CHAPTER VIII

. THE EXPANSION OF THE NORDICS

188 : 5. Beddoe, 4; Ripley, chap. VI.

188 : 11. _British Medical Journal_ for April 8, 1916.

188 : 15. Ripley, pp. 221 and 469, and the authorities quoted.

188 : 24–189 : 6. P. Kretschmer; and, on the history of High and Low German, see Herman Paul, _Grundriss der Germanischen Philologie_; _The Encyclopædia Britannica_, under German Language, gives a good summary.

189 : 7. Ripley, p. 256.

189 : 12. Villari, _The Barbarian Invasions of Italy_; Thos. Hodgkin, _Italy and Her Invaders_.

189 : 15. Brenner Pass. See Rice Holmes, _Cæsar’s Conquest of Gaul_, p. 37; Ripley, p. 290; and most histories of the incursions of the barbarians into Italy.

189 : 24. Varangians. Most of the early historians of Russia and Germany and the monk Nestor, who was the earliest annalist of the Russians, agree in deriving the Varangians or Varegnes from Scandinavia. They probably were more of the same people whom we find as Varini on the continental shores of the North Sea. The names of the first founders of the Russian monarchy are Scandinavian or Northman. Their language, according to Constantine Porphyrogenitus, differed essentially from the Sclavonian. The author of the annals of St. Bertin, who first names the Russians (Rhos) in the year 939 of his annals, assigns them Sweden for their country. Luitprand calls them the same as the Normans. The Finns, Laplanders and Esthonians speak of the Swedes to the present day as Roots, Rootsi, Ruorzi, Rootslane or Rudersman, meaning rowers. See Schlözer, in his _Nestor_, p. 60; and _Malte Brun_, p. 378, as well as _Kluchevsky_, vol. I, pp. 56–76 and 92. The Varangians, according to Gibbon, formed the body-guard of the Greek Emperor at Byzantium. These were the Russian Varangians, who made their way to that city by the eastern routes. Canon Isaac Taylor, in _Words and Places_, p. 110, remarks that “for centuries the Varangian Guard upheld the tottering throne of the Byzantine emperors.” This Varangian Guard was very largely reinforced by Saxons fleeing from the Norman Conquest of England. The name Varangi is undoubtedly identical with _Frank_, and is the term used in the Levant to designate Christians of the western rite, from the days of the Crusades down to the present time. _Cf._ Ferangistan—_land of the Franks_, or, as it is now interpreted, “Europe,” especially western Europe. E. B. Soane, To _Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in Disguise_, uses the phrase _á la ferangi_ as describing anything imported from western Europe.

190 : 1. Deniker, 2, pp. 333–334; Ripley.

190 : 9. Deniker, the same.

190 : 13. Ripley, pp. 281–283.

190 : 15. Ripley, pp. 343 _seq._

190 : 19. See the notes to pp. 131 : 26, 140 : 1 _seq._ and 196 : 18.

190 : 26. See p. 140 of this book.

192 : 1 _seq._ D’Arbois de Jubainville, 1, t. XIV, pp. 357–395; Feist, 5, p. 365. Col. W. R. Livermore, in correspondence, says that practically all students on the Celtiberian question agree upon the point where the Celts entered Spain, namely, that designated by de Jubainville. They passed along the Atlantic coast, across the Pyrenees, where the railroad from Paris to Madrid now crosses, about 500 B. C., between the time of Avienus, ± 525 and Herodotus, ± 443. In the time of Avienus the Ligurians had both ends of the Pyrenees from Ampurias to Bayonne, and controlled the sources of the Batis. In the time of Herodotus, the Gauls had the country up to the Curretes. See also Müllenhoff, _Deutsche Altertumskunde_, II, p. 238, and Deniker, 2, p. 321. D’Arbois de Jubainville, _op. cit._, especially pp. 363–364, says: “The name Celtiberian was adopted at the time of Hannibal, who entered Spain, married a Celt, and thus won the assistance of the Celts in his march on Rome.... The name Celtiberian is the generic term for designating the Celts established in the center of Spain, but the word is sometimes taken in a less extended sense to designate only one part of this important group.”

