chapter VI

§ 5 there is an excellent treatment of this episode, with a discussion of V’s relation to Lucretius and a most apposite quotation from G Sand.

[884] Varro II 5 § 4, Columella VI _praef_ § 7, Plin _NH_ VIII § 180.

[885] The _molle atque facetum_ attributed to V by Horace is I think rightly explained by Quintilian VI 3 § 20, and amounts to easy and fastidious taste, of course the result of careful revision, his practice of which is attested in the Suetonian biography.

[886] So Tibullus II 1 41-2.

[887] Cf Cic _de off_ I §§ 41, 150, passages in which the growth of the technical sense is seen.

[888] See the interesting story of the bee-farm in Varro _RR_ III 16 §§ 10, 11.

[889] Pliny _NH_ XIX §§ 50-1.

[890] II 412-3 _laudato ingentia rura, exiguum colito_. Not found in surviving text of Cato.

[891] II 532.

[892] I 125-8, II 336-42.

[893] II 136-76.

[894] Dionys _Hal_ I 36-7, Strabo VI 4 § 1, p 286, Varro _RR_ I 2 §§ 1-7.

[895] Horace _Odes_ IV 5, 15, published about 14 BC. So Martial V 4 declares that Domitian has made Rome _pudica_.

[896] Sueton _Aug_ 32 (cf _Tib_ 8), and the elder Seneca _contr_ X 4 § 18. Even in the second century AD, Spart _Hadr_ 18 § 9 _ergastula servorum et liberorum tulit_. Perhaps the _ergastula_ in Columella I 3 § 12 refer to the same practice.

[897] H Blümner in Müller’s _Handbuch_ IV 2 2 p 543 says that Varro does not refer to the _Kolonat als Pacht_. But that sense seems clearly implied in I 2 § 17, II 3 § 4 _in lege locationis fundi_. In I 16 § 4 it surely includes tenants, even if the application is more general. In II _praef_ § 5 _colonus_ is simply = _arator_, opposed to _pastor_.

[898] Columella I 7.

[899] Pliny _epist_ III 19, IX 37.

[900] This reminds us of Varro’s words, speaking (I 17 § 2) of free workers ... _cum ipsi colunt, ut plerique pauperculi cum sua progenie_.

[901] Cf Tibullus II 1 23 _turbaque vernarum saturi bona signa coloni_.

[902] See above, p 216.

[903] Hor _epist_ I 14 39, cf II 2 184-6.

[904] Hor _Sat_ I 3 99 foll, where _animalia_ seems to mean little more than _homines_.

[905] Hor _Sat_ II 6 55-6, _Odes_ III 4 37-40.

[906] The one reference to the assignations [_G_ II 198] only speaks of the misfortune of Mantua, not of his own.

[907] Hor _Epist_ I 16 69-72.

[908] Hor _Sat_ I 1 28, 32.

[909] For the story of the φιάλη (freedman’s offering) sent yearly by Maecenas to Augustus as a recognition of his restoration of Roman freedom, see Gardthausen _Augustus_ VII 7 and notes.

[910] _Monum Ancyr_ ed Mommsen, I 16-9, III 22-8.

[911] Tacitus _ann_ XIV 53.

[912] Gardthausen _Augustus_ VII 7, pp 768-9. He quotes Schol ad Juvenal V 3 (Maecenas) _ad quem sectio bonorum Favoni pertinuerat_.

[913] Varro _RR_ I 17, a notable chapter.

[914] Livy VI 12, VII 25.

[915] Plin _NH_ XXXVII §§ 201-3.

[916] _Augustus_ VI 3, p 547.

[917] Macrob _Sat_ I 11 § 22.

[918] Dion Cass XLVIII 6 § 3.

[919] The words of Donatus (after Suetonius) in his life of Vergil. Reifferscheid’s Suetonius p 59.

[920] Keightley (1846) says the same.

[921] With much respect and regret, I cannot accept the views of Prof Conway in his inaugural lecture of 1903.

[922] The absence of reference to Cicero has of course been noted. But this was general in the Augustan age.

[923] Seneca _epist_ 86 § 15.

[924] Seneca _controversiae_ II 1 § 26.

