CHAPTER VI

. THE NORDIC RACE

167 : 1 _seq._ _Cf._ Peake, 2, p. 162, and numerous other authorities. Peake’s summary is brief, clear and up to date.

167 : 13 _seq._ R. G. Latham was the first to propound the theory of the European origin of the Indo-Europeans. He says that there is “a tacit assumption that as the east is the probable quarter in which either the human species or the greater part of our civilization originated, everything came from it. But surely in this there is a confusion between the primary diffusion of mankind over the world at large and those secondary movements by which, according to even the ordinary hypothesis, the Lithuanians, etc., came from Asia into Europe.”

167 : 17. See _The So-Called North European Race of Mankind_, by G. Retzius. Linnæus and DeLapouge were the first to use this term, _homo Europæus_. See Ripley, pp. 103 and 121.

168 : 13. See the notes to pp. 31 : 16 and 224 : 19.

168 : 19 _seq._ Ripley, chap. IX, p. 205, based on Arbo, Hultkranz and others. G. Retzius, in the article mentioned above, pp. 303–306, and also _Crania Suecica_; L. Wilser; K. Penka; O. Schrader, 2 and 3; Feist, 5; Mathæus Much; Hirt, 1; and Peake, 2, pp. 162–163, are other authorities. There are many more.

169 : 1 _seq._ G. Retzius, 3, p. 303. See also 1, for the racial homogeneity of Sweden.

169 : 9. Osborn, 1, pp. 457–458, and authorities given.

169 : 14. Gerard de Geer, _A Geochronology of the Last 12,000 Years_.

169 : 20 _seq._ See the note to p. 117 : 18.

170 : 3 _seq._ Cuno, _Forschungen im Gebiete der alten Völkerkunde_; Pösche, _Der Arier_.

170 : 10 _seq._ Peake, 2; Woodruff, 1, 2; and Myres, 1, p. 15. See also the notes to pp. 168 : 19 and Chap. IX of this book.

170 : 21. See the notes to pp. 213 _seq._

170 : 29–171 : 12. See Osborn’s map, 1, p. 189.

171 : 12. _Cf._ Ellsworth Huntington, _The Pulse of Asia_.

171 : 25. Peake, 2, and Montelius, _Sweden in Heathen Times_, and most of the authors already given on the subject of the Nordics.

172 : 1–25. Ripley, pp. 346–348, and pp. 352 _seq._, together with the authorities quoted. Also Feist, 5, and Zaborowski, 1, pp. 274–278. Marco Polo, about 1298, in chap. XLVI, of his travels, says that the Russian men were extremely well favored, tall and with fair complexions. The women were also fair and of a good size, with light hair which they were accustomed to wear long.

173 : 9. See Bury, _History of Greece_, pp. 111–112, and the notes to Chap. XIV of this hook.

173 : 11. Saka or Sacæ. See the notes to p. 259 : 21.

173 : 11. Cimmerians. For an interesting summary see Zaborowski, 1, pp. 137–138. For a lengthy discussion of them and of their migrations, and of their possible affiliations with the Cimbri, see Ridgeway, 1, pp. 387–397. According to the best Assyriologists the Cimmerians are the same people who, known as the Gimiri or Gimirrai, according to cuneiform inscriptions, were in Armenia in the eighth century B. C. See Hall, _Ancient History of the Near East_, p. 495. Bury, _History of Greece_, also touches on their raids in Asia Minor. Minns, p. 115, believes them to have been Scythians. G. Dottin, p. 23 and elsewhere, speaking of the Cimmerians and Cimbri, says: “The latter are without doubt Germans, therefore the Cimmerians who are the same people are not ancestors of the Celts.” The Cimmerians were first spoken of by Homer (Odyssey, XI, 12–19) who describes them as living in perpetual darkness in the far North. Herodotus (IV, 11–13) in his account of Scythia, regards them as the early inhabitants of south Russia, after whom the Bosphorus Cimmerius and other places were named, and who were driven by the Scyths along the Caucasus into Asia Minor, where they maintained themselves for a century. The Cimmerii are often mentioned in connection with the Thracian Treres who made their raids across the Hellespont, and possibly some of them took this route, having been cut off by the Scyths as the Alani were by the Huns. Certain it is that in the middle of the seventh century B. C., Asia Minor was ravaged by northern nomads (Herodotus, IV, 12), one body of whom is called in Assyrian sources Gimirrai and is represented as coming through the Caucasus. They were Aryan-speaking, to judge by the few proper names preserved. To the north of the Euxine their main body was merged finally with the Scyths. Later writers have often confused them with the Cimbri of Jutland. There is no relation between the Cimbri and the Cymbry or Cymry, a word derived from the Welsh Combrox and used by them to denote their own people. See note to p. 174 : 26

173 : 14. Medes. See the notes to p. 254 : 13.

173 : 14. Achæans and Phrygians. See Peake, 2, who dates them at 2000 B. C. Bury says, pp. 5 and 44 _seq._: “after the middle of the second millennium B. C., but there were previous and long-forgotten invasions.” Consult also Ridgeway, 1, and the notes to pp. 158–161 and 225 : 11 of this book.

