Chapter 7

(I, 19-30).

[2239] For a fuller exposition of this quantitative method of source-analysis and the results obtained thereby see Thorndike (1913), pp. 415-35.

[2240] Temple-robbers, 5; servile or ignoble employ in temples, 5; spending one’s time in temples, 4; builders of temples, 3; beneficiaries of temples, 3; temple guards, 2; _neocori_, 3; and so on, making 35 references to temples in all. It is perhaps worth remarking that H. O. Taylor, _The Classical Heritage_, 1901, p. 80, notes that Synesius about 400 A. D. speaks of the Christian churches at Constantinople as “temples.”

[2241] Chief priests, 5; priests, 9; of provinces, 1; priestess, 1; priests of Cybele (_archigalli_), 3; _Asiarchae_, 1; priest of some great goddess, 1; illicit rites, 1. There are 27 passages concerning divination.

[2242] Kroll et Skutsch, I, 148, 8 and 123, 4.

[2243] Kroll et Skutsch, I, 201, 6.

[2244] Cumont says (_Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism_, p. 188): “But the ancients expressly distinguished ‘magic,’ which was always under suspicion and disapproved of, from the legitimate and honorable art for which the name ‘theurgy’ was invented.” This distinction was made by Porphyry and others, and is alluded to by Augustine in the _City of God_, but it is to be noted that Firmicus does not use the word “theurgy.” Cumont also states (p. 179) that in the last period of paganism the name philosopher was finally applied to all adepts in occult science. But in Firmicus, while magic and philosophy are associated in two passages, there are five other allusions to magic and three separate mentions of philosophers.

[2245] Kroll et Skutsch, I, 161, 26.

[2246] _Computus_, 3; _calculus_, 2; and “those who excel at numbers,” 1.

[2247] Including two mentions of court physicians (_archiatri_). See _Codex Theod._, Lib. XIII, Tit. 3, _passim_, for their position.

[2248] I leave this sentence as I wrote it in 1913.

[2249] _Aestus animi_, 5; insanity, 13; lunatics, 10; epileptics, 8; melancholia, 3; inflammation of the brain (_frenetici_), 4; delirium, dementia, demoniacs, alienation, and madness, one or two each; vague allusions to mental ills and injuries, 5.

[2250] In his last chapter he says, “Take then, my dear Mavortius, what I promised you with extreme trepidation of spirit, these seven books composed conformably to the order and number of the seven planets. For the first book deals only with the defense of the art; but in the other books we have transmitted to the Romans the discipline of a new work,” (II, 360, 10-15). And in the introduction to the fifth book he writes, “We have written these books for your Romans lest, when every other art and science had been translated, this task should seem to remain unattempted by Roman genius,” (I, 280, 28-30).

[2251] I, 41, 7 and 15; I, 40, 9-11.

[2252] I, 41, 5 and 11; I, 40, 8.

[2253] They are listed by Kroll et Skutsch, II, 362, _Index auctorum_.

[2254] II, 294, 12-21.

[2255] Kroll et Skutsch, II, p. iii.

[2256] I, 258, 10, “in singulari libro, quem de domino geniturae et chronocratore ad Murinum nostrum scripsimus”; II, 229, 23, “exeo libro qui de fine vitae a nobis scriptus est.”

[2257] II, 18, 24; II, 283, 19.

[2258] Engelbrecht, _Hephästion von Theben und sein astrologisches Compendium_, Vienna, 1887.

[2259] _De vita sua_, in _Libanii sophistae praeludia oratoria LXXII declamationes XLV et dissertationes morales, Federicus Morellus regius interpres e MSS maxime reg. bibliothecae nunc primum edidit idemque Latine vertit ... ad Henricum IV regem Christianissimum_, Paris, 1606, II, 15-18.

[2260] _Magi accusatio_, _Ibid._, I, 898-911.

[2261] _De vita sua, Opera_, II, 2-3.

[2262] X, 196, 11, _De sepulcro incantato_.

[2263] My citations of Synesius’ works, unless otherwise noted, are from the edition: _Synesii Cyrenaei Quae Extant Opera Omnia_, ed. J. G. Krabinger, Landshut, 1850, vol. I, which has alone appeared. The older edition of Petavius with Latin translation is reprinted in Migne PG, vol. 66, 1021-1756. For a French translation, with several introductory essays, see H. Druon, _Œuvres de Synésius_, Paris, 1878. The _Letters_ and _Hymns_ have often been published separately. For this and other further bibliography see Christ, _Gesch. d. griech. Litt._, 1913, II, ii, 1167-71, where, however, no note is taken of Berthelot’s discussion of Synesius as a reputed author of alchemistic treatises.

Some works on Synesius are: H. Druon, _Études sur la vie et les œuvres de Synésius_, Paris, 1859; R. Volkmann, _Synesius von Cyrene_, Berlin, 1869; W. S. Crawford, _Synesius the Hellene_, London, 1901; G. Grützmacher, _Synesios von Kyrene_, Leipzig, 1913. In periodicals: F. X. Kraus in _Theol. Quartalschrift_, 1865 and 1866; O. Seeck, in _Philologus_, 1893.

[2264] See Crawford, _op. cit._, and monographs listed in Christ, _op. cit._, p. 1168, notes 4 and 8.

[2265] The date is variously stated as 411, 406, or 410.

[2266] A. J. Kleffner, _Synesius von Cyrene ... und sein angeblicher Vorbehalt bei seiner Wahl und Weihe zum Bischof von Ptolemais_, Paderborn, 1901. H. Koch, _Synesius von Cyrene bei seiner Wahl und Weihe zum Bischof_, in _Hist. Jahrb._, XXIII (1902), pp. 751-74.

[2267] Christ, _op. cit._, p. 1168, note 1.

[2268] _Ibid._, p. 1170, citing K. Prächter, in _Genethliakon für C. Robert_, 1910, p. 244, _et seq._

[2269] Περὶ ἐνυπνίων (_On dreams_), ch. 2.

