Part 18

=Anio= and =Anien=, now _Taverone_, a river of Italy, flowing through the country of Tibur, and falling into the river Tiber, about five miles at the north of Rome. It receives its name, as some suppose, from Anius, a king of Etruria, who drowned himself there when he could not recover his daughter, who had been carried away. _Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylvæ_, poem 3, li. 20.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 683. ――_Strabo_, bk. 5.――_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7, li. 13.――_Plutarch_, _de Fortuna Romanorum_.

=Anitorgis=, a city of Spain, near which a battle was fought between Asdrubal and the Scipios. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 33.

=Anius=, the son of Apollo and Rhea, was king of Delos and father of Andrus. He had by Dorippe three daughters, Oeno, Spermo, and Elais, to whom Bacchus had given the power of changing whatever they pleased into wine, corn, and oil. When Agamemnon went to the Trojan war, he wished to carry them with him to supply his army with provisions; but they complained to Bacchus, who changed them into doves. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 642.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Diodorus_, bk. 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 80.

=Anna=, a goddess, in whose honour the Romans instituted festivals. She was, according to some, Anna the daughter of Belus and sister of Dido, who after her sister’s death fled from Carthage, which Jarbas had besieged, and came to Italy, where Æneas met her, as he walked on the banks of the Tiber, and gave her an honourable reception, for the kindnesses she had shown him when he was at Carthage. Lavinia the wife of Æneas was jealous of the tender treatment which was shown to Anna, and meditated her ruin. Anna was apprised of this by her sister in a dream, and she fled to the river Numicus, of which she became a deity, and ordered the inhabitants of the country to call her _Anna Perenna_, because she would remain for ever under the water. Her festivals were performed with many rejoicings, and the females often, in the midst of their cheerfulness, forgot their natural decency. They were introduced into Rome, and celebrated the 15th of March. The Romans generally sacrificed to her, to obtain a long and happy life: and thence the words _Annare et Perennare_. Some have supposed Anna to be the moon, _quia mensibus impleat annum_; others call her Themis, or Io, the daughter of Inachus, and sometimes Maia. Another more received opinion maintains that Anna was an old industrious woman of Bovillæ, who, when the Roman populace had fled from the city to mount Sacer, brought them cakes every day; for which kind treatment the Romans, when peace was re-established, decreed immortal honours to her whom they called Perenna, _ab perennitate cultûs_, and who, as they supposed, was become one of their deities. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 653, &c. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 79.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 4, lis. 9, 20, 421, & 500.

=Anna Commena=, a princess of Constantinople, known to the world for the Greek history which she wrote of her father Alexius, emperor of the east. The character of this history is not very high for authenticity or beauty of composition: the historian is lost in the daughter; and instead of simplicity of style and narrative, as Gibbon says, an elaborate affectation of rhetoric and science betrays in every page the vanity of a female author. The best edition of Anna Commena is that of Paris, folio, 1651.

=Annæus=, a Roman family, which was subdivided into the Lucani, Senecæ, Flori, &c.

=Annāles=, a chronological history which gives an account of all the important events of every year in a state, without entering into the causes which produced them. The annals of Tacitus may be considered in this light. In the first ages of Rome, the writing of the annals was one of the duties and privileges of the high priest; whence they have been called Annales Maximi, from the priest _Pontifex Maximus_, who consecrated them, and gave them as truly genuine and authentic.

=Annālis lex=, settled the age at which, among the Romans, a citizen could be admitted to exercise the offices of the state. This law originated in Athens, and was introduced in Rome. No man could be a knight before 18 years of age, nor be invested with the consular power before he had arrived to his 25th year.

=Anniānus=, a poet in the age of Trajan.

