ 11 Somerset ¶ Webster’s 13 LAUREL HILL 8 Behmer’s 3 _Jones’s Mill_ 6 Mount Pleasant 11 Westmoreland ¶ McKean’s 5 _Budd’s ferry over the_ Yohiogany 8 Pittsburg ¶ _Pure fountain_ 28 Cannonsburg _Black horse_ 18 Washington _Indian Queen_ 9 Alexandria 16 _Shepherd’s Mills_ 9 Wheeling[57] ¶ Goodwin’s 7 Down the river to MARIETTA 95

{77} RETURNING From Marietta to Newport ¶ Dana’s 6 Williamson’s 14 ¶ McBride’s 12 _Hurd’s ferry across the_ Ohio Hurd’s 12 _Fish Creek_ 8 Grave Creek ¶ Bigg’s 12 Wheeling ¶ Goodwin’s 12 Donegala 23 Washington _Indian Queen_ 9 ¶ Hawkin’s 13 Brownsville or Redstone ¶ Jenkinson’s 12 Union-town ¶ Collins’s 12 Connelsville ¶ Welles’ 11 CHESNUT RIDGE ¶Woodruff 9 Bachelor’s 5 _Top of_ LAUREL HILL Slaucher’s 4 Somerset Webster’s 14 McDommet’s 8 _Top of_ ALLEGHANY 6 Strotler’s 7 Metzker’s 4 _Forks of the road_ Bonnet’s 9 ¶ Smith’s 1

End of the Glade road. {78} Bedford 4 ¶ Graham’s[58] 6 _Crossings of the_ Juniata ¶ Martin’s[59] 8 [_Then_, _to go by_ Chambersburg, _take the road on the S. E. side of_ SIDELING HILLS] Beckwith’s 8 McConnelstown ¶ Davis’s 9 Campbell’s 5 Chambersburg 9 McKean’s 4 Brigham’s 4 Horne’s 5 _Cross Keys_ 7 _Lion_ 3 Murphy’s 8 Oxford 2 Abbot’s town 4 ¶ King’s 4 Wolfe’s 6 Yorktown ¶ Upp’s 5 _Wright’s ferry_ 12 Lancaster Swan’s 10

