CHAPTER V

. THE MEDITERRANEAN RACE

148 : 1. The Mediterranean Race. Sergi, 4; Ripley; and Elliot Smith, 1.

148 : 14. Deniker, 2, pp. 408 _seq._; Ripley, pp. 450–451.

148 : 15. See the notes to pp. 257–261.

148 : 18. Dravidians. Bishop R. Caldwell, _Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South Indian Family of Languages_; G. A. Grierson, _Linguistic Survey of India_, vol. IV, _Munda and Dravidian Languages_; Friedrich Müller, _Reise der österreichischen Fregatte Novara um die Erde in den Jahren_ 1857–1859, etc., pp. 73 _seq._; _Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft_, vol. III, pp. 106 _seq._ See also Haddon, 3, p. 18.

148 : 22 _seq._ Deniker, 2, p. 397; Haddon, 1, 3, but Haddon has pointed out that the Andamanese are not racially of the same stock as the Sakai, Veddahs, etc.

149 : 6. Haddon, 3, and Sergi, 4, p. 158; Ripley; Fleure and James; Peake; etc.

149 : 12. Peake, 2, p. 158.

149 : 21. On this point, Ripley, pp. 465 _seq._, quotes Von Dueben, Retzius, Arbo, Montelius, Barth, Zograf, Lebon, Olechnowicz, etc.

150 : 8. See the notes to p. 149.

150 : 12. See the notes to p. 257.

150 : 21. Beddoe, 4, and 3, pp. 384 _seq._, and Ripley, pp. 326, 328 _seq._

150 : 24 seq. See the notes to p. 149.

150 : 29–151 : 3. A. Retzius, 1, 2; G. Retzius, 1, 2; Peake, 2, p. 158. Taylor, _Origin of the Aryans_, p. 101, says the Iberian type is not found in northern Europe east of Namur. In the British Isles, however, it extends to Caithness.

151 : 3 _seq._ See the notes to p. 149; Ripley, pp. 461–465; Sergi, 4, p. 252; Osborn, 1, p. 458.

151 : 18. Sir Harry Johnston, _passim_; G. Elliot Smith, 1, pp. 18, 30, 31, and chap. V.

151 : 22 _seq._ G. Elliot Smith, 1, p. 30. For a contrary opinion see Sergi, 4.

152 : 3. W. L. and P. L. Sclater, _The Geography of Mammals_, pp. 177 _seq._; Flower and Lydekker, _Mammals, Living and Extinct_, pp. 96–97.

152 : 6. Elliot Smith, 1, chap. IV and elsewhere; Sergi, 4, chap. III.

152 : 12. Negroes seem to have been unknown in Egypt and Nubia in pre-dynastic days and only appear in small numbers in the third and fourth dynasties, in the South. The great ruins on the Zambezi at Zimbabwe were probably the work of the Mediterranean race and are to be dated about 1000 B. C. In other words, all northeast Africa, including Nubia, the northern Sudan, the ancient Kingdom of Meroë at the junction of the Blue and White Niles, Abyssinia and the adjoining coast were originally part of the domain of the Mediterranean race.

In the recent kingdom of the Mahdi, the predominant element was not Negro but Arab more or less mixed.

152 : 16. Sir Harry Johnston, _passim_; Ripley, pp. 387, 390; Hall, _Ancient History of the Near East_.

152 : 27. Sardinia. See Ripley and Von Luschan. A recent article by V. Giuffrida-Ruggeri, entitled “A Sketch of the Anthropology of Italy,” in the _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland_, is well worth consideration. On pp. 91–92 the author gives a short sketch of the Sardinians and his authorities are to be found in a footnote on p. 91.

153 : 4. Albanians. See the notes to p. 163 : 19.

153 : 6 _seq._ Fleure and James, pp. 122 _seq._, 149; Beddoe, 4, pp. 25–26; Davis and Thurnam, especially p. 212; Boyd Dawkins, _Early Man in Britain_.

153 : 10. Scotland. See the notes to pp. 150 : 10 and 204 : 5.

153 : 14 _seq._ See the notes to p. 229 : 5–12.