192 : 8. Sergi, 4, p. 70. See also p. 156 of this book.

192 : 14. See the note to p. 156, or Ridgeway, _The Early Age of Greece_, p. 375.

192 : 18. Ridgeway, _op. cit._, p. 375. This may refer to the veins showing blue through the fair Nordic skin.

192 : 18. Ridgeway, _op. cit._, p. 375. Here he says: “The Visigoths became the master race, and from them the Spanish Grandees, among whom fair hair is a common feature, derive their _sangre azul_. After a glorious struggle against the Saracens, which served to keep alive their martial ardor and thus brace up the ancient vigor of the race, from the 16th century onward the Visigothic wave seems to have exhausted its initial energy, and the aboriginal stratum has more and more come to the surface and has thus left Spain sapless and supine.”

102 : 22. Taylor, 2, pp. 308–309, says: “From the name of the same nation,—the Goths of Spain,—are derived curiously enough, two names, one implying extreme honor, the other extreme contempt. The Spanish noble, who boasts that the _sangre azul_ of the Goths runs in his veins with no admixture, calls himself an _hidalgo_, that is, a son of the Goth, as his proudest title.” A footnote to this reads: “The old etymology _Hijo d’algo_, son of someone, has been universally given up in favor of _hi’ d’al Go_, son of the Goth. (More correctly _hi’ del Go’_.) See a paper ‘On Oc and Oyl’ translated by Bishop Thirlwall, for the _Philological Museum_, vol. II, p. 337.” Taylor goes on to say, however, that the version _hi’ d’ algo_, son of someone, is still given as the origin of this word in R. Barcia’s _Primer Diccionaria Géneral Étimologico de la Lengua Español_.

Concerning some other derivations Taylor continues: “Of Gothic blood scarcely less pure than that of the Spanish Hidalgos, are the Cagots of Southern France, a race of outcast pariahs, who in every village live apart, executing every vile or disgraceful kind of toil, and with whom the poorest peasant refuses to associate. These Cagots are the descendants of those Spanish Goths, who, on the invasion of the Moors, fled to Aquitaine, where they were protected by Charles Martel. But the reproach of Arianism clung to them, and religious bigotry branded them with the name _câ gots_ or ‘Gothic Dogs.’ a name which still clings to them, and keeps them apart from their fellow-men.”

Elsewhere we find the following: “The fierce and intolerant Arianism of the Visigothic conquerors of Spain has given us another word. The word Visigoth has become Bigot, and thus on the imperishable tablets of language the Catholics have handed down to perpetual infamy the name and nation of their persecutors.”

193 : 14 _seq._ _Cf._ DeLapouge, _L’Aryen_, p. 343, where he says that the exodus of the Conquistadores was fatal to Spain.

193 : 17. Rice Holmes, 2; and the note to p. 69 of this book.

194 : 1. See the note to p. 173.

194 : 8. Ridgeway, 1, p. 372, says: “We know from Strabo and other writers that the Aquitani were distinctly Iberian.” Consult also Rice Holmes, 2, p. 12, where he quotes Cæsar.

194 : 14 _seq._ Ridgeway, _op. cit._, pp. 372 and 395; Ripley, chap. VII, pp. 137 _seq._

194 : 19 _seq._ Rice Holmes, 2, under Belgæ, pp. 5, 12, 257, 259, 304–305, 308–309, 311, 315, 318–325; and _Ancient Britain_, p. 445. The modern composition of the French population has been investigated by Edmond Bayle and Dr. Leon MacAuliffe, who find that there is decided race mixture, with chestnut pigmentation of hair and eyes predominating. Blond traits were found to be almost confined to the north and east, while brunet characters prevail in the south. Pure black hair is exceedingly rare.

195 : 14. Vanderkindere, _Recherches sur l’Ethnologie de la Belgique_, pp. 569–574; Rice Holmes, 2, p. 323; Beddoe, 4, pp. 21 _seq._ and 72.