{79} THERMOMETRICAL OBSERVATIONS

_From, April 6 to June 13, 1803_

------+--------------+--------------------+-----------+-------------- Days | Times of | | | of the| observation | Place | Wind | Weather month| | | | ------+--------------+--------------------+-----------+-------------- APRIL |_Fahrenh._ deg.| | | 6 |VI. A.M. 34 |Carlisle in | N.W. | | | Pennsylvania. | | |II. P.M. 64 |127 miles from | S.W. | Fair all day. | | Philad. | | | | | | 7 |X. A.M. 52 |Strasburg, at | N. | | | the foot of the | | | | mountain. | | |XI. A.M. 58 |Top of the | W.N.W. | | | mountain. | | |XII. M. 67 |Valley below. | | |I-½. P.M. 57 |Top of the | | | | second ridge. | | |III. P.M. 69 |Fannetsburg; | W. | | | 2d valley. | | |V. P.M. 72 |Top of third | | | | mountain. | | |VII. P.M. 60 |Burnt Cabins; | S.W. | Fair all day. | | 3d valley. | | | | | | 8 |VI. A.M. 48 |Same place. | W.S.W. | Hazy. |X. A.M. 62 |Foot of Sideling | | Fair, except | | mountain. | | while enveloped | | | | with clouds on | | | | the side of the | | | | mountain. | | | | 9 |XII. M. 56 |}Borders of the }| N.W. | Fair. |II. P.M. 65 |} Juniata. }| | |V. P.M. 58 |} | | | | | | 10 |VIII. A.M 39 |} same place | | Fair. |I. A.M. 62 |} | | |II. P.M. 68 |} | | | | | | 11 |VII. A.M. 54 |Bedford | |} |II. P.M. 78 |Foot of the | |} Fair. | | Alleghany | |} |VII. P.M. 52 |Top of the | | | | mountain. | | 12 |I. A.M. 55 |Top of the | | | | mountain | E. | Smoky. |XII. M. 74 |Somerset | W. | |V. P.M. 77 |Foot of Laurel | W. | | | mountain. | | |VII. P.M. 60 |Top of the mountain.| W. |Smoky all day. 13 |VI. A.M. 57 | same place | | |X. A.M. 63 |Bottom of Laurel | | Hazy. | | Hill | | |XII. M. 84 |265 miles from | S.W. | Fair. | | Philad. | | |VII. P.M. 79 |280 same place. | | Smoky. 14 |VI. A.M. 70 |285 same place | | Shower. | | (Westmoreland | | | | County.) | | |II. P.M. 65 Banks of | | | | Monongahela. | | |VII. P.M. 68 |Mifflin (Alleghany | | | | Co.) 312 miles | | | | from Philad. | | 15 |VI. A.M. 58 |Valley of | N.W. |} | | Monongahela. | |} | | | |} Rain. |X. A.M. 64 |Pittsburg | W. |} |VII. P.M. 55 |same place. | | Cloudy. Snow |IX. P.M. 49 |same place. | | in the night. 16 |VII. A.M. 35 |} | | Clear. |XII. M. 48 |} same place. | |Flurry of snow. {80} |VI. P.M. 46 |} | | Cloudy. | | | | 17 |VII. A.M. 44 |} | | |XII. M. 46 |} Pittsburg. | S.E. | Fair[60] |VI. P.M. 45 |} | | | | | | 18 |VII. A.M. 43 |} | | |XII. M. 63 |} same place. | S.E. by E.|Fair & |VII. P.M. 60 |} | | pleasant. 19 |VII. A.M. 45 |Pittsburg. |} | |II. P.M. 72 |Cannonsburg. |} S.S.W. | Fair. |VII. P.M. 62 |Washington. |} | 20 |X. A.M. 62 |10 miles beyond | | | | Wash. | | |III. P.M. 78 |Shepherd’s mills | |} | | on Wheeling | |} Fair. | | Creek. | |} |VI. P.M. 68 |Wheeling. | |} 21 |VII. A.M. 62 |Wheeling. | | Shower early | | | | in morn. |II. P.M. 75 |Captinat Island on | |} | | the Ohio, 101 | |} | | miles below | |} | | Pittsburg. | |} Fair. |VII. P.M. 72 |Fish Creek, 110 | |} | | miles