153 : 24 _seq._ The Mediterranean Race in Rome. Montelius, _La Civilisation primitive en Italie_; Peet, _The Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy_; Munro, _Palæolithic Man and the Terramara Settlements_; Modestov, _Introduction à l’histoire romain_; Frank, _Roman Imperialism_. Giuffrida-Ruggeri, in _A Sketch of the Anthropology of Italy_, p. 101, says of the composition of the population of Rome: “The three fundamental European races, _H. mediterraneus_, _H. alpinus_, and _H. nordicus_, had their representatives among the ancient Romans, although the skeletal remains of the Mediterraneans and the Northerners are difficult to distinguish from each other. It is also possible that the Northerners belonged to the aristocrats who preferred to burn their dead. In the calm tenacity and quiet growth of the Roman people perhaps the descendants of _H. nordicus_ represented the turbulent restlessness of violent and bold individuals which, even in Roman history, one is able to discern from time to time.”

In this connection it is interesting to note what Charles W. Gould has said on p. 117, in _America, a Family Matter_, concerning Sulla. He describes him as follows: “Even during the terror Sulla found time for enjoyment. Tawny hair, piercing blue eyes, fair complexion readily suffused with color as emotion and red blood surged within, Norseman that he was, he presided over constant and splendid entertainments, taking more pleasure in a witty actor than in the degenerate men and women of the old nobility who elbowed their way in.” Also see the notes to p. 215 : 21.

154 : 5. Quarrels between the Patricians and the Plebs. See Tenney Frank, _Roman Imperialism_, pp. 5 _seq._, for a discussion of the mixture of races, “only we cannot agree that a social state can accomplish race amalgamation. The two races are still there.” Boni, _Notizie degli Scavi_, vol. III p. 401, believes that the Patricians were the descendants of the immigrant Aryans, while the Plebeians were the offspring of the aboriginal Non-Aryan stock. Compare this with the statements of early writers concerning the conditions in Gaul, especially as summed up by Dottin in his _Manuel Celtique_.

Frank says, concerning the quarrels, in chap. II, _op. cit._: “Roman tradition preserved in the first book of Livy presents a very circumstantial account of the several battles by which Rome supposedly razed the Latin cities one after another.... Needless to say, if the Latin tribe had lived in such civil discord as the legend assumes, it would quickly have succumbed to the inroads of the mountain tribes.” Thus probably the quarrels between Latin and Etruscan have been overrated. See again, p. 14, for the oriental origin of some intruding people. He says, in a note at the end of the chapter: “Ridgeway, in _Who were the Romans_, 1908, has ably, though not convincingly developed the view that the Patricians were Sabine conquerors. Cuno, _Vorgeschichte Roms_, I, 14, held that they were Etruscans. Fustel de Coulanges, in his well-known work, _La cité antique_, proposed the view that a religious caste system alone could explain the division. Eduard Meyer, the article on the Plebs in _Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften_, and Botsford, _Roman Assemblies_, p. 16, have presented various arguments in favor of the economic theory. See Binder, _Die Plebs_, 1909, for a summary of many other discussions.”

Breasted, _Ancient Times_, pp. 495 _seq._, and Sir Harry Johnston, _Views and Reviews_, p. 97, are two who have touched upon these questions.

On Etruria see the note to p. 157 : 14.

154 : 11. An allusion to the short stature of the Roman legions of Cæsar in Gaul may be found in Rice Holmes, 2, p. 81. D’Arbois de Jubainville, _Les Celts en Espagne_, XIV, p. 369, says in describing a combat between P. Cornelius Scipio and a Gallic warrior: “Scipio was of very small stature, the Celtiberian warrior with the high stature which in all times in the tales of the Roman historians characterizes the Celtic race; and the beginning of the struggle gave him the advantage.” Taylor, _Origin of the Aryans_, p. 76, says: “The stature of the Celts struck the Romans with astonishment. Cæsar speaks of their _mirifica corpora_ and contrasts the short stature of the Romans with the _magnitudo corporum_ of the Gauls. Strabo, also, speaking of the Coritavi, a British tribe in Lincolnshire, after mentioning their yellow hair, says: ‘To show how tall they are, I saw myself some of their young men at Rome and they were taller by six inches than anyone else in the city.’” See also Elton, _Origins_, p. 240.

154 : 18 _seq._ Nordic Aristocracy in Rome. Tenney Frank, _Race Mixture in the Roman Empire_. But he also makes Gauls and Germans on the same level as other conquered people, as legionaries, etc. See also Giuffrida-Ruggeri, p. 101.

