chapter VIII

.

[294] Cf Isocr _de pace_ § 69 p 173, §§ 129-131 p 185.

[295] Plato was evidently uneasy at the growing influence of metics, to judge from the jealous rule of _Laws_ p 850. This is in striking contrast with the view of Xenophon.

[296] _Laws_ 630 _b_, cf 697 _e_.

[297] See _Republic_ 565 _a_ on the indifference of the handworking δῆμος. Cf Isocr _de pace_ § 52 p 170.

[298] Cf Xenophon _hell_ VII 5 § 27 on the ἀκρισία καὶ ταραχὴ intensified after Mantinea, 362 BC.

[299] Even Isocrates, who hated Sparta, says of it τὴν μάλιστα τὰ παλαιὰ διασώζουσαν, _Helen_ § 63 ρ 218, and attributes the merits of the Spartan government to imitation of Egypt, _Busiris_ § 17 p 225. He notes the moral change in Sparta, _de pace_ §§ 95 foll pp 178-180.

[300] _Republic_ p 421 _e_, _Laws_ 936 _c_, 744 _e_.

[301] _Laws_ 736 _c_, cf _Rep_ 565 _a_, _b_.

[302] _Republic_ 421 _d_.

[303] _Republ_ 416 _d_, _e_, 417, 464 _c_, 543 _b_.

[304] _Republ_ 540 _e_-541 _a_.

[305] _Republ_ 469-471.

[306] _Republ_ 495 _d_, 590 _c_, 522 _b_. _Laws_ 741.

[307] _Republ_ 374 _c_, _d_.

[308] _Republ_ 433-4.

[309] _Republ_ 468 _a_.

[310] That the speculations of Greek political writers were influenced by the traditions of a primitive communism is the view of Emil de Laveleye _Primitive property_ ch 10.

[311] _Republ_ 463 _b_.

[312] _Republ_ 369 _b_-373 _c_.

[313] Cf Isocrates _Panath_ § 180 p 271.

[314] _Republ_ 547 _b_ foll.

[315] _Republ_ 550-2.

[316] _Laws_ 756. See _Rep_ 565 _a_ with Adam’s note.

[317] _Laws_ 754.

[318] See _Politicus_ 293-7, Grote’s _Plato_ III pp 309-10.

[319] _Laws_ 737 foll, 922 _a_-924 _a_, called γεωμόροι 919 _d_.

[320] _Laws_ 744 _d_, _e_.

[321] _Laws_ 745 _c_-_e_.

[322] _Laws_ 842 _c_-_e_.

[323] _Laws_ 742.

[324] _Laws_ 705.

[325] Rustic slaves, _Laws_ 760 _e_, 763 _a_.

[326] _Laws_ 832 _d_. The artisans are not citizens, 846 _d_-847 _b_.

[327] _Laws_ 806 _d_.

[328] _Laws_ 777 _c_.

[329] _Laws_ 777 _d_-778 _a_, cf 793 _e_.

[330] _Laws_ 838 _d_.

[331] _Laws_ 865 _c_, _d_, cf 936 _c_-_e_.

[332] _Laws_ 720. See _Rep_ 406 on medical treatment of δημιουργοί.

[333] Case of domestics, _Republ_ 578-9.

[334] _Laws_ 776-7.

[335] _Laws_ 690 _b_.

[336] _Politicus_ 262 _d_.

[337] _Politicus_ 289-90, _Republ_ 371, _Laws_ 742 _a_.

[338] _Republ_ 467 _a_, _Laws_ 720 _a_, _b_.

[339] _Laws_ 762 _e_.

[340] _Laws_ 823.

[341] _Republ_ 344 _b_.

[342] _Republ_ 435 _e_-436 _a_, _Laws_ 747 _c_.

[343] _Rep_ 423 _b_, 452 _c_, 544 _d_, _Laws_ 840 _e_.

[344] _Laws_ 886 _a_, 887 _e_.

[345] It is not easy to reach a firm opinion on this matter. The inscribed records are nearly all of a much later age. But even a more informal method of manumission would surely, if common, have left more clearly marked traces in literature. See Index, _Manumission_.

[346] The problem of the worn-out plantation slave was much discussed in the United States in slavery days. An interesting account of the difficulties arising from emancipation in British Guiana is given in J Rodway’s _Guiana_ (1912) pp 114 foll.

[347] _Laws_ 914-5, and an allusion in _Republ_ 495 _e_.

[348] _Laws_ 914 _a_, 932 _d_.

[349] See Lysias XXII, speech against the corn-dealers.

[350] See for instance Andocides _de reditu_ §§ 20-1 p 22 (Cyprus), Isocrates _Trapeziticus_ § 57 p 370 (Bosporus).

