Chapter XVII
, at the end of § 10, p. 372.
In 2 Kings 15:29 it is said that Tiglath-pileser [IV] captured certain cities in Galilee, and carried their inhabitants captive to Assyria. In 2 Kings 17:6 it is said that when Samaria was destroyed by the Assyrian king [Sargon, in 722 B. C.], Israelites were carried captive to Halah and Gozan, which were situated on the Khabur River in Mesopotamia.
Two groups of cuneiform tablets, one in the museum at Berlin, the other in the British Museum, are thought to confirm these statements by the evidence they give that Hebrews who reverenced Jehovah were living in that region.[632] The evidence consists chiefly of a divine name _A-u_, employed as a component part of proper names just as _Jo-_ and _Jeho-_, abbreviations of the name of Jehovah, are employed in Hebrew proper names in the Old Testament. Indeed, _A-u_ is the form that _Jo-_ or _Jeho-_ would take, if expressed in Assyrian characters.
The names in question occur in a series of documents which record the transfer of slaves. If the men in question were Hebrews they would seem to have been interested in the business of buying and selling slaves. The documents are much alike. It will suffice to translate one of them:
1. Seal of Atarkhasis,
2. son of Aushezib,
3. the Kannuean,
4. owner of the slave-girl. A transfer
5. of Kabili, his slave-girl he
6. has made, and Nabushallimshunu
7. for the price of 1½ manas of silver
8. has taken her. The money in full
9. is paid. That slave
10. is purchased and delivered. Whoever in the future
11. at any time shall rise up and
12. lay claim, whether Atarkhasis
13. or his sons,--whoever against
14. Nabushallimshunu or his sons
15. legal process
16. shall begin, 10 manas of silver
17. shall pay. Against an attack of rheumatism for 100 days
18. and legal claim for all time (he is guaranteed).
19. Month Airu, 17th day,
20. eponym of Ashurrimani, rabshekeh.
21. In the presence of Padi,
22. In the presence of Khani,
23. In the presence of Ashurnadinakhi,
24. In the presence of Tubusu,
25. In the presence of Belbelshaduni,
26. In the presence of Ilumia.
27. In the presence of Ashurikhtamusur
28. In the presence of Bariku,
29. In the presence of Kennusharruni.
The significant name here is Aushezib, meaning, “Au saves.” If _Au_ is a translation of _Jeho-_, the name, in its entirety, would be a translation of one of the Hebrew forms of the name Joshua. Other names, into which the name of the god _Au_ enters, appear sometimes in the body of a contract and sometimes among the witnesses. They are _{il}A-u-salim_, “the god Au gives peace”; _A-u-iddina_, “Au gives,” equivalent to the Hebrew Jonathan; _A-u-akhiddin_, “Au has increased the brothers”; _A-u-daninani_, “Au is our mighty-one”; _A-u-e-ballitani_, “O Au, make us live”; _{il}A-u-dân_(?)_-ilani_, “Au is judge of the gods”; _A-u-sabi_, “Au satisfies.”[633]
The tablets were written at Kannu, the Canneh of Ezek. 27:23, which was near Haran in Mesopotamia. One text states that if the seller of the slave ever brings legal action, he shall pay ten silver manas and one gold mana “at the sanctuary of the god _A-u_, who dwells in Kannu.” If the god _A-u_ be really the Hebrew Jehovah, the captives from Samaria and Galilee had built for him a temple in Kannu, as the Jews at Elephantine afterward did on the island in the Nile. (See p. 387, f.)
The documents in which these names occur appear to be dated between 666 and 606 B. C. They are dated according to the Assyrian method of dating, which shows that they were written under the Assyrian monarchy, but the eponyms in which they are dated are not found in the extant portions of the Assyrian Eponymlist. They were therefore written after the year 666.[634] This fixes the dates of these documents in the seventh century--the century after Tiglath-pileser IV and Sargon transported to this region parts of the ten “lost tribes,” and, if _A-u_ really is a form of the name Jehovah, these tablets afford us a little glimpse of some of these Hebrews in exile.
INDEX OF SCRIPTURE PASSAGES
GENESIS--
1 247 1:7 248 1:24-26 266 2 256 3 260 3:18, 24 289 4:1, 2, 16-23 269 5 264 5:24 266 6, 7, 8, 9 277 9:20 287, 289 10:10 44, 47, 58 10:11 43, 47, 60 10:23 116 11:2 58 11:9 42 11:27 109 11:31 77 11:31, ff. 112 12:4 77, 109 14:1 58, 294, 295, 297, 298 14:5 215 14:6 106, 116 14:15 213 15:2 213 16:5-7 329 16:7 95 19:1 129 21 111 21:9, 10 329 22 172 22:2 168 22:6, 10 152 22:9 169 23 76 23:10 68 24:22 161 24:30 156 25:15 307 25:34 134 26:34 68 29:1 108 30:1-13 328 34:20 129 36:20 106, 308 36:20-22 109 36:21 106 36:24 308 36:29 106, 109 37:17 133 40:11 136 41:30 305 41:39 303 41:42 157 41:45 34 41:47-57 306 41:54 305 46:17 349 50:13 180 50:26 303, 411
EXODUS--
1:11 35 2:1-10 311 3:8, 17 139, 309 4:25 152 5:7-18 36 11:5 135 12 390 12:37 36 13:20 36 14:23-28 37 16:36 158 18:13-26 315 20:8-11 258 20:12 411 20:24 172 20:24-26 198 21:2-6 316, 323 21:2-11 324 21:6 340 21:12-14, 18-27 334 21:16 316 21:17 332 21:24 340 21:28-35 337 22:1-4, 9 315 22:5 319, 320 22:5, 6 319 22:7-10 323 22:10-13 339 22:11, 25 320 22:16, 17 328 22:18 314 22:26, 27 324 23:10, 11 319 29:40 158 34:20 172 35:22 156 38:26 161
LEVITICUS--
5:13 343 6:3-5 315 6:18, 29 343 7:8-10, 14, 34 343 11:35 149 18:6-18 329 19:9 319 19:20-22 328 20:10 328 20:11, 12, 19-21 329 22:30 329 23 390 24:20 340 25:5 137 25:25-46 316 26:26 149
NUMBERS--
5:9, 10 343 5:11-28 314, 328 13:23 136 14:8 139 16:13, 14 139 21:13 365 21:15, 16 116 21:21 116, 308 21:30 443 26:45 349 27:8-11 332 31:29, 41 343 31:50 157 32:8 95 32:34 112, 365 32:38 365 32:42 215 33:5, 6 36 36:2-12 332
DEUTERONOMY--
1:4 111, 112, 116, 308 2:12, 22 106 2:24 365 2:26 307 3:9 116 3:11 217 5:12-15 258 5:16 411 6:3 139 7:5 91 10:18 420 11:10 84 12:3 91 14:29 420 15, 16, 17 340 15:7-18 323 15:12-18 316, 324 16:9 135 16:18-20 315 18:10 314 19:4 334 19:5 152 19:16-21 314 19:21 340 21:1-9 316 21:15-21 332 22:6 139 22:13-21 325 22:22-29 328 22:30 329 23:15 316 23:17 323, 326 23:17, 18 333 23:24 137 23:24, 25 319 24:1-4 329 24:6 136 24:10-13 324 24:19-22 319 25:4 135 26:2, 4 153 28:5, 17 153 34:1 365
JOSHUA--
2:6 138 5:2, 3 152 6:20 125 9:17, 20 111 10:3 89, 112 10:33 92, 112, 116, 117 11:1, 2 111 11:22 91 12:4 111 12:21 96, 97 12:22 133 13:9 443 13:16-19 365 13:25 217 15:10 94, 112 15:37 114, 116 15:41 111, 116 15:44 346 15:59 111 15:63 188 17:11 111, 114, 133, 214 18:24 111 19:6 110 19:18-20, 25, 28 111 19:35, 37 111, 114 19:44 377 20:7 133 20:8 365 21:19 111 21:23 377
JUDGES--
1:5, 27-36 116 1:17 111 1:21 188 1:27 92, 111 1:29 117 4, 5, 6 133 4:2 111 4:21 153 5:19 97 5:26 153 6:3 108, 307 6:11 111, 193 6:19 153 6:33 108 7:12 108, 307 7:22 111 8:10 108, 307 9:4, 46 351 9:53 136 11:3, 5 111 13:2 112 13:19 193 16:23-30 93, 176 18:7, 18 111 18:29 133 19:10, 11 188
1 SAMUEL--
2:13, 14 151 4:1 111 5:8 91 9:12 169 10:5 155 10:26 133 11:4 133 13:20, 21 161 17:1 111 17:4 91 17:43 139 19:24 356 23:1 112, 188 25:2 188 28:41 111 31:5 154 31:10 133 31:10, 12 214
2 SAMUEL--
1:10 156 2:16 154 3:27 129 5:6-8 188 5:9 189 5:25 92 7:2 176 8:9, ff. 81 11:1 217, 443 12:27 130 12:31 152 15:2 190 16:9 139 17:28 134 20:14 111 21:12 214 23:11 134 24 190, 192 24:16 193 24:16, 17 377 24:18, 22 135
1 KINGS--
1:33 101 1:40 155 3:1 190 3:1, ff. 30 3:2 169 4:7 317 4:12 214 5:6, 17 358 6:4 194, 195 6:29, 32, 35 194 6:36 195 7:2, 6 196 7:8, 12, 23-37, 39 195 7:9 152 7:49 194 9:15 112, 190 9:15-19 94 9:16 30 9:24 189 10:1 371 10:1-13 381 10:5, 18-20 193 11:14-25 118 11:27 190 11:40 30 12:12 359 14:25 37, 118, 360 14:25-28 30, 259 15:20 111 16:23-29 365 16:24 127 16:34 99, 100, 125, 128 16:36 128 17:10 133 19:16, 17 124 19:19 134, 135 21:8 155 22:39 100, 127
2 KINGS--
