CHAPTER XIV

. THE ARYAN LANGUAGE IN ASIA

253 : 1. See p. 158 and note. Also Peake, 2, p. 165; Breasted, 1, p. 176; Von Luschan, pp. 241–243; Zaborowski, 1, p. 112; DeLapouge, 1, p. 252, says: “Aryans were in India about 1500 B. C.”

253 : 10. See Peake, 2; also pp. 170–171 and 213 of this book.

253 : 13. See the note to p. 225 : 11.

253 : 13–15. Eduard Meyer, _Zur ältesten Geschichte der Iranier_.

253 : 16 _seq._ See the note to p. 239 : 16 seq.

253 : 19. Zaborowski, 1, pp. 137 and 214.

254 : 1. See pp. 173 and 225 of this book.

254 : 3 _seq._ For Sacæ see the note to p. 259 : 21. Cahun, _Histoire de l’Asie_, says on p. 35: “The Sacæ and the Ephtalites and Massagetæ were from the Kiptchak.” See also Zaborowski, 1, pp. 94, 100–101, 215 _seq._

254 : 6. Massagetæ. See the note to p. 259 : 21.

254 : 8. Ephtalites, or White Huns. Cahun, _Histoire de l’Asie_, pp. 43–55: “The Turks destroyed in the first half of the seventh century a powerful nation, the Ephtalites of Soghdiana, north of Persia. They were called Ephtalites, or White Huns or Tie-le-urn Turks.” See also the notes to pp. 119 : 15 and 224 : 3 of this book, and chap. XXVI in Gibbon on the Huns in general.

Procopius, vol. I, says in speaking of the Ephtalite Huns and describing their war with the Persians about 450 A. D.: “The White Huns are of the stock of the Huns in fact as well as in name, living in the territory north of Persia, and are settlers on the land in contrast to the Nomadic Huns who live at a distance.... They are the only ones among the Huns who have white bodies and countenances that are not ugly and they are far more civilized than are the other Huns.” The general impression gained from Procopius is that they were not true Huns. “Massagetæ” is used as another name for Huns by Procopius. He describes them as mounted bowmen. It is clear that in using this name he refers to Huns only.

254 : 13. Medes. The name Medes is variously applied by different authorities; by many the Medes are regarded as a branch of the Persians, one of two kindred tribes of Nordics. The author follows Zaborowski in applying the name to the round skulled population which was conquered by the Persians. See Zaborowski, 1, chaps. V and VI, especially part II and p. 125. Also Herodotus in the references given for Persia. Hall, _Ancient History of the Near East_, p. 459, gives an interesting bit of their story.

254 : 15. Persians. The Persians were a branch of Nordics who invaded the territory of the round skulled Medes, and gradually imposed their language and much of their culture on the subjugated populations. See Herodotus, book I, especially 55, 71, 72, 74, 91, 95, 101, 107, 125, 129, 135, 136; and book VI, 19, where he discusses both Medes and Persians. For modern commentary the author follows Zaborowski, 1, pp. 138–139, 153 _seq._, chap. VI, and also pp. 212–214.

Von Luschan, pp. 233–234, describes the present day Persians, showing that there has been a resurgence of types and that the Nordic elements have been largely absorbed by the original inhabitants. He adds, however, on p. 234, that while he never saw Persians with light hair and blue eyes, he was told that in some noble families fair types were not very rare.

254 : 19. See the note on the Medes, and Zaborowski, p. 156, on the Magi.

254 : 26. Darius. Zaborowski, 1, p. 12. Herodotus, I, 209, says: “Now Hystaspes the son of Arsames was of the race of the Achæmenidæ and his eldest son Darius was at that time twenty years old.” Another name for Hystaspes was Vashtaspa, whose father was Arsames (Arsháma). He traced his descent through four ancestors to Achæmenes (Hakhámamish).

Von Luschan, p. 241, says: “Nothing is known of the Achæmenides who called themselves ‘Aryans of Aryan stock’ and who brought the Aryan language to Persia. About 1500 B. C. or earlier, there seems to have begun a migration of northern men to Asia Minor, Syria, Persia, Egypt and India. Indeed we can now connect even Further India with the Mitanni of central Asia Minor.”

See Zaborowski in regard to the Behistun tablet, etc., although practically any writers on Persia and Mesopotamia discuss this great monument.

255 : 2. Zaborowski, 1, pp. 116–117.

255 : 6. See the note on the Medic language, 255 : 13. Also Zaborowski, 1, pp. 34, 182–184.

255 : 7 _seq._ Zaborowski, 1, pp. 180–184; Feist, 5, p. 423.

255 : 13. Bactria and Zendic. See the notes to pp. 119 : 15 and 257 : 12.

255 : 13. Zendic or the Medic language. See Zaborowski, 1, chap. VI. According to the Census of India, vol. I, pp. 291 _seq._, both Persian and Medic tongues belong to the Aryan stock. They are divided in the following table:

ARYAN | +-------+-----+---------------+--------------+ | | | | Persic | | +---Medic | | | | (The language of Old Persian of the Achæmenides | the Avesta. No (Darius’ insc. at Behistun, c. | transition language 5th century B. C.) | between | | | Medic and its | | | modern derivatives Pehlevi or Parthian | is known.) 3d–7th century +-----+-----+-----+-----+ A. D. | | | | | | | Galchah dialects of the Pamirs | | | | | | | Pashto | | | | Modern Persian. | | | | Omuri | | | | | | Balochi | | | | Kurdish | | Other minor dialects.

Zaborowski, 1, p. 146, positively identifies Medic as agglutinative, in which he agrees with Oppert. See chaps. V and VI, especially part II and p. 125. For early data on the Medes see the Herodotus references given under Persia. Zaborowski says, p. 121, that Medic was spoken until 600 B. C.

255 : 15. Kurdish. Von Luschan, p. 229: “The Kurds speak an Aryan language.... The eastern Kurds are little known.... They speak a different dialect from the western tribes, but both divisions are Aryan.” On the Kurds as a people, see the notes to p. 225 : 20.

255 : 20. Zaborowski, 1, p. 216–217.

255 : 23. Von Luschan, p. 234, and the note to p. 225 : 19 of this book.

255 : 26–256 : 10. See Plutarch’s _Life of Alexander_; _Historia Alexandri Magni de præliis_; Zaborowski, 1, p. 171.

256 : 3. Alexander the Great and the Persians. Plutarch, _Life of Alexander_: “After this he accommodated himself more than ever to the manners of the Asiatics, and at the same time persuaded them to adopt some of the Macedonian fashions, for by a mixture of both he thought a union might be promoted much better than by force, and his authority maintained when he was at a distance. For the same reason he selected 30,000 boys and gave them masters to instruct them in the Grecian literature as well as to train them to arms in the Macedonian manner. As for his marriage with Roxana, it was entirely the effect of love.... Nor was the match unsuitable to the situation of his affairs. The barbarians placed greater confidence in him on account of that alliance.... Hephæstion and Craternus were his two favorites. The former praised the Persian fashions and dressed as he did; the latter adhered to the fashions of his own country. He therefore employed Hephæstion in his transactions with the barbarians and Craternus to signify his pleasure to the Greeks and Macedonians.”

256 : 11 _seq._ Armenians. Ridgeway, 1, p. 396, speaking of language, says: “That the Armenians were an offshoot of the Phrygians as mentioned in Herodotus VII, 73, is proved by the most modern linguistic results, which show that Armenian comes closer to Greek than to the Iranian tongues.” _Cf._ also Hall, _Ancient History of the Near East_, p. 475. This need not imply racial affinity, however. The following notes on Armenian were contributed by Mr. Leon Dominian: “The proof of Aryan affinities in the Hittite language has not yet been established. The great difficulty in establishing the pre-Aryan relation of Armenian is due to the fact that the earliest text dates only from the fifth century A. D.

“The Cimmerians and Scythians, coming from southern Europe by way of the Caucasus (Herodotus, IV, 11, 12), reached Armenia about 720 B. C. (see Garstang, _The Land of the Hittites_, p. 62). The old Vannic language antedating this invasion resembles the Georgian of the Caucasus, according to Sayce (_Jour. Roy. As. Soc._, XIV, p. 410), who has studied the local inscriptions. On p. 409 he infers that the Aryan occupation of Armenia was coeval with the victory of Aryanism in Persia at the end of the sixth century, B. C.

“The fact that Armenia is linguistically related to the western groups of the Indo-European languages and that the Persian element consists of loan words is corroborated by geographical evidence. The Armenian highland culminating in the 17000 foot altitude of Mt. Ararat has acted as a barrier dividing the plateau of Anatolia from that of Iran. Herodotus called the Armenians the ‘beyond’ Phrygians.” See also O. Schrader, Jevons translation, p. 430.

256 : 14 _seq._ Phrygians. See the note to p. 225.

256 : 15. Félix Sartiaux, _Troie, la guerre de Troie_, pp. 5–9.

256 : 16–17. See the note to p. 239 : 2 _seq._

256 : 21 _seq._ See the table of languages to p. 242 : 5.

256 : 27–257 : 7. See pp. 20, 134, 238–239, of this book.

257 : 12. Bactria. See the note to p. 119 : 15.

257 : 16 _seq._ See the notes to pp. 158 and 253. Also Von Luschan, p. 243; Zaborowski, 1, p. 112; and the Indian Census, 1901, vol. I, p. 294.

257 : 19. Punjab. _Panch_—five, _ab_—river, in Hindustani. _Cf._ the Greek _penta_—five.

257 : 22. Dravidians. See pp. 148–149 of this book.

257 : 23. See the note to. p. 259 : 21 and Zaborowski, 1, pp. 113 seq.

257 : 28–258 : 2. See the note to p. 242 : 5. George Turnour’s edition in 1836, of the Mahavamsa, first made it possible to trace Sinhalese history and to prove that about the middle of the sixth century B. C. a band of Aryan-speaking people from India, under Vijaya conquered and settled Ceylon permanently. There are a number of later works on Ceylon, dealing with its archæology, flora, fauna, history, etc.

According to the British Indian Census of 1901 nearly two-thirds of the inhabitants of Assam were Hindus, and the language of Hinduism has become that of the province. The vernacular Assamese is closely related to Bengali. E. A. Gait has written a _History of Assam_ (1906).

258 : 3. See the notes to pp. 158 and 253 of this book.

258 : 8. Zaborowski, 1, pp. 184–185. Compare de Morgan’s dates with those of Zaborowski, the Indian Census and Meillet.

258 : 19. See Meillet, _Introduction á l’étude des langues européens_. On p. 37 he claims that the relation between the two is comparable to that prevailing between High and Low German. Zaborowski, 1, p. 184, says: “The language of the Avesta, the Zend, is a contemporary dialect of the Persian of Darius (_i. e._, of Old Persian), from whence has come the Pehlevi and its very close relative. It even presents the closest affinities with the Sanskrit of the Vedas, from which was derived, in the time of Alexander, classical Sanskrit. This Sanskrit of the Vedas is itself so close to Old Persian that it can be said that one and the other are only two pronunciations of the same tongue.” See also the Indian Census for 1901, vol. I, p. 294.

258 : 25 _seq._ Zaborowski, 1, pp. 213–216; Peake, 2, pp. 165 _seq._ and especially pp. 169 and 172.

259 : 4. Ellsworth Huntington, _The Pulse of Asia_; Peake, 2, p. 170; and Breasted, _passim_.

259 : 9. See pp. 173, 237, 253–254 and 257 of this book.

259 : 16. See the notes to pp. 119 : 13 and 255 : 7.

259 : 21. Sacæ or Saka. The Sacæ or Saka were the blond peoples who carried the Aryan language to India. Strabo, 511, allies them with the Scythians as one of their tribes. Many tribes were called Sacæ, especially by the Hindus, who used the term indiscriminately to designate any northern invaders of India.

One tribe gained the most fertile tract in Armenia which was called Sacasene, after them.

Zaborowski, 1, p. 94, relates the Sacæ with the Scythians, and says: “The Tadjiks are a people composed of suppressed elements where blonds are found in an important minority. These blonds, saving an atavistic survival of more ancient or sporadic characters I can identify. They are the Sacæ.” He continues, in a note, that a great error has been committed on the subject of the Sacæ. “Repeating an assertion of Alfred Maury, whose very sound erudition enjoyed a merited reputation, I myself once repeated that the Sacæ who figures on the rock of Behistun was of the Kirghiz type. This assertion is completely erroneous. I have proved it and can say that the Sacæ and the Scythians were identical.”

Zaborowski, p. 216, also identifies the Sacæ with the Persians. On this whole subject see Herodotus, VII, 64; also Feist, 5.

259 : 21. Massagetæ. Zaborowski, 1, p. 285, says: “The first information of history concerning the peoples of Turkestan refers to the Massagetæ, whose life was exactly the same as that of the Scythians (Herodotus, I, 205–216). They enjoyed a developed industrial civilization while they remained nomads. They were doubtless composed of ethnic elements different from the Scythians, but probably already spoke the Iranian tongue, like them. And since the time of Darius, at least, there were in Turkestan with them and beside them, Sacæ, whom the Greeks have always regarded as Scythians come from Europe.”

Minns, _Scythians and Greeks_, p. 11, says: “The Scyths and the Massagetæ were contemporaneous and different. The Massagetæ are evidently a mixed collection of tribes without an ethnic unity; the variety of their customs and states of culture shows this and Herodotus does not seem to suggest that they are all one people. They are generally reckoned to be Iranian.... The picture drawn of the nomad Massagetæ seems very like that of the Scythians in a rather ruder stage of development.”

