Part 8

=Æmylius=, a beautiful youth of Sybaris, whose wife met with the same fate as Procris. _See:_ Procris.――――Censorinus, a cruel tyrant of Sicily, who liberally rewarded those who invented new ways of torturing. Paterculus gave him a brazen horse for this purpose, and the tyrant made the first experiment upon the donor. _Plutarch_, _de Fortuna Romanorum_.――――Lepidus, a youth who had a statue in the capitol, for saving the life of a citizen in a battle. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 1.――――A triumvir with Octavius. _See:_ Lepidus. ――――Macer, a poet of Verona in the Augustan age. He wrote some poems upon serpents, birds, and, as some suppose, on bees. _See:_ Macer. ――――Marcus Scaurus, a Roman who flourished about 100 B.C., and wrote three books concerning his own life. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――A poet in the age of Tiberius, who wrote a tragedy called Atheus, and destroyed himself.――――Sura, another writer on the Roman year.―――― Mamercus, three times dictator, conquered the Fidenates, and took their city. He limited to one year and a half the censorship which before his time was exercised during five years. _Livy_, bk. 4, chs. 17, 19, &c.――――Papiniānus, son of Hostilius Papiniānus, was in favour with the emperor Severus, and was made governor to his sons Geta and Caracalla. Geta was killed by his brother, and Papiniānus, for upbraiding him, was murdered by his soldiers. From his school the Romans have had many able lawyers, who were called Papiniānists. ――――Pappus, a censor, who banished from the senate Publius Cornelius Ruffinus, who had been twice consul, because he had at his table 10 pounds of silver plate, A.U.C. 478. _Livy_, bk. 14.――――Porcina, an elegant orator. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.――――Rectus, a severe governor of Egypt under Tiberius. _Dio Cassius._――――Regillus, conquered the general of Antiochus at sea, and obtained a naval triumph. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 31.――――Scaurus, a noble but poor citizen of Rome. His father, to maintain himself, was a coal-merchant. He was edile, and afterwards pretor, and fought against Jugurtha. His son Marcus was son-in-law to Sylla, and in his edileship he built a very magnificent theatre. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15.――――A bridge at Rome, called also Sublicius. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 22.

=Ænăria=, an island in the bay of Puteoli, abounding with cypress trees. It received its name from Æneas, who is supposed to have landed there on his way to Latium. It is called Pithecusa by the Greeks, and now Ischia, and was famous once for its mineral waters. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 22.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 31, ch. 2.―― _Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylvæ_, poem 5, li. 104.

=Ænarium=, a forest near Olenos in Achaia, sacred to Jupiter.

=Ænasius=, one of the Ephori at Sparta. _Thucydides_, bk. 9, ch. 2.

=Ænēa=, or =Æneia=, a town of Macedonia, 15 miles from Thessalonica, founded by Æneas. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 4; bk. 44, ch. 10.

=Æneădes=, a town of Chersonesus, built by Æneas. Cassander destroyed it, and carried the inhabitants to Thessalonica, lately built. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.

=Ænĕădæ=, a name given to the friends and companions of Æneas by _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 161.