2:19-22 98 3:4 364 3:4-12 197 3:5-27 365 4:8 111 4:23 259 5:12 214 6:5 152 6:13 133 6:25 158 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 268 11:12, 13 195 12:17 91 12:20 189 13:20, 21 183 14:7 173 14:8-14 94, 95 14:13 196 14:19 89 14:21 367 14:23 259 15:1-27 367 15:19 61, 62 15:29 370 15:29, 30 62, 369 15:37 367 16:5-9 367 16:10 369 16:10-16 198 16:14 195 17:3-5 369 17:4 370 17:5 62, 123 17:16 370 17:24 124, 125, 370 17:24-34 100, 118 18 374, 375 18:1-6, 9 198 18:4 171 18:13 44 18:13-16 375 18:13--19:8 376 18:14 89 18:14, ff. 374 18:17 375 18:32 139 19 374, 375 19:9 31, 375 19:9-36 376 19:35 374 19:36 377 19:37 44, 64, 378 20:12 63 20:20 198, 377 20:21 378 21 378 21:6 172 22:14 199 23:5, 8 169 23:10 172, 199 23:29 32, 96 23:29, ff. 379 23:34 32, 379 24, 25 44, 65, 380 25:9, 10 200 25:27. 381 25:27-30 66
1 CHRONICLES--
1:30 307 1:38 109 1:40 308 2:18 116 4:8 116 7:31 349 8:12 111 18:9, ff. 82 21:23 135 23:4 315 24 117 29:7 163
2 CHRONICLES--
1:5, 6 195 2:8 358 3:1 168 5:2 189 11:5-10 90 19:5-7 315 33 64
EZRA--
1 386 2:69 163 3:12 201 4:2 378 4:10 379 5:16 200 8:27 163
NEHEMIAH--
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 118 1:1 47 1:3 200 2:10, 19 389 3, 4, 5, 6 90 3:13, 28 202 4:1, ff. 389 6:1, ff. 389 7:2 390, 391 7:37 111 7:70-72 163 11:25 111 12:31-40 202 13:28 389
ESTHER--
1:2 47 3:10, 12 157
JOB--
1:3 108 3:8 253 9:13, 14 251 12:7, 8 430 26:12, 13 251, 252 28:28 409 29 395 29:13 420 31 395 38:14 154 39:13 139 41 253 41:24 136 42:4-6 395
PSALMS--
6:3 400 8 401 17:1 400 18:6 400 19 401 21:9 149 68:4 147 68:5 420 74:10 400 74:13, 14 282 74:13, 14, 16, 17 252 85:5 400 87:4 254 89:10 253 90:7, 13 400 104 406 104:24 404 137 200 146, 147, 148 401
PROVERBS--
1:9 156 5:3 410 6:9-11 411 10:19 409 10:26 411 11:1 162 13:3 409 13:4 411 14:3 409 14:35 408 17:28 409 18:24 409 20:23 162 24:17 408 24:21 409 31:13 138 31:31 129
ECCLESIASTES--
7:15-17 409 9:6-9 412 9:9 410 11:9 409
CANTICLES--
1:10 156 2:13 136 3:6 156 4:1-7 414 5:1 416 6:2, 3 416 8:1-3 415
ISAIAH--
1:13 259 1:17, 23 420 3:18 157 3:19, 20 156 5:1-8 137 5:12 155 6 418 7:1 197 7:1, ff. 62 7:3 198 7:16 369 8:1 154 8:6 198 9:1-6 422 9:17 420 10:2 420 10:9 63, 81, 116, 361, 371 10:14 139 10:28-32 372 11:1-8 422 11:6-9 284 14:9-11 180, 422, 426 15:1 116 15:2, 4, 5 365 19 389 19:13 27 19:19-22 38 20:1 43, 372 22:22 151 27:1 253 30:7 254 31:5 64 36 44 36, 37 63, 374 37:9 31 37:38 378 39:1 377 40:12 158 41:15 135 44:28 383 45:1 383 47:8 420 51:9 253 57:3 172 66:23 259
JEREMIAH--
2:10 293 2:16 27 7:6 420 7:31 172, 199 15:8 420 18:21 420 22:3 420 23:27 418 23:29 153 32:35 172 36 32 41:4, 5 200 43:7, 8 37 43:8 38 44:1 27, 37 46 32, 65 46:2 361 46:2, ff. 379 46:14, 19 27 48:22-24 365 49:11 420 50:16 135
LAMENTATIONS--
4:3 139 5:10 150
EZEKIEL--
1:1 65, 66 4:9 134 4:12-15 149 5:1, 2 152 8:14 426, 427 8:16 194 16:3 77, 349 16:11 156 16:45 349 22:7, 25 420 23:40 156 27:6 293 27:8, 9 112 30:13, 16 27 30:17 31 32:21-31 422, 426 32:22-32 180 43:13-17 198 45:11, 14 158 46:3 259
DANIEL--
3:5, 15 155 4:29 380 5:11, 18 382 5:25 160 5:30, 31 384 8:2 47
HOSEA--
2:5, 9 138 2:11 259 7:4, 6, 7 150 9:6 27
JOEL--
3:13 135
AMOS--
5:19 126 6:2 116 7:14 356 8:1, 2 153 8:5 162, 259 9:7 116, 357
MICAH--
1:14 92, 140 6:15 136
NAHUM--
3:8 31, 64
ZEPHANIAH--
1:10, 11 199
ZECHARIAH--
3:1 418 4 201 7:10 420
MALACHI--
3:5 420
ECCLESIASTICUS--
50:1-4 203
1 MACCABEES--
1:21, 22 201 1:33 204 5:37 215 7:32, 33 204 9:52 124 13:48 128 14:34 94 14:36 204
MATTHEW--
1:8 268 3:12 135 4:25 213, 218 5:14 123, 429 5:15 151 5:26 165 5:29 199 6:30 149 6:33 430 7:5 428 7:7 430 7:24, 25 429 10:26 431 10:28 199 10:29 165 11:27 405 12:1 132 13:4 132 13:57 408, 429 14:3 165 16:13 133 19:24 151 19:30 431 22:19 165 23:37 140 24:41 135, 136 25:1-12 148 26:34, 74 140 26:36 137 26:57 101 28:2 184
MARK--
2:23 132 4:4 132 4:23 431 5:1 218 5:20 213, 218 6:4 429 6:17 165 7:11 159 7:31 213, 218 8:27 133 10:12 329 10:25 151 10:31 431 12:15-17 165 12:41 209 12:42 165 13:35 140 13:44 430 14:26 211 14:30, 68, 72 140 14:32 137, 211 16:3, 4 184
LUKE--
2:1-5 432 2:2 434, 437 2:3-5 435 3:17 135 3:19 165 4:24 429 4:26 133 5:9 430 6:1 132 6:42 428 7:5 98 8:5 132 9:51-54 119 11:47, 48 183 12:2 431 12:6 165 12:28 149 13:30 431 15:8 165 15:22 157 17:21 430 18:25 151 20:36 430 21:1 209 21:2 165 22:34, 60 140 22:39 211 23:18, 21 206 24:2 184
JOHN--
2:20 208 3:16, 36 431 3:29 416 4:5 133 4:9, 20 119 4:44 429 5:4 187 5:24 431 13:38 140 18:1 211 18:24 101 18:27 140 20:1 184
ACTS--
3:2 210 8:27 39 8:27-39 33 9:11 214 9:32 111 12:23 377 15, 16 440 16:14 226 17:6 438 17:22-31 220 17:23 438, 439 17:27 178 18:1 220 18:4, 7 221 18:11 220, 440 18:12 221, 439 19:23-41 224 20:15, 17 222 20:35 431 23:23, 24 133 24:27 439 26:14 135
ROMANS--
16:3-16 441
1 CORINTHIANS--
1:4 441 3:10-17 223 14:7 155 15:32 224
2 CORINTHIANS--
1:46 441 3:14 194 11:32 174, 442, 443
GALATIANS--
1:18 440 2:1 440
PHILIPPIANS--
1:3, 9 441
COLOSSIANS--
1:3 441 4:13 230
1 THESSALONIANS--
1:2 441 3:9 441
2 THESSALONIANS--
1:3, 11 441 2:13 441
PHILEMON--
4 441
HEBREWS--
13:12 211
3 JOHN--
2 441
REVELATION--
2:10 230 2:12 438 2:13 225 2:18-29 226 3:1-6 227 3:5 228 3:12 229 3:15, 16 230 6:13 136 21:2, 9 416
INDEX
Abana, 214
Abbi-Teshub, makes treaty with Mursil, 80
Abdi-Hepa, vassal of Amenophis IV, 76
Abi-Adda, 80
Abraham, sojourn in Egypt, 35; purchase of the cave of Machpelah, 76; home in Mesopotamia, 112; sacrifice of Isaac, 172
Abraham, Babylonian account of farmer of this name, 108, 290
“Absalom’s Pillar,” 183
Abu Haba, Turkish exploration of, 46
Abu Shusheh (Gezer), 93
Abydos, chief town of This, 25
Acts, archæological light on the book of, 438
Adab (Bismya), 47, 57
Adad-nirari III, King of Assyria, 53
Adad-nirari IV, inscription regarding Syria and Palestine, 61, 365
Adam, Biblical account of, 289; Babylonian forms of the name, 266
Adapa and the fall of man, legend of, 260
Adime, 266
“Admonitions of Ipuwer, The,” 28
Adzes, 153
Ælia Capitolina, 122, 212
Africanus, Julius Sextus, _Chronigraphiai_ of, 21
Agade (Sippar), 54, 57, 266
Agricultural implements, 134; calendar, 138
Agriculture, 134
Ahab, in confederacy against Shalmaneser III, 61; palace of, 100; pays tribute to Tiglathpileser IV, 369
Ahaz, vassal to Tiglath-pileser IV, 62; altar of, 198
Ahmose I, siege of Sharuhen, 110
Ain es-Sultan (Elisha’s Fountain), 98
Ain Kades, 95
Ain Shems (Beth-shemesh), 94
Ain Sitti Miriam, see _Gihon_.
Akkad, derivation of, 58
Akra, 203
Alaparos, 271
Alexander Jannæus, 120, 201, 205
Alexander the Great, empire of, 33; conquests of, 66; death of, 119
Alexandra, Asmonæan queen, 120
Alorus, 271
Altar of incense, 173
Amanus, source of cedar, 58, 358
Amēlon, 271
_Amelu_, 267, 271
Amempsinos, 271
Amenemhet I, 76
Amenemhet III, 28
Amenophis I, 23, 110
Amenophis III, 60, 304
Amenophis III and IV, 29
American Exploration Society, 86
American Palestine Exploration Society, 86
American School of Oriental Research in Palestine, 99
American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 221
Amil-Marduk (Evil-Merodach), 66; inscription of, 381
Amman, 218
Ammenon, 271
Ammienshi, Amorite chieftain, 108, 109
Ammi-zadugga, reign of, 53
Amorites, conquests of the, 107
Amosis I, 29
Amosis II, 32
Anderson, H. J., explorations in Palestine, 86
Anderson, J. G. C., inscription discovered at Antioch, 436
Andrae, W., exploration at Kalah-Sherghat, 47; inscription of Tukulti-Ninib, 52
Animals, representative of Egyptian tribes, 24; domestic, 138
Anklets, 157
Antigonus, 120, 205
Antiochus III, 130
Antiochus IV, 203
Antipas, 121
Antiquities, preservation of Egyptian, 19; of Babylonian, 41
Antonia, fortress, 205
Anu, 260
Anubanini, King of Lulubi, 57
Apollophanes, tomb of, 183
Arad-Sin, King of Larsa, 58
Aramæans, migration of, 113
Arandas, successor of Subbiluliuma, 79
Araunah the Jebusite, 168
Archæological Institute of America, 99
Archelaus, 121
Areopagus, 220
Aretas, see _Haretat IV_.