155 : 5 _seq._ G. Elliot Smith, 1; Peet, 2, pp. 164 _seq._ Fleure and James use the terms Neolithic and Mediterranean interchangeably. Recent study is giving a somewhat different interpretation to the significance of the megaliths. See the article by H. J. Fleure and L. Winstanley in the 1918 _Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland_. On the megaliths see also the note to p. 129 : 2 _seq._

155 : 22 _seq._ See the notes to p. 233 _seq._

155 : 27–156 : 4. See the notes to p. 192.

156 1 4. See the notes to p. 244 : 6.

156 : 8. Sergi, 4, p. 70.

156 : 10. Gauls. D’Arbois de Jubainville, 1, XIV, p. 364, says: “Hannibal left Spain for Italy in 218, but he left there a Carthaginian army in the ranks of which marched auxiliaries furnished by the Celtic peoples of Spain; Roman troops came to combat this army and four years after the departure of Hannibal, (_i. e._ in 214), they gave many battles to the Carthaginian generals where the Celts were vanquished. In the booty there were found abundant Gallic trappings, especially a great number of collars and bracelets of gold; among the dead of the Carthaginian army left upon the plain were two petty Gallic kings, Moencapitus and Vismarus. Livy, who tells us these things, says distinctly that the trappings were Gallic (Gallica) and that the kings were Gallic. See Livy, I, XXIV, c. 42.”

156 : 13. See the note to p. 192.

156 : 16. Feist, 5, p. 365, is one of the authors who notes the fact that classic writers spoke of light and dark types in Spain.

156 : 18. This of course means racial evidence. See Mommsen, _History of the Roman Provinces_, I, chap. II, and Burke, _History of Spain_, p. 2.

156 : 25–157 : 3. On the history of the Albigenses the most important authority is C. Schmidt, _Histoire de la secte des Cathares ou Albigeois_, Paris, 1849. The Albigenses were deeply indebted to the Arabic culture of Saracenic Spain, which was the medium through which much of the ancient Greek science and learning was preserved to modern times.

157 : 4. Ripley, pp. 260 _seq._ For an exhaustive résumé of the subject see Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 277–287. Also consult the notes to p. 235 : 17 of this book.

157 : 6. See p. 122 for the predominance of the Mediterraneans.

157 : 10. Umbrians and Oscans. It is fair to assume that some people brought the Aryan languages into Italy from the north, and this introduction is credited to the Umbrians and Oscans. (See Helbig, _Die Italiker in der Poebene_, pp. 29–41; Ridgeway, _Early Age of Greece_; Conway, _Early Italic Dialects_.) The Umbrians and Oscans were closely allied in regard to their language, whatever may have been their ethnic affinities. In a remoter degree they were connected with the Latins. From the time and starting-point of their migrations, as well as from their type of culture, it would appear that they were cognate with the early Nordic invaders of Greece. Whether they were wholly Nordic, or were thoroughly Nordicized Alpines, or merely Alpines with Nordic leaders is not of particular moment in this connection, but if they were the carriers of Aryan language and culture they were Nordicized in a degree comparable to the genuine Nordics who invaded Greece. Giuffrida-Ruggeri, in one of the latest papers on Italy, as well as many earlier authorities, regards the Umbrians as Alpines, but he says they were not all round skulled. “The Osci, the Sabines, the Samnites, and other Sabellic peoples were Aryans or Aryanized, although they inhumated their dead instead of burning them. It is possible that the founders of Rome consisted of both families, as we find both rites in ancient Rome” (p. 100).

157 : 14. Etruscans. The author is familiar with the persistent theory that the Etruscans came from Asia Minor by sea, but he nevertheless regards them as indigenous inhabitants of Italy, that is, the Pre-Aryan, Pre-Nordic Mediterraneans, who, as part of a large and extended group, were spread over a great part of the shores of the Mediterranean, and were at that time the Italian exponents of the prevailing Ægean culture. During the second millennium in which this culture flourished, they were much influenced by Crete, although they developed their civilization along special lines. The Etruscan language, excluding the borrowed elements from later Italic dialects, is apparently in no sense Aryan. _Cf._ Hall, _Ancient History of the Near East_, pp. 53–54.

157 : 16. The date 800 is given by Feist, 5, p. 370.

157 : 18. Livy, V, 33 _seq._, is the authority for the date of the sixth century. See also Polybius, 1, II, c. XVII, § 1. Myers, _Ancient History_, makes the settlement of the Gauls in Italy about the fifth century B. C. Most authorities follow Livy.