[925] Seneca _excerpt contr_ V 5

[926] Compare the reference to unruly _servorum agmina_ in Calabria, Tac _ann_ XII 65, in the time of Claudius.

[927] Seneca _excerpt contr_ VI 2.

[928] Seneca _contr_ II 1 § 5.

[929] Seneca _contr_ VII 6 § 18.

[930] Seneca _contr_ X 4 § 18 _solitudines suas isti beati ingenuorum ergastulis excolunt_. See above p 233 and below on Columella p 263.

[931] Seneca _contr_ VII 6 § 17, cf Plut _Cat mai_ 24.

[932] Val Max IV 4 § 6.

[933] Val Max IV 3 § 5, cf 4 § 7, 8 § 1.

[934] Val Max VII 5 § 2.

[935] Phaedr IV 5, II 8.

[936] Such as Polybius the influential freedman of Claudius, to whom Seneca addressed a _consolatio_.

[937] _Epist_ 77 § 7 is a notable passage.

[938] Cf _de benef_ III 26.

[939] As by the younger Pliny _paneg_ 42 on Trajan.

[940] _de benef_ V 18 § 2, 19 § 1, VII 4 § 4.

[941] _de clement_ I 18, _nat quaest_ I 16 § 1.

[942] _de benef_ III 22 § 1, cf Athenaeus 276 b.

[943] _de benef_ V 19 § 9, _epist_ 12 § 3.

[944] _de constant_ (ad Serenum) 5 § 1.

[945] _epist_ 47 § 14.

[946] _epist_ 90 § 27, _artificem vides vitae_ etc.

[947] _epist_ 65 § 6.

[948] _epist_ 88 § 21. The contrast of _liberalis_ and _sordidus_ often occurs.

[949] _epist_ 90 § 15.

[950] _epist_ 44 § 3 _aquam traxit et rigando horto locavit manus_.

[951] _epist_ 114 § 26 _quot millia colonorum arent fodiant_ ... etc.

[952] _epist_ 123 § 2 _non habet panem meus pistor: sed habet vilicus, sed habet atriensis, sed habet colonus_. _atriensis_ = head of domestics, porter or butler.

[953] _de benef_ VI 4 § 4 _colonum suum non tenet, quamvis tabellis manentibus, qui segetem eius proculcavit, qui succidit arbusta, non quia recepit quod pepigerat sed quia ne reciperet effecit. Sic debitori suo creditor saepe damnatur, ubi plus ex alia causa abstulit quam ex crediti petit._

[954] The _pactum_ implied in _pepigerat_.

[955] _de benef_ VII 5 §§ 2, 3, _conduxi domum a te; in hac aliquid tuum est, aliquid meum; res tua est, usus rei tuae meus est. itaque nec fructus tanges colono tuo prohibente, quamvis in tua possessione nascantur ... nec conductum meum, quamquam sis dominus, intrabis, nec servum tuum, mercennarium meum, abduces_ ... etc. See the chapter on the Jurists of the Digest.

[956] _epist_ 90 § 39 _licet itaque nunc conetur reparare quod perdidit, licet agros agris adiciat vicinum vel pretio pellens vel iniuria, licet in provinciarum spatium rura dilatet et possessionem vocet per sua longam peregrinationem_ ... etc. For _iniuria_ cf Columella I 3 §§ 6, 7. The violent expulsion of poor farmers by the rich is an old topic. Cf Sallust _Iug_ 41 § 8, Appian _civ_ I 7 § 5 and see index.

[957] _epist_ 87 § 7 _quia in omnibus provinciis arat ... quia tantum suburbani agri possidet quantum invidiose in desertis Apuliae possideret_.

[958] _de ira_ III 29 § 1.

[959] Lucan VII 387-439.

[960] _vincto fossore coluntur Hesperiae vegetes._

[961] I 158-82.

[962] _longa sub ignotis extendere rura colonis._ Cf Seneca _de vita beata_ 17 § 2 _cur trans mare possides? cur plura quam nosti?_ and Petron 37.

[963] VI 152 _o famuli turpes, servum pecus_.

[964] Calpurn _ecl_ IV 118.