[2270] Περὶ ἐνυπνίων (_On Dreams_), ch. 3. Ἔδει γὰρ, οἶμαι, τοῦ παντὸς τούτου συμπαθοῦς τε ὄντος καὶ σύμπνου τὰ μέρη προσήκειν ἀλλήλοις, ἅτε ἑνὸς ὅλου τὰ μέλη τυγχάνοντα. Καὶ μή ποτε αἱ μάγων ἴυγγες αὗται; καὶ γὰρ θέλγεται παρ’ ἀλλήλων, ὥσπερ σημαίνεται· καὶ σοφὸς ὁ εἰδὼς τὴν τῶν μερῶν τοῦ κόσμου συγγένειαν. Ἕλκει γὰρ ἄλλο δί’ ἄλλον, ἔχων ἐνέχυρα παρόντα τῶν πλεῖστον ἀπόντων, καὶ φωνὰς, καὶ ὕλας καὶ σχήματα.... Evidently Synesius did not regard the magi as mere imposters.

[2271] Περὶ ἐνυπνίων, ch. 3. Καὶ δὴ καὶ θεῷ τινὶ τῶν εἴσω τοῦ κόσμου λίθος ἐνθένδε καὶ βοτάνη προσήκει, οἷς ὁμοιοπαθῶν εἴκει τῇ φύσει καὶ γοητεύεται. In his _Praise of Baldness_ (Φαλάκρας ἐγκώμιον), ch. 10, Synesius tells how the Egyptians attract demons by magic influences.

[2272] Περὶ ἐνυπνίων, ch. 1. Αὗται μὲν ἀποδείξεις ἔστων τοῦ μαντείαν ἐν τοῖς ἀρίστοις εἶναι τῶν ἐπιτηδευομένων ἀνθρώποις.

[2273] _Ibid._, ch. 18.

[2274] Δίων ἢ περὶ τῆς κατ’ αὐτὸν διαγωγῆς.

[2275] Φαλάκρας ἐγκώμιον, ch. 10.

[2276] Αἰγύπτιοι ἢ περὶ προνοίας, bk. ii, ch. 7.

[2277] Πρὸς Παιόνιον περὶ τοῦ δώρου, ch. 5.

[2278] Δίων, ch. 7. Περὶ ἐνυπνίων, ch. 4. Ἐπιστολαί, 4, 49, and 142.

[2279] On Synesius as an alchemist see Berthelot (1885), pp. 65, 188-90; (1889), p. ix.

[2280] T. R. Glover, _Life and Letters in the Fourth Century A. D._, Cambridge, 1901, p. 187, note 1.

[2281] _Saturnalia_, I, xvi, 12.

[2282] _Commentary on the Dream of Scipio_, II, 17, “Universa philosophiae integritas”; ed. Nisard, Paris, 1883.

[2283] _Ibid._, I, 5-6; II, 1-2.

[2284] _Ibid._, I, 7.

[2285] _Ibid._, I, 19.

[2286] _Ibid._, I, 14.

[2287] Glover (1901), p. 178.

[2288] _De nuptiis philologiae et mercurii et de septem artibus liberalibus libri novem, Lugduni apud haeredes Simonis Vincentii_, 1539; ed. U. F. Kopp, Frankfurt, 1836; ed. F. Eyssenhardt, Leipzig, 1866.

[2289] It occurs toward the close of the second book.

[2290] In Kopp’s edition pp. 202-23 are almost entirely taken up with notes setting forth other passages in the classics concerning such spirits.

[2291] Greek text in Migne, PG 3, 119-370.

[2292] Migne, PL 122, 1037-70.

[2293] The following bibliography includes the editions of the texts concerned and the chief critical researches in the field. A. Ausfeld, _Zur Kritik des griechischen Alexanderromans; Untersuchungen über die unechten Teile der ältesten Ueberlieferung_, Karlsruhe, 1894. A. Ausfeld and W. Kroll, _Der griechische Alexanderroman_, Leipzig, 1907. H. Becker, _Die Brahmannen in der Alexandersage_, Königsberg, 1889, 34 pp. E. A. W. Budge, _History of Alexander the Great_, Cambridge University Press, 1889; the Syriac version of the _Pseudo-Callisthenes_ edited from five MSS, with an English translation and notes. E. A. W. Budge, _The Life and Exploits of Alexander the Great_, Cambridge University Press, 1896; Ethiopic Histories of Alexander by the Pseudo-Callisthenes and other writers. D. Carrarioli, _La leggenda di Alessandro Magno_, 1892. G. G. Cillié, _De Iulii Valerii epitoma Oxoniensi_, Strasburg, 1905. G. Favre, _Recherches sur les histoires fabuleuses d’Alexandre le Grand_, in _Mélanges d’hist. litt._, II (1856), 5-184. Ethé, _Alexanders Zug zur Lebensquelle im Lande der Finsterniss_, in _Atti dell’ Accademia di Monaco_, 1871. B. Kübler, _Julius Valerius; Res gestae Alexandri Macedonis_, Leipzig, 1888 (see pp. xxv-xxvi for further bibliography). Levi, _La légende d’Alexandre dans le Talmud_, in _Revue des Études juives_, I (1880), 293-300. Meusel, _Pseudo-Callisthenes nach der Leidener Handschrift herausgegeben_, Leipzig, 1871. M. P. H. Meyer, _Alexandre le Grand dans la littérature française du moyen âge_, 2 vols., Paris, 1886. C. Müller, _Scriptores rerum Alexandri Magni_, Firmin-Didot, Paris, 1846 and 1877 (bound with Arrian, ed. Fr. Dübner); the first edition of the Greek text of the _Pseudo-Callisthenes_ from three Paris MSS, also Julius Valerius, etc. Noeldeke, _Beiträge zur Geschichte des Alexanderromans, Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Philos. Hist. Classe_, vol. 38, Vienna, 1890; Budge says of this work, “Professor Noeldeke discusses in his characteristic masterly manner the Greek, Syriac, Hebrew, Persian, and Arabic versions, and ably shows how each is related to the other, and how certain variations in the narrative have arisen. No other writer before him was able to control, by knowledge at first hand, the statements of both the Aryan and Semitic versions; his work is therefore of unique value.” _Padmuthiun Acheksandri Maketonazwui, I Wenedig i dparani serbuin Chazaru_, Hami, 1842; the Armenian version published by the Mechitarists, Venice, 1842. F. Pfister, _Kleine Texte zum Alexanderroman_, Heidelberg, 1910; _Sammlung vulgärlateinischer Texte herausg. v. W. Heraeus u. H. Morf, 4 Heft_. Spiegel, _Die Alexandersage bei den Orientalen_, Leipzig, 1851. Vogelstein, _Adnotationes quaedam ex litteris orientalibus petitae quae de Alexandro Magno circumferuntur_, Warsaw, 1865. A. Westermann, _De Callisthene Olynthio et Pseudo-Callisthene Commentatio_, 1838-1842. J. Zacher, _Pseudo-Callisthenes: Forschungen zur Kritik und Geschichte der ältesten Aufzeichnung der Alexandersage_, Halle, 1867 (see pp. 2-3 for further bibliography of works written before 1851). J. Zacher, _Julii Valerii Epitome, zum ersten mal herausgegeben_, Halle, 1867.

