Part 68
5. (Zoöl.) (a) Living in communities consisting of males, females, and neuters, as do ants and most bees. (b) Forming compound groups or colonies by budding from basal processes or stolons; as, the social ascidians.
Social science, the science of all that relates to the social condition, the relations and institutions which are involved in man's existence and his well-being as a member of an organized community; sociology. It concerns itself with questions of the public health, education, labor, punishment of crime, reformation of criminals, and the like. -- Social whale (Zoöl.), the blackfish. -- The social evil, prostitution.
Syn. -- Sociable; companionable; conversible; friendly; familiar; communicative; convival; festive.
So"cial*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. socialisme.] A theory or system of social reform which contemplates a complete reconstruction of society, with a more just and equitable distribution of property and labor. In popular usage, the term is often employed to indicate any lawless, revolutionary social scheme. See Communism, Fourierism, Saint- Simonianism, forms of socialism.
[Socialism] was first applied in England to Owen's theory of social reconstruction, and in France to those also of St. Simon and Fourier . . . The word, however, is used with a great variety of meaning, . . . even by economists and learned critics. The general tendency is to regard as socialistic any interference undertaken by society on behalf of the poor, . . . radical social reform which disturbs the present system of private property . . . The tendency of the present socialism is more and more to ally itself with the most advanced democracy.
Encyc. Brit.
We certainly want a true history of socialism, meaning by that a history of every systematic attempt to provide a new social existence for the mass of the workers.
F. Harrison.
So"cial*ist, n. [Cf. F. socialiste.] One who advocates or practices the doctrines of socialism.
{ So"cial*ist, So`cial*is"tic, } a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, socialism.
So`ci*al"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. socialisté, L. socialitas.] The quality of being social; socialness.
So"cial*ize (?), v. t. 1. To render social.
2. To subject to, or regulate by, socialism.
So"cial*ly, adv. In a social manner; sociably.
So"cial*ness, n. The quality or state of being social.
So"ci*ate (?), a. [L. sociatus, p. p. of sociare to associate, fr. socius companion.] Associated. [Obs.]
So"ci*ate, n. An associate. [Obs.]
As for you, Dr. Reynolds, and your sociates.
Fuller.
So"ci*ate (?), v. i. To associate. [Obs.] Shelford.
So*ci`e*ta"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to society; social.
The all-sweeping besom of societarian reformation.
Lamb.
So*ci"e*ta*ry (?), a. Societarian. [R.]
So*ci"e*ty (?), n.; pl. Societies (#). [L. societas, fr. socius a companion: cf. F. société. See Social.] 1. The relationship of men to one another when associated in any way; companionship; fellowship; company. "Her loved society." Milton.
There is society where none intrudes By the deep sea, and music in its roar.
Byron.
2. Connection; participation; partnership. [R.]
The meanest of the people and such as have the least society with the acts and crimes of kings.
Jer. Taylor.
3. A number of persons associated for any temporary or permanent object; an association for mutual or joint usefulness, pleasure, or profit; a social union; a partnership; as, a missionary society.
4. The persons, collectively considered, who live in any region or at any period; any community of individuals who are united together by a common bond of nearness or intercourse; those who recognize each other as associates, friends, and acquaintances.
5. Specifically, the more cultivated portion of any community in its social relations and influences; those who mutually give receive formal entertainments.
Society of Jesus. See Jesuit. -- Society verses [a translation of F. vers de société], the lightest kind of lyrical poetry; verses for the amusement of polite society.
So*cin"i*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Socinus, or the Socinians.
So*cin"i*an, n. One of the followers of Socinus; a believer in Socinianism.
So*cin"i*an*ism (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) The tenets or doctrines of Faustus Socinus, an Italian theologian of the sixteenth century, who denied the Trinity, the deity of Christ, the personality of the Devil, the native and total depravity of man, the vicarious atonement, and the eternity of future punishment. His theory was, that Christ was a man divinely commissioned, who had no existence before he was conceived by the Virgin Mary; that human sin was the imitation of Adam's sin, and that human salvation was the imitation and adoption of Christ's virtue; that the Bible was to be interpreted by human reason; and that its language was metaphorical, and not to be taken literally.