Arioch, identified with Arad-Sin and Rim-Sin, 58
Aripi, 266
Aristobulus I and II, 120
Arnuanta, successor of Dudkhalia, 81
Arpad, overthrow of, 371
Arrows, 153
Artatama I, King of the Mitanni, 77; alliance with Thothmes IV, 77
Artatama II, King of the Harri, 78
Artaxerxes, inscriptions of, 48
Artaxerxes III, Jews rebel against, 66
Asarjik, Hittite remains at, 70
Asenath, wife of Joseph, 33
Asherim, at Tell es-Safi, 169
Ashmolean Museum, 19
Ashteroth-Karnaim, 215
Ashtoreth, figures of, at Taanach, 173
Ashur, 47, 60
Ashurbanipal, succeeds Esarhaddon, 64; his account of his campaign against Tyre, 378; proverbs from library of, 407
Ashur-dan, 52
Ashur-nasirpal II, records of, referred to, 60; military exploits of, 61; advance toward Hebrew territory, 360
Ashur-rim-nishishu, King of Assyria, 53, 60
Ashur-uballit, King of Assyria, 60
Asia, churches of, 221
Asmonæan coins, 164
Asmonæans, 120
Assumptionist Fathers, excavations at Jerusalem, 101; collection of flint implements, 103
Assurbanipal, invasion of Egypt, 31
Assyria, wars with Egypt, 31; the land, 40; explorations in, 47; relations to Babylonia, 59; early period of, 60; second period of, 61
Atbara, 18
Athenæ Polias, temple of, 225
Athens, 219
Aton, Egyptian hymn in praise of, 403
Atys, worship of, 226
Augustus, temple to, at Samaria, 178
Awls, 152
Axes, 152
Azariah (Uzziah), 367
Azekah, excavation at, 90
Aziru, Amorite king, 79, 113, 304
Babylon, capture of, 383
Babylonia, the land, 40; exploration by Harper and Banks, 47; historical periods, 55; early period, 59; Persian period, 66; psalms from, 398; proverbs from, 407
Babylonian column, 50
Babylonian creation epic, 235, 247; account of the flood, 273
Babylonian exile, 65; termination of, 118
Bacchides, Syrian general, 124
Bactria, secedes from the empire of the Seleucidæ, 67
Bagoses, general of Artaxerxes III, 66
Baking-trays, 150
Balata, 102
Ball, C. J., decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 71
Banks, Edgar J., exploration in Babylonia, 47
Barada, 214
Bar Chocaba, 121
Baris, castle of, 204
Barsalnunna, 267
Baskets, 153
Bath, 158
Beads, 156
Beautiful gate, 210
Bees, 139
Behistun inscription of Darius I, 50
Beit Jibrin, caves at, 106
Bel (Enlil), god of Nippur, 55; Babylonian hymn to, 401
Belshazzar, son of Nabuna’id, 382
Ben-Hadad in league with Ahab, 61
Benjamin of Tudela, explorations of, 42
_Beqa_, 161
Bergama, 224
Berossos, list of Babylonian kings, 54; Babylonian priest, 247; list of kings, 270
Bethesda, Pool of, 210
Beth-Ninib (Beth-shemesh), 95
Beth-shemesh, excavations at, 94; capture of, 117; walls of, 125; gates of, 129; burial caves at, 180
Bezetha, hill, 212
Birds, 139
“Bishop Gobat’s School,” 191
Bismya (Adab), mound of, 47; Luguldaudu, King of, 57
Blanche-Garde, fortress of the Crusaders, 91
Bliss, Frederick J., excavations at Lachish, 89
Boghaz Koi, excavations at, 69; Hittite kingdom at, 77; the “Hittite City,” 78
Bor (Tyan), 82
Bork, Ferdinand, studies in the Mitanni language, 73
Botta, Paul Emil, exploration of Nineveh, 43
Bowls, 150
Bracelets, 156
Breasted, Henry James, accession of Mena, 23; _Ancient Records, Egypt_, 76, 352
British Museum, trustees direct excavation at Carchemish, 70
Bruce, James, 20
Brugsch, H., _History of Egypt_, 76; inscription at Elephantine, 305
Brünnow, R., studies in the Mitanni language, 71; explorations in Edom, 88
Bubastis, capital of Shishak dynasty, 31
Bulghar-Maden, Hittite remains at, 70
Burckhardt, J. L., explorations in Palestine, 85
Burial customs, 180
Burnaburiash, 60
Burnouf, Eugène, 50
Butler, H. C., explorations in Syria, 102, note; excavations at Sardis, 228
Cab, 158
Cain, list of descendants, 269
Cairo, 17, 19
Calah, made capital of Assyria, 60
Calendar, 138
Calvary, site of, 211
Cambyses, son of Cyrus, 32; extends power of Persia, 66
Canaanites, migration of the, 109
Capernaum, identification of, 98
Caphtor, home of the Philistines, 115, 116
Captivity, Babylonian, 65
Carchemish, excavations at, 70; alliance with Assyria, 81
Carthaginian law regarding sacrifices, 342
Cataracts of the Nile, 18
Cave-dwellers, 142, 187
Caves of the stone age, 104
Chaldæan Empire, 65
Champollion, Jean François (Le Jeune), 21, 22
Chaplin, Thomas, description of weight from Samaria, 160
Charles, B. B., explorations in Asia Minor, 70; _Travels and Studies in the Nearer East_, 73
Châteaubriand, explorations in Palestine, 85
Chedorlaomer, 295
Cheops, 25
Child sacrifice, 172
Chisels, 152
Chosroes II, captures Jerusalem, 122
Christian Nubians, 39
Church of the Holy Sepulcher, 211
Churches of Asia, 221
Cistern burial, 180
Cities, topography of Palestinian, 123; situated near springs, 186
City gates, 129
Clark, Herbert, 160
Clay, A. T., _Babylonian Texts from the Yale Collection_, 384
Clermont-Ganneau, explorations in Palestine, 88, 89, 198; Moabite Stone, 363
Code of Hammurapi, 313
Coins, 162; Roman, 165
“Columbarium,” 182
Combs, 156
Conder, Lieut.-Col. C. R., _The Hittites and Their Language_, 72; survey of Palestine, 88
Constantine, interest in holy places, 84, 85, 122
Constantinople, tablets hoarded in, 48
Cor (Homer), 158
Corinth, 220
Corners, considered sacred, 128
Cossæans, see _Kassites_.
Creation, epic of, 235; comparison with first chapter of Genesis, 247; second account of, found at Babylon, 255; compared with second chapter of Genesis, 256
Creation and flood, account of, from Nippur, 278
Cremation, 179
Crœsus, temple of, 223; wealth of, 227; overthrown by Cyrus the Great, 163, 383
Cromlech (heap of stones), 104
Cros, Gaston, explorations of, 45
Crucifixion, site of the, 211
“Cuneiform” characters, origin of, 56
Curtis, Samuel Ives, discovery at Petra, 102
Cybele, worship of, 226; temple of, 228
Cyprus, seal of Sargon found in, 57
Cyrus the Great, founder of Persian empire, 32; conquests of, 66; overthrows Crœsus, 163, 383; captures Sardis, 227; inscription of, 385
Dalman, Gustaf II., explorations in Petra, 88
Damascus, 213, 248, 369
Danaoi, migration of, 115
Daniel, book of, 384
Daonos (Daos), 271
Daphne, 38
Darics, 163
Darius I, rule in Egypt, 32; inscriptions of, 48; extends power of Persia, 66; coinage of, 163
Darius the Mede, 384
David, conquests of, 117, 118; captures Jebus, 188; Tower of, 206
Decapolis, description of, 213
Delitzsch, Friedrich, development of Hittite grammar, 74
_Deutscher Palästina-Verein_, 96
Dilmun, 283
Dion, 216
Domazewsky, Alfred von, explorations in Edom, 88
Domestic animals, 138
Doorway tombs, 182
Dor, excavations at, 117
_Drachma_, 165
Drovetti, M., collection of, 22
Dudkhalia, successor of Hattusil II, 81
Dûdu, 304
Dulcimer, 155
Dumuzi, 271
Dung Gate, 202
Dungi, King of Babylonia, 58
Dushratta, a king of Mitanni, 69; two El-Amarna letters from, 71; contemporary with Amenophis IV, 77; death of, 78
“Dynastic tablets,” 52
Ea, 260
Eannatum, King of Lagash, 56
Early Assyrian period, 60
Early Babylonian period, 59
Earth-graves, 181
Ebed-Ashera, Amorite king, 113
Ebed-Hepa, 187; letters of, 345; history of, 349
Ecbatana, visited by Rawlinson, 50
Ecclesiastes, parallel to, 412
Ecclesiasticus, 203
Eclipse at Nineveh, 51
Egypt, the land, 17; history of, 21, 23; division of, 24; Roman period, 33; Hyksos invasion of, 34; period of the Oppression and the Exodus, 35; Jewish colony in, 387; psalms from, 402; parallels to Song of Songs from, 413; social conscience in, 418; wisdom literature of, 421
Elam, invasion of, during reign of Kurigalzu, 59
El-Amarna letters, 35, 60; from Dushratta, 69; Palestinian cities mentioned in, 112; source of information regarding Jerusalem, 187; selections from, 303; from Rib-Adda of Gebal, 344; from Ebed-Hepa of Jerusalem, 345; reflecting conditions in Palestine, 348
Elamites, subjugated by Eannatum, 56; invade Babylonia, 60
Elephantine, papyri discovered at, 37, 387
El-Gib, 130
Elisha’s Fountain, 98
“Eloquent Peasant, The,” 28, 418
El-Wad, 185
Eni-Teshub, King of Carchemish, 81
Enlil, 279; see also _Bel_.
Enmeduranki, King of Sippar, 266, 271
Enmeirgan, 267
Enmenunna, 267
Enoch, identified with Etana, 266
Enosh, 267
En-rogel, 186
Enrolment of Quirinius, 432
Entemena, successor of Eannatum, 57
Enu-ilu, King of Hamath, 82
Ephah, 158
Ephesus, 221
Ephraim, gate of, 202
Epic of creation, text of, 235
Epiphanius, on measures, 158, 159
Epistles, archæological light on the, 440
“Eponym Canon,” 359
“Eponym Lists,” 51
Erech, exploration at, 44, 47; dynasties of, 54; founding of, 55
Eridu, 55, 283
Esarhaddon, invasion of Egypt, 31; succeeds Sennacherib, 64; money in reign of, 163; kings conquered by, 378
Eski Hissar, 230
Etana, 266; identified with Abel, 270
Etruscans, relation to Lydians, 227
Euedorachos, 271
Eumenes I, 224
Euphrates river, 40
Eusebius, _Chronicon_ of, 21; list of Palestinian names, 85, 133
Evil-Merodach (Amil-Marduk), 66; inscription of, 381
Exile, Babylonian, 65; termination of, 382
Eye-paint, 156
Eyuk, Hittite monuments at, 78
Ezekiel, 65
Fahl, 216
Famine, the seven years of, 305
Feast of Marduk and Zarpanit, 258
Feeding-bottles, 150
Fibulæ, 156
Files, 153
Fish Gate, 199
Fish-hooks, 154
Flesh-hooks, 151
Flood, Babylonian account of, 273; comparison with the Biblical account of, 277; second Babylonian account of, 277
Forks, 151
Foundation sacrifices, 128
Fountain Gate, 202
Fraktin, Hittite remains at, 70
Fruits, 136
“Furnaces, Tower of the,” 202
Gadara, 216
Gallio, 439
Galumum, 266
Gate, see _descriptive name_.