157 : 21. To show how approximate the authorities are on this date, Rice Holmes, 2, p. 1, and Myers, _Ancient History_, make it 390, while Breasted gives 382.

157 : 23. Livy, V, 35–49, treats of the taking of Rome by the Gauls. The name Brennus means raven; it is from the Celtic _bran_, raven, crow.

157 : 26. There is a considerable Frankish element there also, among the aristocracy.

158 : 1 _seq._ An interesting discussion of this event is given by Salomon Reinach, 2. The invasion was resisted first at Thermopylæ and later at Delphi. On p. 81 Reinach says: “In the detailed recital which Pausanius has left us of the invasion of the Galatic bands in Greece, dealing with the glorious part which the Athenians played in the defence of the Pass of Thermopylæ. But, when the defile had been forced, the Athenians departed and Pausanius makes no more mention of them in relating the defence of Delphi, where only the Phocians, four hundred Locrians and two hundred Ætolians figured. It is only after the defeat of the Gauls that the Athenians, according to Pausanius, came back, together with the Bœotians, to harass the barbarians in their retreat....” On p. 83 he says: “The barbarians are incontestably the Galatians.” See also by the same author, _The Gauls in Antique Art_. G. Dottin, pp. 461–462 gives us the following: “Hannibal, traversing southern Gaul, found on his passage only Gauls. On the other hand, Livy mentions the arrival of Gauls in Provence at the same time as their first descent into Italy, and Justinius places the wars of the Greeks of Marseilles against the Gauls and Ligurians before the taking of Rome by the Gauls. The invasion of the Belgæ is placed then in the third century. It is doubtless contemporaneous with the Celtic invasion of Greece which was perhaps caused by it.” See also the notes to p. 174 : 21 of this book. According to Myers, _Ancient History_, where the account of these events is briefly given on pp. 269–270, the year was 278 B. C. Breasted, 1, p. 449, gives 280 B. C.

As late as the fourth century of our era, Celtic forms of speech prevailed among the Galatians of Asia Minor. According to Jerome (Fraser’s _Golden Bough_, II, p. 126, footnote), the language spoken then in Anatolia was very similar to the dialect of the Treveri, a Celtic tribe on the Moselle, of whose name Treves is the perpetuator. “It was to these people that St. Paul addressed one of his epistles.”

It is interesting to note that at the present time the finest soldiers of the Turkish army are recruited in the district of Angora which includes the territory of ancient Galatia.

158 : 13. Procopius, IV, 13, says that a number of Moors and their wives took refuge in Sicily and also in Sardinia where they established colonies. The recent article by Giuffrida-Ruggeri sums up the data for Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. See also Gibbon, _passim_, and Ripley, pp. 115–116.

158 : 16. G. Elliot Smith, 1, pp. 94 _seq._, and the notes to pp. 127 : 26 and 128.

158 : 21. Pelasgians. Sergi, 4, followed by many anthropologists, describes as Pelasgian one branch of the Mediterranean or Eurafrican race of mankind and one group of skull types within that race. Ripley, pp. 407, 448, considers them Mediterraneans in all probability, as this is the oldest layer of population in these regions. So also do Myres, _Dawn of History_, p. 171, and most of the other authorities. In his _History of the Pelasgian Theory_, Myres sums up all that was written up to that time. Homer and other early writers make them the ancient inhabitants of Greece, who were subdued by the Hellenes. It is generally agreed that a people resembling in its prevailing skull forms the Mediterranean race of north Africa was settled in the Ægean area from a remote Neolithic antiquity. D’Arbois de Jubainville, 4, t. I, devotes a chapter or more to them, and declares on p. 110: “In fact the Pelasgians and the Hellenes are of different origin; the first are one of the races which preceded the Indo-Europeans in Europe, the others are Indo-European.”

Another recent writer who deals with this puzzling problem is Sartiaux, in his _Troie_, pp. 140–143. Finally, Sir William Ridgeway says: “The Achæans found the land occupied by a people known by the ancients as Pelasgians who continued down to classical times the main element in the population, even in the states under Achæan, and later, under Dorian rule. In some cases the Pelasgians formed a serf class, _e. g._ in Penestæ, in Thessaly, the Helots in Laconia and the Gymnesii at Argos; whilst they practically composed the whole population of Arcadia and Attica which never came under either Achæan or Dorian rule. This people had dwelt in the Ægean from the Stone Age, and though still in the Bronze Age at the Achæan conquest, had made great advances in the useful and ornamental arts. They were of short stature, with dark hair and eyes, and generally dolichocephalic. Their chief centers were at Cnossus, Crete, in Argolis, Laconia and Attica, in each being ruled by ancient lines of kings. In Argolis, Prœtus built Tiryns but later under Perseus, Mycenæ took the lead until the Achæan conquest. All the ancient dynasties traced their descent from Poseidon, who at the time of the Achæan conquest was the chief male divinity of Greece and the islands.”