So*cin"i*an*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Socinianized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Socinianizing (?).] To cause to conform to Socinianism; to regulate by, or imbue with, the principles of Socinianism.
{ So`ci*o*log"ic (?), So`ci*o*log"ic*al (?) } a. Of or pertaining to sociology, or social science. -- So`ci*o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.
So`ci*ol"o*gist (?), n. One who treats of, or devotes himself to, the study of sociology. J. S. Mill.
So`ci*ol"o*gy (?), n. [L. socius a companion + -logy.] That branch of philosophy which treats of the constitution, phenomena, and development of human society; social science. H. Spencer.
Sock (?), n. [F. soc, LL. soccus, perhaps of Celtic origin.] A plowshare. Edin. Encyc.
Sock, n. [OE. sock, AS. socc, fr. L. soccus a kind of low-heeled, light shoe. Cf. Sucket.] 1. The shoe worn by actors of comedy in ancient Greece and Rome, -- used as a symbol of comedy, or of the comic drama, as distinguished from tragedy, which is symbolized by the buskin.
Great Fletcher never treads in buskin here, Nor greater Jonson dares in socks appear.
Dryden.
2. A knit or woven covering for the foot and lower leg; a stocking with a short leg.
3. A warm inner sole for a shoe. Simmonds.
Sock*dol"a*ger (?), n. [A corruption of doxology.] [Written also sockdologer.] 1. That which finishes or ends a matter; a settler; a poser, as a heavy blow, a conclusive answer, and the like. [Slang, U.S.]
2. (Angling) A combination of two hooks which close upon each other, by means of a spring, as soon as the fish bites. [U. S.]
Sock"et (?), n. [OE. soket, a dim. through OF. fr. L. soccus. See Sock a covering for the foot.] 1. An opening into which anything is fitted; any hollow thing or place which receives and holds something else; as, the sockets of the teeth.
His eyeballs in their hollow sockets sink.
Dryden.
2. Especially, the hollow tube or place in which a candle is fixed in the candlestick.
And in the sockets oily bubbles dance.
Dryden.
Socket bolt (Mach.), a bolt that passes through a thimble that is placed between the parts connected by the bolt. -- Socket chisel. Same as Framing chisel. See under Framing. -- Socket pipe, a pipe with an expansion at one end to receive the end of a connecting pipe. -- Socket pole, a pole armed with iron fixed on by means of a socket, and used to propel boats, etc. [U.S.] -- Socket wrench, a wrench consisting of a socket at the end of a shank or rod, for turning a nut, bolthead, etc., in a narrow or deep recess.
Sock"et*ed (?), a. Having a socket. Dawkins.
Sock"less, a. Destitute of socks or shoes. B. & Fl.
Sock"y (?), a. Wet; soaky. [Prov. Eng.]
So"cle (?), n. [F., fr. L. socculus, dim. of soccus. See Sock a covering for the foot. Cf. Zocco.] (Arch.) (a) A plain block or plinth forming a low pedestal; any base; especially, the base of a statue, column, or the like. See Plinth. (b) A plain face or plinth at the lower part of a wall. Oxf. Gloss.
Soc"man (?), n.; pl. Socmen (#). [See Socage.] (O. Eng. Law) One who holds lands or tenements by socage; a socager. Cowell.
Soc"man*ry (?), n. (O.E. Law) Tenure by socage.
Soc"ome (?), n. [AS. scen, scn, searching, or the right of searching, the lord's court. See Soc.] (O.Eng. Law) A custom of tenants to grind corn at the lord's mill. Cowell.
Soc"o*trine (?), a. Of or pertaining to Socotra, an island in the Indian Ocean, on the east coast of Africa. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Socotra.
{ So*crat"ic (?), So*crat"ic*al (?), } a. [L. Socraticus, Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;.] Of or pertaining to Socrates, the Grecian sage and teacher. (b. c. 469-399), or to his manner of teaching and philosophizing.