Herodotus, I, 215, describes them as follows: “In their dress and mode of living the Massagetæ resemble the Scythians. They fight both on horseback and on foot, neither method is strange to them.... The following are some of their customs,—each man has but one wife, yet all wives are held in common; for this is a custom of the Massagetæ and not of the Scythians, as the Greeks wrongly say. Human life does not come to its natural close with this people; but when a man grows very old, all his kinsfolk collect together and offer him up in sacrifice; offering at the same time some cattle also. After the sacrifice they boil the flesh and feast on it; and those who thus end their days are reckoned the happiest. If a man dies of disease they do not eat him, but bury him in the ground, bewailing his ill fortune that he did not come to be sacrificed. They sow no grain, but live on their herds and on fish, of which there is great plenty in the Araxes. Milk is what they chiefly drink. [_Cf._ the eastern Siberian tribes of the present day.] The only god they worship is the sun, and to him they offer the horse in sacrifice, under the notion of giving to the swiftest of the gods, the swiftest of all mortal creatures.”

D’Arbois de Jubainville, 4, t. I, p. 231 declares they were the same as the Scyths.

Horse sacrifices are said to prevail among the modern Parses. On the whole, the Massagetæ appear to have been largely Nordic.

259 : 24. Kirghizes. See Zaborowski, 1, pp. 216, 290–291.

259 : 25 _seq._ See the note to p. 119 : 15.

260 : 3. Gibbon, chap. LXIV. Also called the battle of Lignitz. Lignitz is the duchy, and Wahlstatt a small village on the battlefield.

260 : 8. See the notes to pp. 224 : 3 and 259 : 21.

260 : 17. Feist, 5, pp. 1, 427–431, says the Tokharian is related to the western rather than to the Iranian-Indian group of languages, and places the Tokhari in northeast Turkestan. (See the note to p. 119 : 13.) On p. 471 he identifies the Yuë-Tchi and Khang with Aryans from Chinese Turkestan, basing himself on Chinese annals, the date being given as 800 B. C. _Cf._ also the notes to p. 224 : 3 of this book.

260 : 21. See DeLapouge, 1, p. 248; Feist, 5, p. 520.

260 : 29–261 : 5. See Feist, above, in the note to 260 : 17.

261 : 6. Traces. See the note to p. 70 : 12.

261 : 17. Deniker, 2, pp. 407 _seq._; G. Elliot Smith, _Ancient Egyptians_, p. 61; Ripley, p. 450.

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INDEX

Aachen, 182.

Accad, 147; language of, 239.

Achæans, 158–161, 173, 189, 223, 225, 243, 253; at Troy, 159; invade Greece, 158–159; language of, 161.

Acheulean period, 104–106, 133.

Achilles, 159.

## Actinic rays, 38, 84.

Adamic theory, 13.

Adriatic, 36, 138.

Ægean, islands of, Hellenes in, 162; Ægean region, Nordics in, 253.

Æolian language, 243.

Æolians, 159.

Afghan hill tribes, physical character of, 261; language, 261; passes, Nordics in, 257, 259.

Afghanistan, 257, 261; Mediterranean race in, 148; physical types of, 257.

Afghans, 148; language of, 148.

Africa, 23, 33, 82; Alpines in, 140, 158; Bronze Age in, 128; cephalic index in, 23; hunting tribes of, 113; Mediterraneans in, 148, 151, 152, 155; megaliths in, 155; Negro population of, 33, 79, 80; no Nordic blood in, 180, 223; Nordic invasion of, 223; North Africa, as part of Europe, 152; Berbers of, 152; under Vandals, 180, 233; _South Africa_, density of native population barrier to white conquest, 79, 80.

Agglutinative languages, 148, 234, 239, 240.

Agriculture, 112, 122–124, 138, 146, 240.

Ainus, physical characters of, 224–225; crossed with Mongols, 225.

Alabama, 99.

Alani, or Alans, 66, 177, 195.

Alaska, 45.

Albania, 30, 36, 164; stature in, 190.

Albanian language, 164; origin of, 243–244; Albanian type, 164.

Albanians, 25; blondness of, 163; in the Balkan peninsula, 153.

Albigensians, 157.

Albinos, 25.

Alcoholism, 55.

Alemanni, 135, 145, 177.

Alexander the Great, 161–162, 256, 259.

Alexandria, 92.

Algeria, 44.

Alphabet, earliest traces of, 115.

Alpine race, 20, 21, 25, 29, 31, 34, 35, 63, 64, 69, 73, 134–147, 167, 226; an agricultural race, 138–139, 146; and Aryan language, 238–241; and Dorians, 160; and High German, 188; and iron, 129; and lake dwellings, 121, 139; and Proto-Slavic language, 143; and Round Barrows, 137; as aristocracy in Rome, 154; Asiatic, and earliest civilizations, 147; bringers of bronze, 127–128; of cereals, 138, 146; of culture, 138, 146; of domesticated animals, 138, 146; of metals, 122, 127, 129, 146–147; of pottery, 146; Celticized, 174; centre of radiation of, 124, 136, 141–143; conquered by Nordics, 129, 145–147; crossed with Mediterraneans, 151; crossed with Nordics, 134, 135, 151, 163; discovery of type of, 130; distribution of, 241; eastern spread of, 136; final invasion of Europe, 127–128; first appearance of, 116; in Europe, 136; habitat of, 43–44; hair of, 34; in Africa (North), 128, 140, 156; Alsace, 140; Armorica, 251; Asia, 144; Austria, 232; Auvergne, 146; Baden, 140; Bavaria, 141; Belgium, 138, 140; Britain, 137–138, 239–240, 247; (present absence of, 137); British Isles, 199, Brittany, 63, 146; Canada, 81; cities, 94; Denmark, 136; Egypt, 128, 140; Europe, 117 (central, 138–139, 141); (eastern, 44); (western, 44); (during the Neolithic, 124); France, 63, 64, 138, 140, 146, 194, 240, 251; Gaul, 240; Germany, 64, 72, 184, 232; Greece, 65; Holland, 136; Italy, 64, 128, 140, 154, 157 (north, 141); Ireland, 128, 137; Lake Dwellings, 121; Lorraine, 140; Neolithic period, 136; Norway, 136, 211; Po valley, 157; Rome, 154; Russia, 136, 142–144; Savoy, 146; Sicily, 140; Spain, 140; Switzerland, 121, 135, 141; Syria, 140; Terramara, 122; Tyrol, 141; Würtemberg, 140; maximum extension of, 136–137; migrations, route of, 116; mixed with Celts, 177; with Nordics, 25, 35–36, 62, 135–136; Nordicized, 130, 141, 147; north of the Black Sea, 136, 144; origin of, 134, 241; original language of, 140, 235; physical characters of, 35–36, 73; racial aptitudes of, 227; reinforced by others, 144; replacing Nordics in Europe, 260; resurgence of in Europe, 131, 146–147, 184, 190–191, 196, 210; retreat of from northwest Europe, 136–138; skull of, 62; speech of, 64; substratum in eastern Germany, 72; underlying population, 136; (in relation to Nordics in central Europe, 141); unimportant in modern culture, 147.

Alps, 42, 123, 129, 174, 187; Alpines in, 124; lake dwellings in, 121; Mediterraneans in, 149, 151; Nordics in, 151.

Alsace, 182; Alpines in, 140.

Amber, 125.

America, 6, 10, 14, 57; change of religion in, 219; genius in, 98; immigrants to, 218; in Colonial times, 46–48, 83–85; Mediterranean element in, 45; Nordic immigration to, 211; Nordics in, 83, 84, 87, 89, 206, 231; Norman type in, 207; race development in, 262–263; replacement of types in, 110; result of immigration to, 11, 12, 72, 86, 89–94, 100, 209, 211; Scandinavian element in, 211.

American aristocracy, 5; characters, 26; colonies, 10; democracy, 6; factories, 11; farming and artisan classes, 11; Indians, 33 (eliminated by smallpox, 55; arrowheads of, 113); mines, 11; Negro, provenience of, 82; Revolution, 6.

Americans, 5, 11, 12, 77, 83, 88–90, 100; birth rate decline of, 46, 91; brunet type of, 45, 150; destruction of in Civil War, 88; future race mixture of, 92–93, 100; in competition with immigrants, 91; individualism of, 12; national consciousness of, 90; Nordic element of, 88; race consciousness among, 86; southerners, 42; typical hair shade of, 26.

Amerindian blood, 61.

Amerinds, 23, 31, 33, 34.

Amorites, 223.

Anak, sons of, 223.

Anaryan languages, 140, 194, 204, 233–236; survivals of in Europe, 234–236, 240; in Russia, 243; in the British Isles, 246.

Anatolia, 21; present population of, 225.

Anatolians, 237.

Andaman Islands, Negroids in, 149.

Angles, 177; in Britain, 206, 248–249; in England, 200; in Scotland, 203; origin of, 200.

Anglian blood of American settlers, 83.

Anglian type, 40.

Anglo-Norman type, 162.

Anglo-Normans of Ireland, 64.

Anglo-Saxons, 63, 67, 80, 154; and genius, 109; in Colonial America, 83.

Animals, domesticated, 112, 117, 122, 123, 138, 146, 240.

Antes, 141.

Anthropoid Apes, 101–102.

Anthropology, 3, 97; in the British Isles, 249.

Apes, 101–102.

Aquitaine, Iberian language of, 194; brunet elements from, 208; and Celtic language, 248.

Aquitanian language, 140.

Arabia, 44, 152.

Arabic language, in Spain, 156.

Arabic race, 147.

Arabs, in Spain, 156.

Aral Sea; _see also_ Caspian-Aral Sea, 171, 254.

Argentine, 78.

Arian faith of the barbarians, 181.

Aristocracy, 5, 10, 140–142, 153–154, 187–189, 191–192, 196–197; Alpine, 154; Austrian, 141; Bavarian, 141; British, 247; French, 140; German, 141; Greek, 153; Italian, 189, 215; military, 78; Persian, 254; Roman, 154; Russian, 142; Spanish, 192, 247; Swabian, 141; a true, 7, 8.

Aristocrats, 188, 191, 192, 197.

Aristotle, 226.

Armenians, 59, 63, 66, 238–239, 256; language of, 238, 256.

Armenoid Alpines, 254.

Armenoids, 20, 134, 238, 254, 257.

Armies, conscript and volunteer, 198.

Armor, 120; of the Romans, 154.

Armorica; _see also_ Brittany; Alpines in, 251; Celts in, 250–251.

Armorican language, 248, 251.

Armoricans, 250.

Arrow, in the Azilian Period, 115; in the Palæolithic Period, 112, 115.

Art, Cro-Magnon, 112; Magdalenian, 114; in the Palæolithic Period, 112; decline of in the Solutrean Period, 114.

Artois, 210.

Arya, 233–241.

Aryan deities, 253.

Aryan language or speech, 20, 61, 67, 130, 155, 161, 233; and Alpines, 238; associated with the Nordics, 234, 241–242; diversity of, 242; first appearance of in Europe, 246; imposed upon the Alpines and Mediterraneans, 242; in Armenia, 239; in Asia, 253–263; in Asia Minor, 238–239; in the Caucasus, 238–239; in Iran, 238–239; introduced into Etruria, 244; into Europe, 155; into Greece, 203; into India, 258; into Media, 254; into Spain, 192; language of the Ossetes, 66; of Hindustan, 67, 70; origin of, 242–252; place of development of, 243; primitive 212; Pre-Aryan, 204, 233, 235, 247; Proto-Aryan, 61, 233, 238, 242–243.

Aryan race, 3, 67, 213.

Asia, 20, 21, 61; Alpines in, 144; area of man’s evolution, 13; Aryan languages in, 253–263; Aryanization of, 255; blondness in, 224; cradle of mankind, 100–101; cradle of the Negro, 33; early civilizations in, 119; ethnic conquest of, 78; (western) Hellenization of, 162; (western) Macedonian dynasties of, 162; Mediterranean languages in, 253; Mediterranean race in, 148–149; Mongols destroy civilization in, 260; Negrito substratum in, 148–149; Nordics in, 214, 224, 253–263.

Asia Minor, 20; Alpines in, 127, 134, 136; Armenians in, 256; bronze weapons in, 127; Cimmerians in, 254; early iron in, 129; Gauls in, 158; Greek colonies in, 160; Hellenized, 220; invaded by Phrygians, 159; Nordics in, 214, 225; Turkish language in, 237.

Asiatic types, Europeanized, 144.

Asiatics, 22.

Assam, dialects of, 258.

Assyria, 147; ancient civilizations of, 153; languages of, 239.

Athenians, instability and versatility of, 229.

Athens, 160, 162.

Atlas Berbers, 25.

Atlas Mountains, 223.

Attica, and genius, 109; Pelasgians in, 160.

Attila, 139, 250.

Augustus, Emperor, 51, 154, 216.

Aurignacian Period, 105, 108, 111, 112, 114, 132.

Australia, Nordic race in, 79.

Australians, 31; opposing the Japanese and Chinese, 79.

Australoids, 33, 107; hairiness of, 224.

Austria, 56, 183; Alpines in, 210, 232; Nordics in, 210; present population of, 231–232; Slavs in, 141.

Austrians, 57, 135.

Auvergne, Alpines in, 146; ancient centre of population, 149.

Avars, 143–145; language of, 236.

Avesta, 255.

