Chapter 48

, vol. II, p. 259.

[2855] BN 17868, fol. 17r. The Incipit is the same as in Ashmole 369. The work here seems to be incomplete, since after fol. 17v most of the remaining leaves of the MS (which has 21 fols. in all) are blank.

[2856] The vowels being represented by the consonants following, a common medieval cipher.

[2857] All Souls 81, 15th century, fols. 145v-164r. “Cum sint 28 mansiones lune....” Coxe was mistaken in thinking that the work of Alkandrinus continued to fol. 188 and was in two parts, for at fol. 163r we read, “Expliciunt iudicia libri Alkandrini que sunt in divisione triplici 12 signorum que sunt apparencie per certa tempora super terram.” Moreover, the seven chapters on the planets which follow end at fol. 183v “... finem fecimus. Completa fuit hec compilatio in conversione sancti pauli apostoli anno domini 1350 (1305?) vacante sede per mortem Benedicti undecimi cuius anima requiescat in pace. Amen.” It would therefore seem that some compiler has made an extract from Alchandrus on the twenty-eight mansions.

[2858] BN 10271, fols. 9r-52v, “Incipit liber alchandrini philosophi de nativitatibus hominum secundum compositionem duodecim signorum celi, quem reformavit quidem philosophus cristianus prout patet, quia in quibusdam differt iste liber ab antiquo primordiali. Primo facies arietis in homine sive in masculo. Alnaliet est prima facies arietis....”

[2859] Steinschneider (1905), 30.

[2860] The _editio princeps_ seems to be “Arcandam doctor peritissimus ac non vulgaris astrologus, de veritatibus et praedictionibus astrologiae et praecipue nativitatum seu fatalis dispositionis vel diei cuiuscunque nati, nuper per Magistrum Richardum Roussat, canonicum Lingoniensem, artium et medicinae professorem, de confuso ac indistincto stilo non minus quam e tenebris in lucem aeditus, re cognitus, ac innumeris (ut pote passim) erratis expurgatus, ita ut per multa maxime necessaria et utilissima adiecerit atque adnotaverit modo eiusdem dexteritate praelo primo donatus.” Paris, 1542.

The British Museum also contains another Latin edition of Paris, 1553; French editions of Rouen, 1584 and 1587, Lyons 1625; and English versions printed at London, 1626 (translated from the French), 1630, 1637, and 1670.

[2861] BN 7349, 15th century, fol. 56r, seems only a fragment of the work; BN 7351, 14th century, takes up the various signs.

[2862] CLM 527, 13-14th century, fols. 36-42, de physica signorum et supernascentium et aegrotantium.

[2863] Addit. 15236, English hand of 13-14th century, fols. 130-52r “libellus Alchandiandi.” BN 7486, 14th century, “Incipit liber alkardiani phylosophi. Cum omne quod experitur sit experiendum propter se vel propter aliud....”

[2864] The set in which the first line reads, “Tuum indumentum durabit tempore longo.”

[2865] Very probably this title was derived from the _Incipit_ just given in note 4, p. 716.

[2866] See Sloane 2472, 3554, 3857.

[2867] BN 17868, fol. 14r-16v. The letter of Petosiris on the sphere of life and death at fol. 13r-v “Incipit epistola Phetosiri de sphaera” separates this treatise or fragment from the preceding _liber Alchandri philosophi_. Also this treatise is in a different and slightly older hand than fols. 2-13 are, or at least such was Bubnov’s opinion (1899), 125, note.

[2868] BN 17686, fol. 14v, “que sarraceni nuncupant ita.”

[2869] Berlin 165 (Phillips 1790), 9-10th century. I have not seen the MS, but follow Rose’s full description of it in his _Verzeichnis der lateinischen Handschriften_, I, 362-9.

[2870] Cod. Casin. 97 Gal. I, 24-51.

[2871] Berlin 165, fol. 88.

[2872] _Ibid._, fols. 40-2.

[2873] _Ibid._, fol. 39v.