The Socratic method of reasoning and instruction was by a series of questions leading the one to whom they were addressed to perceive and admit what was true or false in doctrine, or right or wrong in conduct.
So*crat"ic*al*ly, adv. In the Socratic method.
Soc"ra*tism (?), n. The philosophy or the method of Socrates.
Soc"ra*tist (?), n. [Gr. &?;&?;&?;&?;.] A disciple or follower of Socrates.
Sod (?), n. (Zoöl.) The rock dove. [Prov. Eng.]
Sod, obs. imp. of Seethe.
Sod, n. [Akin to LG. sode, D. zode, OD. sode, soode, OFries. satha, and E. seethe. So named from its sodden state in wet weather. See Seethe.] That stratum of the surface of the soil which is filled with the roots of grass, or any portion of that surface; turf; sward.
She there shall dress a sweeter sod Than Fancy's feet have ever trod.
Collins.
Sod, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sodden; p. pr. & vb. n. Sodding.] To cover with sod; to turf.
So"da (?), n. [It., soda, in OIt., ashes used in making glass, fr. L. solida, fem. of solidus solid; solida having probably been a name of glasswort. See Solid.] (Chem.) (a) Sodium oxide or hydroxide. (b) Popularly, sodium carbonate or bicarbonate.
Caustic soda, sodium hydroxide. -- Cooking soda, sodium bicarbonate. [Colloq.] -- Sal soda. See Sodium carbonate, under Sodium. -- Soda alum (Min.), a mineral consisting of the hydrous sulphate of alumina and soda. -- Soda ash, crude sodium carbonate; -- so called because formerly obtained from the ashes of sea plants and certain other plants, as saltwort (Salsola). See under Sodium. -- Soda fountain, an apparatus for drawing soda water, fitted with delivery tube, faucets, etc. -- Soda lye, a lye consisting essentially of a solution of sodium hydroxide, used in soap making. -- Soda niter. See Nitratine. -- Soda salts, salts having sodium for the base; specifically, sodium sulphate or Glauber's salts. -- Soda waste, the waste material, consisting chiefly of calcium hydroxide and sulphide, which accumulates as a useless residue or side product in the ordinary Leblanc process of soda manufacture; -- called also alkali waste. -- Soda water, originally, a beverage consisting of a weak solution of sodium bicarbonate, with some acid to cause effervescence; now, in common usage, a beverage consisting of water highly charged with carbon dioxide (carbonic acid). Fruit sirups, cream, etc., are usually added to give flavor. See Carbonic acid, under Carbonic. -- Washing soda, sodium carbonate. [Colloq.]
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So*da"ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or containing, soda. "Sodaic powder." Ure.
So"da*lite (?), n. [Soda + - lite: cf. F. sodalithe.] (Min.) A mineral of a white to blue or gray color, occuring commonly in dodecahedrons, also massive. It is a silicate of alumina and soda with some chlorine.
So*dal"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Sodalities (#). [L. sodalitas, fr. sodalis a comrade.] 1. A fellowship or fraternity; a brotherhood.
2. (R.C.Ch.) Specifically, a lay association for devotion or for charitable purposes.
Sod*am"ide (?), n. (Chem.) A greenish or reddish crystalline substance, NaNH2, obtained by passing ammonia over heated sodium.
Sod"den (?), a. [p. p. of Seethe.] Boiled; seethed; also, soaked; heavy with moisture; saturated; as, sodden beef; sodden bread; sodden fields.
Sod"den, v. i. To be seethed; to become sodden.
Sod"den, v. t. To soak; to make heavy with water.
Sod"den-wit`ted (?), a. Heavy; dull. Shak.
Sod"dy (?), a. [From Sod.] Consisting of sod; covered with sod; turfy. Cotgrave.
Sod"er (?), n. & v. t. See Solder.
So"dic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to sodium; containing sodium.
So"di*o- (?). (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting the presence of sodium or one of its compounds.