=Annĭbal=, a celebrated Carthaginian general, son of Amilcar. He was educated in his father’s camp, and inured from his early years to the labours of the field. He passed into Spain when nine years old, and, at the request of his father, took a solemn oath that he never would be at peace with the Romans. After his father’s death, he was appointed over the cavalry in Spain; and some time after, upon the death of Asdrubal, he was invested with the command of all the armies of Carthage, though not yet in the 25th year of his age. In three years of continual success, he subdued all the nations of Spain which opposed the Carthaginian power, and took Saguntum after a siege of eight months. This city was in alliance with the Romans, and its fall was the cause of the second Punic war, which Annibal prepared to support with all the courage and prudence of a consummate general. He levied three large armies, one of which he sent to Africa; he left another in Spain, and marched at the head of the third towards Italy. This army some have calculated at 20,000 foot and 6000 horse; others say that it consisted of 100,000 foot and 20,000 horse. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38. He came to the Alps, which were deemed almost inaccessible, and had never been passed over before him but by Hercules, and after much trouble he gained the top in nine days. He conquered the uncivilized inhabitants that opposed his passage, and, after the amazing loss of 30,000 men, made his way so easy, by softening the rocks with fire and vinegar, that even his armed elephants descended the mountains without danger or difficulty, where a man, disencumbered of his arms, could not walk before in safety. He was opposed by the Romans as soon as he entered Italy; and after he had defeated Publius Cornelius Scipio and Sempronius, near the Rhone, the Po, and the Trebia, he crossed the Apennines and invaded Etruria. He defeated the army of the consul Flaminius near the lake Thrasymenus, and soon after met the two consuls Culleo Terentius and Lucius Æmilius at Cannæ. His army consisted of 40,000 foot and 10,000 horse, when he engaged the Romans at the celebrated battle of Cannæ. The slaughter was so great, that no less than 40, 000 Romans were killed, and the conqueror made a bridge with the dead carcases; and as a sign of his victory, he sent to Carthage three bushels of gold rings which had been taken from 5630 Roman knights slain in the battle. Had Annibal, immediately after the battle, marched his army to the gates of Rome, it must have yielded amidst the general consternation, if we believe the opinions of some writers; but his delay gave the enemy spirit and boldness, and when at last he approached the walls, he was informed that the piece of ground on which his army then stood was selling at a high price in the Roman forum. After hovering for some time round the city, he retired to Capua, where the Carthaginian soldiers soon forgot to conquer in the pleasures and riot of this luxurious city. From that circumstance it has been said, and with propriety, that Capua was a Cannæ to Annibal. After the battle of Cannæ the Romans became more cautious, and when the dictator Fabius Maximus had defied the artifice as well as the valour of Annibal, they began to look for better times. Marcellus, who succeeded Fabius in the field, first taught the Romans that Annibal was not invincible. After many important debates in the senate, it was decreed that war should be carried into Africa, to remove Annibal from the gates of Rome; and Scipio, who was the first proposer of the plan, was empowered to put it into execution. When Carthage saw the enemy on her coasts, she recalled Annibal from Italy; and that great general is said to have left, with tears in his eyes, a country which during 16 years he had kept under continual alarms, and which he could almost call his own. He and Scipio met near Carthage, and after a parley, in which neither would give the preference to his enemy, they determined to come to a general engagement. The battle was fought near Zama: Scipio made a great slaughter of the enemy, 20,000 were killed, and the same number made prisoners. Annibal, after he had lost the day, fled to Adrumetum. Soon after this decisive battle, the Romans granted peace to Carthage, on hard conditions; and afterwards Annibal, who was jealous and apprehensive of the Roman power, fled to Syria, to king Antiochus, whom he advised to make war against Rome, and lead an army into the heart of Italy. Antiochus distrusted the fidelity of Annibal, and was conquered by the Romans, who granted him peace on the condition of his delivering their mortal enemy into their hands. Annibal, who was apprised of this, left the court of Antiochus, and fled to Prusias king of Bithynia. He encouraged him to declare war against Rome, and even assisted him in weakening the power of Eumenes king of Pergamus, who was in alliance with the Romans. The senate received intelligence that Annibal was in Bithynia, and immediately sent ambassadors, amongst whom was Lucius Quintus Flaminius, to demand him of Prusias. The king was unwilling to