Part 29

9. The moon the corn is planted.

10. The moon the buffalo bulls are fat.

11. The moon the buffalo cows are in season.

12. The moon that the plums get red" (_Clark, 16_).

_Klamath and Modok._--Their months "do not coincide with the months of our calendar, for they extend from one new moon to the next one, and therefore should be more properly called moons or lunations. Twelve and a half of them make up the year, and they are counted on the fingers of both hands. The first moon of their year begins on the first new moon after their return from the _wokash_ harvest [about the end of August], at Klamath Marsh, which is the time when all the provisions and needful articles have been gathered in for the winter. They have now generally discarded the former method of counting moons upon fingers, and instead of it they reckon time by the seasons in which natural products are harvested (_Gatschet, 1_).

_Bannock._--They distinguish the earlier moons thus: First, "running season for game;" second, "big moon;" third, "black smoke" (cold); fourth, "bare spots along the trail" (i. e., no snow in places); fifth, "little grass, or grass first comes up." They have no names for moons after the season gets warm (_Clark, 17_).

[Illustration: BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. LXXX

THE ANKO CALENDAR]

THE ANKO MONTHLY CALENDAR

(_August, 1889--July, 1893_)

_T'águñótal P'a Sän._ The calendar begins about the first of August, 1889. The figure above the crescent (moon or month) is intended for the antler of a deer, in allusion to the name of this moon. No event is noted.

_T'águñótal P'a._ The same symbol is used for the month. No event is recorded, because, as Anko explains, this part of his original calendar was accidentally burned.

_Gákiñăt'o P'a._ The name means "Ten-colds moon," indicated by the ten strokes below the crescent. When this moon was one day old, a woman falsely accused of being with another man was whipped by her husband; indicated by the figure of a woman with a rod touching her head and one stroke below.

[Illustration: FIG. 193--T'águñótal P'a Sän.]

[Illustration: FIG. 194--T'águñótal P'a.]

_Ä`gâ´nti._ The first syllable of the name, _ä_, signifies a feather. Anko has therefore indicated the moon in its serial order by the figure of a feather above the crescent. No event is recorded. The three strokes show that he drew the picture on the third day of the moon.

[Illustration: FIG. 195--Gakiñat'o P'a--Woman whipped.]

[Illustration: FIG. 196--Ä`gâ´nti.]

[Illustration: FIG. 197--Tépgañ P'a--Wagon stalled.]

_Tépgañ P'a._ The name means "Geese-going moon," and the crescent lines inverted above the regular moon crescent is intended for a conventional representation of a double line of flying geese (see next figure). The rest of the picture means that his wagon was stalled on the second day of this moon.

_Gañhíña P'a_ (January? 1890). "Real-goose moon," the name being indicated by the picture of a double line of flying geese; the single stroke and the boot record the fact that the issue of annuity goods for the year began on the first day of this moon.

[Illustration: FIG. 198--Gañhíña P'a--Annuity issue.]

_Ka`gúăt P'a Sän._ The name, "Little-bud moon," is indicated by the figure of a budding tree above the crescent. The mares foal now; shown by the picture of a horse. He says the whites usually begin to plow now. It was drawn on the first day (one stroke) of the moon.

[Illustration: FIG. 199--Ka`gúăt P'a Sän--Mares foal.]

_Ka`gúăt P'a_, "Bud moon." Indicated by a tree with red buds. The rude figure of an ax sticking in the tree shows that he began to split rails in this moon.

_Aideñ P'a_, "leaf moon." The name is indicated by the figure of a tree with green leaves. He lost his horses, hunted, found them, and drove them home; shown by the representation of horses and horse tracks.

_Pai Ä`gâ´nti._ There is nothing to indicate the name of the moon. In this moon (about May, 1890) the Kiowa, having first heard of the ghost-dance messiah, went and camped with the Arapaho and Cheyenne to learn more about it from them. It is indicated by pictures of the three tipis above the crescent.

[Illustration: FIG. 200--Ka`gúăt P'a--Split rails.]

[Illustration: FIG. 201--Aideñ P'a--Horses lost.]

[Illustration: FIG. 202--Pai Ä`gâ´nti--Visit Cheyenne.]

[Illustration: FIG. 203--Pai Tépgañ P'a--Ghost dance.]

_Pai Tépgañ P'a._ There is nothing to indicate the name of the moon. They went again to the Cheyenne when the moon was two days old (two strokes) and danced the ghost dance with them for the first time. The picture shows two persons wearing the head feather and holding hands as in the ghost dance.