[2294] _Hexaemeron_, VI, 7. On the other hand, Augustine, _De civitate dei_, V, 6-7, alludes to the sage who selected a certain hour for intercourse with his wife in order that he might beget a marvelous son.

[2295] Seneca in the _Natural Questions_ (VI, 23) called the death of Callisthenes “the eternal crime” of Alexander which all his military victories and conquests could not outweigh,—a passage which did not keep Nero from forcing Seneca to commit suicide.

[2296] Reitzenstein, _Poimandres_, Leipzig, 1904, pp. 308-309.

[2297] _Res gestae_ of Alexander of Macedon, contained in three MSS of the Royal Library in the British Museum, dating according to the catalogue from the eleventh and twelfth centuries: Royal 13-A-I, Royal 12-C-IV, and Royal 15-C-VI, are not the full text of Julius Valerius, but the epitome of which I shall soon speak.

[2298] The longer epitome is known from an Oxford MS, Corpus Christi MS 82, and was believed by Meyer to be intermediary between Valerius and the other briefer epitome. Cillié, however, tries to prove the shorter epitome to be the older.

[2299] _Alexandri Magni Epistola ad Aristotelem de mirabilibus Indiae_, first printed with _Synesii Epistolae, graece; adcedunt aliorum Epistolae_, Venice, 1499; then Bologna, 1501; Basel, 1517; Paris, 1520, fols. 102v-14v, following the Pseudo-Aristotle, _Secret of Secrets_; etc. These early printed editions give the oldest Latin text, dating back as we have seen to at least 800.

Some MSS of the same version are:

BM Royal 13-A-I, fols. 51v-78r, a beautifully clear MS of the late 11th century with clubbed strokes. The Epistola is preceded by the _Epitome of Valerius_ and followed by the correspondence with Dindimus.

Royal 12-C-IV, 12th century.

Royal 15-C-VI, 12th century.

Cotton Nero D VIII, fol. 169.

Sloane 1619, 13th century, fols. 12-17.

Arundel 242, 15th century, fols. 160-83.

BL Laud. Misc. 247, 12th century, fol. 186; preceded at fol. 171 by the “Ortus vita et obitus Alexandri Macedonis,” and followed at fol. 196v by the letter to Dindimus.

BN MSS 2874, 4126, 4877, 4880, 5062, 6121, 6365, 6503, 6831, 7561, 8518, 8521A, _Epistola de itinere et situ Indiae_; 8607, _Epistolae eius nomine scriptae_; and 2695A, 6186, 6365, 6385, 6811, 6831, 8501A, for _Responsio ad Dindimum_.

CLM 11319, 13th century, fol. 88, _Alexandri epistola ad Aristotelem de rebus in India gestis_, preceded at fol. 72 by the _Epitome_ and followed at fol. 97 by the _Dindimus_.

In the library of Eton College an imperfect copy of the _Epistola_ follows _Orosius_ in a MS of the early 13th century, 133, BL 4, 6, fols. 85r-87.

A somewhat different and later version of the _Letter to Aristotle_ was published in 1910 at Heidelberg by Friedrich Pfister from a Bamberg MS of the 11th century, together with _Palladius_ and the correspondence with Dindimus. Pfister believed all these to be translations from the Greek.

An Anglo-Saxon version of the _Letter to Aristotle_ was edited by Cockayne in 1861 (see T. Wright, RS 34; xxvii).

[2300] III, 17.

[2301] First published by Joachim Camerarius about 1571.

[2302] Published with _Palladius_ by Sir Edward Bisse in 1665; MSS are numerous.

[2303] From this same MS Pfister published the _Letter to Aristotle_ and other treatises mentioned above.

[2304] Its influence would therefore seem to have been upon the later prose romances and not upon French vernacular poetry. Known at first only in Italy and Germany, its popularity became general in western Europe toward the close of the middle ages.

[2305] Harleian 527, fols. 47-56.

[2306] Amplon. Quarto 12, fols. 200-201; presumably it includes only those chapters concerned with Nectanebus.

[2307] CUL 1429 (Gg. I, 34), 14th century, No. 5, 35 fols. Also in CU Trinity 1041, 14th century, fols. 200v-212v, “De Nectanabo mago quomodo magnum genuerit Alexandrum. Egipti sapientes....”

[2308] NH XXXVI, 14 and 19.

[2309] _De anima_, cap. 57, in Migne, PL II, 792.

[2310] The former built a Temple of Isis, now a heap of ruins, at Behbit el-Hagar and a colonnade to the Temple of Hibis in the oasis of Khîrgeh; and his name appears upon a gate in the Temple of Mont at Karnak. Besides the Vestibule of Nektanebos at Philae there is a court of Nektanebos before the Temple of the Eighteenth Dynasty at Medinet Habu.