Azilian Period (Azilian-Tardenoisian), 99, 105, 115–117, 132, 136; and brachycephalics, 116; and Mediterranean race, 117; bow and arrow in, 113, 115.

Azilians, 113, 138.

Babylonia, 147; ancient civilization of, 153.

Bactra, 119.

Bactria, language of, 255; Mongolization of, 259; Sacæ in, 259.

Baden, Alpines in, 140.

Bahamas, 39, 40; English in, 40.

Balkan Peninsula, Albanians in, 153; Illyrians in, 153; Mediterranean substratum in, 152–153; Nordics in, 189; Slavs in, 143, 153.

Balkan Question, 156–157.

Balkans, 56, 57, 144; Alpines in, 116, 124, 127, 136; immigrants from, 89; language in, 237.

Balkh, 119.

Balochi dialect, 255.

Baltic, coasts, Neolithic occupation of, 122–123; Pre-Neolithic culture of, 117; Provinces, 211, 212; Race, _see_ Nordic race; Russification of, 58; Sea, 20, 37, 117, 122, 124, 151, 168, 169, 171, 173, 174, 180; subspecies, 20; _see also_ Nordic race.

Baluchistan, 148.

Bantus, 80.

Barbadoes, 39.

Bashkirs, 144.

Basques, 140; language of and its affinities, 140, 234; physical characters of, 234–235.

Bas-reliefs, 112.

Batavia, 210.

Batavians, 177.

Bavaria, Alpines in, 116, 141; dolichocephalics in, 116.

Bavarians, 135, 141.

Beaker Maker type, 138, 164.

Bedouins, 100.

Belgæ, 145, 194–195, 200, 269; in Britain, 251; in England, 175; in France, 175; Gaul, 251; Normandy, 251; mixed with Teutons, 248; language of, 251.

Belgians (modern), 195.

Belgium, 56, 64, 195; divided into Walloons and Flemings, 57; Alpines in, 116, 138, 140; Walloons in, 146.

Benin, Bight of, 82.

Berbers, 25, 63, 152, 223; language of, 204, 233; related to the Spaniards and South Italians, 152.

Berserker, 231.

Bessarabia, Rumanian language in, 245.

Birth control, 48–49; increase, 51; privilege of, 6; rate in upper and lower classes, 47–52, 91; unconscious part played by church in, 52.

Black Belt of Mississippi, 76.

Black Breed of Scotland, 107.

Black Sea, 125, 136, 144, 165; Alpines north of, 136.

Blends, 14.

Blond Hair, 24, 25.

Blond type, 24–26, 229, 230; crossed with brunet, 14, 18, 26, 28, 202; origin of, 214.

Blondness, 25, 26; associated with glabrous skin, 32; with red hair, 32; of Ainus, 224; of Albanians and Greeks, 163; of Berbers, 223; of Libyans, 223; of Swiss, 136; of Tamahu, 223; in Asia, 224; in Bosnia, 190; in central Europe in Roman times, 131; in Ireland, 201; in literature as special trait, 229; in Poland, 190; in Russia, 190; in Spain, 192; of Christ, 230.

Blonds, mixed with brunets, 202.

Bohemia, 59, 183; revolt of, 187; loss of population in during Thirty Years’ War, 184.

Bohemian national revival, 58.

Bone-carving, 112.

Borreby type (_see_ Beaker Makers), 164.

Borussian language, 242.

Bosnia, 190.

Boundaries, of Catholics and Protestants, 185; of Nordics and Alpines, 185–186; of Eastern and Western Empires, 179.

Bow and arrow in the Paleolithic Period, 112, 113, 115.

Brachycephalic, as a term, 19; races, first appearance of, 116.

Brachycephaly, 19, 116, 122, 127–128, 136–138, 144, 146, 151, 157, 172; increase of in France, 197; Russian, 136.

Brahmans, 257.

Brandenburg, population of, 72.

Brazil, Negro blood in, 78.

Brenner Pass, 189.

Brennus, 157.

Bretons, 62; Asiatic origin of, 63.

Britain, 128, 131, 194; Alpine invasion of, 239; Angles in, 206, 248–249; Aryan language in, 234; Beaker Makers in, 138; Belgæ in, 248, 251; bronze in, 127; Bronze Age in, 163; Celtic language in, 247; Celts in, 248; Danes in, 249; Goidels in, 174, 248; iron in, 130–131; land connection of, with France, 199; with Ireland, 199; loss of Roman power in, 250; Mediterraneans in, 123, 127, 248; (_see also_ British Isles and England) Neolithic population of, 123; Normans in, 249; Norse in, 249; Paleolithic population of, 123; Proto-Mediterraneans in, 150; race mixture in, 248; racial composition of, 199; Round Barrow Men in, 163; Saxons in, 248–249; Welsh in, 248–249.

British, 29; native British stature, 29.

British Empire, 57.

British Isles (_see also_ Britain and England); Alpines absent in, 63; absence of round skulls in, 63, 137, 138, 247, 249; anthropology of, 249; brunets of, 28, 29, 149, 150; conquered by Saxons, 180; Celtic languages in, 249–250; Iberian substratum in, 249; invaded by Belgæ or Cymry, 199; by Brythons, 199; by Goidels, 199; Mediterraneans in, 149, 198, 266; Nordics in, 188, 199–206, 269, 271; Saxon and Danish parts of, 88; Saxons in, 180; Teutonic languages in, 249; Vikings in, 249.

Brittany, 81, 129, 146, 202, 248; (_see_ Armorica); Alpines in, 146, 267; Armorican language in, 248; Celtic language in, 250–252; Celts in, 250–251; dolmens in, 129; megaliths in, 155; ravaged by the Saxons, 251–252.

Bronze, 132, 155; associated with Alpines, 128, 136; composition and invention of, 126; effect of, 127, 128, 129; fabulous value of, 126; implements, wide diffusion of common types, 128; in Crete, 128; in England, 128, 137; in Ireland, 137; in Italy, 127–128; in megalithic monuments, 129; in north Africa, 128; in Scandinavia, 128; in Sweden, 137; introduction of, 157, 158; on Atlantic coasts, 128; absence of in dolmens, 127.

Bronze Period (Age), 120–122, 126–133, 137, 163, 174, 199, 213, 238, 267; and Beaker Makers, 138; in the South contemporary with the northern neolithic, 129.

Brunet, crossed with blond, 14, 18, 26, 28, 202.

Brunetness, among Greeks, 163; in central Europe, 131; in literature, as a special character, 229; in England and America, 150, 153; in Scotland, 150, 153, 204.

Brünn-Předmost race, 113, 114, 132.

Brutus, 217.

Brythonic elements, in Scotland, 203; (Cymric) invasion, 247; language, 248; in France, 248; in Wales, 205.

Brythons, 203, 247–249, 269; on the continent, 174; in England, 175, 200, 206; in Ireland, 200, 206.

Bukowina, Rumanian language in, 245.

Bulgaria, Mongoloid characters in, 144; Mediterraneans in, 153.

Bulgarian national revival, 58.

Bulgarians and Christianity, 65; domination of in Thrace, 246.

Bulgars, 145.

Burgund, 142.

Burgundians, 70, 72, 145, 177, 194; in Gaul, 180.

Burgundy, 30, 182–183.

Byzantine Army, 189; Empire, 65, 165–166, 179, 181, 189, 221, 237, 246; decline of, 221; Greeks in, 165.

Byzantium, 92, 166.

Cacocracy, 79.

Cæsar, 69, 140, 182, 193–195, 200, 217, 221, 248, 251.

Caithness, 249.

Calabrian, language, 244.

California, 11, 75.

Californians, 79.

Caligula, 217.

Campignian Period, 120, 121; culture of, 132.

Canada, 23; Nordics in, 81; French Canada, 47.

Canadians (French), 11, 47, 58, 81; origin of, 81; Alpine character of, 81; language of, 81; (Irish), 11; Indian, 9, 87.

Cantabrian Alps, 140, 267.

Carpathian Mountains, 124, 136, 141, 142, 143, 244–245.

Carthage, 126, 165, 180; ancient civilization of, 153.

Carthaginians, 228.

Caspian Sea (_see also_ Caspian-Aral Sea), 171, 257.

Caspian-Aral Sea, 170, 214, 225, 254, 258.

Cassiterides, 127.

Cassius, 217.

Castes, 70.

Castilian language, 156, 244.

Catalan language, 156, 244.

Catholic boundaries in Europe, 185.

Catholic colonies, the half-breed in, 85.

Caucasian race, 3, 32, 34, 65, 66, 67; hair of, 34; in the United States, 65; origin of the name, 66.

Caucasus, 66, 144, 225, 238–239, 253; Cimmerian raids in, 254; Nordics in, 214, 258.

Caucasus Mountains, 66, 214, 257.

Cavalier type, 185.

Caverns of France and Spain, 112, 132.

Celtiberians, 192; language of, 234.

Celtic dialects, 62, 130.

Celtic languages, 62; antedating Anglo-Saxons in England, and Romans in France, 63; in Spain, 155, 234; Celtic and High German, 189; Celtic in France, 194, 248; Celtic language of the Nordics, 194; first crosses the Rhine westward, 246; introduced into Britain, 247–250; in Brittany, 250–251; in Gaul, 250; descendants of, 250; remnants of, 155–156.

Celtic Nordics, 139.

Celtic race, 3, 62–64.

Celtic-speaking nations, 130, 131, 139, 173–177, 189, 192, 199; physical characters of, 175.

Celtic tribes, 250; in Armorica, 251.

Celto-Scyths, 174.

Celts, 62, 63, 194; in the Rhine valley, 174; in the Danube valley, 174; expulsion of from Germany, 174; physical characters of, 175; mixed with Mediterraneans and Alpines, 177; “Q” and “P,” 247–248.

Central America, 61, 75.

Centum group of Aryan languages, 256.

Cephalic index, 19–24; in England, 137; increase of in France, 197.

Cereals, 138.

Ceylon, 258; Mediterranean race in, 148; Negroids in, 149; Veddahs in, 149.

Châlons, battle of, 250, 272.

Channel coasts, 201; depression of, 199.

Characters, unit, 13 _et seq._

Charlemagne, 182, 187, 191, 195; capital of, 182; coronation of, 182; empire of, 182; language of the court of, 182.

Charles V, 183.

Charles Martel, 181.

Chase, the, 122.

Chellean Period, 104–105, 132; Pre-Chellean, 104–105.

Cherbourg, 201.

China, whites in, 78.

Chinese, 11, 79, 119, 260; in California and Australia, 79; Nordic elements among, 224.

Chinese civilization, 119.

Chinese coolie, 11.

Chinese Turkestan, Wu-Suns in, 260; Tokharian language in, 260.

Chivalry, 228.

Christ, 227; blondness of, 230.

Christianity, 181–183, 221–222.

Chronological table, 132–133.

Chronology, Hebrew, 4.

Church, and birth control, 52; harboring defective strains, 49–50.

Church of Rome and democracy, 85.

Cimbri, 177.

Cimmerians, 173, 189, 214, 225, 253, 258, 269.

Cinque cento, 215.

Circassians, 237.

Cisalpine Gaul, 157.

Cities, consumers of men, 209; Alpines in, 94; Mediterraneans in, 94, 209; Nordics in, 94, 209.

Civil War, 16, 42–43, 81, 86, 88, 218.

Civilization, foundation of European, 164, 165; and race mixture, 161; of Nordics and Mediterraneans, 214–216.

Climate and arboreal man, 101.

Climatic conditions, 38–42, 215.

Cnossos, 165.

Colonial American families, 46–48, 51, 83–85.

Colonial population, of America, 48, 83, 84.

Colonial Wars, causes of, 85.

Colonies, American, Nordic blood in, 84; Catholic, in New France and New Spain, 85.

Colonization, 93.

Columbaria, 220.

Competition of races, 46–55.

Conquistadores, 73, 193.

Conscript Armies, 197–198.

Constantine, 166.

Constantinople, 166 (_see_ Byzantium).

Consumption, 55.

Continuity of physical characters, 262.

Copper, 125, 132; in Egypt, 125; first appearance of in Europe, 122; implements, 121; mines, 125.

Cornish language, 248.

Cornwales, 178.

Cornwall, 178; racial types in, 206; Phœnicians in, 127.

Cotentin, 201.

“Crackers,” 39.

Cretans, 228.

Crete, 99, 165; ancient civilization of, 153; bronze in, 128; Hellenes in, 162; Minoan culture of, 99, 164; Pre-Aryan language, remnants in, 233.

Crimea, 176; Gauls in, 174.

Croats, 143.

Cro-Magnon, race, 105–107, 108–115, 132; and art, 112, 114; and Esquimaux, 112; cranial capacity of, 109; culture of, 111–113; direction of entrance of, into Europe, 111; disappearance of, 110–111, 115; disharmonic features of, 110; distribution of, 111; first appearance of, 108, 111; genius of, 109; in France, 265; origin of, 111; race characters of, 108–109; remnants of, 15, 110; skull of, 15, 110; weapons of, 112, 113.

Crossing, brunets and blonds, 14, 18, 26, 28, 202.

Crucifixion, in art, 230.

Crusades, 182, 191.

Cuba, 76.

Culture, European, derivation of, 164.

Cumberland Mountains, 39.

Cymric invasions, 174; (Brythonic), 247.

Cymric language, 248; Anaryan syntax of, 204; in Britain, 248; in central Europe, 248; in Normandy, 251; in Wales, 205.