[2874] Edited with an English translation, which I employ in my quotations, by Rev. Oswald Cockayne in vol. II of his _Leechdoms, Wortcunning, and Starcraft of Early England_, in RS vol. 35, in 3 vols., London, 1864-1866. The relation of Bald and Cild to the work is indicated by the colophon at the close of the second book: “Bald habet hunc librum, Cild quem conscribere iussit,”—“Bald owns this book; Cild is the one he told to write (or copy?) it.” The following third book is therefore presumably of other authorship.

[2875] J. F. Payne, _English Medicine in Anglo-Saxon Times_, 1904, p. 155.

[2876] Book I, cap. 87.

[2877] I, 45.

[2878] I, 85.

[2879] III, 47.

[2880] I, 86.

[2881] I, 68.

[2882] II, 66.

[2883] I, 45.

[2884] I, 63.

[2885] II, 65.

[2886] III, 61.

[2887] Sloane 475 (olim Fr. Bernard 116), 231 leaves, including two codices, one of the 12th century, which is also medical but with which we shall not deal at present, and the other of the 10th or 11th century and written in different hands. The MS is mutilated both at the beginning and the close.

Sloane 2839, 11th century, 112 leaves.

[2888] Sloane 2839, fols, iv-3, “Liber Cirrurgium Cauterium Apollonii et Galieni.” James, _Western MSS in Trinity College_, Cambridge, III, 26-8, describes fifty drawings, chiefly of surgical operations, in MS 1044, early 13th century. By that date cauterization seems to have become less common.

[2889] Professor T. W. Todd thinks that I am too severe upon the practice of cauterization, and that it may sometimes have served as a counter-irritant like mustard plasters and the blister.

[2890] Sloane, 2839, fols. 79v-80v.

[2891] “Ad stomachum ubi ferro operare non oportes sansugias apponas.”

[2892] _Imbrocare._ I have not discovered exactly what it means.

[2893] Sloane 475, fol. 224r; Sloane 2839, fol. 97r.

[2894] Sloane 475, fol. 133, _et seq._

[2895] Sloane 475, fol. 224v.

[2896] Sloane 475, fols. 1-124. At fol. 36r occurs the familiar pseudo-letter of Hippocrates to Antigonus; at fols. 8v-10r is a passage almost identical with that at the close of the _De medicamentis_ of Marcellus, 1889, p. 382; an incantation from Marcellus is repeated at fol. 117v. At fol. 37r we read “Explicit Liber II. Incipit Liber Tertius ad ventris rigiditatem”; at fol. 60r, “Explicit liber tertius. Incipit Liber IIII”; at fol. 85r, “Incipit Liber V.”

[2897] See fol. 110r, “Cros, oros, comigeos, delig(c)ros, falicros, spolicros, splena mihi”; and fol. 114r, “Opas, nolipas, opium, nolimpium.” Those who delight in ciphers will perhaps detect in the latter incantation a hidden allusion to opiates.

[2898] Fol. 117v; see Marcellus (1889), p. 123, cap. 12.

[2899] Fol. 111r.

[2900] Fol. 111v.

[2901] BN nouv. acq. 229, fol. 7v (once p. 246), “nomina septem sanctorum germanorum dormientium que sunt hec, Maximianus, Malchus, Martinianus, Constantinus, Dionisius, Iohannes, Serapion.”

[2902] Sloane 475, fol. 122v.

[2903] “Ellum super ellam sedebat et virgam viridem in manu tenebat et dicebat, Virgam viridis reunitere in simul.”

[2904] Sloane 475, fol. 112v. Unintelligible letters follow.

[2905] Egerton 821, 12th century, fols. 52v-60v.

[2906] _Ibid._, fol. 53v, _vultilis_, which I assume should be _vulturis_ rather than _vituli_, or bull-calf.

[2907] Egerton 821, fol. 57.

[2908] _Ibid._, fol. 58v.

[2909] _Ibid._, fol. 60r.

[2910] BN 7028, 11th century, fols. 136v, 140-3, 154r, and 156r.

[2911] BN nouv. acq. 229, 12th century, fols. 1r-10r (once pp. 233-51), opening, “Rationem observationis vestre pietati secundum precepta doctorum medicinalium ut potui....”

[2912] BN nouv. acq. 229, fol. 2r. March is treated first and February last, while a similar discussion later in the same work (fols. 8r-9r, Quid unoquoque mense utendum quidve vitandum sit) begins with January.