[2311] Berthelot (1885), pp. 29-30.

[2312] The Syriac version, on the contrary, emphasizes this point less.

[2313] Budge’s translation of the Ethiopic version.

[2314] CLM 215, fols. 176-94, “Egiptiorum gentem in mathematica magica quam in arte fuisse valentem littere tradunt.”

[2315] _Pseudo-Callisthenes_, I, 4, “casters of horoscopes, readers of signs, interpreters of dreams, ventriloquists, augurs, genethlialogists, the so-called magi to whom divination is an open book.” Budge, Syriac version, p. 4, “The interpreters of dreams are of many kinds and the knowers of signs, those who understand divination, Chaldean augurs and casters of nativities; the Greeks call the signs of the zodiac ‘sorcerers’; and others are counters of the stars. As for me, all of these are in my hands and I myself am an Egyptian prophet, a magus, and a counter of the stars.” Budge, _Ethiopic Histories_, p. 11, “Then Nectanebus answered and said unto her, ‘Yea. Those who have knowledge of the orbs of heaven are of many kinds. Some are interpreters of dreams, and some have knowledge of what shall happen in the future, and some understand omens, and some cast nativities, and there are besides all those who know magic and who are renowned because they are learned in their art, and some are skilled in the motion of the stars of heaven: but I have full knowledge of all these things.’”

[2316] From Fowler’s translation of _Alexander: the False Prophet_. See also Plutarch’s _Alexander_.

[2317] The Syriac and Ethiopic versions are somewhat more detailed as to the magic by which Philip’s dream was produced. Budge, Syriac version, p. 8, “Then Nectanebus ... brought a hawk and muttered over it his charms and made it fly away with a small quantity of a drug, and that night it shewed Philip a dream.” Budge, _Ethiopic Histories_, p. 21, “Then Nectanebus took a swift bird and muttered over it certain charms and names, and ... in one day and one night it traversed many lands and countries and seas, and it came to Philip by night and stopped. And it came to pass at that very hour ... that Philip saw a marvelous dream.”

[2318] In another place, however, Albert calls Philip Alexander’s father, _De causis et proprietatibus elementorum et planetarum_, II, ii, 1.

[2319] The story is better told in the Syriac version (Budge, 14-17), where Alexander does not push Nectanebus into the pit until after he has asked the astrologer if he knows his own fate and has been told that Nectanebus is to be slain by his own son. Alexander then attempts to foil fate by pushing Nectanebus into the pit, but only fulfills it. In the Ethiopic version Nectanebus is represented as educating Alexander from his seventh year on in “philosophy and letters and the working of magic and the stars and their seasons.” Aristotle becomes Alexander’s tutor only after the death of Nectanebus. Aristotle, too, is represented as an adept in astrology, amulets, and the use of magic wax images. (Budge, _Ethiopic Histories_, pp. 31, xlv).

[2320] VI, 4.

[2321] Royal 13-A-I, fol. 53v.

[2322] In CU Trinity 1446 (1250 A. D.) _The Romance of Alexander_ in French verse by Eustache (or Thomas) of Kent, among 152 pictures listed by James (III, 483-91) are two representing the hero’s colloquy with the moon tree (fol. 31r). Marco Polo also tells of these marvelous trees. And see Roux de Rochelle, “Notice sur l’Arbre du Soleil, ou Arbre Sec, décrit dans la relation des voyages de Marco Polo,” in _Bulletin de la Société de géographie_, série 3, III (1845), 187-94.

[2323] For the _Letter to Aristotle_ I have employed the Paris, 1520 edition and Royal 13-A-I, which follow the early Latin version. As stated above, Pfister’s edition (Heidelberg, 1910) gives a later version probably translated from the Greek.

[2324] There appears to have been no complete edition of Aëtius in Greek. The first eight of his sixteen books were printed at Venice in 1534, and the ninth at Leipzig in 1757, but for the entire sixteen books one must use the Latin translation of Cornarius, Basel, 1542, etc., which I have read in Stephanus, _Medicae artis principes_, 1567.

Recent editions of portions of Aëtius are: Αετιου λογος δωδεκατος πρωτον νυν εκδοθεις ὑπο Γεωργιου Α. Κωστομοιρου, pp. 112, 131, Paris, 1892.

_Die Augenheilkunde des Aëtius aus Amida_, Griechisch und deutsch herausg. von J. Hirschberg, pp. xi, 204, Leipzig, 1899.

_Aetii sermo sextidecimus et ultimus_ (Αετιου περι των εν μητρα παθων etc.). Erstens aus HSS veröffentl. mit Abbildungen, etc., v. S. Zervòs, pp. k’, 172, Leipzig, 1901.

Αετιου Αμιδινου Λογος δεκατος πεμπτος, ed. S. Zerbos, 1909, in Επιστημονικη Εταιρεια, Αθηνα, vol. 21.

My references to Alexander of Tralles are both to the text of Stephanus (1567) and the more recent edition by Theodor Puschmann, _Alexander von Tralles, Originaltext und Übersetzung nebst einer einleitenden Abhandlung_, Vienna, 1878-9, 2 vols. This gives a more critical text than any previous edition, but unfortunately Puschmann adopted still another arrangement into books than those of the MSS and previous editions, and also in my opinion did not make a sufficient study of the Latin MSS. His introduction contains information concerning Alexander’s life and the MSS and previous editions of his works.

A valuable earlier study on Alexander was that of E. Milward, published in 1733 under the title, _A Letter to the Honourable Sir Hans Sloane Bart., etc._, and in 1734 as _Trallianus Reviviscens_, 229 pp. Milward was preparing an edition of Alexander of Tralles, but it was never published. His estimate of Alexander’s position in the history of medicine furnishes an incidental picture of interest of the state of medicine in his own time, the early eighteenth century.