As to the Pelasgian being a Non-Aryan tongue, the ancient script at Crete has not yet been deciphered. Since the ancient Cretans were presumably Pelasgians, it is safe to identify them with this Non-Aryan language, although Conway, 2, pp. 141–142, is inclined to believe that it is related to the Aryan family. See also Sweet, _The History of Language_, p. 103.

158 : 22. Nordic Achæans. Ridgeway, 1, p. 683, says: “We found that a fair-haired race greater in stature than the melanochroous Ægean people had there [in Greece and the Ægean] been domiciled for long ages, and that fresh bodies of tall, fair-haired people from the shores of the northern ocean continually through the ages had kept pressing down into the southern peninsulas. From this it followed that the Achæans of Homer were one of these bodies of Celts [_i. e._, Nordics], who had made their way down into Greece and had become the masters of the indigenous race.

“This conclusion we further tested by an examination of the distribution of the round shield, the practise of cremation, the use of the brooch and buckle, and finally the diffusion of iron in Europe, North Africa and western Asia. Our inductions showed that all four had made their way into Greece and the Ægean from Central Europe. Accordingly as they all appeared in Greece along with the Homeric Achæans, we inferred that the latter had brought them with them from central Europe.” Elsewhere, in the same book, Ridgeway identifies the Homeric age with the Achæan and Post-Mycenæan, the Mycenæan with the Pre-Achæan and Pelasgian.

Bury, _The History of Greece_, p. 44, says: “The Achæans were a people of blond complexion, of Indo-European speech. Among the later Greeks, there were two marked types, distinguished by light and dark hair. The blond complexion was rarer and more prized. This is illustrated by the fact that women and fops used sometimes to dye their hair yellow or red, the κομης ξανθίσματα mentioned in the Danæ of Euripedes.”

159 : 4–5. Date of the siege of Troy. Hall, _Ancient History of the Near East_, p. 69, and many other authorities accept the Parian Chronicle, which makes it 1194–1184 B. C. For the whole question of the Trojan War see Félix Sartiaux, _Troie, La Guerre de Troie_.

159 : 6 _seq._ See the notes to p. 225 : 11.

159 : 10 _seq._ Bury, _History of Greece_, p. 44; DeLapouge, _Les sélections sociales_. Beddoe noted in his _Anthropological History of Europe_ that almost all of Homer’s heroes were blond or chestnut-haired as well as large and tall. There are many passages in the Iliad which refer to the blondness and size of the more important personages.

159 : 19 _seq._ Bury, _History of Greece_, pp. 57, 59, describes the Greek tribes which moved down before the Dorians, conquering the Achæans—the Thessalians, Bœotians, etc. But see Peake, 2, for Thessalians. Also D’Arbois de Jubainville, 4, t. II, p. 297, and Myers, _Anc. Hist._, pp. 127, 136 _seq._

159 : 23. Dorians. See the authorities quoted above; also Ridgeway, Von Luschan, Deniker, 2, pp. 320–321, and Hawes.

160 : 1. C. H. Hawes, p. 258 of the _Annal of the British School at Athens_, vol. XVI, “Some Dorian Descendants,” says the Dorians were Alpines, and this view is shared by many others, among them Von Luschan. See also Myres, _The Dawn of History_, pp. 173 _seq._ and 213. While this may be partially true even of the bulk of the population, all the tribes to the north of the Mediterranean fringe carried a large Nordic element, which practically always assumed the leadership.

160 : 17. For the character of the Dorians, see Bury, p. 62.

161 : 20. The philosopher Xenophanes, a contemporary of both Philip and his son, in discussing man’s notion of God, insists that each race represents the Great Supreme under its own shape: the Negro with a flat nose and black face, the Thracian with blue eyes and a ruddy complexion.

161 : 27. Loss of Nordic blood among the Persians. See the note to p. 254 : 11.

162 : 8. Barbarous Macedonia. Bury, _The History of Greece_, pp. 681–731.

