CHAPTER III

.--Of Water, as Painted by Turner.

Sec. 1. The difficulty of giving surface to smooth water. 355 Sec. 2. Is dependent on the structure of the eye, and the focus by which the reflected rays are perceived. 355 Sec. 3. Morbid clearness occasioned in painting of water by distinctness of reflections. 356 Sec. 4. How avoided by Turner. 357 Sec. 5. All reflections on distant water are distinct. 357 Sec. 6. The error of Vandevelde. 358 Sec. 7. Difference in arrangement of parts between the reflected object and its image. 359 Sec. 8. Illustrated from the works of Turner. 359 Sec. 9. The boldness and judgment shown in the observance of it. 360 Sec. 10. The _texture_ of surface in Turner's painting of calm water. 361 Sec. 11. Its united qualities. 361 Sec. 12. Relation of various circumstances of past agitation, &c., by the most trifling incidents, as in the Cowes. 363 Sec. 13. In scenes on the Loire and Seine. 363 Sec. 14. Expression of contrary waves caused by recoil from shore. 364 Sec. 15. Various other instances. 364 Sec. 16. Turner's painting of distant expanses of water.--Calm, interrupted by ripple. 365 Sec. 17. And rippled, crossed by sunshine. 365 Sec. 18. His drawing of distant rivers. 366 Sec. 19. And of surface associated with mist. 367 Sec. 20. His drawing of falling water, with peculiar expression of weight. 367 Sec. 21. The abandonment and plunge of great cataracts. How given by him. 368 Sec. 22. Difference in the action of water, when continuous and when interrupted. The interrupted stream fills the hollows of its bed. 369 Sec. 23. But the continuous stream takes the shape of its bed. 370 Sec. 24. Its exquisite curved lines. 370 Sec. 25. Turner's careful choice of the historical truth. 370 Sec. 26. His exquisite drawing of the continuous torrent in the Llanthony Abbey. 371 Sec. 27. And of the interrupted torrent in the Mercury and Argus. 372 Sec. 28. Various cases. 372 Sec. 29. Sea painting. Impossibility of truly representing foam. 373 Sec. 30. Character of shore-breakers, also inexpressible. 374 Sec. 31. Their effect how injured when seen from the shore. 375 Sec. 32. Turner's expression of heavy rolling sea. 376 Sec. 33. With peculiar expression of weight. 376 Sec. 34. Peculiar action of recoiling waves. 377 Sec. 35. And of the stroke of a breaker on the shore. 377 Sec. 36. General character of sea on a rocky coast given by Turner in the Land's End. 378 Sec. 37. Open seas of Turner's earlier time. 379 Sec. 38. Effect of sea after prolonged storm. 380 Sec. 39. Turner's noblest work, the painting of the deep open sea in the Slave Ship. 382 Sec. 40. Its united excellences and perfection as a whole. 383

SECTION VI.

OF TRUTH OF VEGETATION.--CONCLUSION.

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