Gateways, 129
Gath (Tell es-Safi), 91; walls of, 124
Gebal, excavations at, 117
Gebel Fureidis, 121, 131
Gennath, gate of, 211
Genouillac, H. de, exploration at Ukhaimir, 48
Gerasa, topography of, 123, 216
Gerizim, Mount, 119
Germer-Durand, Père, 159
Gethsemane, Garden of, 137, 210
Gezer, excavations at, 92; caves at, 104; walls of, 109, 124; besieged by Merneptah, 115; captured by the Hebrews, 117; gates of, 129; pottery at, 142, 145; weights found at, 160; sanctuary at, 167; high place of, 169; temple at, 175; tombs at, 179
Giaour-Kalesi, Hittite remains at, 70
Gibeon, water supply of, 130
Gihon, springs at, 87, 186; caves at, 101, 106
Gilgal (menhirs set in a circle), 104; burial in, 180
Gilgamesh, epic, 256
Glassware, 150
Gobryas, 384
Golgotha, site of, 211
Gordon, Gen. C. E., suggestion regarding Golgotha, 211
Granaries, 134
Green, William Henry, 269
Grenfell, B. P., and A. S. Hunt, discovery of Oxyrhynchus papyri, 39, 428
Griffith, F. L., 39
Grinding, 135
Grotefend, Georg Friedrich, interpretation of inscriptions found at Persepolis, 49
Gudea, ruler at Lagash, 58; rebuilds Eninnû, 358
Guérin. H. V., explorations in Palestine, 86
Gurun, Hittite remains at, 70
Guthe, H., excavations in Jerusalem, 96
Gutium, dynasty of, 54; hordes from, overrun Babylonia, 58
Gyges, dynasty of, 163
Habiri, 113, 188, 349
Hadrian, restores Jerusalem under name of Ælia Capitolina, 212
Haggai, assists in rebuilding the temple, 118
Hamadan (Ecbatana), visited by Rawlinson, 50
Hamath, Hittite kingdom at, 81; overthrow of, 371
Hammeah, tower of, 202
Hammers, 153
Hammurapi, laws of, 47; King of Larsa, 53, 58; conqueror of Babylonia, 59; conquest of the “west land,” 108; identified with Amraphel, 294; code of, 313
Hananel, tower of, 202
Hananiah, Passover letter of, 390
Haran, possibly a Hittite capital, 77
Haretat IV, Nabathæan king, 174; besieges Jerusalem, 205; inscription regarding, 442
Harper, Robert, exploration in Babylonia, 47
Harps, 155
Harri, become part of Subbiluliuma’s kingdom, 78
Hasmonæans, see _Asmonæans_.
Hattusil I, King of Boghaz Koi, 78
Hattusil II, successor of Mutallu, 69, 80
Hawara, 28
Haynes, John H., Babylonian explorations of, 46
Head, B. V., date of ancient coins, 162
Hebrews, migration of, 116
Hebron, possessed by the Hittites, 76
Helena, mother of Constantine, 211
Helena of Adiabene, tomb of, 183
Heliopolis, 35
Hens, 139
Herod Agrippa I, 121
Herod the Great, rebuilds the Jewish temple, 121; capture of Rabbah Ammon, 130; coinage of, 165; building in Jerusalem, 205
Herodotus, on early navigation, 32; on wars between Egypt and Assyria, 32; comparison with 2 Kings, 376
Hezekiah, threatened by Sennacherib, 63, 374; improvements made by, 198
High places, 167
Hill, G. F., on Palestinian coins, 164
Hilprecht, Herman V., Babylonian explorations of, 46
Hin, 158
Hincks, Edward, 50
Hinnom, valley of, 185, 199
Hippacus, tower of, 206, 212
Hippos, 215
Hittites, invade Babylonia, 59; monuments of, 68; theories concerning, 68; ethnology of, 74; history of, 75
Hoes, 134
Homer, _The Odyssey_, 79
Homer, a measure, 158
Hophra, lures Judah to destruction, 32; palace of, at Memphis, 37
Horam, King of Gezer, 117
Horites, 106
Horse, domestication of the, 74
Horse Gate, 202
Hoshea, rebels against Assyria, 62, 369
Houses in ancient Palestine, 126
Howe, Fisher, suggestion regarding Golgotha, 211
Hull, Edward, geological survey of the valley of the Dead Sea, 89
Human sacrifice, 172
Hunt, A. S., discovery of Oxyrhynchus papyri, 39, 428
Huntington, Ellsworth, 95
Hyksos, invasion of Egypt, 28, 34, 110; possibly Hittites, 75
Hystaspes, father of Darius, 49
Ilu-bidi (Yau-bidi), 82
Ilumailu, founder of the second dynasty of Babylon, 59
Ilu-shumma, King of Assyria, 52
Ina-uzni-erêsu, 267
Ipuwer, Egyptian sage, 421
Irad, 270
Irhulina, King of Hamath, 82
Ishmi-Dagan, 52
Ishtar, on coins, 163; Babylonian prayer to, 399
Israel, the northern kingdom, 118
Ivriz, Hittite remains at, 70
Jacob, historical study of the name, 299
Jacobel, 111, 112
Jars, 142
Jebus, 188
Jehoahaz, deposed by Necho, 32
Jehoash, breaks wall of Jerusalem, 196
Jehoiachin, imprisoned by Nebuchadrezzar, 66
Jehoiakim, rebellion of, 65
Jehu, pays tribute to Shalmaneser III, 61
Jensen, Peter, studies in the Hittite and the Mitanni languages, 71
Jerabis, site of ancient Carchemish, Hamath, etc., 71, 72
Jerash, temple at, 178; ruins at, 217
Jericho, excavations at, 98; walls of, 109; capture of, 117; topography of, 123; area of, 125; remains of buildings, 127
Jeroboam, 30; name on seal, 359
Jerome, _Onomasticon_, 85, 133
Jerusalem, sieges and destruction of, 65; captured by Orodes I, 120; besieged by Pompey, 120; destroyed by Titus, 121; captured by the Persians, 122; passes under Mohammedan control, 122; area of, 126; water supply of, 130; rock altar at, 168; topography of, 185; in the time of Solomon, 190; destruction of, by Nebuchadrezzar, 199; walls of, rebuilt, 202; capture of, by Ptolemy I, 203; during the Asmonæan period, 204; construction during reign of Agrippa I, 212
Jesus, in the Decapolis, 218; reputed sayings of, found in Egypt, 428
Jewish colony in Egypt, 387
Joab, captures Rabbah, 217
Job, Babylonian parallel to, 392
John Hyrcanus, conquers Samaria and Edom, 100, 120; coinage of, 165; builds palace in Jerusalem, 204; supplies Jerusalem with water, 205
John Hyrcanus II, 120
Johns, C. H. W., 163
Jordan, Julius, exploration at Warka, 47
Joseph, texts bearing on story of, 33, 303; historical study of the name, 300
Josephel, 111, 112
Josephus, story of Onias, 38; on measures, 158
Joshua, conquest of Palestine, 117
Jovanoff, Alexander, numismatist of Constantinople, 70
Judah, the southern kingdom, 118
Judas Maccabæus, 119
Judges, period of, 352
Justus, house of, 221
Kadashman-turgu, 60
Kadesh, battle at, 80
Kadesh-Barnea, identification of, disputed, 95
Kalah-Sherghat, exploration at, 47
Kanatha, 215
Kara-Bel, Hittite remains at, 70
Karaburna, Hittite remains at, 70
Kara Dagh, Hittite remains at, 70
Karaindash, King of Babylon, 53, 60
Karanog, exploration of, 39
Kara Su, 69
Karnak, temple of, 37
Kassites, invade Babylonia, 59; migration of the, 109
Kenan, 267
Keys, 151
Khafre, 26
Khartum, 18
Khattu land, name given to Hittite settlement in Cappadocia, 75
_Kheta_, see _Hittites_.
Khnum, 305
Khufu (Cheops), 25
Kidron, valley of, 185
King list of Karnak, etc., 22
Kings, books of, archæological light on, 358
King’s Gardens, 189
Kish, exploration at, 48; dynasty of, 54
Kitchener, H. H., Major and Lord, survey of Palestine, 88; surveys in Arabia, 89
Kizil Dagh, Hittite remains at, 70
Klein, F. A., 363
Knives, 152
Knudtzon, J. A., _Die El-Amarna Tafeln_, 303
_Kok_ (shaft), 182
Koldewey, Robert, Babylonian exploration, 46, 65
Kudur-Mabug, 295
Kugler, Franz Xaver, astronomical calculation relating to Assyrian chronology, 53
Kukukumal, 297
Kummukh, Hittite kingdom, 82
Kurigalzu, invasion of Elam during reign of, 59
Labyrinth, 28
Lachish, excavations at, 89; walls of, 124
Lagash, 47; founding of, 55; colonists from, found Ashur, 47, 60
Lamartine, A. M., explorations in Palestine, 85
Lamech, 267
Lamentation for Tammuz, 426
Lamp-stands, 151
Langdon, Stephen, _Sumerian Epic of Paradise, the Flood, and the Fall of Man_, 283
Laodicea, 230
Larsa, kings of, 53; divided power with Nisin, 58
Lassen, Christian, 50
Lawrence, T. E., explorations in the wilderness of Zin, 95
Layard, Austen Henry, explorations of, 43; discoveries at Nineveh, 64, 71
Lebanon, copper from, 58
Leontopolis, Jewish temple at, 38
_Lepton_, 165
Letters from Palestine, 344
Leviticus, alleged parallel to, 342
Library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh, 64
Liverpool, University of, directs Hittite exploration, 70
Loftus, William Kennett, explorations of, 44
Log, 158
Lotan, 109
Lowenstern, Isidore, 50
Lugaldaudu, statue of, 48; King of Adab, 57
Lugalzaggisi, 54, 57
Lydia, origin of coinage in (?), 163; kingdom of, 226
Lynch, Lieut. W. F., explorations in Palestine, 86
Lyon, D. G., excavations at Samaria, 100
Lyres, 155
Macalister, Alexander, anatomist, 105
Macalister, R. A. Stewart, excavations at Gezer, 92; conjecture regarding walls of Gezer, 124
Maccabæan period, 203
Maccabees, 119
MacIver, R., exploration at Karanog, 39
Mackenzie, Duncan, excavations at Bethshemesh, 94
Magan, conquered by Naram-Sin, 57; quarries at, 58
Magdol, 34
Mana, 160
Manasseh, vassal of Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal, 64
Manetho, Egyptian priest, 21
Manishtusu, King of Kish, 47
Manissia, Hittite sculptures and remains near, 77, 79
Marash, Hittite remains at, 70, 92
Marduk, central figure in Babylonian creation epic, 247
Marduk and Zarpanit, feast of, 258
Marduknadinakhi, King of Babylon, 51, 52
Margolis, Max L., meaning of _Pim_, 161
Mars’ Hill, 220
Masterman, E. W. G., estimate of Parker’s excavations, 101
Mattiuaza, made king of the Mitanni, 78
“Maudsley’s Scarp,” 90, 191
Measures, 158
Medeba, taken by Omri, 365
Megalaros, 271
Megiddo, battle of, 32; excavations at, 96; wall of, 109; topography of, 123; area of, 126; remains of buildings, 128; gates of, 129; rock altar at, 168; temple at, 176; seal found at, 359
Melamkish, 267
Memphis, capital of Egypt, 27
Mena, accession of, 23; reign of, 25
Menahem, 62
Menant, Joachim, decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 71
Menhir (stone columns), 104; burial in, 180
Menkaure, 26
_Men-nofer_, 27
Merneptah, successor of Ramses II, 30; Pharaoh of the Exodus, 37; siege of Gezer, 114, 115; pillar of, 311
Merodachbaladan, takes the throne of Babylon, 63; relations with Hezekiah, 377
Meroe, 32, 39
Merrill, Selah, explorations in Palestine, 86
Meruitensi, 420
Meselim, King of Kish, 56
Mesha, King of Moab, 170, 363
Meskingashir, 267
Mesopotamian Valley, 40
Messerschmidt, L., studies in the Mitanni language, 72
Methuselah, 267
Meyer, Edward, accession of Mena, 23; origin of the Philistines, 357
Meyer, Rudolph, map of Palestine, 86
Middle Kingdom, period of (Egypt), 27
Migdol, 34
Miletus, 222
Millo, 189, 190
Millstones, 136
Mina, 160
Mitanni, 69; kingdom of, 77
Mite, coin, 165
Moabite Stone, 363
Mohammedans, prevail in Palestine, 122
Money, 162
Monoliths, at Gezer, 170
Mordtmann, A. D., account of Hittite inscriptions, 70
Moresheth-Gath (Marash), 70, 92
Morgan, J. de, exploration at Susa, 47, 313
Moriah, Mount, 168; site of the temple, 192
Mortars, 136
Mosaic Code, not borrowed from the Babylonians, 340
Mosque of Omar, 168
Moulton, W. J., 100
Mount, see _descriptive name_.