[965] Petron § 37 _fundos habet qua milvi volant_. A proverbial phrase, cf Persius IV 26 _dives arat ... quantum non milvus oberret_, Juvenal IX 55.

[966] Petron § 53.

[967] _edicta aedilium._

[968] _saltuariorum testamenta._ They were evidently slaves and could only make wills by leave of their owner. See Dig XXXIII 7 § 12⁴.

[969] Many times referred to in the book.

[970] I 3 §§ 8-13.

[971] Cf Plin _epist_ III 19 § 2 _pulchritudo iungendi_, and Mayor’s note. Petron § 77.

[972] I 3 §§ 6, 7, where he even refers to a very disobliging neighbour of his own estate.

[973] I 1 § 20 _longinqua ne dicam transmarina rura_ ... etc.

[974] I _praef_ §§ 13-15, XII _praef_ §§ 8-10.

[975] I _praef_ § 12.

[976] I 7 _passim_.

[977] If we are to hold that _opus_ here refers only to work on the particular farm hired by the tenant, I presume it includes improvements, as in Digest XIX 2 § 24³.

[978] _remissionem petere non audet._

[979] _felicissimum fundum esse qui colonos indigenas haberet et tamquam in paterna possessione natos iam inde a cunabulis longa familiaritate retineret._

[980] _urbanum colonum, qui per familiam mavult agrum quam per se colere._

[981] _rusticos et eosdem adsiduos colonos._

[982] _in his regionibus quae gravitate caeli solique sterilitate vastantur._ Cf I 5 § 5, _gravibus_, and Varro I 17 § 2.

[983] By H. Blümner in Müller’s _Handbuch_. So also Gummerus in _Klio_ 1906 pp 85-6.

[984] _domini praesentia cariturum._

[985] Dig XXXIII 7 § 25¹, XIX 2 § 24, § 25³.

[986] M Weber _Röm Agrargeschichte_ p 244. Of course _opus_ is a general term, not technical as _operae_ (= labour units) often is. See Vinogradoff _Growth of the Manor_ note 94 on p 110. From Horace _epist_ I 1 21 _opus debentibus_ I can get no help.

[987] See below, in the chapter on the African inscriptions.

[988] Caesar _civ_ I 34, 56.

[989] Wallon, _Esclavage_ II 99, 100, refers to the long leasing of municipal estates, held in virtual perpetuity so long as the rent was paid. He cites Gaius III 145. So too estates of temples, and later of the _fiscus_.

[990] Wallon II 120, cf Digest XXXIII 7 § 19, an opinion of Paulus. It seems to be a sort of _métayer_ system. See index.

[991] But such as the _imbecilli cultores_ of Plin _epist_ III 19 § 6.

[992] See case referred to by Paulus in Digest XXXI § 86¹.

[993] I _praef_ § 12 _ex mercennariis aliquem_. In II 2 § 12 _operarum vilitas_, and IV 6 § 3 _operarum paenuria_, III 21 § 10 _plures operas quantocumque pretio conducere_, the hands hired may be slaves.

[994] Of course not necessarily agricultural, in fact generally not. See my article in _Journal of Roman Studies_ 1918, and Index under _Emigration_.

[995] Very different from the small farmers of old time, who were owners.

[996] See for instance Digest XXXIII 7 § 18⁴, and § 20¹, opinions of Scaevola.

[997] I 8 and XI 1.

[998] I 8 §§ 1-3, XI 1 §§ 3, 4, 7.

[999] I 8 §§ 3, 4, where he says that a man who learns how to do things _ab subiecto_ is not fitted _opus exigere_. XI 1 §§ 9-13 is not inconsistent with this, but lays more stress on the necessity of training the _vilicus_.

[1000] I 8 § 5 _contubernalis mulier_. She is to be _vilica_, cf XII 1 §§ 1, 2. Apuleius _met_ VIII 22.

[1001] _eidemque actori_ = him in his capacity of _actor_. Cf XI 1 §§ 13, 19. See Index, _actor_.

[1002] I 8 §§ 6, 7, XI 1 §§ 22-3.