[Illustration: BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT PL. LXXXI

ANKO]

_Pai Gañhíña P'a_ (July, 1890). There is nothing to indicate the name of the moon. In this moon, on July 20, 1890, the agent sent troops to prevent the sun dance, as already related (see summer 1890); there was also a payment of grass money by the cattlemen on the third day of the moon. The record is made by means of the picture of the decorated medicine pole, the three circles for dollars, and the three strokes for the time. This ends his first year of moons.

[Illustration: FIG. 204--Pai Gañhíña P'a--Sun dance stopped; Grass payment.]

[Illustration: FIG. 205--T'águñótal P'a Sän.]

[Illustration: FIG. 206--T'águñótal P'a--Ä´piatañ.]

_T'águñótal P'a Sän._ No event is recorded. The name of the moon is indicated by means of a figure intended to represent the antlers of a deer.

_T'águñótal P'a._ The artist has tried to indicate the name of the moon, as before, by a picture of the branching antlers of a deer, under the human figure, intended for Ä´piatañ, who went during this moon to visit the ghost dance messiah, as already narrated. (See winter 1890-91.)

_Gákiñăt'o P'a._ The moon name is indicated as before. In this month Sitting-bull, the Arapaho apostle of the ghost dance, came to teach the doctrine to the Kiowa, and a great ghost dance was held on the Washita; this was about October, 1890 (see winter 1890-91). The human figure beside the buffalo indicates the name "Sitting-bull."

[Illustration: FIG. 207--Gákiñăt'o P'a--Sitting-bull.]

[Illustration: FIG. 208--Ä`gâ´nti.]

_Ä`gâ´nti._ The moon name is indicated as before. No event is recorded.

_Tépgañ P'a_ (January, 1891). It is indicated in the regular way. In this moon the three schoolboys were frozen to death, as already related (winter 1890-91); they ran away from the school on January 9, 1891, and are represented by the figures as wearing hats and holding out a book. Anko drew only two figures, but explains that "everybody knows there were three."

[Illustration: FIG. 209--Tépgañ P'a--Schoolboys frozen.]

[Illustration: FIG. 210--Gañhíña--Annuity issue.]

_Gañhíña P'a._ The moon is indicated as before. The annuity issue was made in this moon, shown by the pictures of a boot and a blanket. This was about the end of January, 1891.

_Ka`gúăt P'a Sän_ (February, 1891). The moon is indicated in the regular way, and the rude human figure is intended by the artist for Ä´piatañ, who returned this month (February, 1891) from his visit to the Indian messiah (see winter 1890-91). The two strokes show that he returned, or that the picture was drawn, on the second day of the moon.

_Ka`gúăt P'a._ It is indicated as before by means of a budding tree. The agent issued wire for fencing, shown by a reel of wire upon the tree, with a single stroke for the date.

_Aídeñ P'a._ It is indicated as before by a tree in foliage. No event is recorded.

[Illustration: FIG. 211--Ka`gúăt P'a Sän--Ä´piatañ]

[Illustration: FIG. 212--Ka`gúăt P'a--Wire issue.]

_Pai Ä`gâ´nti_ (June, 1891). There is nothing to indicate the name of the moon. About this time a commission came to negotiate with the Caddo and Wichita for a sale of their reservation; an agreement was reached in June, 1891 (_Report, 117_). The figure shows a white man and an Indian beside a sectional figure to represent the allotments of lands, with circles above for the purchase money.

[Illustration: FIG. 213--Aídeñ P'a.]

[Illustration: FIG. 214--Pai Ä`gâ´nti--Treaty sale.]

_Pai Tépgañ P'a_ (July, 1891). There is nothing to distinguish the moon. In this moon occurs the Fourth of July, on which occasion there are always great gatherings of the Indians for races at Fort Sill and Anadarko. Anko ran races with the rest, but lost his bet. The figure shows a quirt and a dollar, for the race and the bet.

_Pai Gañhíña P'a._ There is nothing to show the name of the moon. A young man "stole" the wife of Paul Sétk`opte, indicated by the picture of a woman beside a man wearing a pair of buffalo horns, Sétk`opte when a boy having been known as "Buffalo-horns." This ends the second year of the calendar.

[Illustration: FIG. 215--Pai Tépgañ P'a--Races.]