162 : 14. Alexander the Great. Descriptions of Alexander are found in Plutarch, who quotes the memoirs of Aristoxenus, a contemporary of Alexander, regarding the agreeable odor exhaled from his skin; Plutarch also says, without giving his authority, who was probably the same, that Alexander was “fair and of a light color, passing to ruddiness in his face and upon his breast.” An authority for the statement of blue and black eyes is Quintus Curtius Rufus, a Roman historian of the first century A. D., in _Historiarum Alexandri Magni, Libri Decem_. This was written three and one-half centuries after the death of Alexander. The quotation, from North’s translation of Plutarch, reads: “But when Appeles painted Alexander holding lightning in his hand he did not shew his fresh color, but made him somewhat blacke and swarter than his face in deede was; for naturally he had a very fayre white colour, mingled also with red which chiefly appeared in his face and in his brest.”

In Gabon’s _Inquiries into the Human Faculty_, original English edition, frontispiece, is a composite photograph of Alexander the Great from six different medals selected by the curator in the British Museum. The curly hair and Greek profile are significant features. The sarcophagus of Alexander in the Constantinople Museum called the Sidonian, throws some light on this point, although there is some uncertainty among archæologists as to whether or not it is Alexander’s sarcophagus.

162 : 19. See Von Luschan, _The Early Inhabitants of Western Asia_, the section on Greece.

163 : 7. _Græculus_, -_a_, -_um_. According to the Latin dictionaries, the diminutive adjective, understood mostly in a depreciating, contemptuous sense—a paltry Greek.

163 : 10. Physical types in early Greece. Ripley, pp. 407–408, quotes Nicolucci, Zaborowski, Virchow, DeLapouge and Sergi. _Cf._ Peake, 2, pp. 158–159, also Ripley, p. 411.

163 : 14. Physical types of modern Greeks. See the authorities given on p. 409 of Ripley’s book, and Von Luschan, pp. 221 _seq._ Von Luschan and most other observers say that the modern Greeks, at least in Asia Minor, are a very mixed people. See his curve for head form.

163 : 16. Von Luschan, p. 239: “As in ancient Greece a great number of individuals seem to have been fair, with blue eyes, I took great care to state whether this were the case with the modern ‘Greeks’ in Asia. I have notes for 580 adults, males and females. In this number there were 8 with blue and 29 with gray or greenish eyes; all the rest had brown eyes. There was not one case of really light colored hair, but in nearly all the cases of lighter eyes the hair also was less dark than with the other Greeks.” See Ripley for European Greeks.

163 : 19. Albanians. Deniker, 2, pp. 333–334; Von Luschan, p. 224; Ripley, p. 410. Most Albanians are tall and dark. C. H. Hawes, _Some Dorian Descendants_, p. 258 _seq._, says that the percentage of light eyes over light hair is nearly ten times as great, _i. e._, there is 3 per cent of light hair to 30–38 per cent light eyes among Albanians and selected Greeks and Cretans. Also Glück, _Zur Physischen Anthropologie der Albanesen_, pp. 375–376, and the note to p. 25 : 25 of this book. Hall gives some interesting data on p. 522 of his _Ancient History of the Near East_.

163 : 26. See the note to p. 138 : 1 _seq._

164 : 4 _seq._ Dinaric type identified with the Spartans. See C. H. Hawes, _op. cit._, pp. 250 _seq._, where he discusses the Spartans and the Dinaric type, and Hall, _Ancient History of the Near East_, pp. 74 and 572.

164 : 12. On p. 57 of his _History of Greece_ Bury inclines to the belief that the Dorians came through Epirus, and attributes the cause of their invasion to the pressure of the Illyrians, to whom the Dorians were probably related. It is known that the Illyrians were round-headed. Finally they left the regions of the Corinthian Gulf, and sailed around the Peloponnesus to southeast Greece, where they settled, leaving only a few Dorians behind, who gave their name to the country they occupied, but ever afterward were of no consequence in Greek history. Some bands went to Crete, others on other islands and some to Asia Minor.

164 : 15. Character of the Spartans. See Bury, _History of Greece_, pp. 62, 120, 130–135.

164 : 22. See p. 153 of this book.

165 : 6 _seq._ _Cf._ the note to p. 119 : 1 and that to p. 223 : 1.

165 : 10. G. Elliot Smith, _Ancient Mariners_.

165 : 14. See the note to p. 242 : 5 on languages.

166 : 3. Gibbon, chap. XLVIII.

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