173 : 16. See the note to p. 157 : 10.

173 : 18. The Nordics cross the Rhine into Gaul. Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 11–12, gives the seventh century B. C. as the date when tall fair Celts first crossed the Rhine westward, “but it is unlikely that they were homogeneous.... Physically they resembled the tall fair Germans whom Cæsar and Tacitus describe, but they differed from them in character and customs as well as in speech.” See also p. 336, at the bottom, where he remarks: “Early in the Hallstatt period a tall dolichocephalic race appeared in the Jura and the Doubs, who may have been the advanced guard of the Celts.” 1000 B. C. for the appearance of the Celts on the Rhine is a very moderate estimate of the date at which these Nordics appear in western Europe, as that would be nearly four centuries after the appearance of the Achæans in Greece and fully two centuries after the appearance of Nordics who spoke Aryan in Italy. The Hallstatt culture (see p. 129) with which the invasion of these Nordics is generally associated had been in full development for four or five centuries before the date here given for the crossing of the Rhine. 700 B. C., given by many authorities, seems to the author too late by several centuries.

173 : 18 _seq._ G. Dottin, _Manuel Celtique_, pp. 453 _seq._, says: “If the Celts originated in Gaul, it is likely that their language would have left in our nomenclature more traces than we find, and above all, that the Celtic denominations would be applied as well to mountains and water courses as to inhabited places.... According to D’Arbois de Jubainville, these names were Ligurian. Thus the Celts would have named only fortresses, and the names properly geographic would be due to the populations which preceded them.... These constituted for the most part the plebs, reduced almost to the state of slavery, which the Celtic aristocracy of Druids and Equites dominated.... On the other hand, if one derives the Celts from central Europe, one explains better both the presence in central Europe of numerous place names, proving the establishment of dwellings of the Celts, and their invasions into southeastern Europe, more difficult to conceive if they had had to traverse the German forests. The migration of a people to a more fertile country is natural enough; the departure of the Celts from a fertile country like Gaul to a less fertile country like Germany would be very unlikely.” And it must be remembered that Tacitus wondered why anyone should want to live in Germany, with its disagreeable climate, trackless forests and endless swamps.

Dottin adds the interesting bit of information, on p. 197, that the Gauls, mixed with the Illyrians (Alpines) were the farmers of old Gaul. The real Gauls were warriors and hunters.

173 : 22. Teutons. Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 546 _seq._

173 : 26 _seq._ Deniker, 2, p. 321; Oman, _England Before the Norman Conquest_, pp. 13 _seq._ For Celts and Teutons consult also G. de Mortillet, _La formation de la nation française_, pp. 114 _seq._

174 : 1. Goidels. Rice Holmes, 1, pp. 229, 409–410, and 2, pp. 319–320, says not earlier than the sixth or seventh centuries B. C., but Montelius and others give 800. G. Dottin, pp. 457–460, and D’Arbois de Jubainville, 4, t. I, pp. 342–343, contend that there is no historical record of it. The date depends upon whether the word κασσίτερος, which designates “tin” in the Iliad, is a Celtic word. See also Oman, 2, pp. 13–14, and Rhys and Jones, _The Welsh People_, pp. 1, 2.

174 : 7. Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 308 _seq._ and 325 _seq._; Dottin, pp. 1 and 2, and his Conclusion. Also numerous other writers, especially D’Arbois de Jubainville, in various volumes of the _Revue Celtique_.

174 : 10. Nordicized Alpines. Dottin, p. 237: “Cæsar tells us that the Plebs of Gaul was in a state bordering on slavery. It did not dare by itself to do anything and was never consulted.” _Cf._ note to p. 173 : 20.

174 : 11 Gauls in the Crimea. Ridgeway, _Early Age of Greece_, p. 387, quotes Strabo (309 and 507) and the long Protogenes inscription from Olbia (_Corp. Inscr. Græc._, II, no. 2058).

174 : 15. Migration of Nordics from Germany. It occurred about the eighth century B. C., according to many authors, among them G. Dottin, pp. 241, 457–458. “Cæsar, Livy, Justinius, summing up Pompeius Trogus, Appian and Plutarch, without doubt following a common source, even think that excess population is the cause of the Gallic migrations. It is one of the reasons to which Cæsar attributes the emigration of the Helvetii. Cisalpine Gaul nourished an immense population.”

174 : 21. Cymry move westward. See Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 319–321; Oman, 2, pp. 13 _seq._ and especially p. 16; Deniker, 2, pp. 320–322; Dottin, pp. 460 _seq._ Both Rhys and Jones, in the _Welsh People_, and G. Dottin, suggest that this movement was only part of one great migration which dispersed the Nordics from a central home. Their appearance in Greece as Galatians at about the same time may be ascribed to this migration. See the notes to p. 158 : 1 _seq._

Oman and many other authorities think the movement occurred some time before 325 B. C.