The old Latin translation of Alexander of Tralles was the first to be printed at Lyons, 1504, _Alexandri yatros practica cum expositione glose interlinearis Jacobi de Partibus et (Simonis) Januensis in margine posite_; also Pavia, 1520 and Venice 1522. Next appeared a very free Latin translation by Torinus in 1533 and 1541, _Paraphrases in libros omnes Alexandri Tralliani_. The Greek text of Alexander was first printed by Stephanus (Robert Étienne) in 1548 (ed. J. Goupyl). The Latin translation by Guinther of Andernach, which is included in Stephanus (1567), first appeared in 1549, Strasburg, and was reprinted a number of times.

Another work by Puschmann may also be noted: _Nachträge zu Alexander Trallianus. Fragmente aus Philumenus und Philagrius nebst einer bisher noch ungedruckten Abhandlung über Augenkrankheiten_, Berlin, 1886, in _Berliner Studien f. class. Philol. und Archaeol._, V, 2; 188 pp., in which he segregates as fragments of Philumenus and Philagrius portions of the text of Alexander as found in the Latin MSS.

My references for the _De medicamentis_ of Marcellus apply to Helmreich’s edition of 1889 in the Teubner series. This edition is based on a single MS of the ninth century at Laon which Helmreich followed Valentin Rose in regarding as the sole extant codex of the work. As a result Rose indulged in ingenious theories to explain how the _editio princeps_ by Ianus Cornarius, Basel, 1536, included the prefatory letter and other preliminary material not found in the Laon MS, whose first leaves and some others are missing.

But as a matter of fact BN 6880, a clear and beautifully written MS of the ninth century, contains the _De medicamentis_ entire with all the preliminary letters. Moreover, it is evident that the _editio princeps_ was printed directly from this MS, which contains not only notes by Cornarius but the marks of the compositors.

The text of the edition of 1536 was reproduced in the medical collections of Aldus, _Medici antiqui_, Venice, 1547, and Stephanus, _Medicae artis principes_, 1567.

Jacob Grimm, _Über Marcellus Burdigalensis_, in _Abhandl. d. kgl. Akad. d. Wiss. z. Berlin_ (1847), pp. 429-60, discusses the evidence for placing Marcellus under the older Theodosius, lists the Celtic words and expressions found in the _De medicamentis_, and also one hundred specimens of its folk-lore and magic. This article was reprinted in _Kleinere Schriften_, II (1865), 114-51, where it is followed at pp. 152-72 by a supplementary paper, _Über die Marcellischen Formeln_, likewise reprinted from the Academy Proceedings for 1855, pp. 51-68.

The magic of Marcellus was further treated of by R. Heim, _De rebus magicis Marcelli medici_, in _Schedae philol. Hermanno Usener oblatae_ (1891), pp. 119-37, where he adds _nova magica ex Marcelli libris collata_ which Grimm had omitted.

[2325] Marcellus is often called of Bordeaux, notably in Grimm’s article, _Über Marcellus Burdigalensis_, 1847; also by C. W. King, _The Gnostics and their Remains_, 1887, p. 219; and by J. G. Frazer, _The Golden Bough_, I, 23; but there seems to be no definite proof that he was from that city.

Jules Combarieu, _La musique et la magie_, 1909, p. 87, says in reference to the following incantation recommended by Marcellus, _tetunc resonco bregan gresso_, “Je remarque en passant qu’il faut frotter l’œil en disant ce _carmen_, et que dans le patois du Midi, _brégua_ ou _brége_, signifie frotter. Marcellus, si je ne me trompe, était de Bordeaux.”

Grimm, however (1847), p. 455, interpreted _bregan_ as “lies”—“breigan gen. pl. von breag lüge,” and the whole line as in modern Irish _teith uainn cre soin go breigan greasa_ (“fleuch von uns staub hinnen zu der lügen genossen!”).

[2326] Stephanus (1567), I, 347, _et seq._ For an English translation of the text see F. Adams, _The Seven Books of Paulus Aegineta_, London, 1844-1847.

[2327] _Simia Galieni_, according to Guinther in his translation of Alexander of Tralles, Stephanus (1567), I, 131.

[2328] Milward (1733), 9-11.

[2329] John Friend (or Freind), _History of Physick_ (1725), I, 297.

[2330] Puschmann, _History of Medical Education_, 1891, p. 153.

[2331] Milward (1733), p. 11.

[2332] J. F. Payne, _English Medicine in Anglo-Saxon Times_, 1904, pp. 102-8.

[2333] Milward (1733), p. 19; Puschmann (1878), I, 104.

[2334] Ch. Daremberg, _Histoire des Sciences Médicales_, Paris, 1870, I, 242.

[2335] This general impression received from reading many classical and medieval works I was glad to find confirmed by Milward (1733), p. 29, in the particular case of Alexander of Tralles, of whom he writes: “As our author’s stile is excellent, so likewise is his method, and there is no respect in which he is more distinguished from the other Greek writers in physick than in this. The works of Hippocrates, Galen, and indeed of all of them except it be Aretaeus are not only very voluminous but put together with little or no order, as is evident enough to all such as have been conversant with them.”

[2336] Daremberg (1870), I, 258-9, said that a mass of MSS in a score of European libraries contained as yet unidentified Latin translations of Greek medical writers.

[2337] BN 10233, 7th century uncial; BN nouv. acq. 1619, 7-8th century, demi-uncial; BN 9332, 9th century, fol. 1-, Oribasii synopsis medica; CLM 23535, 12th century, fols. 72 and 112. V. Rose, _Soranus_, 1882, pp. iv-v, speaks of a sixth century Latin version of _Oribasius_.

[2338] _Tetrabiblos_, IV, iii, 15.

[2339] _Ibid._, I, iv, 9, where Galen is not cited, and III, i, 9, where Galen is cited. In Galen, _De simplicibus_, IX, ii, 19 (Kühn, XII, 207).

[2340] _Ibid._, I, ii, 170, where Galen is not cited; _De simplicibus_, XI, i, 1 (Kühn, XII, 311-4).