=Ænēas=, a Trojan prince, son of Anchises and the goddess Venus. The opinions of authors concerning his character are different. His infancy was intrusted to the care of a nymph, and at the age of five he was recalled to Troy. He afterwards improved himself in Thessaly under Chiron, a venerable sage whose house was frequented by the young princes and heroes of the age. Soon after his return home he married Creusa, Priam’s daughter by whom he had a son called Ascanius. During the Trojan war he behaved with great valour, in defence of his country, and came to an engagement with Diomedes and Achilles. Yet Strabo, Dictys of Crete, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Dares of Phrygia accuse him of betraying his country to the Greeks, with Antenor, and of preserving his life and fortune by this treacherous measure. He lived at variance with Priam, because he received not sufficient marks of distinction from the king and his family, as _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, says. This might have provoked him to seek revenge by perfidy. Authors of credit report, that when Troy was in flames, he carried away upon his shoulders his father Anchises, and the statues of his household gods, leading in his hand his son Ascanius, and leaving his wife to follow behind. Some say that he retired to mount Ida, where he built a fleet of 20 ships, and set sail in quest of a settlement. Strabo and others maintain that Æneas never left his country, but rebuilt Troy, where he reigned, and his posterity after him. Even Homer, who lived 400 years after the Trojan war, says, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 30, &c., that the gods destined Æneas and his posterity to reign over the Trojans. This passage Dionysius of Halicarnassus explained, by saying that Homer meant the Trojans who had gone over to Italy with Æneas, and not the actual inhabitants of Troy. According to Virgil and other Latin authors, who, to make their court to the Roman emperors, traced their origin up to Æneas, and described his arrival into Italy as indubitable, he with his fleet first came to the Thracian Chersonesus, where Polymnestor, one of his allies, reigned. After visiting Delos, the Strophades, and Crete, where he expected to find the empire promised him by the oracle, as in the place where his progenitors were born, he landed in Epirus, and Drepanum, the court of king Acestes, in Sicily, where he buried his father. From Sicily he sailed for Italy, but was driven on the coasts of Africa and kindly received by Dido queen of Carthage, to whom, on his first interview he gave one of the garments of the beautiful Helen. Dido, being enamoured of him, wished to marry him; but he left Carthage by order of the gods. In his voyage he was driven to Sicily, and from thence he passed to Cumæ, where the Sibyl conducted him to hell, that he might hear from his father the fates which attended him and all his posterity. After a voyage of seven years, and the loss of 13 ships, he came to the Tyber. Latinus, the king of the country, received him with hospitality, and promised him his daughter Lavinia, who had been before betrothed to king Turnus by her mother Amata. To prevent this marriage, Turnus made war against Æneas: and after many battles, the war was decided by a combat between the two rivals, in which Turnus was killed. Æneas married Lavinia, in whose honour he built the town of Lavinium, and succeeded his father-in-law. After a short reign Æneas was killed in a battle against the Etrurians. Some say that he was drowned in the Numicus, and his body weighed down by his armour; upon which the Latins, not finding their king, supposed that he had been taken up to heaven, and therefore offered him sacrifices as to a god. Dionysius of Halicarnassus fixes the arrival of Æneas in Italy in the 54th olympiad. Some authors suppose that Æneas after the siege of Troy, fell to the share of Neoptolemus, together with Andromache, and that he was carried to Thessaly, whence he escaped to Italy. Others say that, after he had come to Italy, he returned to Troy, leaving Ascanius king in Latium. Æneas has been praised for his piety, and submission to the will of the gods. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 13 & 20; _Hymn to Aphrodite_. ――_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.――_Diodorus_, bk. 3.――_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 3, ch. 22; bk. 10, ch. 25.――_Plutarch_, _Romulus_ & _Coriolanus_; _Quæstiones Romanæ_.――_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.――_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1; bk. 31, ch. 8; bk. 43, ch. 1.――_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 5.――_Dares Phrygius_, ch. 6.――_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Strabo_, bk. 13.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_.――_Aurelius Victor._――_Ælian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 22.――_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 42.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fable 3, &c.; _Tristia_, bk. 4, li. 798.――――A son of Æneas and Lavinia, called Sylvius, because his mother retired with him into the woods after his father’s death. He succeeded Ascanius in Latium, though opposed by Julius the son of his predecessor. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, li. 770.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.――――An ambassador sent by the Lacedæmonians to Athens, to treat of peace, in the 8th year of the Peloponnesian war.――――An ancient author who wrote on tactics, besides other treatises, which, according to Ælian, were epitomized by Cineas the friend of Pyrrhus.――――A native of Gaza, who, from a Platonic philosopher, became a Christian, A.D. 485, and wrote a dialogue called _Theophrastus_, on the immortality of the soul and the resurrection.

=Ænēia=, or =Ænia=, a place near Rome, afterwards called Janiculum. ――――A city of Troas. _Strabo_, bk. 17.――――A city of Macedonia. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.

=Æneides=, a patronymic given to Ascanius, as son of Æneas. _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 9, li. 653.