[Illustration: FIG. 216--Pai Gañhíña P'a--Woman stolen.]

_T'águñótal P'a Sän._ The figure at the extreme top is intended for a deer antler, to indicate the name of the moon. The Kiowa visited the Cheyenne to dance the "Pueblo dance," which they obtained originally from the Pueblo Indians, and received in return several war-bonnets as presents; in this dance the men carry rattles in their hands, and the women follow behind. The picture shows a man wearing a war-bonnet and holding out a rattle, while a woman follows him.

_T'águñótal P'a._ The moon is distinguished as before by a picture of a deer antler above the principal figure, which, although rudely drawn, is intended for a man with a snake near his head; this records the killing of P'odalä´ñte, "Coming-snake," as already related (see summer 1891).

[Illustration: FIG. 217--T'águñótal P'a Sän--Pueblo dance.]

_Gákiñat'o P'a._ The moon is distinguished as before by the ten strokes below the crescent. In this moon T'enétaide, "Bird-chief," alias P'ató, was sick, and they made "medicine" for his recovery, indicated by the picture of the sacred pipe; in this moon also Anko cut wood for the government, noted in the figure of a man with an ax beside a tree. The two strokes within the crescent may refer to the date either of one of the events noted or to the day on which the picture was drawn.

[Illustration: FIG. 218--T'aguñótal P'a--P'odalä´ñte killed.]

[Illustration: FIG. 219--Gákiñat'o P'a--Made medicine; Cut wood.]

_Ä`gâ´nti_ (November, 1892). The name of this moon is indicated as before by the picture of a feather above the crescent; the crescent itself is filled in with black between the horns to note the fact of the total lunar eclipse of November 4, 1892, as recorded by the Nautical Almanac.

_Tépgañ P'a._ The name of the moon is indicated as in the first instance. No event is recorded. The two strokes may mark the date of the drawing.

[Illustration: FIG. 220--Ä`gâ´nti--Lunar eclipse.]

[Illustration: FIG. 221--Tepgañ P'a.]

[Illustration: FIG. 222--Gañhíña P'a--Annuity issue.]

_Gañhíña P'a._ There is nothing to indicate the name of the month. The annuity issue of clothing, etc, about the beginning of the year 1892, is recorded as before by means of conventional representations of a boot and a blanket.

_Ka`gúăt P'a Sän._ The moon is distinguished as before, and the issue of wire for fencing, which occurs usually in early spring and soon after the annuity issue, is indicated as before by a reel of wire upon the tree.

_Ka`gúăt P'a._ The moon is distinguished in the regular way. In this month he removed from the winter camp near the agency to his home camp near the mountains; the tipi picture records the fact. In the same moon came a late frost which killed the springing vegetation; the cross notes the fact, being a pictorial representation of the gesture sign for "cut off," "stopped," or "ended."

[Illustration: FIG. 223--K'agúăt P'a Sän--Wire issue.]

[Illustration: FIG. 224--Ka`gúăt P'a--Move camp.]

[Illustration: FIG. 225--Áideñ P'a--Immigrants arrive.]

[Illustration: FIG. 226--Pai Ä`gâ´nti--Íatäkía dies; Grass payment.]

_Aíden P'a_ (April, 1892). The moon is distinguished as before by the figure of a tree in full foliage. The picture of the wagons records the appearance of emigrants in the Cheyenne country, which was formally opened for settlement on April 19, 1892.

_Pai Ä`gâ´nti._ There is nothing to distinguish the moon. A Ute captive named Íatäkía, "Ute-man," died, and the fact is noted in the picture of a man with his hand pointing downward; in accordance with the tribal custom, Anko for a long time refused to pronounce the name of the dead man. In this moon also began a grass payment, indicated by means of circles for dollars.

_Pai Tépgañ P'a._ There is nothing to distinguish the moon. He notes the great measles epidemic of the spring of 1892 (see summer 1892), and the finishing of the grass payment, by pictures respectively of a human figure with red blotches and of circles for dollars. Two strokes may indicate the date of the drawing.

_Pai Gañhíña P'a_ (July, 1892). There is nothing to distinguish the month. The picture of a man and horse records the occurrence of the Fourth of July races.

[Illustration: _Fig._ 227--Pai Tépgañ P'a--Measles; Grass payment.]

[Illustration: FIG. 228--Pai Gañhíña P'a--Fourth of July races.]

[Illustration: FIG. 229--T'águñótal P'a Sän--Cheyenne dance.]