Mukês, 216
Müller, W. Max, origin of the Hittites, 69
Mursil, successor of Arandas, 79; makes treaty with the Amorites, 80; death of, 80
Mutallu, successor of Mursil, 80
Mutu-elu, 267
Mutu-ša-elu, 267
Mutu-šalal-eqla, 267
Nabathæans, 174
Nabopolassar, 65
Nabuna’id, King of Babylon, 54, 55; inscriptions of, 382
Nails, 153
Names, Sumerian, with Semitic, Babylonian, and Hebrew equivalents, 268
Napata, 31
Napoleon I, invasion of Egypt, 20
Naram-Sin, 54, 57
Naville, E., excavation of Pithom, 35
Nebuchadrezzar I, King of Babylon, 60
Nebuchadrezzar II, defeats Necho, 32, 65; destroys Jerusalem, 199; inscriptions of, 379
Necho, 32, 65, 379
Necklaces, 156
Needles, 151
Nehemiah, rebuilds the walls of Jerusalem, 202
Nehushtan, 171
Neo-Babylonian period, 65
Neolithic implements, 103
Nicanor’s gate, 210
Niebuhr, Carsten, inscriptions at Persepolis, 49
Nile, 17
Nineveh, explored by Botta, Place, and Layard, 43; by Rassam and Loftus, 44; by George Smith, 45; eclipse at, 51; Ashurbanipal’s library at, 64
Ninkharsag, 279, 289
Nippur, exploration of, 46; founding of, 55; account of creation and flood discovered at, 278; account of the origin of a city and the beginning of agriculture, 283
Nisin, 53, 54, 58
Noah, 268, 287
Nomes, divisions of Egypt, 24
Noph, 27
Norden, F. L., 19
Nubians, Christian, 39
Nuffar, exploration of, 46
Odoric, 49
_Odyssey, The_, referred to, 79
Old Gate, 202
Olive-presses, 137
Olives, Mount of, 211
Olmstead, A. T., explorations in Asia Minor, 70
Omar, Mosque of, 168
Omer, 158
Omri, 100, 365, 366
On, 35; priest of, founder of fifth dynasty, 26
Onias, 38
_Onomasticon_, by Jerome, 85, 133
Ophel, excavations on, 102; topography of, 123
Opis, dynasty of, 54
Oppert, Jules, explorations of, 44, 50
_Orient-Gesellschaft_, Babylonian exploration, 46
Ornaments, personal, 156
Ornan, 168
Orodes I, King of Parthia, 120
Osorkon II, 30
Otiartes, 271
Ovens, 149
Oxyrhynchus, papyri from, 39, 428
Paine, John A., explorations in Palestine, 86
Palaces of ancient Palestine, 127
Palæolithic implements, 103
“Palermo Stone,” 22
Palestine, physical geography of, 83; Mohammedans invade, 122
Palestine Exploration Fund, 87
Papyri, discovered at Elephantine, 37; at Oxyrhynchus, 39, 428
Papyrus Ebers, 23
Parchment, origin of the word, 224
Parker, Capt., the Hon. Montague, excavations in Jerusalem, 101
Parthia, secedes from the empire of the Seleucidæ, 67
Pashe dynasty, succeeds the Kassite dynasty, 60
Paton, L. B., excavations in Jerusalem, 100
Patriarchs before the flood, 264
Paul, scene of his missionary activity, 219
_Payim_, 161
Peiser, F. E., decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 71
Pekah, 62, 369
Peleset (Philistines), 356
Pella, 114, 216
Pentateuch, Code of Hammurapi compared with, 313; laws of, not borrowed from Babylonia, 340
Perfume-boxes, 156
Pergamum, 222, 224
Persepolis, inscriptions at, 49
Persia, languages of ancient, 48
Persian period of Babylonia, 66
Persians, dominant in Palestine, 122
Pesibkhenno II, 30
Peters, John P., Babylonian explorations of, 45; discovery at Beit Jibrin, 102
Petra, 173, 174
Petrie, William Matthew Flinders, excavation at Tell el-Yehudiyeh, 34, 38; discovery of Raamses, 36; of Hophra’s palace, 37; excavation at Tell Defenneh, 38; at Lachish, 89; _Egyptian Tales_, 302
Phæstos, disc discovered at, 115, 357
Pharaoh of the Exodus, 30, 311
Philadelphia, 123, 217, 228
Philadelphus, 33
Philetærus, King of Pergamum, 224
Philip, son of Herod the Great, 121
Philistia, 83
Philistines, migration of, 115; civilization of, 117; Ramses III, reference to, 356; Meyer’s opinion of origin, 357
Phœnicians, weight standards of, 160
Pilate, Pontius, 121
Pilikam, 267, 271
Pillar of Merneptah, 311
Pillars, at Tell es-Safi, 169; at Taanach, 173
_Pim_, 161
Pinches, Theophilus G., tablets from Erech, 384
“Pipe,” musical instrument, 155
Pithom, 34, 35
Place, Victor, explorations of, 43
Plows, 134
Pococke, R., 19
Poebel, Arno, 54, 267, 271, 278
Politarchs, of Thessalonica, 438
Pompey, siege of Jerusalem, 120, 205
Pool of Bethesda, 210
Pools of Solomon, 131
Potiphar, 34
Pottery, 141
Pre-Babylonian period, 56
Prophets, character of the Hebrew, 417
Proverbs, parallels to book of, 407
Psalms, from Babylonia and Egypt, 398
Psammetik I, 31
Psammetik II, 387
Psephinus, tower of, 212
Ptahhotep, precepts of, 409
Ptolemaic period, 32
Ptolemy I, captures Jerusalem, 203
Ptolemy, Claudius, king list compiled by, 51
Ptolemy Lagi, 33, 119
Ptolemy Philadelphus, 33
Puchstein, Otto, discoveries at Boghaz Koi, 70
Pul, 61
Pumpelly, Raphael, explorations in Turkestan, 74
Put-akhi, Amorite king, 80
Pyramids, 25
Qarqar, 61
_Quadrans_, 165
Quirinius, archæological light on enrolment of, 432
Raamses, built by the Israelites, 35
Rabbah Ammon, rebuilt and renamed by Philadelphus, 33; topography of, 123; site of Philadelphia, 217
Ramsay, Sir William Mitchell, view of Quirinius’ enrolment, 434
Ramses II, 29, 35, 69; treaty with Hattusil, 69; conquests in northern Syria, 80; Palestinian rule of, 114
Ramses III, 30, 115
Ramses IV, IX, XII, 30
Raphana, 215
Rassam, Hormuzd, explorations of, 44, 45, 64
Rawlinson, Sir Henry C., explorations of, 44, 50, 51
Rehoboam, 30; opposed by Shishak, 118
Reisner, G. A., excavations at Samaria, 100
Renan, Ernest, explorations in Palestine, 86
Rephaim, 104
Reservoirs, 130
Retenu (Lotan), 109
Rich, Claude James, explorations of, 42
Richardson, Rufus B., excavations at Corinth, 221
Rim-Sin, King of Larsa, 58
Rings, finger, 157; money, 162
Roads, 132
Robinson, Edward, explorations in Palestine, 85
Robinson, George L., discovery at Petra, 102
“Robinson’s Arch,” 87, 204
Rockefeller, John D., 47
Roman rule of Egypt, 33
“Rosetta Stone,” 20
Sacrifices in foundations, 128; human, 172; Carthaginian law concerning, 342
Sacy, Sylvestre de, interpretation of Sassanian inscriptions, 49
Sakje-Geuze, excavations at, 75
Samal, kingdom of, 81
Samaria, siege of, 62; excavations at, 100; topography of, 123; remains of palaces at, 127; temple at, 178
Samaritans, origin of, 118
Samsuiluna, King of Larsa, 53
Sarbut el-Khadem, 28
Sardis, 226, 228
Sargon of Agade, 54, 57; conquests of, 63, 107; legend of, 310
Sargon of Assyria, besieges Samaria, 63, 369
Sarzec, Ernest de, explorations of, 45
Sassanian dynasty of Persia, 49, 67
Saturninus, Sentius, 437
Saul, reign of, 117
Saws, 152
Sayce, A. H., theories regarding Hittites, 68; decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 70, 73
“Scarp, Maudsley’s,” 191
Scheil, V., exploration of, 46, 54
Schick, Dr. Conrad, discoveries in Jerusalem, 207
Schmidt, Nathaniel, explorations in Palestine, 100
Schumacher, Gottlieb, explorations in Palestine, 88; excavations at Megiddo, 96, 124
Scythians threaten Assyria, 64
Scythopolis, 214
Seah, 158
Seals, 154; found at Megiddo, 359
Sebaste, see _Samaria_.
Second Assyrian period, 61
Sela, 173
Seleucus, King of Babylonia, 67
Sellin, Ernst, excavations at Taanach, 97, 124; excavations at Jericho, 98
Semites, first inhabitants of Mesopotamia, 55
Sendjirli, excavations at, 69
Seneferu, 25
Sennacherib, 31; discovery of seal at Babylon, 52; succeeds Sargon, 63; his account of his campaigns, 372
Seplel, see _Subbiluliuma_.
Septuagint, translation of, 33
Sesostris, monarchs of Middle Kingdom, 27
Seth, 267; list of descendants, 269
Seti I, 29; campaigns against Palestine, 80; conquests in Asia, 114
_Shabatum_, 259
Shaft tombs, 181
Shalmaneser I, 60
Shalmaneser III, campaigns of, 61; oppression of Palestine, 360
Shalmaneser V, 62
Shamash-shumukin, 64
Shamshi-Adad, 52
Shamshi-Adad IV, 61
Shamsu-ditana, King of Babylon, 75
Shamsu-iluna, successor of Hammurapi, 108
Sheba, 381
Shechem, captured by Sesostris III, 28; excavations at, 102
Sheep Gate, 202
Shema, seal of, 176
Sheol, 423
Shephelah, borderland between Judæa and Philistia, 90, 94, 186
“Shepherd Kings,” 28
Sheshonk, see _Shishak_.