[2913] BN nouv. acq. 229, fol. 7.

[2914] Fol. 6r.

[2915] Fol. 4v.

[2916] Fols. 4v-5r.

[2917] Fol. 7r.

[2918] Fol. 7r-v.

[2919] Fol. 7v.

[2920] Fol. 9v.

[2921] What is known of the School of Salerno has already been briefly indicated in English by H. Rashdall, _Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages_, 1895, I, 75-86, and T. Puschmann, _History of Medical Education_, English translation, London, 1891, pp. 197-211. The standard work on the subject is Salvatore De Renzi, _Collectio Salernitana_, in Italian with Latin texts, published at Naples in five volumes from 1852 to 1859. It contains a history of the School of Salerno by Renzi and various texts brought to light and dissertations discussing them by Renzi, Daremberg, Henschel, and others.

Unfortunately this publication proceeded by the unsystematic piecemeal and hand-to-mouth method, and new texts and discoveries were brought to the editor’s attention during the process, so that the history of the school and the texts in the earlier volumes have to be supplemented and corrected by the fuller versions and dissertations in the later volumes. It is too bad that all the materials could not have been collected and more systematically arranged and collated before publication. Also some of the texts printed have but the remotest connection with Salerno, while others have nothing to do with medicine.

To this collection of materials some further additions have been made by P. Giacosa, _Magistri Salernitani nondum editi_, Turin, 1901.

For further bibliography see in the recent reprint of Harrington’s English translation, _The School of Salerno_ (1920), pp. 50-52.

[2922] Notably Daremberg.

[2923] II, 59 (MG. SS. III, 600).

[2924] S. de Renzi, _Collectio Salernitana_, IV, 185, _Practica Petroncelli_, perhaps from an imperfect copy; IV, 315, Sulle opere che vanno sotto il nome di Petroncello. Heeg, _Pseudodemocrit. Studien_, in _Abhandl. d. Berl. Akad._ (1913), p. 42, shows that what Renzi printed tentatively as the table of contents and an extract from the third book of the _Practica_, is not by Petrocellus but by the Pseudo-Democritus, and that one MS of it dates from the ninth or tenth century.

[2925] Petrocellus, Περὶ διδάξεων, Eine Sammlung von Rezepten in englischer Sprache aus dem 11-12 Jahrhundert. Nach einer Handschrift des Britischen Museums herausg. v. M. Löweneck (in Anglo-Saxon and Latin), 1896, pp. viii, 57, Heft 12 in _Erlanger Beiträge z. englischen Philologie_. The treatise perhaps also contains selections from the _Passionarius_ of Gariopontus. It had been published before in Cockayne, _Anglo-Saxon Leechdoms_, 1864-1866, III, 82-143.

[2926] Payne (1904), pp. 155-6.

[2927] _Ibid._, p. 148.

[2928] The Latin text reads, “liver of a hedgehog,” and doubtless either would be equally efficacious.

[2929] Quoted by Payne (1904), p. 152, from Cockayne’s translation.

[2930] Renzi (1852-9), IV, 185.

[2931] Renzi, IV, 190, “Propterea fili karissime cum diuturno tempore de medicina tractassemus omnipotentis Dei nutu admonitus placuit ut ex grecis locis sectantes auctores omnium causarum dogmata in breviloquium latino sermone conscriberemus.”

[2932] For the two passages on epilepsy see Renzi, IV, pp. 235 and 293.

[2933] Renzi, I, 417-516, _Flos medicinae_, a text of 2130 lines; V, 1-104, the fuller text of 3526 lines; 113-72, Notice bibliographique; 385-406, Notes choisies de M. Baudry de Balzac au _Flos Sanitatis_.

[2934] “Anglorum Regi scribit Schola tota Salerni.” Some MSS have Francorum or Roberto instead of Anglorum.

[2935] Lines 2692-3.

[2936] K. Sudhoff, _Zum Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum_, in _Archiv f. Gesch. d. Medizin_, VII (1914), 360, and IX (1915-1916), 1-9.

[2937] Arnald de Villanova, _Opera_, Lyons, 1532, fol. 147v.