[2341] _Tetrabiblos_ I, ii, 175; Kühn XII, 356-9. Galen is not cited in this, nor in any of the following passages from the _Tetrabiblos_ listed in the notes, unless this is expressly stated.

[2342] _Tetrabiblos_ at the beginning, pp. 6-7 in Stephanus (1567).

[2343] _Tetrabiblos_ IV, i, 33; Kühn XIV, 233, and XII, 250-1.

[2344] _Tetrabiblos_ I, ii, 109; Kühn XII, 288.

[2345] _Tetrabiblos_ I, ii, 84; Kühn XII, 253.

[2346] _Tetrabiblos_ I, ii, 84; Kühn XII, 248, 284-5.

[2347] _Tetrabiblos_ I, ii, 111; Kühn XII, 291-3.

[2348] _Tetrabiblos_ II, iv, 34; Kühn XII, 860. Perhaps a closer correspondence than this could be found. In his preceding 33rd chapter, headed _Curatio erosorum dentium ex Galeno_, Aëtius includes use of the tooth of a dead dog pulverized in vinegar, which is to be held in the mouth, or filling the ear next the tooth with “fumigated earthworms” or with oil in which earthworms have been cooked.

[2349] _Tetrabiblos_ I, ii, 49.

[2350] _Tetrabiblos_ IV, i, 39.

[2351] _Tetrabiblos_ III, iii, 35.

[2352] _Tetrabiblos_ II, ii, 12. Marcellus, cap. 20 (p. 188) also speaks of “those who often think that they are made sport of by an incubus.”

[2353] _Tetrabiblos_, I, ii, 177.

[2354] _Tetrabiblos_, IV, i, 86.

[2355] _Tetrabiblos_, I, iii, 164. This passage was printed separately in the _Uranologion_ of D. Petavius, Paris, 1630 and 1703.

[2356] Agathias, _De imperio et rebus gestis Justiniani_, Paris, 1860, p. 149.

[2357] Milward (1733), p. 17, “he travel’d through Greece, Gaul, Spain, and several other places whose mention we find up and down in his works.”

[2358] Puschmann (1878), I, 288, διὸ καὶ γέρων λοιπὸν πειθαρχῶ καὶ κάμνειν οὐκέτι δυνάμενος....

[2359] Milward (1733), p. 25.

[2360] Puschmann (1878), I, 83.

[2361] Milward (1733), p. 27.

[2362] Puschmann (1891), 152-3.

[2363] Stephanus (1567), I, 131.

[2364] Friend (1725), I, 106.

[2365] Milward (1733), pp. 65-6, 57 _et seq._

[2366] _Ibid._, pp. 104, 92-3, 71.

[2367] _Ibid._, pp. 48-9.

[2368] See V. Rose, _Hermes_, VIII, 39; _Anecdota_, II, 108. I presume that BN 9332, 9th century, fol. 139, “Alexandri hiatrosofiste therapeut(i)con” (libri tres) is the free Latin translation in a Paris MS of the ninth century alluded to by Daremberg (1870), I, 258-9. Puschmann (1878) I, 91-2, in a blind and inadequate account of the Latin MSS, does not mention it, but lists a Monte Cassino codex (97) of the 9-10th century and an Angers MS of the 10-11th century. He also alludes to a MS at Chartres without giving any number or date for it, but probably has reference to Chartres 342, 12th century, fols. 1-139, “Libri tres Alexandri Yatros.” He alludes to BN 6881 and 6882, both 13th century, libri tres de morbis et de morborum curatione; but not to CLM 344, 12-13th century, fols. 1-60, libri III de medicina,—integra versio Latina Lugduni a. 1504 edita. Other MSS are: Gonville and Caius 400, early 13th century, fols. 4v-83v, “Inc. Alexander yatros sophista”; Royal 12-B-XVI, late 13th century, fol. 113, Practica Alexandri.

It will be noted that the text in all these Latin MSS is in only three books, but it follows the same order as the twelve books. It is also, at least in the edition of 1504, not as abbreviated as one might infer from Rose. Rather the later editors, Albanus Torinus and Guinther of Andernach, seem to have taken greater liberties with, and made unwarranted additions to Alexander’s text. At the same time the early Latin text treats of some topics such as toothache which are not included in Puschmann’s Greek text, and also includes (II, 79-103, and 104-50) treatments of diseases of the abdomen and spleen for which there seems to be no genuine Greek text and which Puschmann, _Nachträge_, 1886, has published separately as fragments of Philumenus and Philagrius, medical writers of the first and fourth centuries. His chief reason seems to be that cap. 79 is entitled, _De reumate ventris filominis_, and cap. 104, _Ad splenem philogrius_, while cap. 151 is headed, _Causa que est ydropicie alexandri_. These passages are, however, found in the Latin MSS of Alexander’s work from the first, and the use of Romance words by the unknown Latin translator indicates that the translation was made in the early medieval period,—Puschmann (1886), p. 12.

[2369] Puschmann (1878), I, 91.

[2370] As in Vendôme 109, 11th century, fol. 1, Mulsa Alexandri (Tralliani), fol. 68v, “De reuma ventris, de libro Alexandri” (not here ascribed, it will be noted, to Philumenus), fol. 71, “De secundo libro Alexandri de cura nefreticorum.” The _Mulsa Alexandri_ is found also in two other 11th century MSS of the same library: Vendôme 172, fol. 1, and 175, fol. 2.

In Royal 12-E-XX, 12th century, fols. 146v-151v, “Incipit liber dietarum diversarum medicorum, hoc est Alexandri et aliorum.” This extract, made up of a number of Alexander’s chapters on the diet suitable in different ailments, is often found in the MSS, as here, with the Pseudo-Pliny and was printed as its fifth book in 1509 and 1516.

[2371] Puschmann (1878), I, 97.

[2372] Milward (1773), p. 179.