Cymry, 145, 174, 205–206, 247, 269, 271; and La Tène, 131; in Britain, 175, 200; in France, 175, 251.

Cyprus, mines of, 125; Mycenæan culture of, 164.

Cyrus, 254.

Czechs, 143.

Da Vinci, Leonardo, 215.

Dacia, 245.

Dacian Plain, 176, 244–245; occupation of, 143.

Dalmatian Alps, 30; coast, 138.

Danes, 69, 145, 177, 196, 206, 211; along the Atlantic coasts, 180; in Britain, 249; invasion of, 201; Nordic, 64; of Ireland, 63–64, 201; of Schleswig, Germanization of, 58–59.

Danish barbarians, identified with Normans, 252; Danish blood of American settlers, 83; Danish Peninsula, 200.

Dante, 215.

Danube, 244–245; Alpines, in valley of, 116, 127, 136, 167; lake dwellings of, 121, 122; Nordics in, 174; routes of, 125.

Dardanelles, 256.

Darius, 254–255; Nordic type, 258.

Dark Ages, 99.

Dart, barbed, 112; poisoned, 113.

David, fairness of, 223; mother of, 223–224.

Dawn Man, 105.

Dawn stones, 102–103.

DeGeer, Baron, 169.

Delphi, Galatians at, 158.

Democracy, 5, 8, 10, 12, 78, 79; and socialism, 79.

Democratic forms of government, 5.

Denmark, Alpines in, 136, 211; kitchen middens of, 123; Maglemose culture in, 117, 123, 169; Teutons from, 174.

Dinaric race, or type, 138, 163–164, 190.

Diogenes, 227.

Diseases, 54, 55.

Disharmonic combinations of physical characters, 14, 28, 35, 110.

Dnieper river, 143.

Dog, the, domesticated, 117, 123; Paleolithic, 112.

Dolichocephalic, as a term, 19; Dolichocephalics, earliest races in Europe, 116.

Dolichocephaly, 24, 107, 108, 114, 116, 122, 136, 148–149, 151, 172.

Dolichocephs and megaliths, 129.

Dolmens, of Brittany, absence of bronze in, 129.

Domesticated animals, 117, 122–123, 138.

Dominion of Canada, 81.

Dordogne, stature in, 198.

Dorian dialects, 164, 243; invasion of Greece, 99, 159–160.

Dorians, 159–160, 164, 189, 269.

Dravidians, 148, 257; mixed with Mediterraneans, 150.

Dutch, 61; in the East Indies, 78; in New York, 80, 84; in South Africa, 80.

East Indies, whites in, 78; Dutch in, 78.

Eastern Empire of Rome, 165–166, 176, 179, 221.

Ecclesiastics among Normans, brachycephalic, 208.

Egypt, Alpines in, 128, 140; ancient civilization of, 119, 153, 164; bronze weapons in, 127; copper in, 125; culture synchronous with the northern Neolithic, 125; (lower) earliest fixed date of, 125; fellaheen of, 15; freedmen of, 16; Hellenized, 220; invaded by Libyans, 223; iron in, 129; Macedonian dynasties of, 162; Mediterranean race in, 148; monuments in, 155; national revival of, 58; Nordics in, 223.

Egyptians, 15, 63; ancient, 152; language of, 233.

Elam, 147.

Elimination of the weak and unfit, 49–54.

Eneolithic Period, 121, 128, 132.

Energy of the Nordics, 215.

England, 10, 21, 26, 56, 62, 185–186; Alpines in, 137; Angles in, 200; blond elements in, 63; bronze introduced into, 128; Brythons in, 175; cephalic index in, 137, 138; conquered by the Danes, 69, 201; by the Normans, 69, 206–207; by the Norsemen, 69; by the Saxons, 69; blonds mixed with brunets in, 202; deterioration of, 209; economic change in, 43, 209; ethnic elements in, 201–210; Goidelic elements in, 201; Goidelic speech in, 200; Iberian substratum in, 201; iron in, 129–131; land connection of with Ireland and France, 128, 199; loss of Nordics in, 168, 191; Mediterranean race in, 26, 83, 150, 153, 155, 203, 208–210; megaliths in, 155; nobility in, 191; Nordic race in, 26, 188, 199–210; decline of Nordic element in, 190, 191, 208–210; Norman type in, 206–208, 252; physical types in, 249; Post-Roman invaders of, 73; race elements in, 64, 249; Round Barrow men of, 137–138; Saxon invasion of, 200–201; Saxon speech of, 69; severed from France and Ireland, 128; stone weapons in, 120–121; in world war, 191, 198.

English, the, 61, 67; brunet, 149–150; borderers, 40; characters, 26, 29, 64; in the Bahamas, 40; in New York, 80; in South Africa, 80; modern, 67; Norman type among, 207; Round Barrow survivals among, 164; typical hair shade of, 26.

English Channel, 199.

English language, 61; a world language, 80, 204.

English race related to the Frisians, 73.

Environment, 4, 16, 19, 28, 38–39, 98–99; effects of, 262.

_Eoanthropus_, 105–106.

Eolithic culture, 103; man, 97–103; Period, 102–103, 105, 132.

Eoliths, 102–103.

Ephtalites, 254.

Epirus, 164.

Erse language, 247.

Esquimaux, and Cro-Magnons, 110, 112, 225.

Esthonians, 234; language of, 234, 236, 243; immigration of, 236.

Esths, 236, 243.

Eternal City, 153.

Ethiopia, 151.

Ethiopian Negro, 24, 151.

Etruria, 153, 165; ancient civilization of, 153; struggles of with the Latins, 154; empire of, 165.

Etruscans, 154, 157, 244; language of, 234, 244; empire of, 157; power of destroyed, 157; learn Aryan, 244.

Eugenics, ideal in, 48.

Eurasia, 100, 202.

Europe, 20, 21, 24, 27, 30, 44, 56, 60, 62, 63, 68; abandoned to invaders, 179; Alpines in, 117; Anaryan survivals in, 234–235; brain capacity of, 53; Cro-Magnons in, 108, 115; dolichocephalic, 116; early man in, 102; glaciation in, 101–102; not the home of the Alpines, 43; nor of the Slavs, 65; German types in, 73; iron in, 129–131; (mediæval), 10, 52, 59; megaliths in, 155; Mongols in, 65; Nordic aristocracy in, 188; _see also_ Aristocracy; Nordics in, 188; peninsula of Asia or Eurasia, 100; Pre-Aryan speech in, 235; Teutonic, 179–187; Turkish language in, 237; (western) introduction of Aryan speech into, 234.

Europe (Paleolithic), 23.

European culture, derivation of, 164.

European man, 25,000 years ago, 109.

European races, 18–21, 24, 28–30, 32, 33, 35, 60, 66, 131; natural habitat of, 37; physical characters of, 21, 31, 34; present distribution of, 272–273.

European wars and Nordics, 73, 74; causes of, 56.

Europeans, in Brazil, 78; modern, cranial capacity of, 109.

Euskarian language; _see also_ Basque, 140, 235.

Euskarians (Basques), 234.

Eye color, 13, 24, 25, 35, 135, 168, 175.

Farms, immigrants on, 209; nurseries of nations, 209.

Fellaheen, 152.

Fen districts, Mediterraneans in, 153.

Ferdinand of Hapsburg, 187.

Fertility and infertility of races, 22.

Feudalism, 228.

Finland, 59, 236; Alpines in, 211; colonized by Sweden, 211; conquered by the Varangians, 177.

Finlanders, language of, 234, 236, 243.

Finnic dialects, 234.

Finns, 58, 243; round skulled, invasion of, 236.

Firbolgs, 108, 203.

Flanders, 182; Nordics in, 188, 210, 231.

Flemings, 57, 61, 195, 210; language of, 195; descended from the Franks, 210.

Flints, chipped, 102–104, 113, 119–121; polished, 119–120.

Foot, as a race character, 31.

Forests, 124.

Forty-Niners, 75.

France, 23, 56, 60, 63; and the church, 181; and the Huguenots, 53; Alpines in, 138, 140, 142, 194; Aryan language in, 234; Athenian versatility of, 161; Basques in, 140; Bronze Age in, 129, 131; Brythonic language in, 248; caverns in, 112; Celtic language in, 194, 248–251; connection of by land with Britain, 199; cephalic index in, 197; conquered by Gauls, 173; Cro-Magnon race in, 110; Cymry or Belgæ in, 175, 251; decline of international power in, 197; first Alpines in, 116; Hallstatt relics in, 131; in Cæsar’s time, 194–195; invasion of by Gauls, 199; loss through war, 197; Mediterraneans in, 149, 156, 194; megaliths in, 129; mercenaries in, 135; Nordic aristocracy in, 140; Nordics in, 188, 231; Normans in, 201; Paleolithic, remnants in, 110; racial composition of, 194; religious wars of, 185, 196; Saxons in, 201; severed from England, 128; stature in, 198; Tardenoisian Period of, 115; variation of physical characters in, 23.

Francis I, 183.

Franco-Prussian War, 198.

Frankish aristocracy, 196; dynasties, 195; kingdom, 196.

Franks, 67, 70, 145, 177, 181, 251; founders of France, 195; in Belgium, 195; in Gaul, 206; conquer the Lombards, 181; conversion of, 181; control western Christendom, 181; defeat the Moslems, 181; kingdom of, 180–196.

French, 67; stature of, 197–198; conscripts, 198; language, 244; Revolution, 6.

French Canadians, 11, 58.

Frisia, 73.

Frisian coast, 210; dialect (Taal), South Africa, 80.

Frisians, 177; Nordic character of, 73.

Friulian language, 244.

Frontiersmen of America, 45, 74–75, 85.

Furfooz-Grenelle race, 116, 132, 136, 138.

“Furor Normanorum,” 130.

Gaelic, 247, 249.

Galatia, 158, 225.

Galatians, 158; physical character of, 175.

Galicia, 245; Nordics in, 156.

Gallicia, Slavs in, 143.

Gaul, 60, 131; Cisalpine Gaul, 157; Roman Gaul, 69; Alpines in, 124, 240; Belgæ in, 251; Burgundians in, 180; Celtic speech in, 250; conquered by the Goths and Franks, 251; Franks in, 206; Goidels in, 248; languages in, 69–70; Latinized, 194; Latin speech in, 251; Mediterraneans in, 123; Nordics in, 193–194; Nordics or Celts cross into, 173, 194; Teutonic speech in, 251; Visigoths in, 180.

Gauls, 68, 131, 145, 156, 189, 194; ancient, 229; conquer France, 174; enter Spain, 174, 192; in Asia Minor, 158; in the Crimea, 174; in France, 199; in Galatia, 225; in Greece, 158; in Italy, 157, 174, 225; in south Russia, 174; in Thrace, 225; mixed with Alpines, 247; mixed with Mediterraneans, 192, 247; physical characters of, 175; as a ruling class, 247.

Genius and leaders, 98; and education or environment versus race, 98; in Greece, 109; in various states, 99; genius producing type and rate of increase, 51, 99.

Georgia, 39, 99.

Georgians, 237.

Gepidæ, 177.

German, Emperor, 182–183; Empire, 184; immigrants to America, 84, 86, 87, 184; in the Civil War, 87; in Brazil, 78; language, 61, 182, 188–189; Revolution, of 1848, 87; type, 73.

Germans, 61, 67; Austrian Germans, 145; defeat Mongols, 260; descendants of Wends, 72; immediate forerunners of, 194; in America, 84; in Brazil, 78; in Civil War, 87; of the Palatinate, 84; Russification of, 58; stature of, 154.

Germany, 65, 72, 200; Alpines in, 64, 72, 73, 124, 135, 141–142, 184–187, 189, 232; Celts in, 173–174, 248; change of race in, 141–142, 184–185; Christian overlordship of, 183; early Nordics in, 124, 131; gentry of, 185, 198; Goidels in, 247–248; imperial idea in, 187; loss of population of during Thirty Years’ War, 183; Mediterraneans in, 123; in Middle Ages, 183; modern population of, 186, 231–232; nobility of, 185; Nordics in, 73, 124, 131, 141–142, 170, 174, 184, 187–188, 210, 213, 231; peasantry (Alpine) in, 185; race consciousness of, 57; race mixture in, 135; racial composition of, 72, 73, 184; Slavic substratum in, 72, 131, 141–142; Teutons in, 72, 73, 184–189; Thirty Years’ War, effect of, 183–187, 198; unified, 56–57, 186; Wends in, 236; women of, 228; in world war, 186–187, 231.

Ghalcha, 255, 259.

Ghalchic, 261.

Ghettos, 209.

Gizeh round skulls, 127.

Glacial stages, 101, 105–106, 133.

Glaciation, 100–106, 132.

Goidelic dialects, 200–201, 248; elements in Scotland, 203; language, Anaryan syntax in, 204; in Wales, 205; older in central Europe, 248.

Goidels, 131, 173–174, 194–195, 200, 247, 269, 271; crossed with Mediterraneans, 248–249; invade Britain, 199; late wave of from Ireland to Scotland, 250; a ruling class, 247.

Gold, 125.

Gothic language in Spain, 156.

Goths, 66, 73, 142, 145, 176–177, 180–181, 189, 192, 206, 211, 251, 270; early home of, 176; in Italy, 157.

Græculus, 163.