174 : 21 _seq._ Cymry and Belgæ. The Cymry or Belgæ were “P Celtic” in speech. They first appeared in history about 300 B. C., equipped with a culture of the second iron period called La Tène. The classic authors were apparently uncertain as to whether or not they were Germans (or Teutons), but they appear to have been largely composed of this element, and to have arrived previously from Scandinavia and to have adopted the Celtic tongue. These Belgæ drove out the earlier “Q Celts” or Goidels, and the pressure they exerted caused many of the later migrations of the Goidels or Gauls.

The groups of tribes which in Cæsar’s time occupied the part of France to the north and east of the Seine were known as Belgæ, while the same people who had crossed to the north of the channel were called Brythons. To avoid designating these groups separately the author has called all these tribes Cymry, although the term can properly be applied only to the “_P_ Celts” of Wales, who adopted this designation for themselves about the sixth century A. D., according to Rhys and Jones, p. 26, where we read: “The singular is Cymro, the plural Cymry. The word Cymro, is derived from the earlier Cumbrox or Combrox, which is parallel to the Gaulish Allobrox (plural Allobroges) a name applied by the Gauls to certain Ligurians whose country they conquered.... As the word is to be traced to Cumbra-land (Cumberland), its use must have extended to the Brythons” (see Rice Holmes, 2, p. 15, where he says the Brythons spread the La Tène culture). “But as the name Cymry seems to have been unknown, not only in Brittany, but also in Cornwall, it may be conjectured that it cannot have acquired anything like national significance for any length of time before the battle of Deorham in the year 577, when the West Saxons permanently severed the Celts west of the Severn from their kinsmen (of Gloucester, Somerset, etc., as now known).

“Thus it is probable that the national significance of the term Cymro may date from the sixth century and is to be regarded as the exponent of the amalgamation of the Goidelic and Brythonic populations under high pressure from without by the Saxons and Angles.” Therefore it is a purely Welsh term, properly speaking. Broca, in the _Mémoires d’anthropologie_, I, 871, p. 395, is responsible for the word as applied to the invaders of Gaul who spoke Celtic. He called them Kimris. See also his remarks in the _Bulletin de la société d’Anthropologie_, XI, 1861, pp. 308–309, and the article by L. Wilser in _L’Anthropologie_, XIV, 1903, pp. 496–497.

175 : 12 _seq._ See the notes to p. 32 : 8; also Rice Holmes, 2, p. 337; Fleure and James, pp. 118 _seq._ Taylor, 1, p. 109, says that there is a superficial resemblance between the Teutons and Celts, but a radical difference in skulls, the Teutonic being more dolichocephalic. Both are tall, large-limbed and fair. The Teuton is distinguished by a pink and white skin, the Celt is more florid and inclined to freckle. The Teuton eye is blue, that of the Celt gray, green, or grayish blue.

175 : 21 _seq._ Rice Holmes, 2, p. 326 _seq._, gives a summary of the descriptions of various classic authors. Salomon Reinach, 2, pp. 80 _seq._, discusses Pausanias’ detailed recital of the event. For the original see Pausanias, X, 22. _Cf._ also the note to p. 158 : 1.

176 : 15–177 : 27. The series of notes which were collected by the author on the wanderings of these Germanic tribes proved so lengthy, and the relationships of the peoples under discussion so intricate, that they grew beyond all reasonable proportions as notes, and carried the subject far afield. Hence it has seemed best to omit them in this connection and to embody them in another work.

Perhaps it will therefore be sufficient to say here that the results of the research have made it clear that all of these tribes were related by blood and by language, and came originally from Scandinavia and the neighborhood of the Baltic Sea. For some unknown reason, such as pressure of population, they began, one after another, a southward movement in the centuries immediately before the Christian Era, which brought them within the knowledge of the Mediterranean world. Their wanderings were very extensive and covered Europe from southern Russia and the Crimea to Spain, and even to Africa. Many of these tribes broke up into smaller groups under distinct names, or united with others to form large confederacies. Not only did some of them clash with each other almost to the point of extermination in their efforts to obtain lands, but in attempting to avoid the Huns came into contact with the Romans, and broke through the frontier of the Empire at various points. From the Romans they gained many of the ideas which were later incorporated by them in the various European nations which they founded. The result of their conquests was to establish a Nordic nobility and upper class in practically every country of Europe,—a condition which has remained to the present day.

177 : 12. Varangians. See the note on the Varangians, to p. 189 : 24.

177 : 18. See Jordanes, _History of the Goths_.

177 : 27. D’Arbois de Jubainville, 2, pp. 92–93; Taylor, _Words and Places_, p. 45; and G. Dottin, _Manuel Celtique_, p. 28. This word came from _Volcæ_, the name of a Celtic tribe of the upper Rhine. Their name, to the neighboring Teutons, came to designate a foreigner. The Volcæ were separated into two branches, the Arecomici, established between the Rhone and the Garonne, and the Tectosages, in the region of the upper Garonne. The term Volcæ has become among the Germans _Walah_, then _Walch_, from which is derived _Welsch_, which designates the people of Romance language, such as the Italians and French. Among the Anglo-Saxons it has become _Wealh_, from which the derivation _Welsh_, which designates the Gauls, and nowadays their former compatriots who migrated to England and settled in Wales.

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