below | |} | | Pittsburg. | |} | | | | 22 |VII. A.M. 64 |Long reach on the | |} | | Ohio 127 miles | |} | | below Pittsburg. | |} Fair. |II. P.M. 73 |Long reach. | |} |VII. P.M. 65 |Head of Muskingum | |} | | Isl. | |} 23 |VII. A.M. 58 |} | S.E. and | |II. P.M. 65 |} Marietta. | by S. | Rainy. |V. P.M. 63 |} | | | | | | 24 |VII. A.M. 66 |} | | |II. P.M. 68 |} same place. | S.S.W. | Rainy. |V. P.M. 65 |} | | | | | | 25 |VII. A.M. 55 |} | | |II. P.M. 66 |} same place. | S.W.&W. | Rainy. |V. P.M. 64 |} | | | | | | 26 |VII. A.M. 46 |} | | Cloudy. |II. P.M. 60 |} same place. | E.N.E. |} |V. P.M. 58 |} | |} Fair. | | | | 27 |VII. A.M. 48 |} | | |XII. M. 61 |} same place. |E.and by S.| Fair. |V. P.M. 57 |} | | | | | | 28 |VII. A.M. 55 |} | | |XII. M. 75 |} same place. | W.S.W. | Fair. |V. P.M. 64 |} | | | | | | 29 |VII. A.M. 59 |} | | |XII. M. 70 |} same place. | S.W. | Fair. |V. P.M. 68 |} | | | | | | 30 |VII. A.M. 61 |} | | |XII. M. 76 |} same place. | S.W. and | Fair. |V. P.M. 75 |} | by W. | Hazy. MAY | | | | 1 |VII. A.M. 72 |} | |} |XII. M. 79 |} same place. }|Fresh wind |} Fair. {81} |V. P.M. 68 |} }| W.N.W. |} | | | | 2 |VII. A.M. 63 |} same place. | | Fair. Slight |XII. M. 61 |} | N.W. | frost in the |V. P.M. 50 | Marietta. | | night. | | | | 3 |VII. A.M. 55 |} | | |XII. M. 58 |} same place. | N.W. | Fair. |V. P.M. 55 |} | | | | | | 4 |VII. A.M. 54 |} | | |XII. M. 62 |} same place. | S.S.W. | Fair. |V. P.M. 58 |} | | | | | | 5 |VII. A.M. 56 |} | | |XII. M. 62 |} same place. | W.N.W. | Fair. |V. P.M. 59 |} | | | | | | 6 |VII. A.M. 54 |} | | Remarkably |XII. M. 58 |} Bellepré. | N. | cold for |V. P.M. 52 |} | | this region. | | | | Fall of snow: 7 |VII. A.M. 44 |} | | very unusual |XII. M. 52 |} same place. | N.N.W. | here, and more |V. P.M. 39 |} | | than fell at | | | | any one time | | | | in the winter. | | | | 8 |VII. A.M. 38 |} | | |XII. M. 56 |} same place. | N.N.W. | Fair. |V. P.M. 55 |} | | | | | | 9 |VII. A.M. 53 |} | | |XII. M. 58 |} same place. | | Fair. |V. P.M. 56 |} | | | | | | 10 |VII. A.M. 55 |} | | |XII. M. 69 |} same place. | N.W. | Fair. |V. P.M 58 |} | | | | | | 11 |VII. A.M. 55 |} | | |XII. M. 70 |} Marietta. | W.S.W. | Fair. |V. P.M. 71 |} | | | | | | 12 |VII. A.M. 65 |} | | |XII. M. 80 |} same place. | W. and | |V. P.M. 77 |} | by N. | Fair. | | | | 13 |VII. A.M. 68 |} | | |XII. M. 82 |} same place. | | Fair. |V. P.M. 79 |} | | | | | | 14 |VII. A.M. 72 |} Marietta. | |} Fair. |XII. M. 80 |} | |} |V. P.M. 79 | 8 miles up the | | Thundershower. | | Muskingum. | | | | | | 15 |VII. A.M. 71 |} At Rainbow, a | | Hazy. |XII. M. 78 |} little village | | |V. P.M. 75 |} 12 miles up | | Fair. | |} the Muskingum. | | | | | | 16 |VII. A.M. 78 |} Up the Muskingum. | | Broken clouds. |XII. M. 83 |} | | |V. P.M. 77 | 18 miles from | | Thun. showers. | | Marietta. | | | | | | 17 |VII. A.M. 62 |} Waterford, 25 | | |XII. M. 85 |} miles from | | Fair. {82} |V. P.M. 80 |} Marietta. | | | | | | 18 |VII. A.M. 63 |} | | |XII. M. 80 |} Waterford. | | Fair. |V. P.M. 77 |} | | | | | | 19 |VII. AM. 82 |} Returning from | | Showery. |XII. M. 84 |} Waterford. | | Clouds united |V. P.M. 86 |} | | from the N.E. | | | | and S.W. with | | | | a heavy thunder | | | | shower. 