Greece, 59; ancient, absence of Dinaric type in, 164; ancient civilization of, 153; classic period of, 99, 160–161; conquered by Achæans, 158; culture of, contrasted with that of the Persians, 255; dark period of, 99; Dorian invasion of 99, 159; Homeric, 163–164; Homeric-Mycenæan culture of, 99; Mediterranean substratum in, 152; modern, 161–164; Hellenes in, 162; Mycenæan culture of, 164; Nordics in, 159–160, 173, 214; Pelasgians in, 158; race mixture in, 161; war of with Persia, 255.

Greek language, 179; origin of, 243.

Greek states, 162.

Greeks, in Asia Minor, 160. ancient, cranial capacity of, 109; brunets among, 159, 163; blonds among, 159, 163; genius of, 109; language of, 158; Mediterraneans, 153, 158 classic, 161, 256; blondness of, 159, 163; brunets among, 160–161; character of, 154, 160; language of, 161; Nordic type of, 162; physical character of, 163; race mixture among, 160–161 modern, 68; Alpines among, 65; language of, 163; physical character of, 162–163.

Greenland, 211.

Gregory, Pope, 230.

Grenelle race, 116, 132, 136, 138, 267.

Gulf States, Negroes in, 76.

Günz glaciation, 101, 132.

Günz-Mindel glaciation, 132.

Gustavus Adolphus, 210.

Hair, of the head, 33; character of, 33–34.

Hair color, 13, 24, 25, 28, 32, 35, 135, 168, 175.

Hairiness, 31, 168; of the Ainus, 224; of the Australoids, 224; of the Scandinavians, 224.

Haiti, 76, 77.

Hallstatt iron culture, 129, 130–132.

Hamitic peoples, 152; speech, 140.

Hannibal, 217.

Hanover, 73.

Hapsburg, House of, 183; Ferdinand of, 187.

Harold, King of England, 120.

Hebrew chronology, 4.

Heidelberg jaw, 102; man, 106, 118, 133.

Hellas, ancient civilization of, 153, 160, 215; conquered by Macedon, 161–162.

Hellenes, 68, 158–163, 215, 243; language of, 233–234.

Hellenic colonies, 165; language, 233–234; states, 165.

Henry VIII, 183.

Henry the Fowler, 142.

Heredity, 4, 13 _et seq._; in relation to environment, 16; unalterable, 16–19.

Heroes, blondness of, 159, 229.

Heruli, 177.

Hidalgo, meaning of the term, 192.

High German, and Teutonized Alpines, 189; and Celtic elements, 189; High German people, 73; High and Low German, 258.

Highlanders, Scottish, 62.

Highlands, Goidelic speech in, 250; language of, 247.

Himalayas, western, 22; Alpines in, 134.

Hindu Kush, 20, 256; Alpines in, 134.

Hindus, 18, 21, 70, 159, 216; Aryan speech of, 67; languages of, 148, 216, 257.

Hindustan, 67, 70, 148–149, 255; Mediterraneans in, 149; Nordic invaders of, 67, 70; physical types of, 257; whites in, 78.

Hittite empire, 256; language, 239.

Hittites, ancestors of the Armenians, 239; and iron, 129.

Hiung-Nu, 224.

Hohenstaufen emperors, 186.

Holland, 26, 73, 182, 210; Alpines in, 136; bronze in, 127; Nordics in, 188, 210.

Hollanders, related to Anglo-Saxons of England, 80.

Holstein, 73.

Holy Roman Empire, 182, 184.

Homer, 159, 189.

Homeric-Mycenæan civilization, 159.

_Homo_, 32, 33, 167; _eoanthropus_, 105–106; _europæus_, 167; _heidelbergensis_, 102, 106, 118; _pithecanthropus_, 101.

Horse, 112.

“House of Refuge,” 115.

Hudson Bay Company, 9.

Huguenots, exterminated in France, 53; in exile, 53; in America, 84.

Humboldt, skull of, 226.

Hungarian nation, 59.

Hungarians, 143; modern, 145.

Hungary, 144; Alpines and Nordics in, 210; early Nordics in, 131; independent, 59; languages in, 236; Saxons in, 201; Slavs in, 131.

Huns, 176.

Hunting, 113, 122.

Hybridism, 14, 17, 18, 60, 188.

Iberian language, 194, 235.

Iberian Peninsula, Aryan language in, 192; Mediterraneans in, 152, 156; states, 60.

Iberian subspecies, 20, 148 (_see_ Mediterranean race); as substratum in British Isles, 249; in England, 201; in Ireland, 201.

Iberian type or race, 148, 202 (_see_ Mediterranean race); resurgence of, in Scotland, 249.

Iberians, 68, 156, 193, 201, 249.

Iceland, 211.

Illyria, stature in, 190.

Illyrian language, 164; origin of, 243.

Illyrians, mixed with Slavs, 153, 190.

Immigrants, 71, 74, 84, 100, 218; Americanization of, 90–91; and American institutions and environment, 90; in America, 11, 12, 84, 86–92, 209, 211, 218; German and Irish, 84, 86, 87; large families among, 47; Norwegian, 211; Scandinavian, 211; skulls of, 17; Teutonic and Nordic types of, 184.

Immigration, and decline of American birth rate, 91; German, in Brazil, 78; Italian, in Brazil, 78; Japanese and Chinese, 79; result of, in the United States, 11, 12, 89–94.

Immigration Commission, Congressional, report of, 17.

Immutability of characters, 15, 18.

Imperial idea, 182; of Germany, 187.

Implements, bronze, 121, 122; copper, 125; flint, 103–104; wide diffusion of, 128.

Incineration, 128.

Increase of native Americans, 88, 89; and immigration, 89.

India, 22, 33, 66, 78, 119, 171, 241, 261; Aryan languages in, 173, 216, 237, 257–261; conquering classes in, 70, 71; Dravidians in, 148; fossil deposits in, 101; Mediterraneans in, 150–151, 261; Negroids in, 149; Nordics in, 257; physical types of, 257; Pre-Dravidians in, 149; prehistoric remains in, 101; race mixture in, 150; Sacæ in, 257–258; Sanskrit introduced into, 216; selection in, 150; whites in, 78.

Indian languages, 173, 216, 237, 257–261.

Indians, 9, 18, 23, 33, 55, 65, 76, 77, 85, 87.

Individualism, 12.

Indo-European race, 3, 66; Indo-Germanic race, 3, 66; Indo-Iranian group of Aryan languages, 261.

Inequality, law of nature, 79.

Inheritance of genius, 15, 18, 98.

Inhumation, 128.

Inquisition, in selection, 53.

Instep, as race character, 31.

Intellect, privilege of, 6.

Interglacial periods, 102, 104, 105, 133.

Invaded countries, effect on language and population in, 70–73.

Ionia, Pelasgians in, 160.

Ionian language, 163–164, 243.

Ionians, 159.

Iran, Alpines in, 134, 261.

Iranian, division of Aryan languages, 255, 259, 261; plateaux, 116, 238.

Ireland, 59; Alpines in, 128; blond elements in, 63, 201; Celtic language in, 247; connection of, by land, with Britain, 199; Danes in, 201; Erse language in, 247; Goidelic element in, 201; Goidelic invasion of, 199, 200; Goidelic speech in, 200; Goidels leave Ireland for Scotland, 250; Iberian substratum in, 201; Mediterraneans in, 203; Nordics in, 201; Paleolithic man in, 202–203; Paleolithic remnants in, 108; religion in, 203; severed from England, 128.

Irish, 29, 58; immigrants, 11, 86, 87; instability and versatility of, 229; intellectual inferiority of, 203; Neanderthal type of, 108; race elements in, 63, 64, 175, 201–203, 229; red hair of, 175; stature of, 29.

Irish Canadians, 11; Irish Catholic immigrants to America, 84, 86, 87; Irish coasts, Norse language on, 249–250; Irish immigrants in the Civil War, 87; Irish language, Pre-Aryan syntax of, 204, 249; Irish national movement, 58, 64; Irish recruits, pigmentation of, 202; Irish type, 202.

Iron, 123, 124, 129, 132; discovery and effect of, 129; fabulous value of, 126; first appearance of, 121; in Asia Minor, 129; in eastern Europe, 129; in Egypt, 129; in western Europe, 130; weapons, 126, 159, 200.

Iroquois, 85.

Islam, 59.

Isle of Man, language of, 247.

Italia Irredenta Movement, 58.

Italians, 68, 91; decline of, 217; descended from slaves, 216; loss in war, 216; (south) immigrants in Brazil, 78; (south) mixture of, 71; related to the Berbers, 152.

Italy, 29, 120; Alpines in, 64, 127, 139–140, 157; and the Huguenots, 53; bronze in, 127; introduction of, from Crete, 128; Eneolithic Period in, 121, 128; Gauls in, 174, 225; Goths in, 157; Lake dwellings in, 139; languages in, 234, 244; Lombards in, 157, 180; Mediterraneans in, 29, 123, 152, 157–158; mercenaries in, 135; Mycenæan culture in, 164; Nordics in, 42, 145, 157, 173, 174, 180, 189, 215, 220–221, 269–271; Ostrogoths in, 180; races in the north, 157, 189; races in the south, 158; Terramara Period in, 122; Teutons in, 176, 180; slaves in, 218; Saxons in, 201; Umbrians and Oscans in, 173; under Austria, 183; unification of, 56, 57.

Ivory carving, 112.

Jamaica, population of, 76.

Japan, Ainus of, 224.

Japanese, 11; in California and Australia, 79.

Java, connection of with mainland, 101; prehistoric remains in, 101.

Jews, 16–18, 82, 91, 227.

Jutes, 177.

Jutland, 200.

Kalmucks, 144.

Kassites, 214, 239; language of, 239; Aryan names among, 253.

Kentish dialect, related to Frisian and Taal, 80.

Kentucky, 39, 40.

Kiptchak, 254.

Kirghizes, 259.

Kitchen Middens, 123.

Kurd, 100.

Kurdish dialect, 255.

Kurgans, Russian, 265.

Lacedæmonian power, 160.

Ladin language, 244.

Lake Dwellers, 121, 123, 139; physical characters of, 139.

Lake Dwellings, 132; bronze in, 127.

Languages, 3, 4, 233–263; and nationality, 56–57; changes in, 249–252; through superposition, 204; in invaded countries, 70; a measure of culture, 240; nationalities founded on, 56, 57; no indication of race, 60–68. _See also under_ various languages.

Languedoc, Mediterraneans in, 156; Nordics in, 180.

Langue d’oïl, 140, 180, 244.

Lapps, language of, 234, 236.

La Tène culture, 131; Period, 130–132, 266.

Latifundia, 218.

“Latin America,” 61.

Latin language, 69; ancestral forms of, 234; derivation of, 244; descendants of, 244; in Gaul, 182, 251; in Normandy, 251; in Spain, 156; limiting Western Roman Empire on the east, 179; Teutons adopt it in Artois and Picardy, 210; Vlachs in Thrace adopt it, 246; Latin nations, 61; race, 3, 61, 76, 154; stock, 61; type, 76.

Latins, struggle of with Etruria, 154.

Leaders and genius, 98.

Legendary characters and physical types, 229–230.

Leonardo da Vinci, 215.

Lettish language, 212, 242.

Levant, Hellenization of, 162, 220.

Libya, 152.

Libyans, blondness of, 223; invade Egypt, 223.

Liguria, Mediterraneans in, 152, 157.

Ligurian language, 140, 234.

Lips, as race character, 31.

Literary characters and physical types, 229–230.

Lithuanian language, 212, 242.

“Litus Saxonicum,” 252.

Livonian language, 236.

Livonians, or Livs, 236.

Lombards, 73, 142, 145, 177, 271; in Italy, 157, 180; overthrow of, by Franks, 181, 191.

Lombardy, 25, 35, 183; Nordics in, 189, 221.

London, 29, 153.

Long skulls in India, 261.

Lorraine, 182; Alpines in, 140.

Low Countries and the Huguenots, 53.

Low German language, 258; and the Nordics, 188–189.

Low German people, 73.

Lower Paleolithic, 104–106, 132.

Loyalists, 6.

Lusitania (Portugal), occupied by the Suevi, 180.

Luxemburg, 183.

Macedon, 161–162.

Macedonian dynasties, 162.

Macedonians, mixed with Asiatics, 161–162.

Magdalenian bow, 112–113; Period, 105, 111, 112, 114, 115, 132; art, 114.

Magi, 254.

Maglemose culture, 117, 123, 132, 169, 265.

Magna Græcia, 158.

Magyar language, 236, 244.

Magyars, 143, 144.

Malay Peninsula, Negroids in, 149.

Male, as indicating the trend of the race, 27.

Man, ancestry of, 104–118; arboreal, 101; ascent of, 97–98; classification of, 32; definition of, 104; earliest skeletal evidence of, in Europe, 101, 102; evolution of, 101; phases of development of, 101–103; place of origin, 100; predisposition to mismate, 22; race, language, and nationality of, 3, 4; three distinct subspecies of, in Europe, 19–22.

Manx language, 247.

Marcomanni, 177.

Maritime architecture, 165, 199.

Marius, 177, 217.

Marriages between contrasted races, 60.

Mas d’Azil, 115, 265.

Massachusetts, genius produced in, 99.

Massagetæ (_see_ Sacæ), 214, 254, 257, 270; physical characters of, 259.

_Massif_ Central, 141.

Medes, 173, 216, 254; Nordics in the Empire of, 254.

Media, 147; language of, 239; introduction of Aryan language into, 254; Nordics in, 173.

Mediæval Europe, 10, 52, 179–188. _See also_ Middle Ages.

Medic language (_see_ Media, also Zendic language), 255.