“Shinar” (Sumir), 58
Shishak, 30; record of his campaign in Palestine, 37, 118, 359
Shitḫu-elu, 267
Shur, 95
Shushan, 47
Shutarna I, successor of Artatama I, 77
Siamon, 30
Sicilians, migration of, 115
Sickles, 135
Siloah, 189
Siloam inscription, 377
Simon the Maccabee, coinage of, 164
Sin, the moon-god, Babylonian hymn to, 400
Sinuhe, adventures of, 108, 307
Sippar (Agade), temple at, 54
Smith, Eli, explorations in Palestine, 85
Smith, George, explorations of, 45
Smyrna, Hittite sculptures and remains near, 76, 79; general account of, 229
Solomon marries daughter of Pharaoh, 30; empire of, 118; Pools of, 131, 205; buildings of, 192
Song of Songs, Egyptian parallels to, 413
“Sothic Cycle,” 22
Spatulæ, for eye-paint, 156
Spears, 154
Sphinx, 26
Spinning “whorls,” 151
Spoons, 150
Springs, favorite sites for cities, 186
“Stele of the vultures,” 56
Step Pyramid, 25
Stone age in Palestine, 103
Styli, 154
Subbiluliuma, extends power of the Hittites, 77; deposes Sutatarra, 78; Amorites conquered by, 113
Sumerian, early language of Babylonia, 51
Sumerian names, with Semitic, Babylonian, and Hebrew equivalents, 268
Sumerians, ethnology of, 56
Sumir, derivation of, 58
Sun-god, Egyptian hymn to the, 402
Susa, exploration at, 47
Sutarna II, King of the Harri, 78
Sutatarra, successor of Dushratta, 78
Swords, 154
“Synagogue of the Hebrews” in Corinth, 221
Sypilus, Mount, 70
Taanach, excavations at, 97; walls of, 124; buildings at, 127; pillars and altar of incense at, 173; letter from, 350
Tabu-utul-Bêl, 395
Tagtug, 288, 289
Tahpanhes, castle at, 37
Talbot, Fox, 50
Tale of the Eloquent Peasant, 418
Tale of Sinuhe, 307
Tale of the Two Brothers, 300
Tamerlane, 227
Tammuz, lamentation for, 426
Tanut-amon, 31
Tashji, Hittite remains at, 70
Taylor, J. E., explorations of, 44
Tell Defenneh, 38
Tell el-Hesy (Lachish), 89, 110
Tell el-Jazar, excavations at, 92
Tell el-Judeideh, excavations at, 91
Tell el-Retabeh, site of Raamses, 36
Tell el-Yehudiyeh, 38
Tell es-Safi, 91, 110, 124, 169
Tell Hum (Capernaum), 98
“Tell of the Jewess,” 38
Tell Sandahanna (Marash), 92; weight found at, 162
Tell Taanek, see _Taanach_.
Tell Zakariya (Azekah), 90
Temple, Solomon’s, site of, 168; description of, 193; building of the second, 200; Herod’s, 207
Temple at Gezer, 175
Temple to Augustus at Samaria, 178
Temple of Jewish colony in Egypt, 387
Thakut, 34
Thebes, nome of, 27
Thekel, migration of, 115, 116
Thenius, Otto, suggestion regarding Golgotha, 211
Thessalonica, politarchs of, 438
Thiersch, Hermann, discovery at Beit Jibrin, 102
This, nome of, 25
Thompson, R. Campbell, decipherment of Hittite inscriptions, 73
Thothmes I, raids through Palestine, 110
Thothmes III, 29, 77, 111
Thothmes IV, alliance with Artatama I, 77
Threshing, 135
Thyatira, 226
Ti, tomb of, 26
_Tiâmat_, 248, 251
Tiberius, coinage of, 165
Tiglath-pileser I, 51, 60
Tiglath-pileser IV, conquests of, 61, 366
Tigris river, 40
Timur (Tamerlane), 227
Tirhakah, 31, 64
Titus, destroys Jerusalem, 121
Tiuman, King of Elam, 417
Tobler, Titus, explorations in Palestine, 86
Toi, King of Hamath, 81
Tombs, 181
“Tombs of the Judges,” 182
“Tombs of the Kings,” 183, 212
Topheth, 199
Tou, see _Toi_.
Towers, 202
Toys, 155
Trajan, 133; organizes province of Arabia, 174
Travel, between Babylonia and Palestine, 293
Trumbull, Henry Clay, identification of Kadesh-Barnea, 95
Tukulti-Ninib I, 52, 60
“Turin Papyrus,” 22
Two Brothers, Tale of the, 300
Tyana, Hittite capital, 82
Tyropœon valley, 199
Ukhaimir, exploration at, 48
Umm Keis, 216
Ummanu, 267
Uni, officer of Pepi I, 107
University Museum, Philadelphia, 53, 54
Upper Retenu, 109
Ur, founding of, 55; kings of, 53, 54, 58
Urkagina, King of Lagash, 57
Ur-Nina founds dynasty at Lagash, 56
Utensils, 149
Uzziah, 196, 367
Valley Gate, 202
Van Dyke, Henry, reference to _Felix_, 429
Vincent, Hughes, 99, 101
Vineyards, 137
Wady Maghara, turquoise mines in, 25
Walls of Palestinian cities, 109, 123, 125, 202
Ward, William Hayes, Babylonian explorations of, 45
Warka, exploration at, 47
Warren, Gen. Sir Charles, excavations at Jerusalem, 87; at Gihon, 101
Water Gate, 202
Water supply in Palestine, 129
Weidner, Ernst, 74
Weights, 160
Weil, Captain, excavations on Ophel, 102
Wenamon, report of, 117, 352
Whetstones, 153
White Wall, 27
Wilderness of Zin, explorations in, 95
Winckler, Hugo, excavations at Boghaz Koi, 69, 79; first instalment of the El-Amarna letters, 71
Winckler und Abel, _Thoutafelnfund von El-Amarna_, 303
Wine-vats, 137
Winnowing, 135
_Wisdom of Jesus, the Son of Sirach_, 203
Wood, J. T., discoveries in Ephesus, 223
Woolley, C. Leonard, 75, 95
Wrench, J. E., explorations in Asia Minor, 70
Wright, William, _The Empire of the Hittites_, 68
Xerxes, inscriptions of, 48
Xisouthros, 271
Xystus, 203
Yadi, kingdom of, 81
Yaila, Hittite remains at, 70
Yakut, Arabian geographer, 217
Yau-bidi, King of Hamath, 82
Yaudi, identity of, 371
Year, divisions of, 138
Zamama, temple of, 48
Zaphenath-Paneah, 34
Zechariah, assists in rebuilding the temple, 118, 200
Zedekiah, rebellion against Babylon, 32, 65
Ziggurat of Zamama temple, 48
Zin, explorations in the wilderness of, 95
Zion, site of Jebus, 188
Ziugiddu, 280
Zoser, first king of third dynasty, 25, 305
Zugagib, 266
PLATES
PLATE 1
[Illustration: FIG. 1. SYRIAN TRADERS IN EGYPT, FROM A TOMB AT BENI HASAN.]
[Illustration: FIG. 2. CROWN OF LOWER EGYPT.]
[Illustration: FIG. 3. CROWN OF UPPER EGYPT.]
[Illustration: FIG. 4. CROWN OF UNITED EGYPT.]
[Illustration: FIG. 5. SPHINX AND PYRAMID OF KHAFRE.]
PLATE 2
[Illustration: FIG. 6. PYRAMIDS OF KHUFU AND KHAFRE.]
[Illustration: FIG. 7. STEP PYRAMID OF ZOSER.]
PLATE 3
[Illustration: FIG. 8. BODY FROM A PRE-DYNASTIC TOMB.]
[Illustration: FIG. 9. HEAD OF THE MUMMY OF RAMSES II.]
PLATE 4
[Illustration: FIG. 10. A STORE-CHAMBER AT PITHOM (_after Naville_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 11. ANCIENT AND MODERN BRICK-MAKING (_after Petrie_).]
PLATE 5
[Illustration: FIG. 12. PLAN OF CITY AND TEMPLE OF LEONTOPOLIS (_after Petrie_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 13. A PASSOVER-OVEN (_after Petrie_).]
PLATE 6
[Illustration: FIG. 14. THE ROSETTA STONE.
_By permission of Thomas Nelson & Sons._]
[Illustration: FIG. 15. THE “ISRAEL” INSCRIPTION OF MERNEPTAH.]
PLATE 7
[Illustration: FIG. 16. MOUNDS OF NUFFAR (_after Clay_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 17. EXCAVATION AT NUFFAR (_after Clay_).]
PLATE 8
[Illustration: FIG. 18. GATE OF ISHTAR, BABYLON (_after Koldeway_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 19. PHALANX OF SOLDIERS FROM EANNATUM’S “STELE OF VULTURES.”]
PLATE 9
[Illustration: FIG. 20. INSCRIBED COLUMN FROM PERSEPOLIS.]
[Illustration: FIG. 21. SILVER VASE OF ENTEMENA.]
[Illustration: FIG. 22. MOUND OF BIRS NIMRÛD (_after Peters_).]
PLATE 10
[Illustration: FIG. 23. HITTITE GATES AT BOGHAZ KOI (_after Puchstein_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 24. HITTITE TYPES FROM EGYPTIAN MONUMENTS (_after Garstang_).]
PLATE 11
[Illustration: FIG. 25. A HITTITE KING (_after Puchstein_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 26. THE BOSS OF TARKONDEMOS.]
[Illustration: FIG. 27. THE SEAL OF SHEMA, SERVANT OF JEROBOAM.]
PLATE 12
[Illustration: FIG. 28. TELL EL-HESY AFTER EXCAVATION.]
[Illustration: FIG. 29. THE SITE OF THE OLD TESTAMENT JERICHO.]
PLATE 13
[Illustration: FIG. 30. EXCAVATION OF GEZER.]
[Illustration: FIG. 31. REMAINS OF A COLONNADED STREET AT SAMARIA.]
PLATE 14
[Illustration: FIG. 32. EXCAVATION AT TELL HUM.]
[Illustration: FIG. 33. EGYPTIANS ATTACKING A PALESTINIAN CITY (_after Perrot and Chipiez_).]
PLATE 15
[Illustration: FIG. 34. ISRAELITISH JERICHO (_after Sellin_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 35. ISRAELITISH HOUSES AT JERICHO (_after Sellin_).]
PLATE 16
[Illustration: FIG. 36. PHILISTINES FROM THE PALACE OF RAMSES III.]
[Illustration: FIG. 37. CANAANITISH FORTRESS AT JERICHO (_after Sellin_).]
PLATE 17
[Illustration: FIG. 38.--INSCRIBED DISC FROM PHÆSTOS (ONE-FOURTH ACTUAL SIZE).]
[Illustration: FIG. 39. GEBEL FUREIDIS.]
PLATE 18
[Illustration: FIG. 40. BASTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF AN INSERTED TOWER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 41. REMAINS OF WALLS OF MEGIDDO (_after Schumacher_).]
PLATE 19
[Illustration: FIG. 42. WALLS OF BUILDINGS AT SAMARIA (_after Reisner_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 43. SPECIMENS OF STONE-WORK AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 44. BUILDING-BRICKS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 20
[Illustration: FIG. 45. PLAN OF PALACE AT TAANACH (_after Sellin_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 46. THE GREAT CITY WALL AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 21
[Illustration: FIG. 47. ISRAELITISH HOUSES AT GEZER.
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 48. SPECIMENS OF MOSAIC FLOORS (_after Macalister_).
_By Permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 22
[Illustration: FIG. 49. A DOORWAY AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 50. DOOR-SOCKETS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 23
[Illustration: FIG. 51. SUPPOSED HOUSE OF HIEL, JERICHO (_after Sellin_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 52. FOUNDATION OF THE PALACE OF OMRI, SAMARIA (_after Reisner_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 53. HEBREW PALACE AT MEGIDDO (_after Schumacher_).]
