chapter 52._
GREEK GENIUS AND INFLUENCE.
See HELLENIC GENIUS, &c.
GREELEY, Horace, The Peace Conference at Niagara.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1864 (JULY).
Presidential candidacy and defeat.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1872.
GREEN, Duff, in the "Kitchen Cabinet" of President Jackson.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1829.
GREEN MOUNTAIN BOYS.
See VERMONT: A. D. 1749-1774.
GREENBACK PARTY, The.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1880.
GREENE, General Nathaniel, and the American Revolution.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1775 (MAY-AUGUST); 1780-1781; and 1781 (JANUARY-MAY).
----------GREENLAND: Start--------
GREENLAND: A D.876-984. Discovery and settlement by the Northmen.
See NORMANS.—NORTHMEN: A. D. 876-984.
GREENLAND: A. D. 1450-1585. The lost Icelandic colony, absorbed by Eskimo. Rediscovery of the country.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: ESKIMAUAN FAMILY.
----------GREENLAND: End----------
{1613}
GREENS, Roman Faction of the.
See CIRCUS, FACTIONS OF THE ROMAN.
GREENVILLE TREATY WITH THE INDIAN TRIBES.
See NORTHWEST TERRITORY: A. D. 1790-1795.
GREGORIAN CALENDAR.—GREGORIAN ERA.
See CALENDAR, GREGORIAN.
GREGORY I. (called The Great), Pope, A. D. 590-604. Gregory II., Pope, 715-731. Gregory III., Pope, 731-741. Gregory IV., Pope, 827-844. Gregory V., Pope, 996-999. Gregory VI., Pope, 1044-1046. Gregory VII., Pope, 1075-1085. Gregory VIII., Pope, 1187, October to December. Gregory IX., Pope, 1227-1241. Gregory X., Pope, 1271-1276. Gregory XI., Pope, 1371-1378. Gregory XII., Pope, 1406-1415. Gregory XIII., Pope, 1572-1585. Gregory XIV., Pope, 1590-1591. Gregory XV., Pope, 1621-162. Gregory XVI., Pope, 1831-1846.
GRENVILLE MINISTRY, The.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1760-1763; and 1765-1768.
GRÉVY, Jules, President of the French Republic, 1879-1887.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1875-1889.
GREY, Earl, The Ministry of.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1830-1832; and 1834-1837.
GREY FRIARS.
See MENDICANT ORDERS.
GREY LEAGUES, The.
See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1396-1499.
GREYS, OR BIGI, of Florence, The.
See BIGI.
GRIERSON'S RAID.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1863 (APRIL-MAY: MISSISSIPPI).
GRIQUAS.—GRIQUALAND.
"The Griquas or Baastards, a mixed race sprung from the intercourse of the 'Boers' [of South Africa] with their Hottentot slaves," migrated from Cape Colony after the Emancipation Act of 1833, "and, under the chiefs Waterboer and Adam Kok, settled in the country north of the confluence of the Orange and Vaal, the present Griqualand West. Subsequently, in 1852, Adam Kok's section of the Griquas again migrated to the territory then called No Man's Land, between Kafraria and southern Natal, now known as Griqualand East, or New Griqualand. … In consequence of the discovery of diamonds in the Griqua country in 1867, and the rush thither of thousands of Europeans from all the surrounding states, as well as from Europe, America, and Australia, the chief Waterboer ceded his rights to the British Government, and this region was annexed to the Cape Colony as the Lieutenant-Governorship of Griqualand West in 1871."
_Hellwald-Johnston, Africa (Stanford's Compendium), chapter 23, section 5._
----------GRISONS: Start--------
GRISONS, The. Achievement of democratic independence.
See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1396-1499.
GRISONS: The Valtelline revolt and war.
See FRANCE: A. D. 1624-1626.
----------GRISONS: End----------
GROCHOW, Battles of (1831).
See POLAND: A. D. 1830-1832.
GROL, Capture of (1627).
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1621-1633.
GRONENBURG: A. D. 1593. Capture by Prince Maurice.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1588-1593.
GROS VENTRE INDIANS, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: HIDATSA, and ALGONQUIAN FAMILY.
GROSS BEEREN, Battle of.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1813 (AUGUST).
GROSS GÖRSCHEN, OR LUTZEN, Battle of.
See GERMANY: A. D. 1813 (APRIL-MAY).
GROSSE RATH, The.
See SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1848-1890.
GROSSWARDEIN, Treaty of.
See HUNGARY: A. D. 1526-1567.
GROTIUS, HUGO, Imprisonment and escape of.
See NETHERLANDS: A. D. 1603-1619.
GROVETON, Battle of.
See UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1862 (AUGUST-SEPTEMBER).
GRUTHUNGI, The.
See GOTHS (VISIGOTHS): A. D. 376.
GRÜTLI, OR RÜTLI, The Meadow of.
See SWITZERLAND: THE THREE FOREST CANTONS.
GRYNEUM, The Oracle of.
See ORACLES OF THE GREEKS.
GUADACELITO OR SALADO, Battle of (1340).
See SPAIN: A. D. 1273-1460.
GUADALETE, Battle of the.
See SPAIN: A. D. 711-713.
GUADALOUPE HIDALGO, Treaty of.
See MEXICO: A. D. 1848.
GUADALUPES.
See GACHUPINES.
GUAICARUS, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PAMPAS TRIBES.
GUAJIRA, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: COAJIRO.
GUANAJUATO, Battles of.
See MEXICO: A. D. 1810-1819.
GUANAS, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PAMPAS TRIBES.
GUANCHES, The.
See LIBYANS.
GUARANI, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: TUPI.
GUASTALLA, Battle of (1734).
See FRANCE: A. D. 1733-1735.