_T'águñótal P'a Sän._ The moon is distinguished by the figure of a deer antler above the principal picture, which is intended to record the visit of a large party of Cheyenne and Arapaho in full dress, for dancing purposes; they arrived on July 29,1892, and remained about two weeks.

MILITARY AND TRADING POSTS, MISSIONS, ETC, WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THE ACCOMPANYING MAP

ARIZONA

Apache--1870--Existing.

Barrett--May-July, 1862.

Beale's Springs--1871--1874.

Bowie--1862--1894.

Breckenridge--1860--1862.

Buchanan--1856--1861.

Cameron, Camp--1866--1867.

Crittenden--1868--1873.

Date Creek, Camp--1867--1873.

Defiance (now Navaho Agency)--1852--1861.

Ganado, or Pueblo Colorado (trading place of Cotton & Hubbell)--Existing.

Goodwin, Camp--1864--1871.

Grant, Camp (old)--1865--1872.

Grant--1872--Existing.

Huachuca--1877--Existing.

Hualpai, Camp--1869--1873.

Keam's (trading place)--1869--Existing.

Lowell--1862--1891.

McDowell--1865--1891.

Mason--1865--1866.

Mohave--1859--1890.

Pinal, Camp--1870--1871.

Rawlings, Camp--1870.

Reno, Camp--1867--1870.

Round Rock (trading place)--

Rucker, Camp J. A.--1878--1880.

San Carlos (subpost of Fort Grant)--1882--Existing.

San Xavier del Bac Mission (Catholic)--Church erected, 1699; mission abandoned, 1750; reoccupied, 1752; practically abandoned as a mission, 1828.

Supply, Camp (old)--

Thomas--1876--1892.

Tubac (presidio and mission)--1752; presidio transferred to Tucson, 1772; reestablished, 1824, but evidently abandoned as presidio and mission shortly afterward.

Tucson--Visita of San Xavier about 1772, when presidio was transferred from Tubac; abolished as a presidio at beginning of Mexican war.

Tumacacori Mission (Catholic)--Established between 1699 and 1701; practically destroyed by Apaches, 1769; reoccupied about 1784; destroyed again by Apaches, 1820.

Verde--1866--1891.

Wallen, Camp--1866--1869.

Whipple--1864--1898.

Whipple, Camp (old)--1863--1864.

Willow Grove, Camp--1867--1869.

ARKANSAS

Smith--1817--1871.

CALIFORNIA

Yuma--1850--1883.

COLORADO

Bent's (old)--1834--1867: Originally established as a trading post by Charles Bent and Ceran St Vrain in 1834, sometimes known as Fort William. In 1860 it was occupied by the United States as a part of the new Fort Wise, established adjoining in that summer, and sometimes known as Old Fort Lyon. In 1867 Fort Wise was abandoned and (New) Fort Lyon established, the buildings of Bent's Fort being then in ruins.

Bent's (new)--1852--1853.

Collins--1864--1866.

Crawford--1880--1890.

Garland, or Massachusetts--1850--1883.

Lewis--1878.

Logan--1889--Existing.

Lupton--

Lyon (new)--1867--1889.

Morgan--1865--1868.

Pike's Blockhouse--1806.

Pike's Fort--1807.

Reynolds--1867--1872.

Sedgwick--1864--1871.

St Vrain's, trading post of Bent and St Vrain--1826--1847.

White River, Camp on--1891.

William--_see_ Bent's (old).

Wise, or Old Fort Lyon--1860--1867--_see_ Bent's (old).

IDAHO

Boisé (Hudson Bay Company and United States)--United States, 1863--Existing.

Coeur d'Alène or Sherman--1878--Existing.

Hall (Hudson Bay Company and United States--before 1844)--1883.

Henry's (Missouri Fur Company)--1809--1811.

Lapwai--1862--1885.

Lyon, Camp--1865.

Sacred Heart Mission (Catholic)--1842--Existing.

Sherman--_see_ Coeur d'Alène.

Winthrop, Camp--1866.

INDIAN TERRITORY AND OKLAHOMA

Arbuckle, Camp (on Canadian)--1850--1851.

Arbuckle, Fort (new--near Washita)--1851--1870.

Arbuckle Fort (old--on Arkansas)--June-November, 1834.

Augur, Camp--1884 (summer).

Cantonment--1879--Existing.

Chouteau's--Camp Holmes, of treaty conference in 1835; Chouteau's trading post 1835-38.