[351] Isocr _de bigis_ § 13 p 349.

[352] Isocr _Panegyricus_ § 28 p 46, cf Plato _Menex_ 237 _e_.

[353] Andoc _de myster_ §§ 92-3 p 12, Böckh-Fränkel _Staatsh_ I 372-7. For private letting of farm-lands see Lysias VII § 4-10 pp 108-9 (one tenant was a freedman), Isaeus XI § 42.

[354] Isaeus VI §§ 19-22, VIII § 35, XI §§ 41-4.

[355] Isocr _Areopagiticus_ § 52 p 150.

[356] Lysias I §§ 11, 13, p 92.

[357] Antiphon fragm 50 Blass.

[358] Isocr _Panath_ § 179 p 270.

[359] Isocr _Philippus_ §§ 48-9 pp 91-2.

[360] Isocr _de pace_ §§ 117-8 p 183.

[361] Isocr _Paneg_ §§ 34-7 pp 47-8, _de pace_ § 24 p 164, _Panathen_ §§ 13, 14, p 235, §§ 43-4 p 241, etc.

[362] Isocr _Paneg_ § 132 pp 67-8.

[363] Isocr _Areopag_ § 44 p 148.

[364] Isocr _de pace_ § 90 p 177, _Areopag_ §§ 54-5 pp 150-1, § 83 p 156.

[365] Isaeus VIII § 42 p 73, cf Aristophanes _Nub_ 71-2.

[366] Andocides _de pace_ § 15 p 25, § 36 p 28.

[367] Isocr _de pace_ § 92 p 177.

[368] Lysias VII especially §§ 4-11 pp 108-9.

[369] Lysias VII § 16 p 109.

[370] See especially the _Archidamus_ §§ 8, 28, 87, 88, 96, 97.

[371] Isaeus fragm 3 Scheibe.

[372] Isaeus VI § 33 σὺν τῷ αἰπόλῳ.

[373] See Isocrates _Plataicus_ § 48 p 306 (of Plataeans), and Isaeus V § 39 with Wyse’s note.

[374] I should mention that for simplicity sake I refer to the _Politics_ by the books in the old order. Also that I do not raise the question of the authorship of the first book of the so-called _Economics_, as the point does not affect the argument. In common with all students of the _Politics_ I am greatly indebted to the edition of Mr W L Newman.

[375] This χορηγία includes a population limited in number and of appropriate qualities. _Politics_ VII 4, and 8 §§ 7-9.

[376] _Pol_ VII 4 § 6.

[377] See the story of Peisistratus and the peasant in Ἀθην πολ c 16.

[378] _Economics_ I 5 § 1, 6 § 5, _Pol_ I 7 § 5, and see the chapter on Xenophon.

[379] _Pol_ VI 4 §§ 8-10.

[380] We have a modern analogue in the recent legislative measures in New Zealand and Australia, not to speak of movements nearer home.

[381] See note on Plato, p 75.

[382] Ἀθην πολ cc 11, 12.

[383] A most interesting treatment of this topic is to be found in Bryce’s _South America_ (1912) pp 330-1, 533, where we get it from the modern point of view, under representative systems.

[384] See the general remarks _Pol_ IV 6 § 2, VI 4 §§ 1, 2, 13, 14. For historical points Ἀθην πολ cc 16, 24.

[385] _Pol_ III 15 § 13.

[386] _Pol_ IV 4 §§ 15, 18, cf VII 9.

[387] _Pol_ VI 4 §§ 1, 2, 13.

[388] _Pol_ VI 4 § 11.

[389] Whether the πεπονημένη ἕξις (favourable to eugenic paternity) of _Pol_ VII 16 §§ 12, 13, may include this class, is not clear. In Roman opinion it certainly would.

[390] _Pol_ VII 6 § 8. Xenophon (see p 53) records cases of seamen ashore and in straits working for hire on farms.

[391] See Sandys on Ἀθην πολ c 4.

[392] _Pol_ II 7 § 12.

[393] _Pol_ II 7 § 7.

[394] Severely criticized in _Pol_ II 6 § 15, though adopted by himself. See below.

[395] See _Pol_ VI 5 §§ 8-10, on the measures that may be taken to secure lasting εὐπορία.

[396] Cf IV 15 § 6, etc.

[397] E Barker _The political thought of Plato and Aristotle_.

[398] _Ethics_ II 1 § 4.

[399] _Pol_ VII 16.

[400] _Pol_ VII 8, 9, etc.

[401] _Pol_ VII 10.

[402] This adoption of the split land-lots (see above p 91) is perhaps explained by the fact that the landowners are not αὐτουργοί, so the difficulty of dual residence does not arise.