195 : 18. Ridgeway, 1, p. 373; Ripley, p. 127; Rice Holmes, 2; and Feist, 5, p. 14.

195 : 25 _seq._ Franks of the lower Rhine. Eginhard, in his _Life of Charlemagne_, p. 7, states the following: “There were two great divisions or tribes of the Franks, the Salians, deriving their name probably from the river Isala, the Yssel, who dwelt on the lower Rhine, and the Ripuarians, probably from _Ripa_, a bank, who dwelt about the banks of the middle Rhine. The latter were by far the most numerous, and spread over a greater extent of country; but to the Salians belongs the glory of founding the great Frankish kingdom under the royal line of the Merwings” (Merovingians).

196 : 2 _seq._ Ripley, p. 157; DeLapouge, _passim_.

196 : 7 _seq._ Oman, 2, pp. 499 _seq._; Beddoe, 4, p. 94 and chap. VII; Fleure and James, pp. 121, 129; Taylor, 2, p. 129; Ripley, pp. 151–153, 316–317.

196 : 18 _seq._ DeLapouge, _passim_; Ripley, pp. 150–155.

197 : 3. See David Starr Jordan, _War and the Breed_, pp. 61 seq. This stature has somewhat recovered in recent years. It is now, in Corrèze, only 2 cm. below the average for the whole of France. See Grillière, pp. 392 _seq._ W. R. Inge, _Outspoken Essays_, pp. 41–42: “The notion that frequent war is a healthy tonic for a nation is scarcely tenable. Its dysgenic effect, by eliminating the strongest and healthiest of the population while leaving the weaklings at home to be the fathers of the next generation, is no new discovery. It has been supported by a succession of men, such as Tenon, Dufau, Foissac, DeLapouge and Richet in France; Tiedemann and Seeck in Germany; Guerrini in Italy; Kellogg and Starr Jordan in America. The case is indeed overwhelming. The lives destroyed in war are nearly all males, thus disturbing the sex equilibrium of the population. They are in the prime of life, at the age of greatest fecundity; and they are picked from a list out of which from 20 to 30 per cent have been rejected for physical unfitness. It seems to be proved that the children born in France during the Napoleonic wars were poor and undersized, 30 millimeters below the normal height.”

197 : 11. DeLapouge, _passim_; Rice Holmes, 2, pp. 306 _seq._

197 : 29–198: 10. R. Collignon, _Anthropologie de la France_, pp. 3 _seq._; DeLapouge, _Les Sélections sociales_; Ripley, pp. 87–89; Inge, p. 41; Jordan, _passim_.

198 : 22. Conscript Armies. Two interesting letters bearing on the racial differences composing conscript and volunteer armies in the recent World War may here be quoted.

The first, from Mr. T. Rice Holmes, relates to the English army of Kitchener in 1915. “Perhaps it may interest you to know that in 1915 when recruits belonging to Kitchener’s army were training near Rochampton, I noticed that almost every man was fair,—not, of course, with the pronounced fairness of the men of the north of Scotland, who are descended from Scandinavians, but with such fairness as is to be seen in England. These men, as you know, were volunteers.”

The second, from DeLapouge, concerns our American army in France. “I have been able to verify for myself your observations on the American army. The first to arrive were all volunteers, all dolicho-blonds; but the draft afterwards brought in inferior elements. At St. Nazaire, at Tours, and at Poictiers, I have been able to examine American soldiers by the tens of thousands and I have been able to formulate for myself a very definite conception of the types.”

199 : 9. H. Belloc, _The Old Road_; Peake, _Memorials of Old Leicestershire_, pp. 34–41; Fleure and James, p. 127.

199 : 23. See the notes to pp. 174 : 21 and 247 : 3 of this book.

199 : 29–200 : 11. See p. 131 of this book; also Rice Holmes, 1, pp. 231–236, 434, 455–456; and 2, p. 15.

200 : 10. _Cf._ Rice Holmes, 1, pp. 446, 449 and the note on 451; also Oman, 2, p. 16.