[2938] Lines 1918-9, 1932-3, 1973-4, 1985, in Renzi’s first text of 2130 lines; in the fuller version they are somewhat more widely separated: lines 3053, 3130, 3227, 3267.

[2939] Lines 1845-55 or 2873-83.

[2940] Renzi, V, 377-8.

[2941] _Ibid._, 372-3.

[2942] _Ibid._, 379-81.

[2943] _Ibid._, 350.

[2944] Professor T. Wingate Todd comments upon this passage: “Of course this is _post hoc propter hoc_, but it is the typical history of a case of Bell’s palsy occurring after a ‘chill.’”

[2945] Renzi, V, 371, “Involuntariam urine emissionem quidam patiebantur et adhuc multi patiuntur et maxime servi et ancille qui male induti et discalciati incedunt, unde frigiditate incensa vesica fit quasi paralitica cum urinam nequeat continere.”

[2946] Giacosa (1901), pp. 71-166.

[2947] Giacosa (1901), p. 146.

[2948] _Ibid._, p. 145.

[2949] Renzi, V, 331-2.

[2950] Many of the works listed by Peter the Deacon and some others which he does not name have been printed under Constantinus’ name, either in the edition of the works of Isaac issued at Lyons in 1515, or in the partial edition of the works of Constantinus printed at Basel in 1536 and 1539, or in an edition of Albucasis published at Basel in 1541.

An early MS containing several of Constantinus’ works is Gonville and Caius 411, 12-13th century, fol. 1-, Viaticum, 69- de melancholia, 77v- de stomacho, 98v- de oblivione, 100r- de coitu, (no author is named for 109v- liber elefantie, 113- de modo medendi), 121- liber febrium, (169- de inamidarium Galieni).

The chief secondary investigations concerning Constantinus Africanus are:

Daremberg, _Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits Médicaux_, 1853, pp. 63-100, “Recherches sur un ouvrage qui a pour titre Zad el-Monçafir en arabe, Ephrodes en grec, Viatique en latin, et qui est attribué dans les textes arabes et grecs à Abou Djafar, et dans le texte latin à Constantin.”

Puccinotti, _Storia della Medicina_, II, i, pp. 292-350, 1855, devoted several chapters to Constantinus and tried to defend him from the charge of plagiarism and to maintain that the _Viaticum_ and some other works were original.

Steinschneider, _Constantinus Africanus und seine arabischen Quellen_, in Virchow’s _Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie_, etc., Berlin, 1866, vol. 37, pp. 351-410. This should be supplemented by pp. 9-12 of his _Die europäischen Übersetzungen aus dem Arabischen_ (1905).

[2951] _Notices et Extraits des Manuscrits Médicaux_ (1853), p. 86.

[2952] _Histoire des Sciences Médicales_ (1870), I, 261.

[2953] Indeed Daremberg said in 1853 (p. 85, note) “dans le moyen âge beaucoup d’auteurs citent volontiers Constantine comme une autorité.”

[2954] Perhaps through the fault of the printer the list of the writings of Constantinus given by Peter the Deacon is defective as reproduced in tabular form by Steinschneider (1866), pp. 353-4. Steinschneider also incorrectly speaks of Leo of Ostia as well as Peter the Deacon as a source for Constantinus (p. 352, “Die Schriften Constantins sind bekanntlich von seinen alten Biographen, Petrus Diaconus und Leo Ostiensis verzeichnet worden”), since Leo’s portion of the _Chronicle_ ends before Constantinus is mentioned.

[2955] Peter was born about 1107 and was placed in the monastery of Monte Cassino by his parents in 1115. He became librarian. _Monumenta Germaniae, Scriptores_, VII, 562 and 565.

[2956] _Chronica Mon. Casinensis_, Lib. III, auctore Petro, MG. SS. VII, 728-9; Muratori, _Scriptores_, IV, 455-6 (lib. III, cap. 35).

[2957] _Petri Diaconi De viribus illustribus Casinensibus_, cap. 23, in Fabricius, _Bibl. Graec._, XIII, 123.

[2958] Yet modern compilers and writers of encyclopedia articles invariably repeat “Carthage” and “Babylon.”

[2959] BN 14700, fol. 171v, cited by Baur (1903), who also notes parallel passages in Al-Gazel, _Phil. tr._ I, 1; and Avicenna, _De divis. philos._, fol. 141.