So"di*um (?), n. [NL., fr.E. soda.] (Chem.) A common metallic element of the alkali group, in nature always occuring combined, as in common salt, in albite, etc. It is isolated as a soft, waxy, white, unstable metal, so readily oxidized that it combines violently with water, and to be preserved must be kept under petroleum or some similar liquid. Sodium is used combined in many salts, in the free state as a reducer, and as a means of obtaining other metals (as magnesium and aluminium) is an important commercial product. Symbol Na (Natrium). Atomic weight 23. Specific gravity 0.97.
Sodium amalgam, an alloy of sodium and mercury, usually produced as a gray metallic crystalline substance, which is used as a reducing agent, and otherwise. -- Sodium bicarbonate, a white crystalline substance, HNaCO3, with a slight alkaline taste resembling that of sodium carbonate. It is found in many mineral springs and also produced artificially,. It is used in cookery, in baking powders, and as a source of carbonic acid gas (carbon dioxide) for soda water. Called also cooking soda, saleratus, and technically, acid sodium carbonate, primary sodium carbonate, sodium dicarbonate, etc. -- Sodium carbonate, a white crystalline substance, Na2CO3.10H2O, having a cooling alkaline taste, found in the ashes of many plants, and produced artifically in large quantities from common salt. It is used in making soap, glass, paper, etc., and as alkaline agent in many chemical industries. Called also sal soda, washing soda, or soda. Cf. Sodium bicarbonate, above and Trona. -- Sodium chloride, common, or table, salt, NaCl. -- Sodium hydroxide, a white opaque brittle solid, NaOH, having a fibrous structure, produced by the action of quicklime, or of calcium hydrate (milk of lime), on sodium carbonate. It is a strong alkali, and is used in the manufacture of soap, in making wood pulp for paper, etc. Called also sodium hydrate, and caustic soda. By extension, a solution of sodium hydroxide.
Sod"om*ite (?), n. 1. An inhabitant of Sodom.
2. One guilty of sodomy.
Sod`om*it"ic*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, sodomy. -- Sod`om*it"ic*al*ly, adv.
Sod"om*y (?), n. [From Sodom. a country mentioned in the Bible: cf. F. sodomite.] Carnal copulation in a manner against nature; buggery. Gen. xix. 5.
Soe (?), n. [Scot. sae, say, saye; cf. Icel. sr a large cask, Sw. s&?; a tub.] A large wooden vessel for holding water; a cowl. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Dr. H. More.
So*ev"er (?). A word compounded of so and ever, used in composition with who, what, where, when, how, etc., and indicating any out of all possible or supposable persons, things, places, times, ways, etc. It is sometimes used separate from the pronoun or adverb.
For unto whomsoever much is given, of him shall be much required.
Luke xii. 48.
What great thing soever a man proposed to do in his life, he should think of achieving it by fifty.
Sir W. Temple.
So"fa (?), n.; pl. Sofas (#). [Ar. soffah, from saffa to dispose in order: cf. F. sofa, It. sofà.] A long seat, usually with a cushioned bottom, back, and ends; -- much used as a comfortable piece of furniture.
Let fall the curtains, wheel the sofa round.
Cowper.
Sofa bed, a sofa so contrived that it may be extended to form a bed; -- called also sofa bedstead.
Sof"fit (?), n. [It. soffitta, soffitto, fr. soffiggere to hide, properly, to fix or fasten under, L. suffigere to fasten beneath or below; sub under, beneath + figere to fix, faste: cf. F. soffite.] (Arch.) The under side of the subordinate parts and members of buildings, such as staircases, entablatures, archways, cornices, or the like. See Illust. of Lintel.
So"fi (?), n.; pl. Sofis (&?;). Same as Sufi.
So"fism (?), n. Same as Sufism.
Soft (?), a. [Compar. Softer (?); superl. Softest.] [OE. softe, AS. s&?;fte, properly adv. of s&?;fte, adj.; akin to OS. sfto, adv., D. zacht, OHG. samfto, adv., semfti, adj., G. sanft, LG. sacht; of uncertain origin.] 1. Easily yielding to pressure; easily impressed, molded, or cut; not firm in resisting; impressible; yielding; also, malleable; -- opposed to hard; as, a soft bed; a soft peach; soft earth; soft wood or metal.