Mediterranean basin, 89, 111, 123; immigrants from to America, 89.

Mediterranean race, or subspecies, 20, 21, 23, 24, 26, 29, 31, 34, 66, 68, 69, 111, 134, 145, 148–167, 226; and Alpine race, 146, 181; and ancient civilization, 153, 214–215; and Aryan speech, 155, 233, 235, 237–238, 257; and Celtic language, 247–251; and Gauls, 156; and Negroes, 151; and Negritos, 151; and synthetic languages, 237; as sailors, 227–228; classic civilization due to, 153, 165–166; Celticized, 248; crossed with Goidels, 248; description of, 20, 148; distribution of, 148–149, 241; distribution in the Neolithic, 123, 148–149; in the Paleolithic, 147; to-day, 20, 148 _seq._, 152, 167, 273; habitat of, 44, 45; hair of, 20, 26, 31, 34; expansion of, 266; eye color of, 20; forerunners of, 117; handsomest types of, 158; _in_ Afghanistan, 148; Africa, 148, 151–152, 155; Algeria, 44; America, 44, 45; Arabia, 153; Argentine, 78; Asia, 148–150, 257; Azilian Period, 117; Baluchistan, 148; Britain (_see also_ British Isles and England), 123, 149, 247–249; British Isles, 137, 149–153, 177 (Pre-Nordic), 153, 198–199, 247; Bronze Age, 128, 155; Eastern Bulgaria, 145; Canada, 44; Ceylon, 148; cities, 94, 209; north and western Europe, 149, 155; Egypt, 148; England, or the British Isles, 64, 83, 123, 127, 137, 149, 150, 153, 208–210, 249; France, 44, 149, 156, 194, 197; Greece, 158–161; Iberian Peninsula, 152, 156; India, 66, 148, 150, 257, 261; Italy, 122, 127, 157, 158; Languedoc, 156; Liguria, 152, 157; Morocco, 148; Nile Valley, 151; Paleolithic Period, 149; Persia, 66, 148; Po Valley, 157; Provence, 156; Rome, 153–154; Sahara, 151; Scotland, 150, 153, 203–204; Senegambian regions, 151; in Sicily, 158; in South America, 78; in Spain, 149, 151, 155–156, 192; in the Terramara Period, 122; in Wales, 62, 63, 153, 177, 203, 205; increasing in America, 45; language of, 155–158, 233; (in Spain, Italy, and France, 238); knowledge of metallurgy, 146; mental characteristics of, 229; mixed with Celts, 177; with Dravidians, 150; with Gauls, 192; with Negroids, 150, 241; with Nordics, 161; with other ethnic elements, 149–166; never in Scandinavia, 150–151; not in the Alps, 149, 151; not purely European, 155, 241; origin of, 241; original language of, 235; physical characters of, 34, 117, 134, 148; racial aptitudes of, 228–229; rise of, in Europe, 190; route of migration of, 155; resurgence of, 190, 196; in England, 83, 208; skulls of, 20, 24, 117, 134; stature of, 20, 29; underlying the Alpines and Nordics in western Europe, 150; victims of tuberculosis, 45; yielding to the Alpines at the present time, 177; Proto-Mediterraneans, 132, 149, 150.

Mediterranean Sea, 71, 89, 111, 117, 123, 148, 155, 165, 179.

Megalithic monuments, 128–129; distribution of, 155, 265.

Melanesians, 33.

Melting Pot, 16, 263.

Mendelian characters, 13.

Mercenaries, 135, 216.

Mesaticephaly, 19.

Mesopotamia, 147, 239; chronicles of, 253; city-states of, 119; copper in, 125; culture synchronous with the northern Neolithic, 125; earliest fixed date of, 126.

Messapian language, 234.

Messina, Pelasgians in, 160.

Mesvinian river terraces, 133.

Metallurgy, 120, 122, 123, 125–132, 146, 238–240, 267.

Metals, 120–132.

Mexican War, 86.

Mexico, 17, 76; peons of, 9.

Michael Angelo, 215.

Microliths, 113.

Middle Ages, 65, 135, 156, 183, 185, 189, 197, 202, 227; civilization of, 165; elimination of good strains of, 52–53.

Middle Paleolithic Period, 104, 106, 132.

Middle West, settlement of by poor whites, 40.

Migrating types, 10, 208.

Mikklegard, 179.

Mindel glaciation, 133.

Mindel-Riss Interglacial stage, 102, 133.

Minoan culture of Crete, 99, 164; Minoan Empire, 164.

Miocene Period, 101–102.

Miscegenation, 60.

Mississippi, 99; black belt of, 76.

Missouri, 40; river, 40.

Mitanni, 214; Aryan names among, 253; Empire of, 239.

Mixture of races, 18, 34, 60; _see also_ race mixture.

Mohammedan invasion of Europe, 181.

Moldavia, Vlachs in, 246.

Mongolian elements in Europe, 139.

Mongolians, _see_ Mongols.

Mongoloid race, 33, 144, 237; hair of, 34; invasions of Europe by, 65, 259–260, 272.

Mongols, 31, 33, 34, 65, 134, 139, 144, 224, 241, 260; crossed with Ainus, 225; crossed with Esquimaux, 225; in Russia, 65.

Monosyllabic languages, 240.

Moors, in Spain, 156, 181, 192.

Moral, intellectual and physical characters, race differences in, 226 _et seq._

Mordvins, 144.

Morocco, bronze in, 128; Mediterranean race in, 148.

Mosaics, 13.

Moscovy, 212.

Moslems in Europe, 181.

Mound burials, 129.

Mousterian Period, 104, 106–107, 132.

Muscovite expansion in Europe, 65.

Mycenæ, ancient civilization of, 153.

Mycenæan civilization, 159, 161, 164; culture, of Crete, 164; of Greece, 99; of Sardinia, 164.

Myrmidons, 159.

Napoleon, 186.

Napoleonic Wars, 197.

National consciousness of Americans, 90.

National movements, 57, 58; types, absorption of higher by lower, 58, 59.

Nationalities, formed around language and religion, 57, 58.

Nationality, 3, 4; artificial grouping, 56; and language, 56–68.

Navigation, development of, 165, 199.

Neanderthal man, 15, 104–107, 111, 114, 118, 132; habits of, 107; race characters of, 107; remnants or survivals of, 15, 107–108; skull of, 15, 107–108.

Neanderthaloids, 106–107; remnants of, 114.

Negritos, and Mediterraneans, 151; as substratum in southern Asia, 148–149.

Negroes, 16, 18, 23, 24, 31, 33, 34, 40, 65, 76, 80, 88, 152; African, 80; American, provenience of, 82; and genius, 109; and the Mediterranean race, 151–152; and socialism, 87; citizenship of, 218; hair of, 34; _in_ Africa, 23, 24, 33, 79, 80; America, 82; Brazil, 78; Haiti, 76, 77; Mexico, 76; New England, 86; South America, 76, 78; Southern States, 42; United States, 16, 40, 65, 76, 82, 85–87, 99; West Indies, 76; Nordic blood in, 82; rapid multiplication of, 79; replacing whites in the South, 76–78; a servient race, 87, 88; stationary character of their development, 77.

Negroids, 33, 111, 149; crossed with Mediterraneans, 150, 241, 257; hair of, 34; (in India) physical character of, 261.

Neo-Celtic languages, 248.

Neo-Latin, 250.

Neolithic (New Stone Age), 29, 105, 136, 139, 148, 157, 169, 199, 205, 213–214, 248; Beaker Makers in, 138; beginning of, 118–122; duration of, 121; distribution of races during, 123–124; in western Europe, 121; northern Neolithic contemporary with southern Bronze, 129; Pre-Neolithic, 117, 207; Upper or Late Neolithic, 121, 132; and writing, 115.

Neolithic ancestors of the Proto-Mediterraneans, 149; invasion of the Alpines, 138.

Nero, 217.

New England, 11, 38, 41, 55; immigrants in, 11, 72; lack of race consciousness in, 86; Negro in, 86; Nordic in Colonial times, 83; race mixture in, 72; settlers of, 83.

New England type, 83.

New France, Catholic colonies in, 85.

New Spain, Catholic colonies in, 85.

New Stone Age, 119; _see_ Neolithic.

New York, 5, 41, 80; immigrants in, 91, 92.

New Zealand, whites in, 79.

Nile river, 80; Nile valley, Mediterraneans in, 151.

Nobility (French), Oriental and Mediterranean strains in, 197.

Nomads, 10, 209, 258, 259; _see also_ migratory types.

Non-Aryan, 204. _See_ Anaryan.

Nordic aristocracy, 213; _see also_ aristocracy; _in_ Austria, 141; Britain, 247; eastern Germany, 141; France, 140, 196–197; Gaul, 247; Germany, 187; Greece, 153; Italy, 215; Lombardy, 189; Persia, 254; Rome, 154; Russia, 142; Spain, 192, 247; southern Europe, 188; Venice, 189; loss of through war, 191.

Nordic broodland, 141, 213 _et seq._; Nordic conquerors of India, 71, 216; fatherland, 213–222; immigrants to America, 211; invaders of Italy, 215; invasions of Asia, 257–259; nations, 142.

Nordic race, or subspecies, 20, 24, 31, 61, 131, 133, 149, 151, 167–178; adventurers, pioneers and sailors, 74; affected by the actinic rays, 84; allied to the Mediterraneans, 24; depleted by war, 73–74; a European type, 167; in the Great War, 168; habitat of, 37–38; hair of, 34; in Italy, 42; in the subtropics and elsewhere outside of its native habitat, 41–42; location of, in Roman times, 131; mixed with Alpines, 25, 35–36, 135–136; mixed with other types in the United States, 82–94; passing of, 168; physical character of, 20, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 167–168; at the present time, 168; racial aptitudes of, 226–228; red-haired branch of, 32.

Nordic stature, 29.

Nordic substratum in eastern Germany and Poland, 141; in Russia, 172.

Nordic troops of Philip and Alexander, 161.

Nordic type, 40; among native Americans, 88; in California, 75; in Scotland, 249.

Nordic vice, 55.

Nordics, 58, 61, 72, 129; absorption of by conquered nations, 176; and alcoholism, 55; and consumption, 55; and Low German, 188–189; and Aryan languages, 240–242; and Proto-Slavic languages, 143; and specialized features, 92; around the Caspian-Aral Sea, 214; among the Amorites, 223; among the Philistines, 223; as mercenaries, 155, 216; as officers, 142; as raiders, 130; Celtic dialects of, 157, 194; Celtic and Teutonic Nordics, 139; centre of evolution of, 169–171; checked by the Etruscans in their advance southward, 157; carriers of Aryan speech, 234; conquer Alpines, 145, 147; continental, 73; cross the Rhine westward, 173, 194, 240; decline of, 190, 196; (in England) 208–210, (in India) 216, (in Europe and Asia) 260, (in Spain) 192; destroyed by war, 230–231; distribution of, 242; early movements of, 253; energy of, 215; expansion of, 174, 188–212; first, 130–132; first appearance of along the Baltic, 169; first appearance of in Scandinavia, 117; founders of France, England and America, 206; _in_ agriculture, 209; Africa, 223; Afghan passes, 257; the Ægean region, 253; the Alps, 151: Austria, 210; Asia, 214, 224; Asia Minor, 214, 225; the Balkan Peninsula, 189; the British Isles, 188; the Caucasus, 214, 225; south of the Caucasus, 253–254; cities, 94, 209; colonies, 84; England (Britain), 64, 137, 188, 249; France, 188, 231; Flanders, 188, 210, 231; Gaul, 69, 193–194; Germany, 170, 174, 188, 210, 231; Europe, 188; Hindustan, 67; Holland, 188; Galicia, 156; Greece, 158–160, 214; India, 257; Ireland, 201; Italy, 189, 220–221; Lombardy, 221; Persia, 254; Poland, 188; Portugal, 192; the Punjab, 257–258; Rome, 154; Russia, 188, 214, 231; Scandinavia, 188, 210; Scotland, 188; Spain, 156; Styria, 210; Thrace, 214; the Tyrol, 210; invade Greece, 158–160; landed gentry in Wales, 205; later in central Europe, 141; long skulls of, 134; loss of through war, 184, 191–193, 196–197; mixed with Alpines, 134–135, 151, 163; with Mediterraneans, 161, 192; Neolithic location of, 124; outside of Europe, 223–224; owners of fertile lands and valleys, 141; physical characters of, 214; Protestants, 228; reach the Mediterranean Sea through the Alpines, 145, 147; seize the Po valley, 157.

Norman language, spoken by French Canadians, 81.

Norman type, in England and America, 207.

Normandy, 23, 206; conquest of, 196; Belgæ in, 251; change of language in, 251; Cymric language in, 251; Latin speech in, 251; Normans in, 252; Norse pirates in, 70; ravaged by Saxons, 251–252.

Normans, 201, 206–207; characters of in Sicily, 207; ecclesiastics among, 208; in Britain, 249; in England, 252; language of, 252; racial aptitudes of, 207–208; racial mixture among, 208; settle Normandy, 252; transformation of, 252.

Norse, along the Atlantic coasts, 180; Norse blood of American settlers, 83; Norse in Britain, 200, 249; in Ireland, 64; in Scotland, 203; Norsemen, 201; Norse pirates, 70; language of, 250; Norse Vikings, _see_ Vikings.

North Europeans, 67.

North Germans, 61.

North Sea, 20, 73, 166, 168, 171.

Northmen, 145, 196; invasion of, 201; language of, 70.