[2960] Gundissalinus and Daniel Morley. Al-Farabi’s list of eight mathematical sciences, including “the science of spirits,” was also reproduced by Vincent of Beauvais in the thirteenth century, _Speculum doctrinale_, XVI.

[2961] Possibly there is some confusion with Galen’s similar experience with the physicians of Rome, which Constantinus may have reproduced in some one of his translations of Galen in such a way as to lead the reader to consider it his own experience.

[2962] The words are the same both in the _Chronicle_ and _Illustrious Men_: “quem cum vidissent Afri ita ad plenum omnibus (omnium?) gentium eruditum, cogitaverunt occidere eum.”

[2963] Pagel (1902), p. 644, “Vorher soll er kurze Zeit noch in Reggio, einer kleinen Stadt in der Nähe von Byzanz, als Protosekretär des Kaisers Constantinos Monomachos sich aufgehalten und das Reisehandbuch des Abu Dschafer übersetzt haben.” But Pagel gives no source for this statement.

Apparently the notion is due to the fact that a Greek treatise entitled _Ephodia_, of which there are numerous MSS and which seems to be a translation of the same Arabic work as that upon which Constantinus based his _Viaticum_, speaks of a Constantine as its author who was proto-secretary and lived at Reggio or Rhegium.

Daremberg (1853), p. 77, held that a Vatican MS of the _Ephodia_ was of the tenth century and therefore this Greek translation could not be the work of Constantinus Africanus in the next century, but Steinschneider (1866), p. 392, only says, “Die griechische Uebersetzung des Viaticum soll bis in die Zeit Constantins hinaufreichen.”

Another MS, Escorial &-II-9, 16th century, fol. 1-, contains a “Commeatus Peregrinantium” whose author is called “Ebrubat Zafar filio Elbazar,” which perhaps designates Abu Jafar Ahmed Ibn-al-Jezzar, whom Daremberg and Steinschneider call the author of the Arabic original of the _Viaticum_. The work is said to have been translated into Greek “a Constantino Primo a secretis Regis,” which suggests that Constantinus was perhaps first of the royal secretaries rather than of Reggio either in Norman Italy or near Byzantium. The translation from Greek into Latin is ascribed to Antonius Eparchus. The opening sentences of each book of this Latin version from the Greek by Eparchus differ in wording but agree in substance with those of the _Viaticum_ of Constantinus Africanus, if we omit some transitional sentences in the latter.

[2964] _Opera_ (1536), p. 215.

[2965] _De animalibus_, XXII, i, 1.

[2966] Rawlinson C, 328, fol. 3. It is accompanied by the legend, “This is Constantinus, monk of Monte Cassino, who is as it were the fount of that science of long standing from the judgment of urines, and it has exhibited a true cure in all the diseases in this book and in many other books. To whom come women with urine that he may tell them what is the cause of the disease.” The illumination shows Constantinus seated, holding a book on his knees with his left hand, while he raises his right hand and forefinger in didactic style. He wears the tonsure, has a beard but no mustache, and seems to be approached by one woman and two men carrying two jars of urine.

[2967] See Margoliouth, _Avicenna_, 1913, p. 49.

[2968] Only the ten books of theory are printed in the 1539 edition of Constantinus.

[2969] _Chirurgia_, at pp. 324-41.

[2970] _Opera omnia ysaac_ (1515), fol. 126v, “Liber decimus practice qui antidotarium dicitur in duas divisus partes.”

Isaac Israeli is the subject of the first chapter in Husik (1916), who calls him (p. 2) “the first Jew, so far as we know, to devote himself to philosophical and scientific discussions.”

[2971] Daremberg (1853), pp. 82-5, gives the prefaces of Ali and Constantinus in parallel columns.

[2972] Printed in 1492 with the works of Ali ben Abbas; Stephen’s translation was made at Antioch in Syria.

[2973] Steinschneider (1866), p. 359.

[2974] “Ultimam et maiorem deesse sensi partem, alteram vero interpretis callida depravatam fraude.”

[2975] Amplon. Octavo 62.

[2976] In his gloss to the _Viaticum_ of Constantinus.