200 : 12. Inferred from Rice Holmes, 1, p. 232; also Beddoe, 4, p. 31.

200 : 18. Oman, 2, pp. 174–175 and chap. III _seq._, treats specially of these times. See also Beddoe, 4, pp. 36, 37 and chap. V.

200 : 24. Oman, 2, pp. 215–219.

201 : 1. Villari, vol I, or Hodgkin.

201 : 6 _seq._ Oman, 2; Ripley, pp. 154, 156; Beddoe, 4, p. 94; Fleure and James, pp. 121, 129; Taylor, 2.

201 : 11 _seq._ Beddoe, 4, chap. VII and the notes to p. 196 : 7 of this book.

201 : 18 _seq._ See pp. 63, 64.

201 : 23 _seq._ See the notes to p. 247. Decline of the Nordic type in England. Beddoe, H.; Fleure and James; Peake and Horton, _A Saxon Graveyard at East Shefford, Berks_, p. 103.

202 : 4. Beddoe, 4, p. 148.

202 : 13. Beddoe, 4, p. 92 and also chap. XII.

202 : 17. Ripley, under Ireland.

202 : 23 _seq._ See the notes to p. 108 : 1.

203 : 5 _seq._ The intellectual inferiority of the Irish. If there is any indication of the intellectual rating of various foreign countries to be derived from the draft examinations of our foreign-born, grouped according to place of nativity, a paper by Major Bingham of Washington, in regard to “The Relation of Intelligence Ratings to Nativity” may be quoted. The total number of foreign-born examined, which formed the basis of this report, was 12,407, while the total number of native-born whites was 93,973. Only countries were considered which were represented by more than 100 men in the examinations. The tests were divided into those for literates and those for illiterates, so that even men not speaking English could be graded. In these examinations the Irish made a surprisingly poor showing, falling far below the English and Scotch, who stood very high, as well as below the Germans, Austrians, French Canadians, Danes, Dutch, Belgians, Swedes and Norwegians, being about on a par with the Russians, Poles and Italians. Therefore, if these tests are any criterion of intellectual ability, the Irish are noticeably inferior.

203 : 18. See p. 123 of this book.

203 : 24. Beddoe, 4, p. 139 and chap. XIV.

204 : 1. See the note to p. 150 : 21.

204 : 5. There is an amusing discussion in Rice Holmes, 1, on the Pictish question. See pp. 409–424. Rice Holmes contends that the Picts were not pure remnants of the Pre-Celtic inhabitants, but a mixture of these with Celts. The term Picts has been very widely accepted as a designation for those Pre-Celtic inhabitants, who were certainly there. No other name has been given for them and it is in this sense that it is used here, and that Rice Holmes himself is obliged to use it on p. 456. It will be useful to the reader to peruse pp. 13–16 of Rhys and Jones, _The Welsh People_. Appendix B, of that volume (pp. 617 _seq._), written by Sir J. Morris Jones, entitled “Pre-Aryan Syntax in Insular Celtic,” shows the Anaryan survivals in Welsh and Irish to be remarkably similar to ancient Egyptian, which, with the Berber of intermediate situation, belongs to the great Hamitic family of languages and was the tongue of the primitive Mediterraneans. For Beddoe’s opinion see 4, p. 36. On p. 247 he says, speaking of the Highland people: “Every here and there a decidedly Iberian physiognomy appears, which makes one think Professor Rhys right in supposing that the Picts were in part, at least, of that stock.” See Hector McLean, 1, p. 170, where he suggests that the Picts were originally the Pictones from the south bank of the Loire in Gaul.

The name Pixie, met with so frequently in Irish legends, and relating to little people similar to dwarfs, may have some connection with these shy little Mediterraneans whom the Nordics found on their arrival and who were forced back by them into inaccessible districts.

204 : 19. See the article on “Pre-Aryan Syntax in Insular Celtic,” just mentioned, and Beddoe, 4, p. 46, quoting Elton, p. 167. For other Non-Aryan remnants, especially in names, see Hector McLean, 1, _passim_.