Norway, 201; Alpines in, 136, 211; bronze in, 127; intellectual anæmia of, 210.

Norwegian immigrants, 211.

Nose form, 13, 30, 31.

Ofnet race, 116.

Oklahoma, 87.

Old Persian, 254–255, 258.

Old Prussian, 212, 242.

Old Sanskrit, 257.

Old Saxon (related to Frisian and Taal), 80.

Old South, 42–43.

Old Stone Age (_see also_ Paleolithic), 120, 123.

Oscan language, 234.

Oscans, 157, 160, 173, 244, 269.

Osmanli Turks, 237.

Ossetes, 66; language of, 66.

Ostrogoths, 176; in Italy, 180.

Ottoman Turks, 166.

Paintings, polychrome, 112.

Palatine Germans, 84.

Paleolithic Period, 23, 38; art of, 112, 114; close of, 117, 149; dates of, 104; man, 104–118, 107–108, 124, 149, 227, 247; in Ireland, 202; remnants of in England, 64; in Wales, 205; races of the Paleolithic Period, 118; Lower Paleolithic Period, 104–106, 133; Middle Paleolithic Period, 104, 106, 133; Upper Paleolithic Period, 100, 105, 108, 111, 113, 132; close of, 115.

Palestine, 223; bronze weapons in, 127; language of, 239.

Pamirs, the, 20, 254, 261; Alpines in, 134; language of, 259.

Pan-Germanic movement, 58.

Pan-Rumanian movement, 58.

Pan-Slavic movement, 58.

Parthian language, 255.

Patagonia, 23.

Patricians in Rome, 11, 217.

Pax Romana, 195.

Peasant, European, 117; _see also under_ Alpines _and_ Racial aptitudes.

Pehlevi language, 255.

Pelasgians, 158–161, 215; at Troy, 159; language of, 158, 233, 243.

Peloponnesus, 160.

Pennsylvania Dutch, 84.

Peons, Mexican, 9.

Pericles, 263.

Persia, 22, 66, 147, 171, 241, 254; Aryan language in, 237; Aryanization of, 225; language of (_see_ Old Persian), 255; Mediterraneans in, 148; physical types in, 257; wars of with Greece, 255.

Persian Empire, organization of, 254.

Persians, 63, 73, 161, 214, 216, 253–256, 269; culture of, 255; date of separation of, from the Sacæ, 258; expansion of, 225; Hellenization of, 256; as Nordics, 255; physical character of, 259.

Pharsalia, 217.

Philip of Macedon, 161.

Philippi, 217.

Philippines, 33; Spanish in, 78; whites in, 78.

Philistines, Nordics among, 223.

Phœnicia, 165; ancient civilization of, 153.

Phœnician language in Spain, 156.

Phœnicians, 228; colonies of, 126; in Spain, 156; voyages of, 126–127.

Phrygians, 173, 225, 253, 256; invade Asia Minor, 159; language of, 256.

Physical types and literary or legendary characters, 229–230; physical types of Normans, 207–208; of British soldiers and sailors, 208; _see also under_ various races.

Picardy, 210.

Pictish language, 204, 247.

Picts, 204.

Pile dwellings, 121, 127, 132.

Piltdown man, 105–106.

Pindus mountains, Vlachs in, 45–246.

Pioneers, 45, 74–75.

_Pithecanthropus erectus_, 101, 133.

Plebeians or Plebs of Rome, 11, 154, 217–218.

Pleistocene Period, 100.

Pliocene Period, 22, 101.

Po valley, Alpines in, 157; as Cisalpine Gaul, 157; Mediterraneans in, 157; seized by Nordics, 157; Terramara settlements in, 127.

Poetry, 241.

Poland, 59; Alpines in, 44, 124, 141–142; blondness in, 190; dolichocephaly in, 190; Nordics in, 124, 131, 170, 188–213; Nordic substratum in, 141; Slavs in, 131, 142; stature in, 190.

Poles, 58, 72, 143; increase in East Germany, 184.

Polesia, 143.

Polish Ghettos, immigrants from, 89.

Polish Jews, 16; in New York, 91.

Polished Stone Age, _see_ Neolithic; beginning of, 118–119.

Polygamy, among the Turks, 237.

Pompey, 217.

“Poor Whites,” 39–40; physical types of, 40.

Population, direction of pressure of, 171; effect of foreign invasion on, 69–71; infiltration into, of slaves or immigrants, 71; value and efficiency of a, 48.

Portugal, Nordics in, 192; occupied by the Suevi, 180, 192.

Portuguese language, 156, 244.

Posen, 72.

Post-Glacial Periods, 105–106, 132–133.

Post-Roman invaders of Britain, 73.

Pottery, 138, 146, 241; first appearance of, 122–123.

Pre-Aryan language, 204, 233, 235, 247; in the British Isles, 246.

Pre-Dravidians, 149; physical character of, 261.

Pre-Neolithic culture on the Baltic, 117.

Pre-Nordic brunets in New England, 83.

Pre-Nordics, 29, 63; of Ireland, 64.

Primates, 3, 24, 106; erect, 101.

Pripet swamps, 143.

Procopius, 189.

Propontis, 179.

Proto-Alpines, 135; language of, 235; physical characters of, 135.

Proto-Aryan language, 67, 233, 242; and Alpines, 237; Nordic origin of, 61.

Proto-Mediterranean Race, 132; descended from the Neolithic, 149–150.

Proto-Nordics, 224, 233; in Russia, 64, 170.

Proto-Slavic language, Aryan character of, 143.

Proto-Teutonic race, 169.

Provençal, 244; Provençal language, 244.

Provençals, 156.

Provence, 23; Mediterraneans in, 156.

Prussia, Spartan culture of, 161.

Prussian, Old (Borussian), language, 212, 242.

Prussians, ethnic origin of, 72.

Punic Wars, 217.

Punjab, the, 257; entrance of Aryans into, 258; decline of Nordics in, 261.

Puritans, 55.

Pyrenees, caverns of, 115.

Quebec Frenchmen, 81.

Race, 3, 4; Aryan, 3; Caucasian, 3; Celtic, 3; Indo-Germanic, 3; Latin, 3; adjustment to habitat of, 93; characters, 13 _et seq._; consciousness, 4, 57, 60, 90; in Germany, 57; in Sweden, 57; in the United States, 86; degeneration, 39–43, 109; determination, 15, 19, 24, 28; disharmonic combinations of, 14, 28, 35, 110; distinguished from language and nationality, 34; effect of democracy on, 5; feeling, 222; importance of, 98–100; physical basis of, 13–16; positions of the three main races in Roman times, 131; resistance to foreign invasion, 71; selection, 46, 50, 54, 55, 215; versus species and subspecies, 22.

Race mixture, 18, 34, 60, 77, 85, 116, 262; among the Gauls, 145; among the Normans, 208; among the Turks, 237; among the Umbrians, 145; and civilization, 214–216; in North Africa, 151; in South Africa, 80; in the Argentine, 78; in Brazil, 78; in Britain, 248; in Canada, 81; in Europe, 261–262; in Germany, 135; in Greece, 161; in Jamaica, 76; in large cities, 92; in Macedon, 161; in Mexico, 76; in the Roman Empire, 71; in Rome, 154, 220; in Russia, 174; in Spain, 192; in Switzerland, 135; in the United States, 77, 82–94; in Venezuela, 76; in Tunis, 158; of Alpines and Celts, 177; of Alpines and Nordics, 151; of Alpines and Mediterraneans, 151; of Ainus and Mongols, 225; of Belgæ and Teutonic tribes, 248; of Celts and Mediterraneans, 177; of Goidels and Mediterraneans, 248; of Mediterraneans and Dravidians and Negroids, 150; of Nordics and Negroes, 82; of late Nordics and Paleoliths, 149; of Slavs and Illyrians, 153, 190.

Race supplanting, 77, 46–48, 110.

Races, European distribution of during the Neolithic, 123; in Europe, 131; laws of distribution of, 37; evolution of through selection, 37 _et seq._

Racial, aptitudes, 226–232; of Alpines, 138–139, 146; of Negroes, 77, 109; of Normans, 207–208; elements of the Great War, 187; resistance of acclimated populations, 71; types, intellectual and moral differences of, 206.

Raphael, 215.

Ravenna, surrender of, 189.

Recapitulation of development in infants, 30.

Reformation, the, 191, 210, 228; in England, 10.

Regiments, German, composition of, 142.

Religion, 64; nationalities founded on, 57, 58.

Renaissance, 215, 231.

Republic, a true, 7, 8.

Resurgence of types, 15; of Alpines in Europe, 146–147, 184, 190–191, 196, 210; of Iberians in Scotland, 249; of Mediterraneans, 190, 196; in England, 83, 208.

Revolution, 6; French, 6, 16, 191, 196, 197; German, 87.

Revolutionary Wars, 197.

Riss glaciation, 105, 133.

Riss-Würm, 105; interglacial, 133.

Robenhausian culture, 132; Period, 121; Upper, 122, 265.

Rollo, 263.

Romaic language, origin of, 243.

Roman, abandonment of Britain, 200; aristocracy, 217; busts, 154; church, 53, 85; Empire, 10, 71–72, 142, 176, 179–182, 187, 217–222; component states of, 183; fall of, 221; Eastern Empire, 165–166; population of, 216, 220; slaves in, 216; Western Empire, re-established, 182; ideals, 153; occupation of Britain, effect of, ethnically, 200; provinces, Teutonized, 191; Republic, 71, 154, 217, 219; State, ancient civilization of, 153, 216; stature, 154; stock, extinction of, 51.

Romance tongues, 61, 238, 244.

Romans, 68, 156, 174–176, 193, 194, 216–221, 246; decline of, 217–222; features of, 154; in Britain, 200, 250; in France, 63; in Spain, 156; a modified race in Gaul, 69; stature of, 154.

Romansch language, 244.

Rome, 11, 52, 61, 70, 92, 130, 154, 157, 158, 165, 179, 180, 191, 195, 215–221, 245, 251; Alpines, Nordics and Mediterraneans in, 130, 153, 154; change of race in, 218–220; change of religion in, 219; early struggles in, 154; in Dacia, 245; language of, 61, 70; Northern qualities of, 153–154; race mixture in, 154, 220; slaves in, 71, 100, 216, 218–220; stormed by Brennus, 157.

Rough Stone Age, _see_ Paleolithic.

Round Barrows, 137–138, 163, 247, 267; brachycephalic survivals of, 163–164.

Round skulls, absence of in Britain, 249. _See also_ physical characters of the Alpines, Armenoids, etc.

Rumania, 59, 245; Alpines in, 65; Mediterraneans in, 153.

Rumanian language, 244–246; origin of, 244–245; distribution of, 245.

Rumanians, 21, 145; and Christianity, 65; descent of, 244–246; Latin language of, 244–246.

Russia, 38, 143, 253; Alans and Goths in, 66; Alpines in, 44, 131, 136, 142–144, 147; Anaryan survivals in, 235, 243; Asiatic types in, 144; Baltic provinces of, Nordic, 212; blondness in, 190; Bulgars from, 145; burial mounds or kurgans in, 172; changes in racial predominance in, 142–144, 147; dolichocephaly in, 190; early Nordics in, 124, 131, 142; Esthonians in, 236; Finns in, 236; Gauls in, 174; grasslands and steppes of, 240, 253–254, 257; language in, 235–236, 243; Livs in, 236; Mongols in, 65, 142; Muscovite expansion in, 65; Nordic substratum in, 64, 142; Nordics in, 170, 188, 213–214, 231; organized by Sweden, 180; race mixture in, 174; races in, 142; Saxons in, 201; Slavs or Alpines in, 64, 131, 142; Slavic dialects in, 143; Slavic future of, 147; stature in, 190; Swedes in, 211; Varangians in, 177; water connections across, 170.

Russian brachycephaly, 136–137; settlements of Siberia, 78.

Russians and Christianity, 65.

Ruthenia, 245; Slavs in, 143.

Sacæ, 173, 214, 216, 254 (_see_ Massagetæ); date of separation from Persia, 258; evidence of conquests of, 261; identified with the Wu-Suns, 260; in India, 257–258; language of, 259; physical characters of, 259, 261.

Sahara, the, 33, 44; Mediterraneans in, 151–152.

St. Bartholomew, Massacre of, 196.

Sakai, 149.

_Sangre Azul_, derivation of the term, 192.

Sanskrit, 148, 243, 255, 257–258, 261; introduction of into India, 173, 216. _See_ Old Sanskrit.

Santa Fé Trail, 40.

Sardinia, 29; Mediterraneans in, 152; Mycenæan culture of, 164.

Sardinian, the, 28; stature of, 28.

Sarmatians, 143, 245, 269, 272.

Satem group of Aryan languages, 256.

Saviour, the, blondness of, 230.

Savoy, Alpines in, 146.

Savoyard, 21, 23.

Saxon blood of American settlers, 83; in Normandy and Scotland, 208; Saxon type, 40.

Saxons, 69, 73, 141–142, 145, 177, 180, 195, 206; in Britain, 248–249; in Brittany, 251–252; in England, 200–201; in France, 201; in Hungary, 201; in Italy, 201; in Russia, 201; invaders, 201; invasions of, 200–201, 252, 270; origin of, 200; ravage Normandy, 251–252.

Saxony, 73, 200–201.

Scandinavia, brunets in, 151; centre of radiation of the Teutons, 168; character of the population of, 169; first Nordics in, 117, 124, 169; first occupation of by human beings, 169; introduction of bronze into, 128; megaliths in, 155; Mediterraneans never in, 150–151; Neolithic culture in, 117, 122; Nordics in, 117, 124, 188, 210.