[403] _Pol_ IV 8 § 5, 9 § 4, etc.

[404] _Pol_ II 6 § 17, 9 §§ 21-2, IV 9 §§ 7-9. The same view is found in Isocrates.

[405] _Pol_ VII 9 § 5.

[406] _Pol_ V 6 §§ 12, 13.

[407] _Pol_ VII 14, 15, VIII 4, cf II 9 § 34.

[408] _Economics_ I 5 § 3 δούλῳ δὲ μισθὸς τροφή. Cf the saying about the ass, _Ethics_ X 5 § 8.

[409] Deinarchus refers (_in Dem_ § 69 p 99) to Demosthenes’ ownership of a house in Peiraeus, and goes on to denounce him as heaping up money and not holding real property, thus escaping taxation. Yet the laws enjoin that a man who is a political leader ought γῆν ἐντὸς ορων κεκτῆσθαι. This wild abuse at least is a sign of existent feelings.

[410] We may at least add slaves.

[411] _Pol_ VII 4 § 6.

[412] Aristotle, like most of the philosophers at Athens, was a metic. See Bernays’ _Phokion_ note 8, in which the notable passage _Pol_ VII 2 §§ 3-7 is discussed.

[413] The author of _Revenues_ (πόροι).

[414] _Pol_ II 3 § 4, 5 § 8.

[415] _Pol_ I 7.

[416] Pol VII 10 § 14, _Econ_ I 5 § 5.

[417] But perhaps to some extent by the author of _Econ_ I 6 § 9.

[418] See _Econ_ I 5 §§ 1, 2, 6 § 5.

[419] _Pol_ II 3 § 4, 5 § 4.

[420] He only once (III 5 § 2) in the _Politics_ mentions ἀπελεύθεροι and once in the _Rhetoric_ (III 8 § 1).

[421] Too often asserted to need references. But _Pol_ III 5 §§ 4-6 is notable as pointing out that τεχνῖται were generally well-to-do, but θῆτες poor.

[422] _Pol_ VII 6 §§ 3-8.

[423] _Pol_ I 8 §§ 3 foll.

[424] _Pol_ I 9.

[425] _Pol_ I 10, 11.

[426] _Pol_ I 11 § 1, and Mr Newman’s note.

[427] _Pol_ I 11 §§ 3-5.

[428] _Rhetoric_ I 9 § 27 πρὸς ἄλλον ζῆν, and Cope’s note.

[429] _Pol_ VI 8 § 3, VII 6 §§ 1-5.

[430] _Pol_ I 2 § 5, 5 §§ 8, 9, cf _Ethics_ VIII 11 § 6.

[431] _Pol_ I 13 § 13, cf II 5 § 28.

[432] _Pol_ I 5, 6.

[433] _Pol_ VII 6 §§ 7, 8.

[434] _Pol_ VII 15 §§ 1-6, VIII 4 §§ 1-5, and a number of passages in the _Ethics_.

[435] Indeed in _Pol_ VII 15 §§ 2-3 he practically says so.

[436] _Pol_ VIII 3 § 7.

[437] _Pol_ VIII 4.

[438] _Pol_ II 5 § 19.

[439] _Pol_ II 10 § 16.

[440] _Pol_ VI 2 § 3, cf 4 § 20, and _Ethics_ X 10 § 13.

[441] _Pol_ VII 12 §§ 3-6.

[442] _Pol_ VII 8 § 7.

[443] II 6 § 6 ἀργοί (in his criticism of Plato’s _Laws_).

[444] _Rhet_ I 12 § 25, cf Plato _Rep_ 565 α αὐτουργοί τε καὶ ἀπράγμονες.

[445] _Rhet_ II 4 § 9, cf Euripides _Orestes_ 918-20.

[446] _de mundo_ 6 §§ 4, 7, 13.

[447] Even after the ruin of Phocis and the peace of 346 BC the old man wrote in the same strain. But it was to Philip, in whom he recognised the real master of Greece, that he now appealed.

[448] References are too numerous to be given here. A _locus classicus_ is Dem _Lept_ §§ 30-3 pp 466-7, on the case of Leucon the ruler of Bosporus. We hear also of corn imported from Sicily and Egypt, and even (Lycurg § 26 p 151) from Epirus to Corinth.

[449] Demosthenes _Olynth_ I § 27 p 17.

[450] (Dem) _c Polycl_ §§ 5, 6 pp 1207-8.

[451] A good case of such investment by guardians is Dem _Nausim_ § 7 p 986.

[452] Dem _F Leg_ § 314 p 442, εἶτα γεωργεῖς ἐκ τούτων καὶ σεμνὸς γέγονας.