20 |VII. A.M. 71 |} | | |XII. M. 76 |} Marietta. | W.N.W. | Cloudy. |V. P.M. 73 |} | | Fair. | | | | 21 |VII. A.M. 63 |} | | |XII. M. 69 |} same place. | W.N.W. | Cloudy. |V. P.M. 65 |} | | | | | | 22 |VII. A.M. 64 |} | W.N.W. | Rainy. |XII. M. 69 |} same place. }| N.N.E. | |V. P.M. 68 |} | S.S.W. | Fair. | | | | 23 |VII. A.M. 5 |} | | Cloudy. |XII. M. 66 |} same place. | | |V. P.M. 60 |} | S.W. | Rain. | | | | 24 |VII. A.M. 70 |} | | Cloudy. |XII. M. 71 |} same place. | | Fair. |V. P.M. 68 |} | | Thun. showers. | | | | 25 |VII. A.M. 64 |} | | Fair. |XII. M. 68 |} same place. | | Cloudy. |V. P.M. 66 |} | | Thun. shower. | | | | 26 |VII. A.M. 65 |} | }| Fair. |XII. M. 68 |} same place. | }| |V. P.M. 65 |} | |Flying clouds, | | | | & distant thun. 27 |VII. A.M. 64 |} | | |XII. M. 75 |} same place. | E.N.E. | Fair. |V. P.M. 63 |} | | | | | | 28 |VII. A.M. 62 |} | | |XII. M. 68 |} Bellepré. | | Fair. |V. P.M. 64 |} | | | | | | 29 |VII. A.M. 58 | same place. | | Fair. |XII. M. 63 |} Bellepré. | | Fair. |V. P.M. 56 |} | | | | | | 30 |VII. A.M. 59 |} | | |XII. M . 72 |} same place. | | Fair. |V. P.M. 70 |} | | | | | | 31 |VII. A.M. 58 |}Vienna, a little | | |XII. M. 72 |} village on the | | |V. P.M. 60 |} Ohio, in the | | Fair. | |} State of | | | |} Virginia. | | | | | | JUNE | | | | 1 |VII. A.M. 71 |} | | Fair. |XII. M. 80 |} Marietta. | | Scattered |V. P.M. 76 |} | | clouds. | | | | 2 |VII. A.M. 72 |} | | |XII. M. 85 |} same place. | | Fair. {83} |V. P.M. 81 |} | | | | | | 3 |VII. A.M. 72 |} | |} |XII. M. 79 |} same place. | S.S.W. |} Rainy. |V. P.M. 74 |} | | Thunder. | | | | 4 |VII. A.M. 71 |} | S.W. and | |XII. M. 74 |} same place. | by W. | Rainy. |V. P.M. 72 |} | | | | | | 5 |VII. A.M. 69 |} | |Scatt. clouds. |XII. M. 77 |} same place. | |} Fair. |V. P.M. 62 |} | |} | | | | 6 |VII. A.M. 67 |} Marietta. | |} |XII. M. 75 | 25 miles up the | |} Fair. | | river. | |} |V. P.M. 63 | 48 do. | |} | | | | 7 |VII. A.M. 66 | same place. | |} |XII. M. 77 | 63 miles up the | |} Fair. | | river. | |} |V. P.M. 62 | Grave Creek. | |} | | | | 8 |VII. A.M. 59 |} do. | |} Fair. |XII. M. 76 |} | |} |V. P.M. 70 | Wheeling. | | Shower. | | | | 9 |VII. A.M. 64 |} | | |XII. M. 73 |} Wheeling. | | Fair. |V. P.M. 72 |} | | | | | | 10 |VII. A.M. 68 | Wheeling. | |} |XII. M. 84 | 12 miles from | |} Fair. | | Wheeling. | |} |V. P.M. 78 | Donegala, a small | |} | | town in | |} Fair. | | Pennsylvania. | |} | | | | 11 |VII. A.M. 74 | Washington, in | | |XII. M. 84 | Washington | | |V. P.M. 82 | County, | | | | Pennsylvania. | | | | | | 12 |VII. A.M. 72 | same place. | |} Fair. |XII. M. 84 |} | |} |V. P.M. 83 |} Brownsville.[61] | |Thundershower | | | | in the | | | | evening.