2. Not rough, rugged, or harsh to the touch; smooth; delicate; fine; as, soft silk; a soft skin.
They that wear soft clothing are in king's houses.
Matt. xi. 8.
3. Hence, agreeable to feel, taste, or inhale; not irritating to the tissues; as, a soft liniment; soft wines. "The soft, delicious air." Milton.
4. Not harsh or offensive to the sight; not glaring; pleasing to the eye; not exciting by intensity of color or violent contrast; as, soft hues or tints.
The sun, shining upon the upper part of the clouds . . . made the softest lights imaginable.
Sir T. Browne.
5. Not harsh or rough in sound; gentle and pleasing to the ear; flowing; as, soft whispers of music.
Her voice was ever soft, Gentle, and low, -- an excellent thing in woman.
Shak.
Soft were my numbers; who could take offense?
Pope.
6. Easily yielding; susceptible to influence; flexible; gentle; kind.
I would to God my heart were flint, like Edward's; Or Edward's soft and pitiful, like mine.
Shak.
The meek or soft shall inherit the earth.
Tyndale.
7. Expressing gentleness, tenderness, or the like; mild; conciliatory; courteous; kind; as, soft eyes.
A soft answer turneth away wrath.
Prov. xv. 1.
A face with gladness overspread, Soft smiles, by human kindness bred.
Wordsworth.
8. Effeminate; not courageous or manly, weak.
A longing after sensual pleasures is a dissolution of the spirit of a man, and makes it loose, soft, and wandering.
Jer. Taylor.
9. Gentle in action or motion; easy.
On her soft axle, white she paces even, And bears thee soft with the smooth air along.
Milton.
10. Weak in character; impressible.
The deceiver soon found this soft place of Adam's.
Glanvill.
11. Somewhat weak in intellect. [Colloq.]
He made soft fellows stark noddies, and such as were foolish quite mad.
Burton.
12. Quiet; undisturbed; paceful; as, soft slumbers.
13. Having, or consisting of, a gentle curve or curves; not angular or abrupt; as, soft outlines.
14. Not tinged with mineral salts; adapted to decompose soap; as, soft water is the best for washing.
15. (Phonetics) (a) Applied to a palatal, a sibilant, or a dental consonant (as g in gem, c in cent, etc.) as distinguished from a guttural mute (as g in go, c in cone, etc.); -- opposed to hard. (b) Belonging to the class of sonant elements as distinguished from the surd, and considered as involving less force in utterance; as, b, d, g, z, v, etc., in contrast with p, t, k, s, f, etc.
Soft clam (Zoöl.), the common or long clam (Mya arenaria). See Mya. -- Soft coal, bituminous coal, as distinguished from anthracite, or hard, coal. -- Soft crab (Zoöl.), any crab which has recently shed its shell. -- Soft dorsal (Zoöl.), the posterior part of the dorsal fin of fishes when supported by soft rays. -- Soft grass. (Bot.) See Velvet grass. -- Soft money, paper money, as distinguished from coin, or hard money. [Colloq. U.S.] -- Soft mute. (Phonetics) See Media. -- Soft palate. See the Note under Palate. -- Soft ray (Zoöl.), a fin ray which is articulated and usually branched. -- Soft soap. See under Soap. -- Soft-tack, leavened bread, as distinguished from hard-tack, or ship bread. -- Soft tortoise (Zoöl.), any river tortoise of the genus Trionyx. See Trionyx.
Soft (?), n. A soft or foolish person; an idiot. [Colloq.] G. Eliot.
Soft, adv. Softly; without roughness or harshness; gently; quietly. Chaucer.
A knight soft riding toward them.
Spenser.
Soft, interj. Be quiet; hold; stop; not so fast.
Soft, you; a word or two before you go.
Shak.