[2373] Thus in Vendôme 109 (see note 2, p. 577) besides the extracts from Alexander of Tralles we find at fol. 58, “Alexander (Aphrodisiensis) amicus veritatis in tertio libro suo ubi de febribus commemorat.” The Arabs seem to have confused these two Alexanders: see Steinschneider (1862), p. 61; Puschmann (1878), I, 94-5.

[2374] See the discussion by Choulant in _Janus_ (1845), p. 52, and Henschel in De Renzi (1852-9) II, 11, of a 12th century MS at Breslau, “Liber Alexandri de agnoscendis febribus et pulsibus et urinis”; also Puschmann (1878) I, 105-6, concerning BN Greek MS 2316, which seems to be a late Greek translation of it,—another instance that a Greek text is not necessarily the original.

[2375] Corpus Christi 189, 11-12th century, fols. 1-5, “Antidotum pigra magni Alexandri Macedonii quod facit stomaticis epilenticis.” Steinschneider, cited by Puschmann (1878) I, 106, has also noted the attribution in Hebrew MSS to Alexander the Great of a work on fever, urine, and pulse, presumably identical with that mentioned in the foregoing note.

[2376] Stephanus (1567) I, 176, 204, 216, 225; and Puschmann, II, 575, are a few specimens.

[2377] Amplon. Quarto 204, 12-13th century, fols. 90-5, Experimentorum Alexandri medici collectio succincta. Digby 79, 13th century, fols. 180-92v, “Alexandrina experimenta de libro percompendiose extractata meliora ut nobis visum est ad singulas egritudines.” Additional 34111, 15th century, fol. 77, “Experimenta Alexandri,” in English.

[2378] Stephanus I, 156; Puschmann II, 563.

[2379] Milward (1733), p. 168.

[2380] Stephanus I, 312; Puschmann II, 579.

[2381] Stephanus I, 345, see also 296 and 339; Puschmann I, 407, 437.

[2382] Stephanus I, 312; Puschmann II, 579.

[2383] Stephanus I, 156; Puschmann I, 565.

[2384] Stephanus I, 345; Puschmann I, 437.

[2385] Καὶ θαυμαστῶς ὅπως ἀντιπαθείᾳ τινὶ καὶ λόγῳ ἀρρήτῳ.

[2386] For the passages in this paragraph see Stephanus I, 156-7, 313; Puschmann I, 561, 567-73.

[2387] Stephanus I, 312.

[2388] Stephanus I, 281; Puschmann II, 475.

[2389] Stephanus I, 296; Puschmann II, 377.

[2390] Stephanus I, 313.

[2391] Stephanus I, 296; Puschmann II, 377.

[2392] Stephanus I, 281; Puschmann II, 475.

[2393] Stephanus I, 314; Puschmann II, 585.

[2394] If the MSS, which I have not examined, agree with the 1504 edition.

[2395] Both in BN 6880 and the edition of Basel, 1536, “Marcellus vir inluster ex magno officio Theodosii Sen. filiis suis salutem d(icit).” In the MS, however, a later hand has written above the now faded line an incorrect copy in which “Theodosii Sen.” is replaced by “theodosiensi.” Helmreich (1889), on the other hand, has replaced “ex magno officio” by “ex magistro officio.” It is perhaps open to doubt whether the “Sen.” goes with “Theodosii” or “Marcellus.”

[2396] Cap. 20 (1889), p. 204.

[2397] In BN 6880 there are other headings written in capitals than those which mark the openings of the 36 chapters.

[2398] Cap. 29 (1889), pp. 304-6.

[2399] Cap. 35 (1889), p. 361.

[2400] Cap. 8 (1889), p. 80.

[2401] Cap. 5 (1889), p. 49.

[2402] For such mentions of experience and experiment see the following passages in the 1889 edition, numbers referring to page and line: 31, 7; 34, 3; 35, 14; 44, 2; 53, 1; 58, 21; 64, 34; 65, 30; 66, 26; 72, 22; 73, 7; 74, 2; 77, 9; 80, 28; 81, 29; 89, 3 and 29; 96, 14 and 31; 102, 27; 120, 32; 123, 15; 129, 21; 133, 10; 145, 33; 148, 25; 149, 26; 160, 18; 176, 5; 178, 25; 186, 15; 190, 20; 192, 31; 211, 1; 222, 18; 224, 31; 230, 3; 235, 15; 236, 14; 239, 8 and 26; 242, 8 and 23; 248, 20; 256, 9; 258, 5; 264, 21; 276, 35; 281, 19 and 27; 282, 15; 308, 21; 312, 6 and 19 and 22; 314, 25; 326, 28; 327, 13; 334, 29; 343, 23; 351, 23 and 25; 353, 4; 354, 19; 356, 6; 362, 32; 370, 22 and 37.

[2403] Cap. 15 (1889), p. 146.

[2404] Cap. 23 (1889), p. 239.

[2405] Caps. 20 and 24 (1889), pp. 208 and 244.

[2406] Cap. 26 (1889), pp. 264-6.

[2407] Cap. 29 (1889), p. 311; and see cap. 28, p. 298.

[2408] Cap. 12, p. 123.

[2409] Cap. 16, p. 166.

[2410] Cap. 23, p. 238.

[2411] Cap. 34, p. 357.

[2412] Cap. 8, p. 69.

[2413] Cap. 8, p. 66.

[2414] Cap. 12, p. 125.

[2415] Cap. 10, p. 113.

[2416] Cap. 10, p. 112; NH 30, 11.

[2417] Cap. 8, p. 68; NH 29, 38.

[2418] Cap. 29, p. 313.

[2419] Cap. 29, p. 314. Pliny has a similar procedure with a frog and a reed.

[2420] Cap. 22, p. 230.

[2421] Cap. 33, p. 347, “mulierem verendaque eius dum cum ea cois tange.”

[2422] Cap. 23, p. 239.

[2423] Cap. 1, p. 34.

[2424] Cap. 25, p. 247.

[2425] Cap. 12, p. 126.

[2426] Cap. 18, p. 178.