PLATE 24
[Illustration: FIG. 54. PLAN OF THE MACCABÆAN CASTLE AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 55. STONE-WORK OF THE MACCABÆAN CASTLE (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 56. A FOUNDATION-DEPOSIT, GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 25
[Illustration: FIG. 57. A CITY GATE AT MEGIDDO (_after Schumacher_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 58. THE SOUTH GATE AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 59. THE SOUTH GATE AT BETHSHEMESH (_after Mackenzie_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 26
[Illustration: FIG. 60. ENTRANCE TO THE UNDERGROUND TUNNEL AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 61.--THE NORTH GATE AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 27
[Illustration: FIG. 62. PLANS OF THE UNDERGROUND TUNNEL AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 28
[Illustration: FIG. 63. PLAN OF UNDERGROUND TUNNEL AT GIBEON (_after Abel_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 64. ONE OF SOLOMON’S POOLS.]
PLATE 29
[Illustration: FIG. 65. POST OF CITY GATE, SAMARIA (_after Reisner_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 66. PART OF CITY WALL AND GATE, SAMARIA (_after Reisner_).]
PLATE 30
[Illustration: FIG. 67. ROAD SOUTH OF GERIZIM.]
[Illustration: FIG. 68. LINES OF ROMAN ROADS AT TELL EL-FUL.]
[Illustration: FIG. 69. ROMAN ROAD NORTH OF AMMAN.]
PLATE 31
[Illustration: FIG. 70. A GRANARY AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 71. SOME ROMAN MILE-STONES.]
[Illustration: FIG. 72. PLAN OF A GRANARY AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 32
[Illustration: FIG. 73. A HOE (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 74. AN EGYPTIAN REAPING (_after Wreszinski_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 75. A SICKLE (_after Wreszinski_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 76. PLOWSHARES FROM MEGIDDO (_after Schumacher_).]
PLATE 33
[Illustration: FIG. 77. EGYPTIAN PLOWING (_after Wilkinson_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 78. A MODERN THRESHING-FLOOR.]
[Illustration: FIG. 79. EGYPTIANS THRESHING AND WINNOWING (_after Wilkinson_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 80. EGYPTIAN THRESHING-SLEDGE (_after Wilkinson_).]
PLATE 34
[Illustration: FIG. 81. A SADDLE-QUERN FROM MEGIDDO (_after Schumacher_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 82. A ROTARY-QUERN (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 83. A MORTAR AND PESTLE (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 84. TWO WOMEN GRINDING AT A MILL (_after Schumacher_).]
PLATE 35
[Illustration: FIG. 85. AN ANCIENT OLIVE-PRESS (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 86. A MODERN OLIVE-PRESS (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 36
[Illustration: FIG. 87. A WINE VAT (_after Macalister_).
_By Permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 88. AN OLIVE-PRESS AT WORK (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 37
[Illustration: FIG. 89. COWS’ HORNS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 90. ANIMALS’ HEADS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 91. A HORSE’S BIT FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 92. DRAWINGS OF HORSES FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 38
[Illustration: FIG. 93. A CLAY BIRD FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 94. A COCK FROM MARISSA (_after Peters and Thiersch_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 95. A BEE-HIVE FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 39
[Illustration: FIG. 96. PRE-SEMITIC JARS (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 97. PRE-SEMITIC POTTERY (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 98. FOUR PITCHERS FROM THE FIRST SEMITIC STRATUM (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 99. THREE PITCHERS FROM THE FIRST SEMITIC STRATUM (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 100. A JAR FROM THE FIRST SEMITIC STRATUM (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 40
[Illustration: FIG. 101. JUGS FROM THE SECOND SEMITIC STRATUM (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 102. A JUG FROM THE SECOND SEMITIC STRATUM (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 103. A JAR FROM THE SECOND SEMITIC STRATUM (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 41
[Illustration: FIG. 104. SOME FINE POTTERY FROM THE FIRST SEMITIC STRATUM (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 105. “EAR” AND “BUTTON” JAR-HANDLES (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 106. A “PILLAR” HANDLE (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 107. A FLAT-BOTTOMED JUG (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 42
[Illustration: FIG. 108. A PAINTED PHILISTINE VASE FROM BETH-SHEMESH (_after Mackenzie_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 109. WAR-SCENE ON POTSHERD FROM MEGIDDO (_after Schumacher_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 110. JARS OF THIRD SEMITIC STRATUM FROM BETH-SHEMESH (_after Mackenzie_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 111. HEBREW POTTERY FROM MEGIDDO (_after Schumacher_).]
PLATE 43
[Illustration: FIG. 112. HEBREW JARS AND PITCHERS FROM JERICHO (_after Sellin_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 113. HEBREW PITCHERS AND BOWLS FROM JERICHO (_after Sellin_).]
PLATE 44
[Illustration: FIG. 114. A FUNNEL FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 115. A POTTER’S SEAL FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 116. AN INSCRIBED HEBREW JAR-STAMP FROM THE SHEPHELAH (_after Bliss and Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 117. HEBREW POTTERY FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 45
[Illustration: FIG. 118. A SCARAB USED AS A JAR-STAMP (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 119. A JAR-HANDLE STAMPED WITH A SCARAB (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 120. A JAR WITH TAPERING BASE FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 121. HELLENISTIC FILTER FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 122. HELLENISTIC POTTERY FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 46
[Illustration: FIG. 123. HELLENISTIC STRAINER FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 124. ROMAN POTS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 125. HELLENISTIC JAR FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 126. A LAMP OF THE FIRST SEMITIC PERIOD, MEGIDDO (_after Schumacher_).]
PLATE 47
[Illustration: FIG. 127. LAMPS FROM THE SECOND SEMITIC PERIOD, GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 128. LAMPS FROM THE ISRAELITISH PERIOD, GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 129. A BYZANTINE LAMP FROM JERICHO (_after Sellin_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 130. A LAMP BEARING A CHRISTIAN LEGEND (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 48
[Illustration: FIG. 131. HELLENISTIC LAMPS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 132. HEBREW LAMPS FROM JERICHO (_after Sellin_).]
PLATE 49
[Illustration: FIG. 133. OVENS FOUND AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 134. A BAKING-TRAY FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 135. BRONZE DISHES FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 136. SHELL SPOONS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 50
[Illustration: FIG. 137. SILVER DISHES FROM A PHILISTINE GRAVE AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 138. GLASS OINTMENT VESSELS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 51
[Illustration: FIG. 139. FEEDING-BOTTLES (?). GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 140. FORKS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 141. PHILISTINE SILVER LADLE. GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 142. BRONZE NEEDLES AND PINS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 52
[Illustration: FIG. 143. BONE NEEDLES FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 144. MODERN WOMAN SPINNING.
_By permission of Mrs. Grant Williams._]
[Illustration: FIG. 145. SPINDLE WHORLS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 146. A LARGE KEY FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 147. A SMALLER KEY FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 53
[Illustration: FIG. 148. LAMP STANDS FROM MEGIDDO (_after Schumacher_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 149. FLINT KNIVES FROM JERICHO (_after Sellin_).]
PLATE 54
[Illustration: FIG. 150. IRON KNIVES FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 151. BRONZE KNIVES FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 55
[Illustration: FIG. 152. A CHISEL FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 153. A FILE FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 154. A CONE OF FLINT FOR MAKING KNIVES, GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 155. A BRONZE HAMMER-HEAD, GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 156. A FISH-HOOK, GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 157. A BONE AWL-HANDLE FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 158. WHETSTONES FROM JERICHO (_after Sellin_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 159. NAILS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 56
[Illustration: FIG. 160. AXE-HEADS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 161. CARPENTERS’ TOOLS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 57
[Illustration: FIG. 162. A SCIMITAR FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 163. IMPRESSION OF A BASKET ON MUD, GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 164. FLINT ARROW-HEADS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 165. BRONZE ARROW-HEADS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 58
[Illustration: FIG. 166. BRONZE SWORDS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 167. BRONZE SPEAR-HEADS, GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 59
[Illustration: FIG. 168. A PIPE FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 169. AN EGYPTIAN HARP (_after Haupt_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 170. AN ASSYRIAN UPRIGHT HARP (_after Haupt_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 171. AN ASSYRIAN HORIZONTAL HARP (_after Haupt_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 172. A BABYLONIAN HARP (_after Haupt_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 173. JEWISH HARPS ON COINS OF BAR COCHEBA, 132-135 A. D. (_after Madden_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 174. ASSYRIAN DULCIMER (_after Haupt_).]
PLATE 60
[Illustration: FIG. 175. SEALS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 176. A COMB FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 177. TOYS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 178. STYLI FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 179. CHILDREN’S RATTLES FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 61
[Illustration: FIG. 180. A PERFUME-BOX, GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 181. A NECKLACE FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 182. BRACELETS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 183. SPATULÆ FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 184. RINGS FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 62
[Illustration: FIG. 185. SUPPOSED HEBREW MEASURES FROM JERUSALEM (_after Germer-Durand_).]
PLATE 63
[Illustration: FIG. 186. A _Neseph_ WEIGHT.]
[Illustration: FIG. 187. A _Payim_ WEIGHT BELONGING TO HAVERFORD COLLEGE.]
[Illustration: FIG. 188. A _Beqa_ WEIGHT (_after Torrey_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 189. A “DARIC” OF DARIUS (_after Benzinger_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 190. A TETRADRACHMA OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT (_after Benzinger_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 191. A COIN OF PTOLEMY LAGI (_after Benzinger_).]
PLATE 64
[Illustration: FIG. 192. HALF-SHEKEL OF SIMON THE MACCABEE (_after Benzinger_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 193. A COIN OF JOHN HYRCANUS (_after Madden_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 194. TETRADRACHMA OF LYSIMACHUS.]
[Illustration: FIG. 195. A COIN OF AUGUSTUS.]
[Illustration: FIG. 196. A DENARIUS OF TIBERIUS.]
[Illustration: FIG. 197. A COIN OF CLAUDIUS.]
[Illustration: FIG. 198. A COIN OF HEROD THE GREAT.]
[Illustration: FIG. 199. A ROMAN QUADRANS (?).]
[Illustration: FIG. 200. A COIN OF HEROD AGRIPPA I.]
[Illustration: FIG. 201. A SHEKEL OF THE REVOLT OF A. D. 70.]
PLATE 65
[Illustration: FIG. 202. CAVE-DWELLERS’ PLACE OF SACRIFICE, GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 203. PLAN OF CAVES AT SEMITIC HIGH PLACE, GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 204. “PILLARS” OF THE HIGH PLACE AT GEZER.]
PLATE 66
[Illustration: FIG. 205. ROCK-ALTAR AT MEGIDDO (_after Schumacher_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 206. THE “BETH-EL” OF GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 207. THE SUPPOSED SERPENT-PEN AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 67
[Illustration: FIG. 208. THE ROCK-ALTAR AT JERUSALEM (_after Dalman_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 209. THE LAVER AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 68
[Illustration: FIG. 210. THE TERRA-COTTA ALTAR FROM TAANACH (_after Sellin_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 211. SUPPOSED HIGH PLACE AT TAANACH (_after Sellin_).]
PLATE 69
[Illustration: FIG. 212. HIGH PLACE AT TELL ES-SAFI (_after Bliss and Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 213. LIBATION BOWL FROM TAANACH (_after Sellin_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 214. AN ASTARTE PLAQUE FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 70
[Illustration: FIG. 215. PLAN OF THE HIGH PLACE AT PETRA (_after Brünnow_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 216. PLAN OF HEROD’S TEMPLE AT SAMARIA (_after Lyon_).]
