CHAPTER VII

. THE EUROPEAN RACES IN COLONIES

76 : 16. An old edition of the _Encyclopædia Britannica_ states: “The pure white population [of Venezuela] is estimated at only one per cent of the whole, the remainder of the inhabitants being Negroes (originally slaves, now all free), Indians and mixed races (Mulattoes and Zambos).”

The 11th edition of the _Encyclopædia Britannica_ estimates the percentage of whites, the creole element (whites of European descent), at 10 per cent, as in Colombia, and the mixed races at 70 per cent, the remainder consisting of Africans, Indians and resident foreigners.

76 : 19. Jamaica. _The New International Encyclopedia_, 1915 edition, gives as follows figures which agree with the 1915 _Statesman’s Yearbook_:

┌─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐ │ YEAR │ WHITE │ COLORED │ BLACK │ OTHERS │ TOTAL │ ├─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤ │ 1861│ 13,816│ 81,065│ 346,374│ │ 441,255│ │ 1871│ 13,101│ 100,346│ 392,707│ │ 506,154│ │ 1881│ 14,432│ 109,946│ 444,186│ 12,240│ 580,804│ │ 1891│ 14,692│ 121,955│ 488,624│ 14,220│ 639,491│ │ 1911│ 15,605│ 163,201│ 630,181│[5]22,396│ 831,383│ └─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘

Footnote 5:

East Indians, 17,380; Chinese, 2,111; not stated, 2,905.

76 : 21. The 11th edition of the _Encyclopædia Britannica_ gives the entire population of Mexico as 13,607,259, of which less than one-fifth (19 per cent) were classed as whites, 38 per cent as Indians, and 43 per cent as mixed bloods. There were 57,507 foreign residents, including a few Chinese and Filipinos.

78 : 5. The Argentine Republic. In 1810 the population was approximately 250,000; in 1895, 3,955,110; in 1914, 7,885,237. For a total of fifty-nine years in which the statistics have been kept, the number of immigrants from Montevideo is 4,711,013. They were divided by nationality as follows:

Italians 2,259,933 Spaniards 1,492,848 French 225,049 English 56,448 Austrians 81,186 Swiss 33,326 Germans 62,329 Belgians 23,091 Russians 135,962 Ottomans 121,177 Other nationalities 189,664

For added information on the Argentine, see the _Statistical Book of the Argentine Republic_, 1915; _Argentine Geography_, published by Urien & Colombo; and Juan Alsina’s _European Immigration to the Argentine_.

78 : 22. Philippines. The following figures were taken from the _New International Encyclopedia_ and the _Statesman’s Yearbook_ for 1915. The size of the population was established in June, 1914.

Total population 8,650,937 Native-born 6,931,548 or 99.2% Chinese 41,035 or 0.6% Americans and Europeans 20,000 or 0.3%

The natives are mostly of the Malayan race with the exception of 25,000 Negrito tribesmen.

78 : 24. Dutch East Indies. The figures are taken from the census of 1905.

Total population is approximately 38,000,000 Europeans 80,910 Chinese 563,000 Arabs 29,000 Other Orientals 23,000

78 : 25. British India. The figures are from the census of 1911:

Total population 315,156,396 (Of these 650,502 were not born in India.)

The remainder are divided according to the languages spoken:

East Asiatics 4,410,000 Tibeto-Chinese 12,970,000 Dravidian 62,720,000 Aryan 232,820,000 European 320,000

81 : 5. See Francis Parkman, _The Old Régime in Canada_, vol. II, pp. 12 and 13.

82 : 10. See Sir Harry Johnston, _The Negro in the New World_, p. 343.

83 : 8. See the _Genealogical Records of the Society of the Colonial Wars_.

84 : 6. See the notes to p. 38.

84 : 11 _seq._ A letter from Abraham C. Strite, a lawyer of Hagerstown, Maryland, contains additional information on the so-called Pennsylvania Dutch. Mr. Strite says: “They are not Palatine Germans, but largely Swiss who speak a dialect of German. The writer happens to be of this stock. Its characteristics are round head, black hair, dark brown eyes, stocky stature, brunet type, all clearly indicating, according to your analysis, an Alpine origin. This description fairly well averages up the prevailing Pennsylvania Dutch type of this section although there are some red heads and some blonds which would indicate a Nordic admixture, again meeting your argument. There are many other varieties of Teutons in this section, but I am confining my remarks to the class known as the Pennsylvania Dutch. I have never made any head measurements among them but I am of the opinion that the round-headed type vastly predominates. The ancestors of these people emigrated from southern Europe, mostly Switzerland, in quite some numbers between the years 1700 and 1775, and settled in Lancaster County, Pa.; from thence they have spread out over the adjoining sections of Pennsylvania, down through the Cumberland valley and into the valley of Virginia, and to-day they form an important element of the population. They are the organizers in America of the religious sect known as the Mennonites.

“The early settlers of Germantown who were Mennonites, were of Palatine stock. Of this there can be no doubt. Later immigration to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, which constituted the bulk of the Pennsylvania Dutch stock will be found, I think, largely to have come from Switzerland, although not exclusively. Rupp’s _30,000 Names of Immigrants to America_ gives the names, dates and sailings of this Mennonite stock. Your conclusions are correct enough for all practical purposes but it seemed to me that the immigrants from Switzerland and from the Palatinate might be distinguished.”