betray Annibal and violate the laws of hospitality, but at the same time he dreaded the power of Rome. Annibal extricated him from his embarrassment, and when he heard that his house was besieged on every side, and all means of escape fruitless, he took a dose of poison, which he always carried with him in a ring on his finger; and as he breathed his last, he exclaimed, _Solvamus diuturnâ curâ populum Romanum, quando mortem senis expectare longum censet_. He died in his 70th year, according to some, about 182 years B.C. That year was famous for the death of the three greatest generals of the age, Annibal, Scipio, and Philopœmen. The death of so formidable a rival was the cause of great rejoicing in Rome; he had always been a professed enemy to the Roman name, and ever endeavoured to destroy its power. If he shone in the field, he also distinguished himself by his studies. He was taught Greek by Sosilus, a Lacedæmonian, and he even wrote some books in that language on different subjects. It is remarkable that the life of Annibal, whom the Romans wished so many times to destroy by perfidy, was never attempted by any of his soldiers or countrymen. He made himself as conspicuous in the government of the state as at the head of armies, and though his enemies reproached him with the rudeness of laughing in the Carthaginian senate, while every senator was bathed in tears for the misfortunes of the country, Annibal defended himself by saying that he, who had been bred all his life in a camp, ought to be dispensed with all the more polished feelings of a capital. He was so apprehensive for his safety, that when he was in Bithynia his house was fortified like a castle, and on every side there were secret doors which could give immediate escape if his life was ever attempted. When he quitted Italy, and embarked on board a vessel for Africa, he so strongly suspected the fidelity of his pilot, who told him that the lofty mountains which appeared at a distance was a promontory of Sicily, that he killed him on the spot; and when he was convinced of his fatal error, he gave a magnificent burial to the man whom he had so falsely murdered, and called the promontory by his name. The labours which he sustained, and the inclemency of the weather to which he exposed himself in crossing the Alps, so weakened one of his eyes, that he ever after lost the use of it. The Romans have celebrated the humanity of Annibal, who, after the battle of Cannæ, sought the body of the fallen consul amidst the heaps of slain, and honoured it with a funeral becoming the dignity of Rome. He performed the same friendly offices to the remains of Marcellus and Tiberius Gracchus, who had fallen in battle. He often blamed the unsettled measures of his country; and when the enemy had thrown into his camp the head of his brother Asdrubal, who had been conquered as he came from Spain with a reinforcement into Italy, Annibal said that the Carthaginian arms would no longer meet with their usual success. Juvenal, in speaking of Annibal, observes that the ring which caused his death made a due atonement to the Romans for the many thousand rings which had been sent to Carthage from the battle of Cannæ. Annibal, when in Spain, married a woman of Castulo. The Romans entertained such a high opinion of him as a commander, that Scipio, who conquered him, calls him the greatest general that ever lived, and gives the second rank to Pyrrhus the Epirot, and places himself the next to these in merit and abilities. It is plain that the failure of Annibal’s expedition in Italy did not arise from his neglect, but from that of his countrymen, who gave him no assistance; far from imitating their enemies of Rome, who even raised in one year 18 legions to oppose the formidable Carthaginian. Livy has painted the character of Annibal like an enemy, and it is much to be lamented that this celebrated historian has withheld the tribute due to the merits and virtues of the greatest of generals. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives of Distinguished Romans_.――_Livy_, bks. 21, 22, &c.――_Plutarch_, _Flamininus_, &c.――_Justin_, bk. 32, ch. 4. ――_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, &c.――_Appian._――_Florus_, bks. 2 & 3. ――_Polybius._――_Diodorus._――_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 159, &c. ――_Valerius Maximus._――_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, stanza 16.――――The son of the great Annibal, was sent by Himilco to Lilybæeum, which was besieged by the Romans, to keep the Sicilians in their duty. _Polybius_, bk. 1.――――A Carthaginian general, son of Asdrubal, commonly called of Rhodes, above 160 years before the birth of the great Annibal. _Justin_, bk. 19, ch. 2.――_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.――――A son of Giscon and grandson of Amilcar, sent by the Carthaginians to the assistance of Ægista, a town of Sicily. He was overpowered by Hermocrates, an exiled Syracusan. _Justin_, bks. 22 & 23.――――A Carthaginian, surnamed Senior. He was conquered by the consul Gaius Sulpicius Paterculus in Sardinia, and hung on a cross by his countrymen for his ill success.