PLATE 71
[Illustration: FIG. 217. THE ALTAR AT PETRA (_after Brünnow_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 218. THE “ROUND ALTAR” AT PETRA (_after Brünnow_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 219. SUPPOSED “PILLARS” AT PETRA (_after Brünnow_).]
PLATE 72
[Illustration: FIG. 219_a_. A BRAZEN SERPENT FROM GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 220. PLAN OF SUPPOSED SEMITIC TEMPLE AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 221. WALLS OF HEROD’S TEMPLE, SAMARIA (_after Reisner_).]
PLATE 73
[Illustration: FIG. 222. “PILLARS” OF A SUPPOSED TEMPLE, GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 223. CHAPEL OF THE PALACE AT MEGIDDO (_after Schumacher_).]
PLATE 74
[Illustration: FIG. 224. VOLUTED CAPITAL (PROBABLY PHILISTINE) FROM MEGIDDO (_after Schumacher_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 225. INCENSE-BURNER FROM MEGIDDO (_after Schumacher_).]
PLATE 75
[Illustration: FIG. 226. PHILISTINE GRAVES, GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 227. A ROCK-HEWN TOMB AT SILOAM (_after Benzinger_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 228. A SHAFT-TOMB (_after Bliss and Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 229. A CISTERN-BURIAL AT GEZER (_after Macalister_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 76
[Illustration: FIG. 230. A COLUMBARIUM AT PETRA (_after Dalman_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 231. ENTRANCE TO THE TOMB OF THE JUDGES.]
PLATE 77
[Illustration: FIG. 232. A SUNKEN-DOOR TOMB (_after Mitt. u. Nach. d. Deutsch. Palästina-Vereins_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 233. _Kokim_ IN THE TOMB OF THE JUDGES.]
PLATE 78
[Illustration: FIG. 234. PLAN OF A HELLENISTIC TOMB AT MARISSA (_after Peters and Thiersch_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 235. A CROSS-SECTION OF THE TOMB OF THE JUDGES.]
PLATE 79
[Illustration: FIG. 236. ARCHITECTURAL DECORATION OF A HELLENISTIC TOMB AT MARISSA (_after Peters and Thiersch_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 237. PLAN OF THE UPPER FLOOR OF THE TOMB OF THE JUDGES.]
PLATE 80
[Illustration: FIG. 238. A TOMB WITH A ROLLING-STONE AT BEIT JIBRIN (_after Moulton_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 239. INTERIOR OF A HELLENISTIC TOMB AT MARISSA (_after Peters and Thiersch_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 81
[Illustration: FIG. 240. THE HILLS AND VALLEYS OF JERUSALEM (_after Vincent_).]
PLATE 82
[Illustration: FIG. 241. UNDERGROUND JEBUSITE TUNNEL AT GIHON, JERUSALEM (_after Vincent_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 242. MAUDSLEY’S SCARP, JERUSALEM.]
PLATE 83
[Illustration: FIG. 243. PLAN OF SOLOMON’S BUILDINGS, JERUSALEM (_after Stade_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 244. PHŒNICIAN QUARRY-MARKS, JERUSALEM (_after Warren_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 84
[Illustration: FIG. 245. SHAFT AT THE SOUTHEAST CORNER OF THE TEMPLE AREA (_after Warren_).
_By permission of Palestine Exploration Fund._]
[Illustration: FIG. 246. EXAMINING ANCIENT WALLS IN AN UNDERGROUND TUNNEL (_after Warren_).
_By permission of Palatine Exploration Fund._]
PLATE 85
[Illustration: FIG. 247. FRONT VIEWS OF SOLOMON’S TEMPLE (_after Stade_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 248. SIDE VIEWS OF SOLOMON’S TEMPLE (_after Stade_).]
PLATE 86
[Illustration: FIG. 249. PLAN OF SOLOMON’S TEMPLE (_after Stade_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 250. THE SEVEN-BRANCHED LAMP-STAND FROM THE ARCH OF TITUS.]
PLATE 87
[Illustration: FIG. 251. THE BRAZEN LAVER OF SOLOMON’S TEMPLE (_after Stade_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 252. A PORTABLE LAVER OF SOLOMON’S TEMPLE (_after Stade_).]
PLATE 88
[Illustration: FIG. 253. STONE-WORK OF A WALL OF JERUSALEM BUILT IN THE FIFTH CENTURY A. D.]
[Illustration: FIG. 254. STONE-WORK IN NEHEMIAH’S WALL, JERUSALEM.]
PLATE 89
[Illustration: FIG. 255. RESTORATION OF THE ASMONÆAN BRIDGE OVER THE TYROPŒON VALLEY (_after Hanauer_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 256. FRONT OF “DAVID’S TOWER” (HEROD’S PALACE) TODAY (_after Breen_).]
PLATE 90
[Illustration: FIG. 257. RECONSTRUCTION OF HEROD’S TEMPLE (_after Caldecott_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 258. “SOLOMON’S STABLES.”]
PLATE 91
[Illustration: FIG. 259. ONE OF THE SUPPOSED POOLS OF BETHESDA (_after Hanauer_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 260. FRONT OF THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHER.]
PLATE 92
[Illustration: FIG. 261. “GORDON’S CALVARY,” LOOKING TOWARD JERUSALEM (_after Breen_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 262. “GORDON’S CALVARY,” FROM THE CITY WALL (_after Breen_).]
PLATE 93
[Illustration: FIG. 263. OUTSIDE OF “GORDON’S HOLY SEPULCHER” (_after Breen_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 264. INSIDE OF “GORDON’S HOLY SEPULCHER” (_after Breen_).]
PLATE 94
[Illustration: FIG. 265. THE BARADA (ABANA), DAMASCUS.]
[Illustration: FIG. 266. THE STREET CALLED STRAIGHT, DAMASCUS.]
PLATE 95
[Illustration: FIG. 267. PALACE AT KANATHA (_after Brünnow_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 268. CIRCULAR FORUM AND COLONNADED STREET, GERASA.]
PLATE 96
[Illustration: FIG. 269. TEMPLE OF THE SUN, GERASA.]
[Illustration: FIG. 270. SITE OF RABBAH AMMON.]
PLATE 97
[Illustration: FIG. 271. THEATER AT AMMAN (PALESTINIAN PHILADELPHIA).]
[Illustration: FIG. 272. ROMAN FORUM AT ATHENS.]
PLATE 98
[Illustration: FIG. 273. MARS’ HILL, ATHENS.]
[Illustration: FIG. 274. FOUNTAIN IN THE AGORA, CORINTH.]
PLATE 99
[Illustration: FIG. 275. LINTEL OF JEWISH SYNAGOGUE, CORINTH (_after Richardson_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 276. LECHÆUM ROAD, CORINTH (_after Richardson_).]
PLATE 100
[Illustration: FIG. 277. PARTHENON, ATHENS, FROM THE EAST.]
[Illustration: FIG. 278. MAIN STREET AT EPHESUS.]
PLATE 101
[Illustration: FIG. 279. SITE OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA, EPHESUS, IN 1902.]
[Illustration: FIG. 280. THE THEATER, EPHESUS.]
PLATE 102
[Illustration: FIG. 281. THE AMPHITHEATER, EPHESUS.]
[Illustration: FIG. 282. THE STADIUM, EPHESUS.]
PLATE 103
[Illustration: FIG. 283. PERGAMUM (_after Ramsay_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 284. THE ACROPOLIS AND PARTLY EXCAVATED TEMPLE, SARDIS (_after Butler_).]
PLATE 104
[Illustration: FIG. 285. EXCAVATED TEMPLE, SARDIS, LOOKING TOWARD THE HERMUS VALLEY (_after Butler_).]
PLATE 105
[Illustration: FIG. 286. A CHRISTIAN CHURCH AT SARDIS (_after Butler_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 287. SMYRNA (_after Ramsay_).]
PLATE 106
[Illustration: FIG. 288. A RUIN AT LAODICEA (_after Ramsay_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 289. A BRIDGE OVER THE JORDAN ON THE LINE OF A ROMAN ROAD.]
PLATE 107
[Illustration: FIG. 290. FRAGMENT OF A CREATION-TABLET.]
[Illustration: FIG. 291. ASSYRIAN SACRED TREE CONVENTIONALIZED.]
[Illustration: FIG. 292. HAMMURAPI RECEIVING THE LAWS FROM THE SUN-GOD.]
[Illustration: FIG. 293. THE SO-CALLED ADAM AND EVE SEAL.]
PLATE 108
[Illustration: FIG. 294. A TABLET FROM NIPPUR. RELATING THE BEGINNINGS OF IRRIGATION AND AGRICULTURE (_after Langdon_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 295. TOP OF THE BLACK OBELISK OF SHALMANESER.]
[Illustration: FIG. 296. JEHU OF ISRAEL DOING HOMAGE TO SHALMANESER.]
PLATE 109
[Illustration: FIG. 297. THE SILOAM INSCRIPTION.]
[Illustration: FIG. 298. SENNACHERIB RECEIVING TRIBUTE AT LACHISH (_after Ball_).]
PLATE 110
[Illustration: FIG. 299. AN ALTAR TO UNKNOWN GODS (_after Deissmann_).]
[Illustration: FIG. 300. THE MOABITE STONE.]
PLATE 111
[Illustration: FIG. 301. PAPYRUS CONTAINING SAYINGS OF JESUS (_after Grenfell and Hunt_).]
PLATE 112
[Illustration: Jerusalem of Solomon]
[Illustration: Early Jerusalem]
PLATE 113
[Illustration: Jerusalem from Uzziah to the Exile]
[Illustration: Jerusalem of Nehemiah]
PLATE 114
[Illustration: Asmonæan Jerusalem]
[Illustration: Jerusalem of Herod and of Christ]
FOOTNOTES:
[1] _Century Dictionary_, edition of 1903, Vol. I, p. 293.
[2] The chronology of Archbishop Usher, printed in the margin of many Bibles, is not a part of the Biblical text, but a collection of seventeenth century calculations and guesses.
[3] For fuller accounts of the history of Egypt, see Breasted’s _History of the Ancient Egyptians_, New York, Scribner’s, 1908; or Breasted’s _History of Egypt_, second edition, 1909, New York, Scribner’s.
[4] See Petrie, _Hyksos and the Israelite Cities_, London, 1906.
[5] See Naville, _The Store-City of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus_, 4th ed., London, 1903.
[6] See Petrie, _Hyksos and the Israelite Cities_, p. 28, f.
[7] See Petrie, _The Palace of Apries_, London, 1909.
[8] See Petrie, _Hyksos and the Israelite Cities_, p. 191, ff.
[9] See _Annals of Archæology and Anthropology_, VII, Liverpool, 1914, pp. 1-10.
[10] So called from the name of the mountain on which it is written.
[11] First published by Hilprecht, _Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania_, Vol. XX, No. 47; cf. p. 46.
[12] See Poebel, _Historical and Grammatical Texts_, Philadelphia, 1914, Nos. 2-5, and _Historical Texts_, Philadelphia, 1914, pp. 73-140.
[13] It is the prevailing view of scholars that Arabia was the cradle-land of the Semites. The reasons for this view as well as a _résumé_ of other views will be found in G. A. Barton’s _Sketch of Semitic Origins, Social and Religious_, New York, 1902,