=Ænēis=, a poem of Virgil, which has for its subject the settlement of Æneas in Italy. The great merit of this poem is well known. The author has imitated Homer, and, as some say, Homer is superior to him only because he is more ancient, and is an original. Virgil died before he had corrected it, and at his death desired it might be burnt. This was happily disobeyed, and Augustus saved from the flames a poem which proved his family to be descended from the kings of Troy. The Æneid had engaged the attention of the poet for 11 years, and in the first six books it seems that it was Virgil’s design to imitate Homer’s Odyssey, and in the last the Iliad. The action of the poem comprehends eight years, one of which only, the last, is really taken up by action, as the seven first are merely episodes, such as Juno’s attempts to destroy the Trojans, the loves of Æneas and Dido, the relation of the fall of Troy, &c. In the first book of the Æneid, the hero is introduced, in the seventh year of his expedition, sailing in the Mediterranean, and shipwrecked on the African coast, where he is received by Dido. In the second, Æneas, at the desire of the Phœnician queen, relates the fall of Troy, and his flight through the general conflagration to mount Ida. In the third, the hero continues his narration, by a minute account of the voyage through the Cyclades, the places where he landed, and the dreadful storm with the description of which the poem opened. Dido, in the fourth book, makes public her partiality to Æneas, which is slighted by the sailing of the Trojans from Carthage, and the book closes with the suicide of the disappointed queen. In the fifth book, Æneas sails to Sicily, where he celebrates the anniversary of his father’s death, and thence pursues his voyage to Italy. In the sixth, he visits the Elysian fields, and learns from his father the fate which attends him and his descendants, the Romans. In the seventh book, the hero reaches the destined land of Latium, and concludes a treaty with the king of the country, which is soon broken by the interference of Juno, who stimulates Turnus to war. The auxiliaries of the enemy are enumerated; and in the eighth book, Æneas is assisted by Evander, and receives from Venus a shield wrought by Vulcan, on which are represented the future glory and triumphs of the Roman nation. The reader is pleased, in the ninth book, with the account of battles between the rival armies, and the immortal friendship of Nisus and Euryalus. Jupiter, in the tenth, attempts a reconciliation between Venus and Juno, who patronized the opposite parties; the fight is renewed, Pallas killed, and Turnus saved from the avenging hand of Æneas, by the interposition of Juno. The eleventh book gives an account of the funeral of Pallas, and of the meditated reconciliation between Æneas and Latinus, which the sudden appearance of the enemy defeats. Camilla is slain, and the combatants separated by the night. In the last book, Juno prevents the single combat agreed upon by Turnus and Æneas. The Trojans are defeated in the absence of their king; but on the return of Æneas, the battle assumes a different turn, a single combat is fought by the rival leaders, and the poem is concluded by the death of king Turnus. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 30, &c.

=Ænesidēmus=, a brave general of Argos. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 25.――――A Cretan philosopher, who wrote eight books on the doctrine of his master Pyrrho. _Diogenes Laërtius_, _Pyrrhonists_.

=Ænēsius=, a surname of Jupiter from mount Ænum.

=Ænētus=, a victor at Olympia, who, in the moment of victory, died through excess of joy. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.

=Ænia.= _See:_ Æneia.

=Ænicus=, a comic writer at Athens.

=Æniŏchi=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 591.

=Ænobarbus=, or =Ahenobarbus=, the surname of Domitius. When Castor and Pollux acquainted him with a victory, he discredited them; upon which they touched his chin and beard, which instantly became of a brazen colour, whence the surname given to himself and his descendants.

=Ænŏcles=, a writer of Rhodes. _Athenæus._

=Ænos=, now _Eno_, an independent city of Thrace, at the eastern mouth of the Hebrus, confounded with Æneia, of which Æneas was the founder. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.

=Ænum=, a town of Thrace――――of Thessaly.――――A mountain in Cephallenia. _Strabo_, bk. 7.――――A river and village near Ossa.――――A city of Crete, built by Æneas.

=Ænȳra=, a town of Thasos. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 47.