[1003] _nisi ut addiscat aliquam culturam._ He is in a sense _colonus_, and hence his sphere of duty is called _colonia_ in XI 1 § 23. In I 4 §§ 4, 5 the value of experiments is recognized.

[1004] I 8 § 8, XI 1 §§ 20-1.

[1005] I 8 § 9, XI 1 § 21.

[1006] I 8 § 10 _animi, quantum servile patitur ingenium, virtutibus instructus_.

[1007] I 8 § 10, XI 1 § 25.

[1008] I 8 § 11 _operis exactio, ut iusta reddantur, ut vilicus semper se repraesentet_, XI 1 §§ 25-6.

[1009] _magistri singulorum officiorum_, XI 1 § 27.

[1010] I 8 § 12, XI 1 § 23.

[1011] I 8 § 13, XI 1 § 24.

[1012] I 8 §§ 13-4, XI 1 §§ 27-30.

[1013] In XI 1 §§ 4 foll this notion is, with citation of Xenophon, repudiated, and the need of training a steward emphasized.

[1014] In XI 1 § 4 he cites a saying of Cato, _male agitur cum domino quem vilicus docet_.

[1015] I 8 § 15.

[1016] I 8 § 16 _ut ergastuli mancipia recognoscant_ ... etc. In XI 1 § 22 this appears as part of the steward’s daily duty.

[1017] I 8 §§ 17-8 _quanto et pluribus subiecti, ut vilicis ut operum magistris ut ergastulariis, magis obnoxii perpetiendis iniuriis, et rursus saevitia atque avaritia laesi magis timendi sunt_.

[1018] _an ex sua constitutione iusta percipiant._ _sua_ = the scale allowed by himself as _dominus_.

[1019] I 8 § 19.

[1020] _multum confert augendo patrimonio._

[1021] I 9 §§ 1-6. Cf XI 1 §§ 8, 9.

[1022] _mediastinus._

[1023] Cf Dig XXXIII 7 § 8 pr.

[1024] _vineta plurimum per alligatos excoluntur._

[1025] _ne confundantur opera familiae, sic ut omnes omnia exequantur._

[1026] I 9 §§ 7, 8.

[1027] VI 2 § 15 _pecoris operarii_ (the very word also used = labourer), 3 § 3 _iumentis iusta operum reddentibus_.

[1028] XI 1 § 18 _more optimi pastoris ... idem quod ille diligens opilio_.

[1029] _valetudinarium_ XI 1 § 18, XII 1 § 6, 3 §§ 7, 8.

[1030] IV 3 § 1 _quosdam emacitas in armentis, quosdam exercet in comparandis mancipiis; de tuendis nulla cura tangit_. Cf I 4 § 7.

[1031] XII 3 especially §§ 1, 8, cf _praef_ § 9. He refers to Xenophon.

[1032] VIII 11 § 2 _tamquam servitio liberatae_, also 12 and 15 § 7 _parere cunctantur in servitute_.

[1033] I 6 § 3 _vinctis quam saluberrimum subterraneum ergastulum, plurimis idque angustis illustratum fenestris atque a terra sic editis ne manu contingi possint_. Cf XI 1 §§ 22.

[1034] I 6 § 19 _rusticis balneis_.

[1035] I 3 § 12 [our land-grabbers scorn moderation and buy up _fines gentium_ so vast that they cannot even ride round them] _sed proculcandos pecudibus et vastandos feris derelinquunt, aut occupatos nexu civium et ergastulis tenent_. Schneider explains _nexu_ etc as = _civibus ob aes alienum nexis_. Surely at this date it cannot be used in the strictly technical sense. See p 269.

[1036] Like the _obaerarii_ or _obaerati_ of Varro I 17 § 2. See on that passage p 180.

[1037] _suppressio._ See Index.

[1038] VIII 2 § 7 _anus sedula_ may serve as _custos vagantium_.

[1039] VI _praef_ § 4.

[1040] I 8 § 5, 7 § 7, but in XII 3 § 6 for instance _actores_ are not = _vilici_. Schneider.

[1041] See Cic _de oratore_ I § 249, _pro Tullio_ § 17.

[1042] I 6 § 23.