Doctor C. P. Noble, of Radnor, Pa., writes concerning the Pennsylvania Dutch: “I have seen much of them as patients and as I have observed them they have the medium stature and stocky build of the Alpines, also they have, usually, broad, round faces which are associated with brachycephaly and certainly they have always exhibited peasant traits. Moreover, it is unusual to find a blond among them.”

Doctor Jordan, of the Pennsylvania Historical Society, furnished Doctor Noble with some data concerning them. That there were some Alpine elements among them will appear from what follows. Doctor Jordan agreed that the present day Pennsylvania Germans are almost exclusively brunet, with stocky bodies of moderate height. Existing portraits of various leaders among them when they arrived in Pennsylvania showed the same types. Furthermore, Doctor Jordan’s extensive reading of early documents relating to them tends to confirm the belief that the present day descendants represent the original types. Tall blonds are very rare among them.

Doctor Noble knows some individuals with Nordic traits, but these were acquired by intermarriage with Anglo-Saxons. Most of these groups came from southern Germany, from Silesia on the east to the Palatinate on the west.

The following are Doctor Jordan’s notes:

Moravians. They were located in Pennsylvania, at first in Bethlehem and later in Nazareth. The land in Nazareth was purchased of Whitfield, the predestinarian Methodist.

The Moravian immigration was carefully supervised. The church either owned or chartered the vessels which brought over the immigrants. Frequently it was definitely arranged as to how many artisans of each trade should come over so that they would prosper on arrival.

The Moravian immigration was small—about 500 up to 1750. Until about 1840 the Moravian settlements were closed towns—no non-Moravians could buy property.

Not one quarter of the present Moravians are descendants of the early settlers. The rest are converts or descendants of converts. A connection exists between the Moravians, Huss and his Protestant followers, and the Waldenses. A short résumé of this will be found in the _Encyclopædia Britannica_—under Huss and Moravians—from the world standpoint.

Moravians migrated from Bohemia to Saxony and were protected by Count Zinzendorf—a liberal Lutheran—and lived on his estates. He assisted in their migration to Pennsylvania. Some went to Georgia and later to Pennsylvania.

Schwenkfelders. These were the followers of Kaspar Schwenkenfeld (1490–1561). See the _Encyclopædia Britannica_ for a short account. They formed a sect in Silesia which has persisted. In 1720 a commission of Jesuits was sent to convert them by force. Most of them fled into Saxony and were protected by Count Zinzendorf. From thence they migrated to Holland, England and Pennsylvania. Frederick the Great, when he seized Silesia, protected those remaining there.

Ursinus College, Collegeville, is Schwenkfelder. The sect is not large and was located in or around Montgomery County. Their migration to Saxony and also to Pennsylvania antedated that of the Moravians. Generally speaking, they have been much more aggressive and vigorous than the Moravians.

The Dunkards, Mennonites, Amish, and Seventh Day Baptists (Wissahickon and Ephrata, Pennsylvania), came from south Germany and the Palatinate.

The Harmony Society, small in numbers, the Lutherans and German Reformed, came largely from south Germany and the Palatinate, but also from other parts of Germany. The Lutherans and the Reformed were the large sects in Pennsylvania.

Germans from the Hudson valley migrated to Berks County around Reading. The Swedes in New Jersey were almost exclusively below Philadelphia—from Gloucester down the Delaware River. Before the Revolution there were about 30,000 Germans in Pennsylvania, out of a total estimated population of 100,000 to 120,000.

84 : 16. Scotch-Irish. See _The Scotch-Irish in America_, by Henry Jones Ford; and also Sir George Trevelyan on the Irish Protestants in chap. XI, vol. II, of _George III and Charles Fox_.

87 : 24. In this connection it is interesting to note that an early Egyptian king said almost the same concerning the negroes of his time. The quotation is taken from Hall’s _Ancient History of the Near East_, pp. 161–162, and is a translation of a portion of the manifesto of Senusert III, of the XIIth dynasty, which he caused to be set up at the time of the Nubian wars: “Vigor is valiant, but cowardice is vile. He is a coward who is vanquished on his own frontier, since the negro will fall prostrate at a word; answer him, and he retreats; if one is vigorous, he turns his back, retiring even when on the way to attack. Behold, these people have nothing terrible about them; they are feeble and insignificant; they have buttocks for hearts. I have seen it, even I, the majesty; it is no lie....”

88 : 9. Barrett Wendell, _A Literary History of America_, chap. III.

88 : 28. The belief in the approximation of the Anglo-Saxon in America to the Amerindian is widespread, but is entirely without justification, scientific or otherwise.

89 : 1. Hall, _Immigration Restriction and World Eugenics_, and especially his _Immigration_, pp. 107–112.

91 : 1. Hall, 2.

94 : 1. Beddoe, 5, p. 416. For similar conclusions see DeLapouge, _passim_; G. Retzius, 3; and Roese, _Beiträge zur Europäischen Rassenkunde_. Fleure and James, pp. 125 and 151–152 make similar observations.

_PART II_ EUROPEAN RACES IN HISTORY

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