----------GUATEMALA: Start--------
GUATEMALA: The name.
"According to Fuentes y Guzman, derived from 'Coctecmalan' —that is to say 'Palo de leche,' milk-tree, commonly called 'Yerba mala,' found in the neighborhood of Antigua Guatemala. … In the Mexican tongue, if we may believe Vasquez, it was called 'Quauhtimali,' rotten-tree. … Others derive it from 'Uhatezmalha,' signifying 'the hill which discharges water'; and Juarros suggests that it may be from Juitemal, the first king of Guatemala."
_H. H. Bancroft, History of the Pacific States, volume 1, page 620, foot-note._
GUATEMALA: Aboriginal inhabitants, and ruins of Ancient Civilization.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: MAYAS, and QUICHES; also, MEXICO, ANCIENT.
GUATEMALA: A. D. 1524. Conquest by Alvarado, the lieutenant of Cortes.
See MEXICO: A. D. 1521-1524.
GUATEMALA: A. D. 1821-1871. Separation from Spain. Brief annexation to Mexico. Resistance to Central American Federation. The wars of the states.
See CENTRAL AMERICA: A. D. 1821-1871.
----------GUATEMALA: End----------
GUAYANAS, The.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: PAMPAS TRIBES.
{1614}
GUCK OR COCO TRIBES.
See AMERICAN ABORIGINES: GUCK OR COCO GROUP.
----------GUELDERLAND: Start--------
GUELDERLAND: A. D. 1079-1473. Under the House of Nassau. Acquisition by the Duke of Burgundy.
"The arable extent of Guelderland, its central position, and the number of its ancient towns, rendered it at all times of great importance. The men of Zutphen and Arnheim were foremost among the claimants of civic freedom; and at Tiel and Bommel industry struck early root, and struggled bravely to maturity through countless storms of feudal violence and rapine. Guelderland was constituted a county, or earldom, by Henry III. [Emperor, A. D. 1079], and bestowed on Otho, count of Nassau; and thus originated the influence of that celebrated family in the affairs of the Netherlands. Three centuries later the province was created a duchy of the empire. Vigour and ability continued to distinguish the house of Nassau, and they were destined to become eventually the most popular and powerful family in the nation. Apart from their influence, however, Guelderland hardly occupies as important a place in the general history of the country as Utrecht or Holland." In 1473, when the House of Burgundy had acquired sovereignty over most of the Netherland states, Charles the Bold availed himself of a domestic quarrel between the reigning prince of Guelderland and his heir "to purchase the duchy from the former for 92,000 crowns of gold. The old duke died before the pecuniary portion of the bargain was actually completed; and, the rightful heir being detained in prison, the grasping lord of Burgundy entered into possession of his purchase, for which no part of the price was ever paid."
_W. T. McCullagh, Industrial History of Free Nations, chapters 8 and 10 (volume 2)._
GUELDERLAND: A. D. 1713. The Spanish province ceded to Prussia.
See UTRECHT: A. D. 1712-1714.
----------GUELDERLAND: End----------
GUELF PARTY, Captains of the.
See FLORENCE: A. D. 1358.
GUELF PARTY: Guelfic origin of the House of Hanover, or Brunswick-Lüneburg.
See ENGLAND: A. D. 1714; also, GUELFS AND GHIBELLINES; and ESTE, HOUSE OF.
----------GUELFS: Start--------
GUELFS, OR GUELPHS, AND GHIBELLINES: German origin of these Factions and their feuds.
On the death (A. D. 1125) of Henry V., the last of the Franconian dynasty of Germanic emperors, Lothaire, Duke of Saxony, was elected emperor, in rather a tumultuous and irregular manner. Lothaire, and the Saxons generally, were embittered in enmity against the house of Franconia, and against the new family—the Suabiau or Hohenstauffen—which succeeded by inheritance, through the female line, to the Franconian claims. It was the object of his reign, moreover, to pass the imperial crown from his own head to that of his son-in-law, Henry the Proud. Hence arose a persecution of the Suabian family, under Lothaire, which stirred deep passions. Henry the Proud, for whose succession Lothaire labored, but vainly, united in himself several ancient streams of noble blood. He "was fourth in descent from Welf [or Guelf], son of Azon marquis of Este, by Cunegonda, heiress of a distinguished family, the Welfs of Altorf in Suabia." His ancestor, Welf, had been invested with the duchy of Bavaria. He himself represented, by right of his mother, the ancient ducal house of Saxony; and, by favor of his imperial father-in-law, the two powerful duchies, Bavaria and Saxony, were both conferred on him. He also received Hanover and Brunswick as the dowry of his wife. "On the death of Lothaire in 1138 the partisans of the house of Suabia made a hasty and irregular election of Conrad [one of the Hohenstauffen princes], in which the Saxon faction found itself obliged to acquiesce. The new emperor availed himself of the jealousy which Henry the Proud's aggrandizement had excited. Under pretence that two duchies could not legally be held by the same person, Henry was summoned to resign one of them, and on his refusal, the diet pronounced that he had incurred a forfeiture of both. Henry made but little resistance, and before his death, which happened soon afterwards, saw himself stripped of all his hereditary as well as acquired possessions. Upon this occasion the famous names of Guelf [or Guelph] and Ghibelin were first heard, which were destined to keep alive the flame of civil dissension in far distant countries, and after their meaning had been forgotten. The Guelfs, or Welfs, were, as I have said, the ancestors of Henry, and the name has become a sort of patronymic in his family. The word Ghibelin is derived from Wibelung, a town in Franconia, whence the emperors of that line are said to have sprung. The house of Suabia were considered in Germany as representing that of Franconia; as the Guelfs may, without much impropriety, be deemed to represent the Saxon line."
_H. Hallam, The Middle Ages,