=Æŏlia=, a name given to Arne. Sappho is called _Æolia puella_, and lyric poetry _Æolium carmen_, because of Alcæus and Sappho, natives of Lesbos in Æolia. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 3, li. 12, and ode 9, li. 12.

=Æŏlia=, or =Æolis=, a country of Asia Minor, near the Ægean sea. It has Troas at the north, and Ionia at the south. The inhabitants were of Grecian origin, and were masters of many of the neighbouring islands. They had 12, others say 30, considerable cities, of which Cumæ and Lesbos were the most famous. They received their name from Æolus son of Hellenus. They migrated from Greece about 1124 B.C., 80 years before the migration of the Ionian tribes. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 26, &c.――_Strabo_, bks. 1, 2, & 6.――_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30.――_Mela_, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 18.――――Thessaly has been anciently called Æolia. Bœotus son of Neptune, having settled there, called his followers Bœotians, and their country Bœotia.

=Æoliæ= and =Æolĭdes=, seven islands between Sicily and Italy, called Lipara, Hiera, Strongyle, Didyme, Ericusa, Phœnicusa, and Euonymos. They were the retreat of the winds; and _Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 56, calls them Æolia, and the kingdom of Æolus the god of storms and winds. They sometimes bear the name of _Vulcaniæ_ and _Hephæstides_, and are known now among the moderns under the general appellation of Lipari islands. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 609.――_Justin_, bk. 4, ch. 1.

=Æolĭda=, a city of Tenedos.――――Another near Thermopylæ. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 35.

=Æolĭdes=, a patronymic of Ulysses, from Æolus; because Anticlea, his mother, was pregnant by Sisyphus the son of Æolus, when she married Laertes. It is also given to Athamas and Misenus, as sons of Æolus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 511; bk. 13, li. 31.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 6, lis. 164 & 529.

=Æŏlus=, the king of storms and winds, was the son of Hippotas. He reigned over Æolia; and because he was the inventor of sails, and a great astronomer, the poets have called him the god of the wind. It is said that he confined in a bag, and gave Ulysses all the winds that could blow against his vessel, when he returned to Ithaca. The companions of Ulysses untied the bag, and gave the winds their liberty. Æolus was indebted to Juno for his royal dignity, according to Virgil. The name seems to be derived from αἰολος, _varius_, because the winds, over which he presided, are ever varying.―――― There were two others, a king of Etruria, father to Macareus and Canace, and a son of Hellenus, often confounded with the god of the winds. This last married Enaretta, by whom he had seven sons and five daughters. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.――_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 1.――_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 478; bk. 14, li. 224.――_Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_.――_Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 556.――_Diodorus_, bks. 4 & 5.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 1, li. 56, &c.

=Æōra=, a festival at Athens, in honour of Erigone.

=Æpālius=, a king of Greece, restored to his kingdom by Hercules, whose son Hyllus he adopted. _Strabo_, bk. 9.

=Æpēa=, a town of Crete, called Solis, in honour of Solon. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.

=Æpŭlo=, a general of the Istrians, who drank to excess, after he had stormed the camp of Acidinus Manlius the Roman general. Being attacked by a soldier, he fled to a neighbouring town, which the Romans took, and killed himself for fear of being taken. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.

=Æpy=, a town of Elis, under the dominion of Nestor. _Statius_, bk. 4, _Thebiad_, li. 180.

=Æpy̆tus=, king of Mycenæ, son of Chresphontes and Merope, was educated in Arcadia with Cypselus his mother’s father. To recover his kingdom, he killed Polyphontes, who had married his mother against her will, and usurped the crown. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.――_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 8.――――A king of Arcadia, son of Elatus.――――A son of Hippothous, who forcibly entered the temple of Neptune, near Mantinea, and was struck blind by the sudden eruption of salt water from the altar. He was killed by a serpent in hunting. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 4 & 5.

=Æqui=, or =Æquicŏli=, a people of Latium, near Tibur. They were great enemies to Rome in its infant state, and were conquered with much difficulty. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.――_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 32; bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 2, &c.――_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.――_Virgil_, _Æneid_, bk. 7, li. 747; bk. 9, li. 684.――_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 93.―― _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, ch. 19.