Cobb--1859--1869.

Coffee--1834--1838.

Gibson--Trading post 1822; United States 1824.

Holmes, Camp--_see_ Chouteau's.

Holmes, Fort--

McCulloch--

Madison's--_see_ "Tométe's."

Radziminski, Camp--1858--1859.

Reno--1874--Existing.

Sill--1869--Existing.

Supply--1868--1894.

"Tométe's"--Trading post established in 1836; same site occupied by Madison in 1869.

Towson--1824--1854.

Washita--1842--1861.

Wayne--1838--1842.

IOWA

Dodge, or Clarke--1850--1853.

KANSAS

Atkinson--1850--1854.

Beecher, Camp--1868--1869.

Chouteau's--1845.

Dodge--1865--1882.

Harker (at Ellsworth)--1864--1873.

Hays--1865--1889.

Larned--1859--1878.

Leavenworth--1827--Existing.

Lincoln--1863--1864.

Mann--trading post, marked on map of 1846.

Riley--1853--Existing.

Scott--1842--1865.

Wallace--1865--1882.

Zarah--1864--1869.

MINNESOTA

Ridgely--1853--1867.

Ripley--1849--1877.

MISSOURI

Carondelet (Chouteau's)--1790.

Osage--1809--1835.

MONTANA

Alexander (American Fur Company)--1842.

Assinniboine--1879--Existing.

Belknap--

Benton (American Fur Company and United States)--United States, 1869--1881.

Browning--

Canby, Camp--

Charles--

Clagett--

Cook, Camp--1866--1870.

Custer--1877--Existing.

Ellis--1867--1886.

Galpin--

Gilbert--

Harrison--1895 (September)--Existing.

Hawley--

Keogh--1877--Existing.

Kipp--

La Barge--1862.

Lewis, Camp--1874.

Lisa's (Missouri Fur Company), _a_. 1808-9; _b_. 1807-8, later site of Fort Van Buren.

Logan--1869--1880.

Maginnis (on Box Elder creek)--1890.

McGinnis (on Birch creek)--

McIntosh, Camp--

Merritt, Camp (subpost of Fort Keogh)--1892 (October)--Existing.

Missoula--1877--1898.

Owen (trading)--_see_ St. Mary's Mission.

Pease--1875--1876.

Peck--

Poplar River, Camp--1882--1893.

Saint Ignatius Mission (Catholic)--1851.

Saint Mary's Mission (Catholic)--1841--1850, then changed to trading post, Fort Owen.

Saint Peter's Mission (Catholic)--

Sarpy (America Fur Company)--1850.

Shaw--1867--1891.

Smith, O. F.--1866--1868.

Stewart--

Turnay--

Union--American Fur Company, 1832; United States, 1867.

Van Buren or Tullock (American Fur Company)--1839--1841; _see_ Lisa's.

NEBRASKA

Atkinson, or Calhoun--1821--1827.

Bellevue (Missouri Fur Company; American Fur Company; agency; mission)--1805--1854.

Crook--1896 (June)--Existing.

Hartsuff--1874--1881.

Kearney (old)--1847--1848.

Kearney (new)--1848--1871.

McPherson--1863--1866.

Niobrara--1880--Existing.

North Platte station--1867--1878.

Omaha--1868--1896.

Red Willow, Camp--1872.

Robinson--1874--Existing.

Ruggles, Camp--1874.

Sheridan, Camp--1874--1881.

Sidney--1867--1894.

NEVADA

Halleck--1877--1886.

Ruby, Camp--1862--1869.

NEW MEXICO

Albuquerque, Post--1846--1867.

Bascom--1863--1870.

Bayard--1866--Existing.

Burgwin, Cantonment--1852--1860.

Conrad--1851--1854.

Craig--1854--1885.

Cimarron or Maxwell's Ranch, trading post, established about 1848; occupied as Ute and Jicarilla agency, 1861--1872.

Cummings--1863--1886.

Defiance--_see_ under Arizona.

Fillmore--1851--1861.

Las Cruces--1863--1865.

Las Lunas--1852--1862.

Los Pinos--1862--1866.

Lowell--1866--1869.

Lyon--_see_ Wingate.

McLane--1860--1861.

McRae--1863--1876.

Marcy--1846--1897.

Mimbres--

Selden--1865--1891.

Stanton--1856--1896.

Sumner--1862--1869.

Thorn--1853--1859.