[453] See cases in Aeschines _Timarch_ § 97 p 13, Dem _pro Phorm_ §§ 4, 5 p 945. The inheritance of Demosthenes himself included no landed property, _c Aphob_ I §§ 9-11 p 816.

[454] Dem _F Leg_ § 146 p 386, cf § 114 p 376, § 265 p 426, _de cor_ § 41 p 239.

[455] [Dem] _c Phaenipp_ §§ 5-7 pp 1040-1.

[456] Aeschines mentions two ἐσχατιαὶ in the estate of Timarchus.

[457] The lack of ξύλα in Attica made timber, like wheat, a leading article of commerce, and dealing in it was a sign of a wealthy capitalist. Cf Dem _F Leg_ § 114 p 376, _Mid_ § 167 p 568.

[458] I suspect this is an exaggeration.

[459] [Dem] _Lacrit_ §§ 31-3 p 933.

[460] Dem _Androt_ § 65 p 613, repeated in _Timocr_ § 172 p 753.

[461] Dem _Aristocr_ § 146 p 668.

[462] Dem _c Callicl_ _passim_.

[463] ἀστικοῦ, Dem _Callicl_ § 11 p 1274.

[464] [Dem] _Nicostr_ _passim_.

[465] [Dem] _Nicostr_ § 21 p 1253.

[466] Dem _Pantaen_ § 45 p 979.

[467] Dem _Eubulid_ § 65 p 1319.

[468] Aeschin _Timarch_ § 99 p 14.

[469] [Dem] _Euerg Mnes_ §§ 52-3 p 1155.

[470] Twice, §§ 53, 76.

[471] Hyperid _in Demosth_ fragm col 26.

[472] [Dem] _c Timoth_ § 11 p 1187.

[473] Dem _de Cor_ §§ 51-2 p 242.

[474] [Dem] _c Timoth_ § 51 p 1199.

[475] Ibid § 52.

[476] Of course οἰκέτης is often loosely used as merely ‘slave.’ But here the antithesis seems to gain point from strict use.

[477] I have not found this question distinctly stated anywhere. Beauchet _Droit privé_ IV 222 treats the μισθωτοὶ of this passage as freemen. But in II 443 he says that slaves hired from their owners were generally designated μισθωτοί. Nor do I find the point touched in Meier-Schömann-Lipsius (edition 1883-7, pp 889 foll), or any evidence that the πρόκλησις could be addressed to others than parties in a case. Wallon I 322 foll also gives no help.

[478] Dem _Eubulid_ § 63 p 1318.

[479] Hyperides _pro Euxen_, fragm §§ 16, 17, col 12, 13.

[480] Dem _Olynth_ I § 27 p 17.

[481] [Dem] C PHAENIPP §§ 5-7 pp 1040-1, §§ 19-21 pp 1044-5.

[482] ὀπωρώνης, Dem DE COR § 262 p 314.

[483] Dem _Eubulid_ § 45 p 1313, speaking of an old woman.

[484] Aeschin _Timarch_ § 27 p 4.

[485] We have already seen the case of olive-pickers in Aristoph _Vesp_ 712.

[486] See Dem _Mid_ § 48 p 530, etc.

[487] Aeschin _F Leg_ § 156 p 59. The passage of Dem _F L_ to which he refers is not in our text, for §§ 194-5 pp 401-2 is different.

[488] See Plut _Aratus_ 14, 25, 27, 36, 39, 40, _Philopoemen_ 7, 15.

[489] Isocr _paneg_ § 50 p 50.

[490] V 64-5, cf XVII 9, 10.

[491] XVI.

[492] XVII.

[493] XXII, XXV.

[494] XXV.

[495] XXV 1, 51.

[496] XXV 27, cf XXIV 137.

[497] XXV 86-152.

[498] XXV 47-8.

[499] VII 15-6.

[500] III 35, cf XV 80.

[501] X 9, cf 1, XXI 3.

[502] XXIV 136-7.

[503] XX 3, 4.

[504] XVI 34-5.

[505] XXV 56-9.

[506] XIV 58-9, cf 13, 56, where στρατιώτας is a professional soldier.

[507] _Char_ IV (XIV Jebb).

[508] See Plutarch _de garrulitate_ 18.

[509] Plut _Aratus_ 24, _Philopoemen_ 8.

[510] Polyb IV 63.

[511] IV 66.

[512] IV 75, V 1, 3, 19.

[513] X 42, etc.

[514] XVIII 20.

[515] XVI 24, XXI 6, etc.

[516] XXI 34, 36, 43, 45.

[517] V 89.

[518] XXVIII 2.

[519] V 89, cf XXV 4, XXI 6.

[520] This topic is well treated by Mahaffy _Greek Life and Thought_