{84} METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS

MADE AT GRENVILLE COLLEGE IN THE STATE OF TENNESSEE

_By_ WILLIAM CHANDLER, A.M. _one of the Tutors_

--------------------------------+------------------------------------- _March, 1803_ | Observations --------------------------------+------------------------------------- Thermometer | The greatest degree of cold was on -----------+-------+------+-----+ the 2d in the morning: the greatest Times of |Highest|Lowest|Mean | degree of heat on the 26th P.M. observation| | | | Prevalent winds from S. to W. A -----------+-------+------+-----+ very little snow on the9th. From Morning. | 65 | 63 | 44 | the 1st to 7th fair; on the 7th Noon. | 73 | 20 | 58 | and 8th much rain, and some thunder; P.M. | 75 | 20 | 63 | on the 13th, 14th, 15th, 19th, and -----------+-------+------+-----+ 27th rain, much wind, and thunder. Barometer | +-------+------+-----+ The remaining days sunshine and A.M. |28,80 |28,14 |28,50| pleasant. Peach trees bloom the M. |28,82 |28,18 |28,56| latter end of this month. P.M. |28,78 |28,33 |28,55| -----------+-------+------+-----+------------------------------------- _April_ | The greatest degree of cold was on --------------------------------+ the 17th; the greatest degree of Thermometer | heat was on the 29th. Prevalent -----------+-------+------+-----+ winds from S. to N.W. Rain on the Times of |Highest|Lowest|Mean | 4th, 15th, 20th, 22d, 23d, and 25th. observation| | | | The atmosphere was very smoky a the -----------+-------+------+-----+ considerable part of remaining days. A.M. | 70 | 32 | 55 | On the 17th, 18th, and 19th were M. | 78 | 50 | 69 | frosts which destroyed the young P.M. | 82 | 54 | 70 | fruit, and the principal part of -----------+-------+------+-----+ the mast. Barometer | +-------+------+-----+ Not much thunder this month. A.M. |28,79 |28,21 |28,57| M. |28,79 |28,21 |28,58| P.M. |28,79 |28,43 |28,57| -----------+-------+------+-----+------------------------------------- _May_ | --------------------------------+ Thermometer | The greatest degree of heat was on -----------+-------+------+-----+ the 17th; the least on the 9th, when Times of |Highest|Lowest|Mean | there was frost. Rain on the 1st, observation| | | | 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 17th, 18th, -----------+-------+------+-----+ 20th, 22d, 24th, and 26th; the other A.M. | 70 | 44 | 61 | days were fair; but 25th, few of M. | 82 | 58 | 73 | them smoky. P.M. | 86 | 60 | 75 | -----------+-------+------+-----+ Not much thunder this month. Barometer | +-------+------+-----+ A.M. |28,90 |28,26 |28,52| M. |28,91 |28,26 |28,52| P.M. |28,89 |28,27 |28,54| --------------------------------+------------------------------------- _June_ | --------------------------------+------------------------------------- Thermometer | -----------+-------+------+-----+ Greatest degree of heat on the 17th Times of |Highest|Lowest|Mean | and 27th, least on the 6th. Rain on observation| | | | the 4th, 5th, 12th, 15th, 16th, -----------+-------+------+-----+ 18th, and 19th. The remainder of A.M. | 76 | 61 | 69 | the month pleasant. No days smoky. M. | 83 | 72 | 78 | P.M. | 87 | 72 | 83 | The meazles have prevailed this, and -----------+-------+------+-----+ the preceding months, with greater Barometer | severity than had been known before. +-------+------+-----+ In many instances they proved fatal. A.M. | 28,80 |28,33 |28,54| M. | 28,81 |28,32 |28,56| P.M. |28,77 |28,29 |28,54| -----------+-------+------+-----+------------------------------------- {85} _July_ | --------------------------------+ The greatest degree of heat was on Thermometer | the 12th and 13th; the least on the -----------+-------+------+-----+ 6th and7th. The termometer has Times of |Highest|Lowest|Mean | stood at 90 two or three times at observation| | | | between III. and IV. P.M. We had -----------+-------+------+-----+ rain on the 2d, 4th, 16th, 17th, A.M. | 77 | 64 | 71 | and 24th. M. | 86 | 72 | 79 | P.M. | 89 | 75 | 73 | For the two last months the -----------+-------+------+-----+ prevalent winds were from S.W. to Barometer | W. We have very few winds from the +-------+------+-----+ east. Storms are heard to roar in A.M. | 28,79 |28,39 |28,58| the mountains, fifteen miles south M. | 28,80 |28,35 |28,59| of this place, for one or more days P.M. | 28,78 |28,34 |28,57| before they come. -----------+-------+------+-----+ Note. _The time of P.M. | observation is a little past | the greatest heat of the day._ |