[2427] Cap. 17, p. 176.

[2428] Cap. 32, pp. 337, 338, 340.

[2429] Cap. 8, p. 70.

[2430] Cap. 12, p. 123.

[2431] Cap. 36, p. 379. Marcellus employs the phrase, of course, to indicate a private or personal incantation, and as a matter of fact it is somewhat less absurd than a number of others.

[2432] Cap. 28, p. 301.

[2433] Cap. 29, p. 310. For further instances of incantations and characters in the _De medicamentis_ see page 110, lines 18-27; 111, 26-33; 112, 29-113, 2; 116, 8-11; 133, 18-22, 26-31; 139, 17-26; 142, 19-26; 149, 4-11; 151, 18-33; 152, 9-14, 19-24; 180, 1-3; 220, 11-20; 221, 2-6; 223, 15-18; 241, 1-6, 14-22; 244, 26-28; 248, 16-19; 260, 22-24; 295, 18-22; 333, 9-15; 382, 16-18.

[2434] Daremberg (1870) I, 257-8.

[2435] _Plinii Secundi Iunioris de medicina libri tres_, ed. V. Rose, Lipsiae, 1875. V. Rose, “Ueber die Medicina Plinii,” in _Hermes_, VIII (1874) 19-66.

[2436] _C. Plinii Secundi Medicina_, ed. Thomas Pighinuccius, Rome, 1509.

[2437] Codex St. Gall 751; described by V. Rose, _Hermes_, VIII, 48-55; _Anecdota_ II, 106.

[2438] For the list of his six genuine works see above p. 222.

[2439] De nota aspirationis and De diphthongis, ed. Osann, Darmstadt, 1826, with _De orthographia_, a forgery by a sixteenth century humanist.

[2440] Περὶ ἑρμηνείας, sometimes printed as the third book of the _De dogmate Platonis_. Some scholars, however, regard it as genuine, and there are a number of MSS of it from the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries. See Schanz (1905), 127-8.

[2441] See above p. 290.

[2442] See Schanz (1905), 139-40.

[2443] See below p. 683. Schanz fails to mention it among the apocryphal works of Apuleius.

[2444] H. Köbert, _De Pseudo-Apulei herbarum medicaminibus_, Bayreuth, 1888. Schanz (1905) 138, mentions only continental MSS, although there are numerous MSS of it in the British Museum and Bodleian libraries, some of which have been used and others described by O. Cockayne in his edition of the _Herbarium_ and the other treatises accompanying it in his _Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England_, Vol. I (1864) in RS XXXV. Nor does Schanz note Cockayne’s book.

[2445] See Sloane 1975, a vellum MS of the 12th or early 13th century written in fine large letters and beautifully illuminated; Ashmole 1431, end of 11th century, and 1462, 13th century, fol. 45r. Harleian 4986, Apuleii Platonici de medicamentis cum figuris pictis, is another early illuminated English MS. Cockayne I, lxxxii, does not date it, but the MSS catalogue lists it as tenth century. In CU Trinity 1152, 14th century, James (III, 162-3) estimates the number of colored drawings as between 800 and 1000; he describes only a few. Singer (1921) reproduces a number of such illuminations from MSS of the _Herbarium_ and of Dioscorides.

[2446] Lucca 236, 9-10th century, “Herbarium Apuleii Platonici quem accepit a Chironi magistro Achillis et ab Escolapio explicit feliciter.” In Cotton Vitellius C-III, early 11th century, in Anglo-Saxon, although the title reads, “The Herbarium of Apuleius the Platonist which he received from Esculapius and Chiron the centaur, the master of Achilles,” a full page painting shows Plato and Chiron receiving the volume from Aesculapius (Cockayne, I, lxxxviii). And Sloane 1975 and Harleian 1585 speak of the _Herbarium_ as “Liber Platonis Apoliensis.” In a 15th century MS (Rawlinson C-328, fol. 113v-, Incipit de herbis Galieni Apolei et Ciceronis) Galen and Cicero, who perhaps replace Chiron and Aesculapius, are associated with Apuleius as authors.

[2447] Daremberg (1853), 11-12, said that the pagan incantations were preserved intact in a number of MSS at Oxford and Cambridge. Conjurations of herbs are not limited to the Pseudo-Apuleius in medieval MSS but sometimes occur singly as in Perugia 736, 13th century, where at fol. 267 a 14th century hand has added a passage in Latin which may be translated: “In the name of Christ, Amen. I conjure you, herb, that I may conquer by lord Peter etc. by moon and stars etc. and may you conquer all my enemies, pontiff and priests and all laymen and all women and all lawyers who are against me etc.” In Sloane 1571, 15th century, fols. 1-6, at the close of fragments of a Latin-English dictionary of herbs is a Latin prayer entitled, _Benedictio omnium herbarum_.

[2448] The above passages are from Sloane 1975 and the edition of 1547.

[2449] Ashmole 1431, 11th century, fol. 3r, “In nomine domini incipit herboralium apuleii platonis quod accepit ascolapio et chirone centauro magistro. Lege feliciter. Precantatio omnium herbarum ad singulas curas.” CU Trinity 1152, 14th century, fol. 1. Gonville and Caius 345, 14th century, fol. 89v.

[2450] Or Papyriensis Placitus.

[2451] Perhaps merely for “auctor.” ed. Fabricius, Bibl. Graec. XIII, 395-423, _Sexti Placiti liber de medicina ex animalibus_.

[2452] In Montpellier 277, 15th century, “Liber Sesti platonis de animalibus,” perhaps because the Apuleius of the _Herbarium_ is called a Platonist. In Digby 43, late 14th century, fol. 15, “Liber Septiplanti Papiensis de bestiis et avibus medicinalis.” In Rawlinson C-328, 15th century, fol. 128, “Incipit liber Papiriensis ex animalibus ex avibus.” The work is sometimes found in juxtaposition with a somewhat similar “Liber medicinalis de secretis Galieni,” concerning which see below,