205 : 3. See Fleure and James, pp. 62, 73, 119–128, and especially pp. 125 and 151.

205 : 10. The same, pp. 38–39, 75 and elsewhere.

205 : 16. This is intimated by Rhys and Jones, in _The Welsh People_, p. 33.

205 : 20 _seq._ The same, chap. I, especially p. 35 and pp. 502 _seq._; Fleure and James, p. 143.

206 : 3. Fleure and James, pp. 38, 75, 119, 152. These gentlemen say, on p. 38, that they believe that certain types, without any intervening social or linguistic barrier for centuries, have apparently persisted side by side in very marked fashion in certain parts of Wales.

A letter from Mr. Baring Gould confirms this: “In Wales there are two types, the dark Siluric and the light Norman. Here in the west of England we have the same two types. In this neighborhood one village is fair, the next dark and sallow. It is the same in Cornwall; in certain villages the type is dark and sallow, in others fair. There is no comparison between the capabilities moral and physical between the two types. The dark is tricky, unreliable and goes under, and the fair type predominates in trade, in business, in farming and in every department.”

Beddoe, Fleure and James, and also Hector McLean remark on the various moral and mental capabilities of the different physical types.

206 : 13. Beddoe, 4, chap. VIII.

206 : 16 _seq._ Taylor, 2, p. 129; Keary, pp. 486 _seq._ On the Normans see Beddoe, chaps. VIII, IX and X.

207 : 2. Beddoe, the same.

207 : 11. Gibbon, chap. LVI; Taylor, 2, p. 133.

207 : 15. Beddoe, chap. VIII.

208 : 8. Beddoe, 4, p. 95. The breadth of skull “of the Norman aristocracy may probably have been smaller, but the ecclesiastics of Norman or French nationality, who abounded in England for centuries after the conquest and who, in many cases, rose from the subjugated Celtic [Alpine] layer of population, have left us a good many broad and round skulls. Thus the crania of three bishops of Durham ... yield an index of 85.6, while those of eight Anglican canons dating from before the conquest yield one of 74.9. So far, however, as the actual conquest and armed occupation of England was concerned, the aristocracy and military caste, who were largely of Scandinavian type, came over in much larger proportion than the more Belgic or Celtic lower ranks, insomuch that it has been said that more of the Norman _noblesse_ came over to England than were left behind.”

During the Middle Ages the church was a very democratic institution, and it was only through its offices that the lower ranks succeeded in working their way up. This was partly because the older peoples possessed the Roman learning, and because the northern invaders were more addicted to martial than to priestly pursuits. The conquered people had no chance to rise in political, aristocratic or military circles, and contented themselves with the church. At the present time, in many Catholic countries, notably Ireland, the priests are derived from the lowest stratum of the population, as may be clearly recognized in their portraits.

208 : 14. Beddoe, _passim_.

208 : 20. Beddoe, 4, p. 270; G. Retzius, 3; Ripley; Fleure and James, p. 152; Alphonse de Candolle, _Histoire des sciences et des savants depuis deux siècles_, p. 576; Peake and Horton, p. 103; and the note to p. 201 : 23 of this book.

208 : 26. Beddoe, 4, p. 148.

210 : 5. _Cf._ Beddoe, p. 94.

210 : 20. Ripley, pp. 228, 283, 345.

210 : 24. Holland and Flanders. Ripley, pp. 157 and 293 _seq._

210 : 25. Flemings and Franks. See Sir Harry Johnston, _Views and Reviews_, p. 101.

211 : 6. The authorities quoted in Ripley, p. 207. See also Fleure and James, p. 140; Zaborowski, 2; and C. O. Arbo, _Yner_, p. 25.

211 : 26. Ripley, pp. 363–365; Feist, 5; and Dr. Westerlund as quoted in “The Finns,” by Van Cleef.

212 : 1. Ripley, p. 341.

212 : 4. See the note to p. 242 : 16.

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