FOOTNOTES:

[1] General Rufus Putnam (born in Massachusetts, 1738) served in the French and Indian War, and later with distinction in the Revolution. He is best known to history as the superintendent of the Ohio Company and the founder of the soldier-colony at Marietta. Self-educated, and rising to prominence by force of will and character, his accomplishments in engineering and surveying, and his services to Western development, were valuable. Washington appointed him surveyor-general for the United States (1793), which position he held for ten years, when removed as a Federalist by Jefferson. His interests during all the later years of his life were bound up with those of Ohio and the Marietta settlement. At his death (1824) he was (with the exception of Lafayette) the last surviving general officer of the Revolutionary army.--ED.

[2] BECKFORD. History of Jamaica, vol. i. p. 191.--HARRIS.

[3] Harris travelled westward by the Pennsylvania State Road, the great thoroughfare to the Western country. It was completed about 1785, and passed west from Carlisle through Shippensburg, Strasburg, and Bedford. Beyond Bedford the road forked, and Harris took the lower, or Glade Road. Michaux had gone out the preceding year by the northern branch, also reaching Carlisle by a different route. For a more detailed description than Michaux gives, see Cuming, _Sketches of a Tour of the Western Country_ (Pittsburg, 1810), which will be republished as vol. iv of the present series.--ED.

[4] Harris is mistaken in his derivation of the term “Burnt Cabins.” Little Meadows is nearly a hundred miles west of this place. Burnt Cabins took its name from the dispossession of the settlers by the Pennsylvania authorities in 1750. About ten years previous, groups of Scotch-Irish had begun to push over the Susquehanna into the attractive basin of the Juniata, which was still unpurchased Indian territory. The aborigines were so incensed that a deputation went to Philadelphia to protest, and an Indian war appeared imminent. The government sent out a commission headed by Secretary Peters, and including George Croghan and Conrad Weiser as members, to drive off the intruders and burn their cabins. The official report is found in _Pennsylvania Colonial Records_, v, pp. 440-449. The settlers themselves aided in the work, and Peters remarked, “It may be proper to add, that the Cabbins or Log Houses which were burnt were of no considerable Value, being such as the Country People erect in a Day or two, and cost only the Charge of an Entertainment [_i.e._, a log-rolling].” An Indian war was thus averted. The locality has retained its name of Burnt Cabins to the present day.--ED.

[5] This is a misprint for Bedford County, in which East and West Providence townships are situated.--ED.

[6] See Gen. Braddock’s letter to Sir T. Robinson, June 5th, 1755.--HARRIS.

[7] Harris’s allusions to the various roads are confusing and misleading. The road (Pennsylvania State) which he left to the north, passing through Ligonier and Greensburg, followed in the main the route cut (1758) for Forbes’s army. Braddock’s Road lay much to the south of this, going out from Fort Cumberland, Maryland, on the Potomac. The question of the availability of these two roads was a point at issue during Forbes’s campaign. See Hulbert, _Historic Highways of America_ (Cleveland, 1903), vols. iv, v. Harris took neither Forbes’s Road, nor Braddock’s (later the line of the Cumberland National Road), but what was locally known as the “Old Glade Road,” a branch of Forbes’s Road, leaving the latter four miles beyond Bedford, and crossing to the Youghiogheny through Somerset and Mount Pleasant.--ED.

[8] The Old Glade Road, also locally known as the Jones’s Mill Road, received legislative appropriations during the early part of the nineteenth century, and was quite as popular as its northern rival, the State Road. It crossed the Youghiogheny at what is now known as West Newton, Westmoreland County. The term Budd’s Ferry is found upon a map of 1792; but in the early part of the century it was usually spoken of as Robbstown, from the name of the first proprietor. The road is now known as the “Wellersburg and West Newton plank.”--ED.

[9] Letter to Sir T. Robinson, June 5, 1755.--HARRIS.