IV.

Anthropology is more immediately connected with zoology; differing from it chiefly in the complexity of its problems, _e. g._ the appreciation of the extent to which the moral characteristics of man complicate a classification which, in the lower animals, is, to a great extent, founded on physical criteria.

Ethnology is more immediately connected with history; differing from it chiefly in its object, its method, and its arena.

Whilst history represents the actions of men as determined by _moral_, ethnology ascertains the effects of _physical_ influences.

History collects its facts from testimony, and ethnology does the same; but ethnology deals with problems upon which history is silent, by arguing backwards, from effect to cause.

This throws the arena of the ethnologist into an earlier period of the world's history than that of the proper historian.