=Annicĕris=, an excellent charioteer of Cyrene, who exhibited his skill in driving a chariot before Plato and the academy. When the philosopher was wantonly sold by Dionysius, Anniceris ransomed his friend, and he showed further his respect for learning by establishing a sect at Cyrene, called after his name, which supported that all good consisted in pleasure. _Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 3. ――_Diogenes Laërtius_, _Plato_ & _Aristotle_.――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 27.

=Annius Scapŭla=, a Roman of great dignity, put to death for conspiring against Cassius. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 55.

=Annon=, or =Hanno=, a Carthaginian general conquered in Spain by Scipio, and sent to Rome. He was son of Bomilcar whom Annibal sent privately over the Rhone to conquer the Gauls. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 27.――――A Carthaginian who taught birds to sing “Annon is a god,” after which he restored them to their native liberty; but the birds lost with their slavery what they had been taught. _Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14, ch. 30.――――A Carthaginian who wrote, in the Punic language, the account of a voyage which he had made round Africa. This book was translated into Greek, and is still extant. _Vossius_, _Greek Historians_, bk. 4.――――Another, banished from Carthage for taming a lion for his own amusement, which was interpreted as if he wished to aspire to sovereign power. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 16.――――This name has been common to many Carthaginians who have signalized themselves among their countrymen during the Punic wars against Rome, and in their wars against the Sicilians. _Livy_, bks. 26, 27, &c.

=Anopæa=, a mountain and road near the river Asopus. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 216.

=Anser=, a Roman poet, whom Ovid, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 1, li. 425, calls bold and impertinent. Virgil and Propertius are said to have played upon his name with some degree of severity.

=Ansibarii=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 55.

=Antæa=, the wife of Proteus, called also Stenobæa. _Homer_, _Iliad_. ――――A goddess worshipped by the inhabitants of Antium.

=Antæas=, a king of Scythia, who said that the neighing of a horse was far preferable to the music of Ismenias, a famous musician who had been taken captive. _Plutarch._

=Antæus=, a giant of Libya, son of Terra and Neptune. He was so strong in wrestling, that he boasted that he would erect a temple to his father with the skulls of his conquered antagonists. Hercules attacked him, and as he received new strength from his mother as often as he touched the ground, the hero lifted him up in the air, and squeezed him to death in his arms. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 598.―― _Statius_, bk. 6, _Thebiad_, li. 893.――_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 88. ――――A servant of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 13, ltr. 44.――――A friend of Turnus, killed by Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 10, li. 561.

=Antagŏras=, a man of Cos. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 5.――――A Rhodian poet, much admired by Antigonus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2. One day as he was cooking some fish, the king asked him whether Homer ever dressed any meals when he was recording the actions of Agamemnon. “And do you think,” replied the poet, “that he ὡ λαοι τ’ ἐπιτετραφαται και τοσσα μεμηλε (ever inquired whether any individual dressed fish in his army)?” _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_ & _Apophthegmata Laconica_.

=Antalcĭdas=, of Sparta, son of Leon, was sent into Persia, where he made a peace with Artaxerxes very disadvantageous to his country, by which, B.C. 387, the Greek cities of Asia became tributary to the Persian monarch. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.――_Diodorus_, bk. 14. ――_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.

=Antander=, a general of Messenia, against the Spartans. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 7.――――A brother of Agathocles tyrant of Sicily. _Justin_, bk. 22, ch. 7.

=Antandros=, now _St. Dimitri_, a city of Troas, inhabited by the Leleges, near which Æneas built his fleet after the destruction of Troy. It has been called Edonis, Cimmeris, Assos, and Apollonia. There is a hill in its neighbourhood called Alexandria, where Paris sat, as some suppose, when the three rival goddesses appeared before him when contending for the prize of beauty. _Strabo_, bk. 13.―― _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 3, li. 6.――_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.

