Chapter XXIX

., 11. and XXXII., 1.

[520] The works of Alanus are collected in Migne, _Pat. Lat._ 210. What follows in the text is much indebted to M. Baumgartner, “Die Philosophie des Alanus de Insulis” (Baeumker’s _Beiträge_, Münster, 1896).

[521] All this is thoroughly done by Baumgartner, _o.c._

[522] See Baumgartner, p. 76 _sqq._ and citations.

[523] What I have felt obliged to say upon the organization of mediaeval Universities, I have largely drawn from Rashdall’s _Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages_ (Oxford, 1895). The subject is too large and complex for independent investigation, except of the most lengthy and thorough character. Extracts from illustrative mediaeval documents, with considerable information touching mediaeval Universities, are brought together by Arthur O. Norton in his _Mediaeval Universities_ (Readings in the History of Education, Harvard University, 1909). For the Paris University, the most important source is the _Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis_, ed. by Denifle and Chatelain (1889-1891). See also Ch. Thurot, _L’Organisation de l’enseignement dans l’Université de Paris_ (Paris, 1850), and Denifle, _Die Universitäten des Mittelalters_ (Berlin, 1885).

[524] What has been said applies to the Bologna Law University. That had been preceded by a school of Arts, and later there grew up a flourishing school of Medicine, where surgery was also taught. These schools became affiliated Universities, but never equalled the Law University in importance.

[525] The Masters who taught were called _Regentes_.

[526] Both civil and canon law were studied till 1219, when a Bull of Honorius III. forbade the study of the former at Paris.

[527] See _post_, p. 399.

[528] Mr. Rashdall’s.

[529] Rashdall, _o.c._ ii. p. 341.

[530] Oxford lay in the diocese of Lincoln.

[531] For the course of medicine and the list of books studied or lectured on, especially at Montpellier, from which we have the most complete list, see Rashdall, ii. p. 118 _sqq._ and _ibid._ p. 780. In _Harvard Studies in Classical Philology_, vol. xx., 1909, C. H. Haskins publishes An unpublished List of Text-books, belonging to the close of the twelfth century, when classical studies had not as yet been overshadowed by Dialectic. See also, generally, Paetow, _The Arts Course at Medieval Universities_ (Univ. of Illinois, 1910).

[532] See generally, Carra de Vaux, _Avicenne_ (Paris, 1900); also _Gazali_, by the same author.

[533] Whoever will read the two monographs of the Baron Carra de Vaux, _Avicenne_ and _Gazali_, will be struck by the closely analogous courses of Moslem and Christian thought; each showing the parallel phases of scholastic rationalism (reliant upon reason and rational authority) and scholastic theological piety, or mysticism (reliant upon the authority of Revelation and sceptical as to the validity of human reason).

[534] See for this matter Mandonnet, O.P., _Aristote et la mouvement intellectuel du moyen âge_, contained in his _Siger de Brabant_, and printed separately; De Wulf, _History of Medieval Philosophy_, 3rd ed., pp. 243-253 and authorities; C. Marchesi, _L’ Etica Nicomachea nella tradizione medievale_ (Messina, 1904).

[535] _Ante_,