[2977] _Berlin HSS Verzeichnis_ (1905), pp. 1059-65, to whom I owe the preceding references to Ferrarius and Giraldus.

[2978] Rose cites Bamberg L-iii-9. The two following MSS are perhaps also worth noting: The _Pantegni_ as contained in CU Trinity 906, 12th century, finely written, fols. 1-141v, comprises only ten books. The first opens, “Cum totius generalitas tres principales partes habeat”; the tenth ends, “Unde acutum oportet habere sensum ad intelligendum. Explicit.”

St. John’s 85, close of 13th century, “Constantini africani Pantegnus in duas partes divisus quarum prima dicitur Theorica continens decem libros secunda dicitur Practica 33 capita continens,” as a table of contents written in on the fly-leaf states. The ten books of theory end at fol. 100r, “Explicit prima pars pantegni scilicet de theorica. Incipit secunda pars scilicet practica et est primus liber de regimento sanitatis.” This single book in 33 chapters on the preservation of health ends at fol. 116v, and at fol. 117r begins the _Liber divisionum_ of Rasis.

[2979] In Berlin 898, a 12th century MS of Stephen’s translation of Ali’s _Practica_, this ninth section by Constantinus and John is for some reason substituted for the corresponding book of Stephen.

[2980] He calls himself, “iohannes quidam agarenus (Saracenus?) quondam, qui noviter ad fidem christiane religionis venerat cum rustico pisano belle filius ac professione medicus.”

[2981] The main objection to this theory is that Stephen of Pisa, translating in 1127, speaks as if the latter portion of Ali’s work was still untranslated. Rose therefore holds that John had not yet published his translation, although we have seen that he completed the surgical section by 1115.

[2982] In _Opera omnia ysaac_, Lyons, 1515, II, fols. 144-72, “Viaticum ysaac quod constantinus sibi attribuit”; in the Basel, 1536, edition of the works of Constantinus, pp. 1-167, under the title, “De morborum cognitione et curatione lib. vii”; in the Venice, 1505, edition of Gerardus de Solo (Bituricensis), “Commentum eiusdem super viatico cum textu”; and in the Lyons, 1511, edition of Rhazes, _Opera parva Albubetri_.

A fairly early but imperfect MS is CU Trinity 1064, 12-13th century.

Laud. Misc. 567, late 12th century, fol. 2, recognizes in its Titulus that the _Viaticum_ is a translation, “Incipit Viaticum a Constantino in Latinam linguam translatam.”

[2983] Steinschneider (1866), 368-9.

[2984] See above, page 745, note 2.

[2985] In the 1515 edition of Isaac’s works, I, 11-, 156-, and 203-. Peter the Deacon presumably refers to these three works in speaking of “Dietam ciborum. Librum febrium quem de Arabica lingua transtulit. Librum de urinis.” Whether the two initial treatises in the 1515 edition of Isaac, dealing with definitions and the elements, were translated by Constantinus or by Gerard of Cremona is doubtful.

[2986] See CLM 187, fol. 8; 168, fol. 23; 161, fol. 41; 270, fol. 10; 13034, fol. 49, for 13-14th century copies of Galen’s commentary upon the _Aphorisms_ of Hippocrates with a preface by Constantinus.

University College Oxford 89, early 14th century, fol. 90, Incipiunt amphorismi Ypocratis cum commento domini Constantini Affricani montis Cassienensis monachi; fol. 155, Eiusdem Prognostica cum Galeni commento, eodem interprete; fols. 203-61, Eiusdem liber de regimine acutorum cum eiusdem commento eodem interprete.

[2987] _De viris illustribus_, cap. 23, “... transtulit de diversis gentium linguis libros quamplurimos in quibus praecipue ...”: _Chronica_, Lib. III, “... transtulit de diversorum gentium linguis libros quamplurimos in quibus sunt hi praecipue....”

[2988] “Librum duodecim graduum” in _De viris illus._: in the _Chronicle_, “Liber graduum.”

[2989] Edition of Basel, 1536, at pp. 280-98 and 215-74 respectively.

[2990] It is found in Laud. Misc. 567, late 12th century, fol. 51v.

[2991] Edition of 1536, pp. 283-4.

[2992] See below,