=Anterbrogius=, an ambassador to Cæsar from the Rhemi a nation of Gaul. _Cæsar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Anteins Publius=, was appointed over Syria by Nero. He was accused of sedition and conspiracy, and drank poison, which, operating slowly, obliged him to open his veins. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, &c.

=Antemnæ=, a city of the Sabines between Rome and the Anio, whence the name (_ante amnem_). _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 631.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._

=Antēnor=, a Trojan prince related to Priam. It is said that, during the Trojan war, he always kept a secret correspondence with the Greeks, and chiefly with Menelaus and Ulysses. In the council of Priam, Homer introduces him as advising the Trojans to restore Helen and conclude the war. He advised Ulysses to carry away the Trojan palladium, and encouraged the Greeks to make the wooden horse which, at his persuasion, was brought into the city of Troy by a breach made in the walls. Æneas has been accused of being a partner of his guilt, and the night that Troy was taken, they had a number of Greeks stationed at the doors of their houses to protect them from harm. After the destruction of his country, Antenor migrated into Italy near the Adriatic, where he built the town of Padua. His children were also concerned in the Trojan war, and displayed much valour against the Greeks. Their names were Polybius, Acamas, Agenor, and, according to others, Polydamas and Helicaon. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 242.――_Tacitus_, bk. 16, ch. 21.――_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 3, 7, 8, 11.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 5.――_Dares Phrygius_, ch. 6.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.――_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 27.――――A statuary. _Pausanias._――――A Cretan, who wrote a history of his country. _Ælian._

=Antenorĭdes=, a patronymic given to the three sons of Antenor, all killed during the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 484.

=Antĕros= (ἀντι ἐρως, _against love_), a son of Mars and Venus. He was not, as the derivation of his name implies, a deity that presided over an opposition to love, but he was the god of mutual love and of mutual tenderness. Venus had complained to Themis that her son Cupid always continued a child, and was told that, if he had another brother, he would grow up in a short space of time. As soon as Anteros was born, Cupid felt his strength increase and his wings enlarge; but if ever his brother was at a distance from him, he found himself reduced to his ancient shape. From this circumstance it is seen, that return of passion gives vigour to love. Anteros had a temple at Athens raised to his honour, when Meles had experienced the coldness and disdain of Timagoras, whom he passionately esteemed, and for whom he had killed himself. _See:_ Meles. Cupid and Anteros are often represented striving to seize a palm tree from one another, to teach us that true love always endeavours to overcome by kindness and gratitude. They were always painted in the Greek academies, to inform the scholars that it is their immediate duty to be grateful to their teachers, and to reward their trouble with love and reverence. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.――_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 30; bk. 6, ch. 23.――――A grammarian of Alexandria, in the age of the emperor Claudius.――――A freedman of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 9, ltr. 14.

=Anthēa=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.――――Of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31.――――Of Trœzene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30.

=Antheas=, a son of Eumelus, killed in attempting to sow corn from the chariot of Triptolemus drawn by dragons. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.

=Anthēdon=, a city of Bœotia, which received its name from the flowery plains that surround it, or from Anthedon, a certain nymph. Bacchus and Ceres had there temples. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 10; bk. 9, ch. 22. It was formerly inhabited by Thracians. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2. ――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 905.――――A port of Peloponnesus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.――_Statius_, bk. 9, li. 291.

=Anthēla=, a town near the Asopus, near which Ceres and Amphictyon had a temple. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 176.

=Anthĕmis=, an island in the Mediterranean, the same as the Ionian Samos. _Strabo_, bk. 10.

=Anthemon=, a Trojan. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4.

=Anthĕmus=, a city of Macedonia at Thermæ.――――A city of Syria. _Strabo._

=Anthemusia=, the same as Samos.――――A city of Mesopotamia. _Strabo._

=Anthēne=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 41.