=Æquimelium=, a place in Rome where the house of Melius stood, who aspired to sovereign power, for which crime his habitation was levelled to the ground. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 16.

=Ærias=, an ancient king of Cyprus, who built the temple of Paphos. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 3.

=Ærŏpe=, wife of Atreus, committed adultery with Thyestes her brother-in-law, and had by him twins, who were placed as food before Atreus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 391.――――A daughter of Cepheus, ravished by Mars. She died in child-bed: her child was preserved, and called Æropus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 44.

=Ærŏpus=, a general of Epirus in the reign of Pyrrhus.――――A person appointed regent to Orestes the infant son of Archelaus king of Macedonia.――――An officer of king Philip, banished for bringing a singer into his camp. _Polyænus_, bk. 4, ch. 2.――――A mountain of Chaonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 5.

=Æsăcus=, a river of Troy, near Ida.――――A son of Priam by Alexirhoo: or according to others by Arisba. He became enamoured of Hesperia, whom he pursued into the woods. The nymph threw herself into the sea, and was changed into a bird. Æsacus followed her example, and was changed into a cormorant by Tethys. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 11.

=Æsāpus=, a river of Mysia in Asia, falling into the Hellespont. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.

=Æsar=, or =Æsāras=, a river of Magna Græcia, falling into the sea near Crotona. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 28.

=Æschĭnes=, an Athenian orator, who flourished about 342 B.C., and distinguished himself by his rivalship with Demosthenes. His father’s name was Atrometus, and he boasted of his descent from a noble family, though Demosthenes reproached him as being the son of a courtesan. The first open signs of enmity between the rival orators appeared at the court of Philip, where they were sent as ambassadors; but the character of Æschines was tarnished by the acceptance of a bribe from the Macedonian prince, whose tyranny had hitherto been the general subject of his declamation. When the Athenians wished to reward the patriotic labours of Demosthenes with a golden crown, Æschines impeached Ctesiphon, who proposed it; and to their subsequent dispute we are indebted for the two celebrated orations _de coronâ_. Æschines was defeated by his rival’s superior eloquence, and banished to Rhodes; but as he retired from Athens, Demosthenes ran after him, and nobly forced him to accept a present of silver. In his banishment, the orator repeated to the Rhodians what he had delivered against Demosthenes; and after receiving much applause, he was desired to read the answer of his antagonist. It was received with greater marks of approbation; but, exclaimed Æschines, how much more would your admiration have been raised, had you heard Demosthenes himself speak it! Æschines died in the 75th year of his age, at Rhodes, or, as some suppose, at Samos. He wrote three orations, and nine epistles, which, from their number, received the name, the first of the graces, and the last of the muses. The orations alone are extant, generally found collected with those of Lysias. An oration which bears the name of _Deliaca lex_, is said not to be his production, but that of Æschines, another orator of that age. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 24; bk. 2, ch. 53; _Brutus_, ch. 17.――_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.――_Diogenes Laërtius_, bks. 2 & 3.――_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 30. Diogenes Laërtius mentions seven more of the same name.――――A philosopher, disciple of Socrates, who wrote several dialogues, some of which bore the following titles: Aspasia, Phædon, Alcibiades, Draco, Erycia, Polyænus, Telauges, &c. The dialogue entitled Axiochus, and ascribed to Plato, is supposed to be his composition. The best editions are that of Leovard, 1718, with the notes of Horræus, in 8vo, and that of Fischer, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1766.――――A man who wrote on oratory. ――――An Arcadian.――――A Mitylenean.――――A disciple of Melanthius.――――A Milesian writer.――――A statuary.

=Æschrion=, a Mitylenean poet, intimate with Aristotle. He accompanied Alexander in his Asiatic expedition.――――An Iambic poet of Samos. _Athenæus._――――A physician commended by Galen. A treatise of his own husbandry has been quoted by _Pliny_.――――A lieutenant of Archagathus, killed by Hanno. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.

=Æschylīdes=, a man who wrote a book on agriculture. _Ælian_, _Nature of Animals_, bk. 15.