Tularosa--1872--1874.

Union--1851--1891.

West--1863--1864.

Wingate (old)--1862--1868.

Wingate--Fort Lyon 1860--1861; Wingate 1868--Existing.

NORTH DAKOTA

Abercrombie--1858--1878.

Bad Lands, Camp--1879--1883.

Berthold--American Fur Company, 1845--1862; United States, 1865--1867.

Buford--1866--1895.

Clark--

Lincoln, A.--1872--1891.

Mandan--Lewis and Clark, winter 1804-05.

Pembina--1870--1895.

Ransom--1867--1872.

Rice--1864--1878.

Seward--abandoned 1877.

Standing Rock Agency (at Fort Yates)--1874--Existing.

Stevenson--1867--1883.

Totten--1867--1890.

Yates--1878--Existing.

SOUTH DAKOTA

Bennett (Cheyenne River Agency)--1870--1891.

Dakota--1865--1869.

George--

Hale--1870--1884.

James--1865--1866.

Lookout--trading post; United States, 1856--1867.

Meade--1878--Existing.

Pierre--American Fur Company, 1819; United States, 1865--1867.

Ponca--1865--1866.

Randall--1856--1892.

Sisseton--1864--1889.

Sully--1866--1894.

Sully (old)--1863--1866.

Thompson (Crow Creek agency)--1864--1867.

TEXAS

Anderson's, trading post--

Barnard's, trading post--

Belknap--1851--1867.

Bliss--1848--Existing.

Brown--1846--Existing.

Chadbourne--1852--1867.

Charlotte, Camp--

Clark--1852--Existing.

Colorado, Camp--1856--1861.

Concho--1867--1889.

Cooper, Camp--1856--1861.

Davis--1854--1891.

Del Rio, Camp--1876--1891.

Duncan (afterward Eagle Pass)--1849--1883.

Eagle Pass (subpost of Fort Clark)--1883--Existing.

Elliott--1875--1890.

Esperanza (Confederate)--1862--1864.

Espiritu Santo Mission (Catholic)--

Ewell--1852--1854.

Gates--1849--1852.

Graham--1849--1853.

Griffin--1867--1881.

Hancock--1884--1895.

Hudson, Camp--1857--1868.

Inge--1849--1869.

Lancaster, Camp--1856--1861.

Leaton--1846----.

McIntosh--1849--Existing.

McKavett--1852--1883.

Martin Scott--1848--1866.

Mason--1851--1869.

Merrill--1850--1855.

Parker's--1835.

Peña Colorado--1892.

Phantom Hill--1851--1854.

Polk--1846--1850.

Quitman--1858--1877.

Richardson--1867--1878.

Ringgold--1848--Existing.

Sam Houston (formerly Fort San Antonio, at San Antonio)--1845--Existing.

San Rosario Mission (Catholic)--

San Saba, Camp--1851.

Scott, Camp M. J.--1854.

Sherman--(in 1856.)

Stockton--1859--1886.

Terret--1852--1854.

Torrey's, trading post (in 1843.)

Verde, Camp--1856--1869.

Wood, Camp--1857--1861.

Worth--1849--1853.

UTAH

Cameron--1872--1885.

Douglas--1862--Existing.

Du Chesne--1886--Existing.

Thornburgh--1882--1883.

Uintah (trading post)--before 1844.

WASHINGTON

Colville (Hudson Bay Company)--1820--1864.

Okinakane (Hudson Bay Company)--1811--1862.

Saint Ignatius Mission (Catholic)--1844.

Spokane--1880--Existing.

Waiilatpu (Protestant, at Whitman)--1838.

WYOMING

Augur, Camp--_see_ Washakie.

Bonneville--

Bridger--American Fur Company, about 1820; United States, 1842--1890.

Brown, Camp--_see_ Washakie.

Casper--1863--1867.

Fetterman--1867--1882.

Halleck--1862--1866.

Kearney--1866--1868.

Laramie--American Fur Company, 1834; United States, 1849--1890.

McKinney--1877--1894.

Pilot Butte, Camp (subpost of Fort Russell)--1885 (October)--Existing.

Russell--1867--Existing.

Sanders--1866--1882.

Stambaugh, Camp--1870--1878.

Steel--1868--1883.

Washakie, or Camp Brown (Shoshoni and Arapaho agency). Established as Camp Augur, later called Camp Brown, finally Fort Washakie--1869--Existing.

Yellowstone--1883--Existing.