[1043] I 6 § 7 _procuratori supra ianuam ob easdem causas: et is tamen vilicum observet ex vicino_. Cf Plin _epist_ III 19 § 2.

[1044] In Columella’s time. At a later date this could hardly be said, as the position of _coloni_ became worse.

[1045] III 13 §§ 12, 13. Cf Dig XLIII 24 § 15¹.

[1046] A good instance in Pliny _NH_ XIV 49, 50.

[1047] III 21 § 10 (of hurry resulting from want of forethought) _cogitque plures operas quantocumque pretio conducere_.

[1048] III 3 § 8.

[1049] I _praef_ §§ 1, 2, II 1. Cf III 3 § 4 with Varro I 44 § 1.

[1050] I 3 § 9 _nec dubium quin mimis reddat laxus ager non recte cultus quam angustus eximie_, IV 3 § 6.

[1051] For milk-delivery see Calpurnius _ecl_ IV 25-6 _et lac venale per urbem non tacitus porta_. For cheese Verg _G_ III 402.

[1052] VI _praef_ §§ 3-5.

[1053] Also bee-keeping.

[1054] VIII 10 §§ 3, 4.

[1055] _quia nec parvo conducuntur qui mandant_ ... etc.

[1056] II 9 §§ 14, 16.

[1057] _siligo_, II 6 § 2, 9 § 13.

[1058] I 6 §§ 9-17.

[1059] II 20 § 6 _frumenta, si in annos reconduntur, ... sin protinus usui destinantur_ ... etc.

[1060] I 2 § 3.

[1061] As Plutarch _C Gracc_ 7 says εὐθεῖαι γὰρ ἤγοντο διὰ τῶν χωρίων ἀτρεμεῖs.

[1062] I 5 §§ 6, 7.

[1063] I 3 §§ 3, 4.

[1064] II 13 § 7 _consummatio operarum_.

[1065] II 21 § 10.

[1066] I _praef_ § 12, XI 1 § 12.

[1067] I _praef_ § 17 (of the non-urban population in old times) _qui rura colerent administrarentve opera colonorum_. The last three words are not in some MSS.

[1068] I 4 § 4, Verg _G_ I 51-3.

[1069] So the Greeks often refer to Homer as The Poet.

[1070] _verissimo vati velut oraculo._

[1071] Verg _G_ IV 116 foll.

[1072] Quintil X 1 §§ 46-131, especially §§ 85-6.

[1073] See Tacitus _Germ_ 41 on the exceptionally favourable treatment of the Hermunduri, with Schweitzer-Sidler’s notes.

[1074] Seneca _ad Helviam_ 7 § 7 refers to the colonies sent out to the provinces in earlier times, and is rhetorically exaggerated.

[1075] Cf Nissen _Italische Landeskunde_ vol II pp 128-30.

[1076] A notable utterance on this topic is Seneca _ad Helviam_ 6 §§ 2, 3. See Mayor’s notes on Juvenal III 58 foll.

[1077] See Tacitus _Germ_ 29 for interesting matter bearing on these points.

[1078] The numerous references need not be given here. They can be found in H. Schiller’s _Geschichte der Römischen Kaiserzeit_.

[1079] Schiller I 515, 534. See Hyginus gromat I p 133, Frontinus _ibid_ pp 53-4, and the rescript of Domitian in Girard, _textes_ part I ch 4 § 5. Suetonius _Dom_ 9.

[1080] Domitian also made ordinances forbidding new vineyards in Italy and enjoining the destruction of those in the Provinces. But these were not carried out. Schiller I 533. Suet _Dom_ 7, 14, Stat _silv_ IV 3 11-12.

[1081] Schiller I 540.

[1082] Plin _paneg_ 26-8.

[1083] Schiller I 566, 623, 630, 656.

[1084] Schiller I 566.

[1085] Capitolinus _M Aurel_ II § 7. The text is in some doubt.

[1086] Schiller I 651.

[1087] Schiller I 566. Plin _epist_ VI 19 depicts the situation fully. The aim was to make them feel Italy their _patria_. See the jealousy of rich Provincials shewn by senators, Tac _Ann_ XI 23.

[1088] Schiller I 656.

[1089] The remarkable community of Lamasba is referred to below in a note after