Sof"ta (?), n. [Corruption of Per. s&?;khtah one who burns, is ardent or zealous.] Any one attached to a Mohammedan mosque, esp. a student of the higher branches of theology in a mosque school. [Written also sophta.]
Sof"ten (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Softened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Softening.] To make soft or more soft. Specifically: --
(a) To render less hard; -- said of matter.
Their arrow's point they soften in the flame.
Gay.
(b) To mollify; to make less fierce or intractable.
Diffidence conciliates the proud, and softens the severe.
Rambler.
(c) To palliate; to represent as less enormous; as, to soften a fault.
(d) To compose; to mitigate; to assuage.
Music can soften pain to ease.
Pope.
(e) To make calm and placid.
All that cheers or softens life.
Pope.
(f) To make less harsh, less rude, less offensive, or less violent, or to render of an opposite quality.
He bore his great commision in his look, But tempered awe, and softened all he spoke.
Dryden.
(g) To make less glaring; to tone down; as, to soften the coloring of a picture.
(h) To make tender; to make effeminate; to enervate; as, troops softened by luxury.
(i) To make less harsh or grating, or of a quality the opposite; as, to soften the voice.
Sof"ten, v. i. To become soft or softened, or less rude, harsh, severe, or obdurate.
Sof"ten*er (?), n. One who, or that which, softens. [Written also, less properly, softner.]
Sof"ten*ing, a. & n. from Soften, v.
Softening of the brain, or Cerebral softening (Med.), a localized softening of the brain substance, due to hemorrhage or inflammation. Three varieties, distinguished by their color and representing different stages of the morbid process, are known respectively as red, yellow, and white, softening.
Soft"-finned` (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the fin rays cartilaginous or flexible; without spines; -- said of certain fishes.
Soft"-head`ed (?), a. Weak in intellect.
Soft"-heart`ed (?), a. Having softness or tenderness of heart; susceptible of pity or other kindly affection; gentle; meek. -- Soft"-heart`ed*ness, n.
Soft"ish (?), a. Somewhat soft. De Witt Clinton.
Soft"ling (?), n. A soft, effeminate person; a voluptuary. [R.] Bp. Woolton. .
Soft"ly, adv. In a soft manner.
Soft"ner (?), n. See Softener.
Soft"ness (?), n. [AS. s&?;ftness, s&?;ftnyss.] The quality or state of being soft; -- opposed to hardness, and used in the various specific senses of the adjective.
Soft"-shell` (?), Soft"-shelled` (?), } a. Having a soft or fragile shell.
Soft-shell clam (Zoöl.), the long clam. See Mya. -- Soft-shelled crab. (Zoöl.) See the Note under Crab, 1. -- Soft-shelled turtle. (Zoöl.) Same as Soft tortoise, under Soft.
Soft"-spo`ken (?), a. Speaking softly; having a mild or gentle voice; hence, mild; affable.
Sog"gi*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being soggy; soddenness; wetness.
Sog"gy (?), a. [Compar. Soggier (?); superl. Soggiest.] [Cf. Icel. söggr damp, wet, or E. soak.] Filled with water; soft with moisture; sodden; soaked; wet; as, soggy land or timber.
So*ho" (?), interj. Ho; -- a word used in calling from a distant place; a sportsman's halloo. Shak.
||Soi`-di`sant" (?), a. [F.] Calling himself; self-styled; pretended; ||would-be.
Soil (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Soiled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Soiling.] [OF. saoler, saouler, to satiate, F. soûler, L. satullare, fr. satullus, dim. of satur sated. See Satire.] To feed, as cattle or horses, in the barn or an inclosure, with fresh grass or green food cut for them, instead of sending them out to pasture; hence (such food having the effect of purging them), to purge by feeding on green food; as, to soil a horse.
Soil, n. [OE. soile, F. sol, fr. L. solum bottom, soil; but the word has probably been influenced in form by soil a miry place. Cf. Saloon, Soil a miry place, Sole of the foot.] 1. The upper stratum of the earth; the mold, or that compound substance which furnishes nutriment to plants, or which is particularly adapted to support and nourish them.
2. Land; country.