Chapter I

.

[14] In Gen. 10:11 it is by implication said that the city was founded by Nimrod.

[15] For a discussion of the reasons for the view here stated, and a presentation of other views, see Part II, p. 374, ff.

[16] The Chaldæans were a Semitic people who came into the marsh-lands of southern Babylonia from Arabia. We can first detect their presence in Babylonia about 1000 B. C.

[17] Those who desire fuller accounts of the history should read L. W. King’s _History of Sumer and Akkad_, London, 1910, and R. W. Rogers’ _History of Babylonia and Assyria_. 2d ed., New York, 1915.

[18] In the _Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_, 1899, Heft. 4.

[19] In the _Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_, 1900, Hefte 4 and 5.

[20] See Pumpelly, _Explorations in Turkestan_, Washington, 1908, I, p. 50, f.

[21] See L. W. King, _Chronicles Concerning Early Babylonian Kings_, London, 1907, Vol. II, p. 22.

[22] _History of Egypt_, II. 404, 405.

[23] _Expository Times_, November, 1914, p. 91.

[24] _Asien und Europa nach altägyptischen Denkmälern_, 319, note 3.

[25] _Ancient Records, Egypt_, I, 227, 228.

[26] Breasted’s _Ancient Records, Egypt_, II, § 773.

[27] Winckler in _Mitteilungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_, 1913, Heft 4, p. 81.

[28] _Itinéraire de Paris a Jérusalem_, Paris, 1811.

[29] _Travels in Syria_, 1821.

[30] _Souvenirs, impressions, el paysages, pendant un voyage en Orient_, Paris, 1835.

[31] For a more complete account see F. J. Bliss, _The Development of Palestine Exploration_, New York, 1906.

[32] See _Official Report of the United States Expedition to Explore the Dead Sea and the River Jordan_, Baltimore, 1852.

[33] See his “Identification of Pisgah” in the third _Statement_ of the American Exploration Society, 1870.

[34] See his _East of the Jordan_, New York, 1883.

[35] Warren’s results were first published in _The Recovery of Jerusalem_, London, 1870, and more fully in _Jerusalem_, London, 1889, one of the Memoirs of the Palestine Exploration Fund. The arch mentioned is called “Robinson’s Arch,” because its significance was first perceived by Robinson.

[36] _Across the Jordan_, London, 1886; _Jaulan_, London, 1886, and _Abila, Pella, and Northern Aijlun_, London, 1889.

[37] _Die Provincia Arabia_, Strassburg, 1904-1909 (3 volumes).

[38] _Petra_, Leipzig, 1908, and _Neu-Petra Forschung_, Leipzig, 1912.

[39] _Archæological Researches in Palestine_, London, 1896-1899.

[40] _Geology of Palestine and Arabia Petræa_, London, 1886.

[41] See Petrie, _Tell el-Hesy (Lachish)_, London, 1891.

[42] See his _Mound of Many Cities_, London, 1894.

[43] See Bliss, _Excavations at Jerusalem_, London, 1898.

[44] An artificially made precipice on which a fortress once stood. It is named from an Englishman, Maudsley, who first perceived its true nature.

[45] Bliss and Macalister, _Excavations in Palestine during the Years 1898-1900_, London, 1902.

[46] See his _Archæological Researches in Palestine_, II, p. 251, f.

[47] This is the period called by Petrie and Bliss “Seleucid.”

[48] See Macalister, _The Excavation of Gezer_, London, 1912, II, 381-403.

[49] _Ibid._, 406-408.

[50] _Ibid._, I, 256-268.

[51] See Macalister, _The Excavation of Gezer_, London, 1912, II, 200-223.

[52] _Ibid._, 236-266.

[53] See the _Annual_ of the Palestine Exploration Fund, Vols. I and II, for the details here given, and for many others.

[54] _Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins._

[55] See _Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins_, V, pp. 7-204.

[56] See Schumacher und Steuernagel, _Tell el-Mutesellim_, Leipzig, 1908.

[57] Sellin, _Tell Taanek_, Wien, 1904.

[58] See _Mitteilungen der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft_, No. 29, Berlin, 1905, p. 14, f.

[59] See Sellin und Watzinger, _Jericho_, Leipzig, 1913.

[60] See _Journal of Biblical Literature_, Vol. XXII, Boston, 1903, pp. 164-182; XXIV, 196-220; XXV, 82-95.

[61] See _Harvard Theological Review_, Cambridge, Mass., I, 1908, p. 92.

[62] _Ibid._, II, 102-113; III, 136-138, 248-263.

[63] Josephus, _Antiquities of the Jews_, xiii, 10, 2 and 3; _Wars of the Jews_, i, 2, 7.

[64] _Revue biblique_, 1912 (Paris), pp. 86-116.

[65] _Biblical World_, Vol. XXXIX, Chicago, 1912, pp. 295-306.

[66] See Germer-Durand in _Revue biblique_, 1914, pp. 71-94, and Frontispiece.

[67] See _Quarterly Statement_ of the Palestine Exploration Fund, October, 1914, p. 167, f. Additional material on Ophel and Balata is given in the Appendix, p. 446.

[68] First noticed by Prof. George L. Robinson, of McCormick Seminary, Chicago, and afterward by Prof. Samuel Ives Curtis, of the Chicago Theological Seminary; see