Scandinavian blood in Normandy and Scotland, 208; place names in Scotland, 249; states, 4, 20, 60.

Scandinavians, 61, 68; hairiness of, 224.

Schleswig, 58, 73.

Sclaveni, 141.

Scotch, 29; brunet type of, 150; red hair of, 175; stature of, 28, 29.

Scotch borders, 40; Highlanders, 62.

Scotch-Irish in America, 84.

Scotland, 40, 69; Angles in, 203; blond elements in, 63; blonds mixed with brunets in, 202; brunetness in, 153, 204; Brythonic elements in, 203; Gaelic area in, 249; Goidelic element in, 201, 203; Goidelic speech in, 200; Goidels invade from Ireland, 250; Iberian substratum in, 201; language in, 204, 249–250; Mediterraneans in, 153, 203; Neanderthal type in, 107; Nordic type in, 249; Nordics in, 188; Norse pirates in, 200, 203; racial elements in, 203–204, 208; resurgence of types in, especially the Iberian, 249; Scandinavian place names in, 249.

Scots, 28.

Scottish Highlands, language of, 247.

Scythians, 66, 214, 257.

Selection, 37, 46–55, 215, 225; by elimination of the unfit, 50–54; in Colonial times, 92; in colonies, 93; in tenements and factories, 92; practical measures in, 46–55; through alcoholism, 55; through disease, 54–55; through social environment, 46.

Seljukian Turks, 237.

Semitic language, 239; race, 147.

Senegambian regions, Mediterraneans in, 151.

Senlac Hill, 120.

Serbian national revival, 58.

Serbs, 53, 143; and Christianity, 65; in Bulgaria, 145.

Serfs and serfdom, 10.

Servile wars in Rome, 217.

Ship-building, 165, 199.

Siberia, Russian settlements of, 78.

Siberian tundras, 65.

Sicily, Alpines in, 128, 140; Mediterraneans in, 158; Normans in, 207.

Sidon, 126, 165.

Sikhs, 261.

Silesia, 72, 260.

Sinai Peninsula, mines of, 125.

Singalese, 258.

Siwalik Hills, fossil deposits of, 101.

Skin color and quality, 27–28.

Skull shape, 13, 15, 17, 19, 139, 226; among immigrants, 17; antiquity of distinction between long and round, 23, 24; as a race character, 151; of the Ainus, 224; African, 23; American Indian, 23; Asiatic, 22; Cro-Magnon, 110; European, 19–21; Neanderthal, 107; best method of determining race, 19–24; _see also_ Brachycephaly, Dolichocephaly, Mesaticephaly, and the physical characters of the various races.

Slave trade, 79.

Slavery, 8–11, 42, 86.

Slaves, 9–11, 16; in Italy, 218; in Rome, 71, 100, 216, 218, 220; source of, 82, 200.

Slavic Alpines in Germany, 72; homeland, 245; languages, 141–145, 238–237, 244–245; Proto-Slavic, 143; race, 64, 72; as an Alpine race, 64, 131.

Slavs, 63, 64, 124, 172, 190; of Alpine race, 64, 131; area of distribution of, 143; expansion of, 272; in Austria, 141; in the Balkans, 153; eastern Europe, 65; eastern Germany, 141–142; Greece, 65; Middle Ages, 65; Poland, 142; Russia, 214; mixed with Illyrians, 153, 190; northern and southern, 143.

Slovaks, 91, 143.

Social environment, 46.

Social wars in Rome, 217.

Socialism, 12, 79.

Socrates, 227.

Sogdiana, 254.

Solutrean Period, 105, 111–113; culture of and the Brünn-Předmost race, 114, 132; and the Cro-Magnon race, 132.

Sorb, 142.

South Africa, 79, 80; Dutch and English in, 80.

South America, 61, 73, 75, 76, 78.

Southern States of America, 71, 99; brunets in, 84; Mediterranean element in, 44, 45; Nordic type in, 83, 84; “poor whites” of, 39, 40; race consciousness in, 86.

Southerners, effect of climate on, 39–43.

Spain, 115, 149, 176, 202; Alpines in, 140; Arabic spoken in, 156; Arabs in, 156; aristocracy of, 192; Basques in, 140; blondness in, 192; bow and arrow of the Azilians in, 115; cause of the collapse of, 193; caverns in, 112; Celtic language in, 155, 234; decline of the Nordic element in, 193; elimination of genius producing classes in, 53; Gauls in, 174, 192; Gothic language in, 156; Goths in, 192; Latin language in, 156; Mediterraneans in, 123, 149, 152, 155–156; megaliths in, 155; Moorish conquest of, 181; Moors in, 156; Nordics in, 155–156, 174, 192–193, 269; Phœnician language in, 156; Phœnicians in, 126, 156; racial change in, 192; Romans in, 156; Teutons in, 180; tin mines in, 126; types in, 156; Vandals in, 192; Visigoths in, 180, 192.

Spaniards or Spanish (modern), 53, 68; (ancient), 68; in Mexico, 17; and Nordics, 73; in the Philippines, 78; related to the Berbers, 152.

Spanish conquistadores, 76, 193; infantry, 193; Inquisition in selection, 53; Spanish Main, 44; islands and coasts of, 76; Spanish-American War, 74.

Sparta, 160, 162.

Spartans, 160, 164; and Dinaric race, 164; physical character of, 164.

Specializations, racial, recent, 27, 18, 24.

Species, significance of the term, 21, 22.

Stature, 13, 28–30, 35; affected by war, 197–198; of the Romans, 154; in Albania, 190; in France, 198; in Illyria and the Tyrol, 190; in the Scottish Highlands, 28–29, 203; in Sardinia, 28–29.

Sterilization of the unfit, 51, 52.

Stoicism, 221.

Stone weapons in England, 120–121. For _Stone Ages_ _see_ Neolithic and Paleolithic.

Styria, 183; Alpines in, 210; Nordics in, 210.

Suevi, 156, 177, 181, 270; in Portugal, 180, 192.

Sumer, 119, 147; language of, 239.

Susa, 147; language of, 239.

Swabians, 141.

Sweden, 52, 59, 176, 194, 211; centre of Nordic purity, 168, 170; colonizes Finland, 211; colonizes Russia, 211; cradle of Teutonic branch of the Nordics, 124, 177; bronze introduced into, 137; first Nordics in, 117; intellectual anæmia of, 210; Kitchen Middens in, 123; Nordic race in, 117, 124, 135–136, 168–170, 210–211; race consciousness in, 57; saves Protestantism, 210; unity of race in, 169.

Swedes, 23; organization of Russia by, 180; Russification of, 58.

Swiss, 135; blondness of, 136; Swiss Lake Dwellers, 121, 127.

Switzerland, 121, 127, 183; Alpines in, 44, 135, 141; Lake Dwellings in, 139; mercenaries in, 135; Nordics in, 135; race mixture in, 135.

Sylla, 217.

Synthetic languages, 165, 216, 233, 237, 239–240, 243.

Syr Darya, 119.

Syria, hellenized, 220; round skull invasion of, 140.

Syrians, 16, 91.

Taal dialect, 80.

Tamahu, blondness of, 223.

Tardenoisian Period, 115, 117, 132.

Tatars, 139, 144.

Tchouds, language of, 236.

Tennessee, 39, 40.

Terramara Period, 122, 127, 266.

Terramara settlements, bronze in, 127; copper in, 122; human remains in, 122.

Teutoburgiana forest, 154.

Teutonic, as a term, 231–232; branch of the Nordic race, 20, 61, 62, 72, 124, 131, 139, 146, 168–170, 210, 211, 231, 232, 248; expansion of, 270, 271; invaders of Gaul, 69; invasions, 63, 69, 179–184, 189, 194–196; languages of, 61, 139, 249–251; duration of Teutonic language in Gaul, 182; Teutonic tribes mixed with the Belgæ, 248; speech in the British Isles, 249–250; Proto-Teutonics, 169.

Teutons, 72, 141–142, 144, 173–174, 176–177, 189, 194–196; division of in the Great War, 184; physical characters of, 175; route of expansion of, 174.

Thebes, 162.

Thessaly, 245.

Thibet, 22, 134.

Thirty Years’ War, 184–187, 198.

Thrace, Nordics in, 214; early inhabitants of, 246; Gauls in, 225.

Thracian language, 130, 256; origin of, 243.

Tin, 126–127.

Tin Isles of Ultima Thule, 127.

Titian, 215.

Tokharian language, 260–261.

Tools, 102–104, 112, 120–121, 123, 126, 129, 155.

Tours, battle of, 181.

Trade routes, 119, 123–125.

Trajan, 244.

Transylvania, Rumanian language in, 245; Vlachs in, 246.

Trapping, 122.

Trinitarian faith of the Franks, 181.

Tripoli, round skull invasion of, 140.

Trojans, 159.

Troy, siege of, 159.

Tunis, Alpines in, 128, 140, 158; bronze in, 128; race mixture in, 158.

Turcomans, 238; or Turkomans, 21.

Turkestan, 254, 257; Nomads of, 259; Tokharian language in, 261.

Turki or Turks, 100, 144–145, 166, 237, 238, 254; language of, 237–238; race mixture among, 237.

Tuscan language, 244.

Tyre, 126, 165.

Tyrol, the, 30, 36, 129; Alpines in, 141, 210; Dinaric race in, 138; Nordics in, 200; stature in, 190.

Tyrolese, 135; physical character of, 190.

Tyrrhenians, 157.

Ugrian language, 243.

Ukraine, 213.

Ultima Thule, 126.

Umbrian language, 130, 234, 244.

Umbrians, 145, 157, 160, 173, 244, 269.

Unit characters, 13, 14, 30, 31; intermixture of, 14; unchanging, 15–18, 139.

Unitarian faith of the barbarians, 181.

United States of America, affected by immigration, 89 _et seq._; as a European colony, racially, 83, 84; German and Irish immigrants in, 84, 86; Indian element in, 87; Negroes of, 16, 40, 65, 76, 82, 85, 87, 99; Nordic blood in the colonies, 83–85; race consciousness in, 86; Nordics in, 81; in the world war, 187; _see also_ America.

Upper Neolithic, 121.

Upper Paleolithic, 100, 105, 108, 113, 132; close of, 115.

Upper Robenhausian, 122.

Ural mountains, 65, 213.

Ural-Altaic speech, 236.

Urmia, Lake, 253.

Ussher, Archbishop, 4.

Vagrancy, 10.

Valais, 178.

Vandal kingdom, destruction of, 181; conquests, 223.

Vandals, 73, 142, 145, 156, 176–177, 181, 195, 223, 270; in Africa, 180; in Spain, 176–177, 192.

Varangians, 177, 189.

Varus, 154.

Vassalage, 9.

Vedas, 257–259.

Veddahs, 149.

Venethi, 141, 143, 245.

Veneto, 183.

Venezuela, population of, 76.

Venice, Nordic aristocracy of, 189.

Vikings, 129, 177, 206–207, 210, 211, 249, 271; in America, 211, 249; _see also_ Norse pirates.

Villein, 10.

Virginia, 84.

Visigoths, 156, 176, 195, 270; in Gaul, 180; in Spain, 180, 192; kingdom of destroyed, 181.

Vlachs, 178, 245–246.

Volga river, 145.

Voluntary childlessness, 217.

Volunteer armies, 198.

Wahlstatt, battle of, 260.

Wales, Celtic language in, 63; Cymric language in, 205, 248; derivation of the name, 178; Goidelic language in, 205; Mediterraneans in, 63, 153, 203; Nordics in, 203; racial elements and survivals in, 204–205.

Wallachia, Little and Great, 246.

Wallachian, 178.

Walloons, 57, 140, 178, 195; language of, 244.

War and racial elements, 91; effect of on populations, 183–187, 191–193, 196–198, 216, 231; Great World War, 73, 74, 168, 186, 187, 191, 230–232.

Wars, European, 56, 191, 198, 230–232; losses from, 185, 196–198; Nordic element in, 73, 74, 231; of the Roses, 191; Punic, 217; Servile, 217; Social, 217.

Wealth, privilege of, 6.

Weapons, 103, 113–115, 120–121, 126–130, 155, 159, 200.

Welsh, 62, 63, 177–178; in Britain, 248; Round Barrow survivals among, 164.

Wends, 72, 141–143, 236, 269, 272; increase of in east Germany, 184.

West Indian sugar planters, 11.

West Indies, Negroes in, 76.

West Prussia, 72.

Western Empire, 179, 180, 216.

Westphalia, 26.

White Huns, 254.

White race, 79.

White Sea, 171.

Whites, 76–77; in the Argentine, 78; in Australia, 79; in Brazil, 78; in China, 78; in the East Indies, 78; in India, 78; in Jamaica, 76; in Mexico, 76; in the Philippines, 78; in New Zealand, 79; _see also_ Nordics, the Nordic race, and Teutons.

Women, lighter in pigmentation than men, 26, 27; more primitive, 27; social status of among the races, 228.

Writing, 115, 241.

Wu-Suns, 224, 260.

Würm glaciation, 106, 133, 170, 171.

Würtemberg, Alpines in, 140–141; loss of population in during the Thirty Years’ War, 184.

Würtembergers, 135.

Zanzibar, 82.

Zendavesta, 258.

Zendic language, 255, 259.

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in spelling. 2. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed. 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.