THE KIOWA LANGUAGE

CHARACTERISTICS

So far as at present known, the Kiowa language has no affinity with any other, but it is possible that closer study and more abundant material will establish its connection with some one of the linguistic stocks on the headwaters of the Missouri and the Columbia, the region from which the tribe has migrated to the south. All of the language that has hitherto been printed is comprised in a list of one hundred and eighty words collected by Bartlett in 1852 ("Personal Narrative," 1854), and in fifteen songs of the ghost dance, published by the author in 1896 in the Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. To these may be added a few words and sentences printed in phonetic type in a little paper called "The Glorious Sun," published at irregular intervals in 1895 at Anadarko by Lewis D. Hadley. There is also in possession of the Bureau an extended manuscript vocabulary with texts collected on the reservation by Albert S. Gatschet in 1880.

Although the Kiowa language is really vocalic, nearly every syllable ending in a vowel and there being but few double consonants, yet the frequency of the explosive or aspirated sounds renders it unpleasing to the ear and unfitted for melodious musical composition, such as we find in the Arapaho and Caddo songs. It has, however, a forcible effect in oratory on account of the strong distinct enunciation of nearly every vowel and syllable, the vigor of the gutturals and dentals, and the redundance of the sonorous _o_. The distinct emphasis put upon nearly every syllable gives to sentences the effect of a chant or recitation, while the frequent rising inflection lends a querulous tone to an ordinary conversation.

The language lacks _f_, _v_, and _r_. In attempting to pronounce English words, _p_, _b_, and _l_ are substituted, respectively, for these sounds, while _ch_ is changed to _ts_. The diphthong _au_ is also wanting, and short _û_ occurs only in a few words of foreign origin. With the exception of _ă_ short or obscure, the vowels are generally long. _D_ has a slight explosive sound and approximates _t_. Before _l_ it is softened or sometimes even entirely elided, the vowel being lengthened to supply the hiatus. Thus in Bartlett's vocabulary we find _ol_, _k'ul_, and _kol_ for _âdal_, _k`odal_, and _gadal_. The same change is made by the Kiowa in pronouncing English words of like character, as _s[=ā]l_ for _saddle_. The most common vowel sounds are _a_, _ä_, _e_, and _o_; _â_ with certain speakers becomes _o_, and _e_ is weakened to _i_. Nasal vowels are frequent. There are several aspirated or medial sounds and a strong explosive _k`_. Below is given the list of sounds according to the Bureau system, nasals being indicated by _ñ_. A frequent rising inflection at the end of words, represented by some authors by means of a final _h_, is here indicated by the accent _´_.

Like all other living languages, the Kiowa is undergoing a process of gradual change, and many archaic forms and expressions are used by the old men, particularly in reciting myths, which are unknown or difficult of interpretation by the younger people. The same fact has been noted among other tribes (_Matthews, 5_). The changes are more rapid in Kiowa on account of the tribal custom, already mentioned, of substituting new words for any which suggest the name of a person recently deceased. Even such common words as _dog_, _bird_, and _moccasin_ have thus been entirely changed within a few years, and some old men remember as many as three different words used at different periods for the same object. As this process has been going on for an indefinite length of time, it of course adds difficulties to the work of investigating the linguistic affinities of the language. In most, if not all cases, however, the new word is not an actual new creation, but a new combination of old root forms.

In most tribes we find the priests using in their ceremonial rites a peculiar dialect, full of archaic forms and figurative expressions unintelligible to the common people. This is probably true also of the Kiowa.

Traces of dialectic forms appear in the language, and from this fact and from statements of the old people, it is probable that some at least of the six recognized Kiowa tribal divisions previously described, were originally distinct, but cognate and allied, tribes, speaking different dialects. The extinct K`uăto particularly are said to have spoken the language in a peculiar manner.

A few words from other Indian languages, occurring in the text, are also included in the glossary. Corrupted popular forms of Indian words are printed in capital letters.

Sounds

a (long)--_pa_, buffalo bull.

ă (short or obscure)--_guăt_, picture.

â (deep, varying to _o_)--_âdal_, hair.

ä (German ä)--_tägyĭ_, wild sage.

e (long, varying to _i_)--_pe_, sand.

i (long)--_piă_, fire.

ĭ (short) not frequent.

o (long; sometimes substituted for _â_ or ă´ accented)--_po_, trap.

u (long)--_gu´ădal_, red.

ŭ (short) not common.