Chapter XXIII

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[17] The term “spiritual” is here intended to signify the activities of the mind which are emotionalized with yearning or aversion, and therefore may be said to belong to the entire nature of man.

[18] The history of the spread of Latin through Italy and the provinces is from the nature of the subject obscure. Budinsky’s _Die Ausbreitung der lateinischer Sprache_ (Berlin, 1881) is somewhat unsatisfactory. See also Meyer-Lübke, _Die lateinische Sprache in den romanischen Ländern_ (Gröber’s _Grundriss_, 1{2}, 451 _sqq._; F. G. Mohl, _Introduction à la chronologie du latin vulgaire_ (1899). The statements in the text are very general, and ignore intentionally the many difficult questions as to what sort of Latin--dialectal, popular, or literary--was spread through the peninsula. See Mohl, _o.c._ § 33 _sqq._

[19] Tradition says from Gaul, but the sifted evidence points to the Danube north of the later province of Noricum. See Bertrand and Reinach, _Les Celtes dans les vallées du Pô et du Danube_ (Paris, 1894).

[20] See Beloch, _Bevölkerung der griechisch-römischen Welt_, p. 507 (Leipzig, 1886).

[21] Mommsen says that in Augustus’s time fifty Spanish cities had the full privileges of Roman citizenship and fifty others the rights of Italian towns (_Roman Provinces_, i. 75, Eng. trans.). But this seems a mistake; as the enumeration of Beloch, _Bevölkerung_, etc., p. 330, gives fifty in all, following the account of Pliny.

[22] Cicero, _Pro Archia_, 10, speaks slightingly of poets born at Cordova, but, later, Latro of Cordova was Ovid’s teacher.

[23] The Roman law was used throughout Provincia. In this respect a line is to be drawn between Provincia and the North. See _post_,