Part 13

It may be observed that, long after the Latins had ceased to exist as a separate people we meet in Roman writers with the phrase of _nomen Latinum_, used not in an ethnical but a purely political sense, to designate the inhabitants of all those cities on which the Romans had conferred "Latin rights" (_jus Latinum_)--an inferior form of the Roman franchise, which had been granted in the first instance to certain cities of the Latins, when they became subjects of Rome, and was afterwards bestowed upon many other cities of Italy, especially the so-called Latin colonies. At a later period the same privileges were extended to places in other countries also--as for instance to most of the cities in Sicily and Spain. All persons enjoying these rights were termed in legal phraseology _Latini_ or _Latinae conditionis_.

AUTHORITIES.--For the topography of Latium, and the local history of its more important cities, the reader may consult Sir W. Gell's _Topography of Rome and its Vicinity_ (2nd ed., 1 vol., London, 1846); A. Nibby, _Analisi storico-topografico-antiquaria della carta dei dintorni di Roma_ (3 vols., 2nd ed., 1848); J. Westphal, _Die römische Kampagne_ (Berlin, 1829); A. Bormann, _Alt-lateinische Chorographie und Städte-Geschichte_ (Halle, 1852); M. Zoeller, _Latium und Rom_ (Leipzig, 1878); R. Burn's _Rome and the Campagna_ (London, 1871); H. Dessau, _Corp. Inscr. Lat._ v. xiv. (Berlin, 1887) (Latium); Th. Mommsen, _Corp. Inscr. Lat._ vol. x. pp. 498-675 (Berlin, 1883); G. Tomassetti, "Della Campagna Romana nel medio evo," published in the _Archivio della Società Romana di Storia Patria_ (Rome, 1874-1907), and separately (a work dealing with the medieval history and topography of the Campagna in great detail, containing also valuable notices of the classical period); by the same author, _La Campagna romana_ (Rome, 1910 foll.); R. A. Lanciani, "I Comentari di Frontino intorno agli acquedotti," _Memorie dei Lincei_ (Rome, 1880), serie iii. vol. v. p. 215 sqq. (and separately), also many articles, and _Wanderings in the Roman Campagna_ (London, 1909); E. Abbate, _Guida della provincia di Roma_ (Rome, 1894, 2 vols.); H. Nissen, _Italische Landeskunde_, ii. (Berlin, 1902), 557 sqq.; T. Ashby, "The Classical Topography of the Roman Campagna," in _Papers of the British School at Rome_, i. iii.-v. (London, 1902 foll.). (T. As.)

FOOTNOTES:

[1] _Latium_, from the same root as _latus_, side; _later_, brick; [Greek: platys], flat; Sans. _prath_: not connected with _latus_, wide.

[2] In the time of Augustus the boundary of Latium extended as far E. as Treba (Trevi), 12 m. S.E. of Sublaqueum (Subiaco).

[3] See R. de la Blanchère in Daremberg and Saglio, _Dictionnaire des antiquités_, s.vv. _Cuniculus, Emissarium_, and the same author's _Chapitre d'histoire pontine_ (Paris, 1889).

[4] See G. A. Colini in _Bullettino di paletnologia Italiana_, xxxi. (1905).

[5] The most important results will be found stated at the outset of the articles ROME: _History_ (the chief being that the Plebeians of Rome probably consisted of Latins and the Patricians of Sabines), LIGURIA, SICULI and ARICIA. For the Etruscan dominion in the Latin plain see ETRURIA. Special mention may here be made of one or two points of importance. The legends represent the Latins of the historical period as a fusion of different races, Ligures, Veneti and Siculi among them; the story of the alliance of the Trojan settler Aeneas with the daughter of Latinus, king of the aborigines, and the consequent enmity of the Rutulian prince Turnus, well known to readers of Virgil, is thoroughly typical of the reflection of these distant ethnical phenomena in the surviving traditions. In view of the historical significance of the NO- ethnicon (see SABINI) it is important to observe that the original form of the ethnic adjective no doubt appears in the title of _Juppiter Latiaris_ (not _Latinus_); and that Virgil's description of the descent of the noble Drances at Latinus's court (Aen. xi. 340)--_genus huic materna superbum Nobilitas dabat, incertum de patre ferebat_--indicates a very different system of family ties from the famous _patria potestas_ and agnation of the Patrician and Sabine clans. (R. S. C.)

[6] The MSS. read [Greek: boillanôn] or [Greek: boilanôn]: the Latin translation has Bolanorum. It is difficult to say which is to be preferred. The list gives only twenty-nine names, and Mommsen proposes to insert Signini.

[7] Albani, Aesolani (probably E. of Tibur), Accienses, Abolani, Bubetani, Bolani, Cusuetani (Carventani?), Coriolani, Fidenates, Foreti (Fortinei?), Hortenses (near Corbio), Latinienses (near Rome itself), Longani, Manates, Macrales, Munienses (Castrimoenienses?), Numinienses, Olliculani, Octulani, Pedani, Poletaurini, Querquetulani, Sicani, Sisolenses, Tolerienses, Tutienses (not, one would think, connected with the small stream called Tutia at the 6th mile of the Via Salaria; Liv. xxvi. 11), Vimitellari, Velienses, Venetulani, Vitellenses (not far from Corbio).

[8] To an earlier stage of the Latin league, perhaps to about 430 B.C. (Mommsen, _op. cit._ 445 n. 2) belongs the dedication of the grove of Diana by a dictator Latinus, in the name of the people of Tusculum, Aricia, Lanuvium, Laurentum, Cora, Tibur, Suessa Pometia and Ardea.

[9] Of the _gentes_ from which these tribes took their names, six entirely disappeared in later days, while the other ten can be traced as patrician--a proof that the patricians were not noble families in origin (Mommsen, _Römische Forschungen_, i. 106). For the tribes see W. Kubitschek, _De Romanarum tribuum origine_ (Vienna, 1882).

[10] We have various traces of the early antagonism to Gabii, e.g. the opposition between _ager Romanus_ and _ager Gabinus_ in the augural law.

[11] For the early extension of Roman territory towards the sea, cf. Festus, p. 213, Müll., _s.v._ "Pectuscum:" _Pectuscum Palati dicta est ea regio urbis, quam Romulus obversam posuit, ea parte, in qua plurimum erat agri Romani ad mare versus et qua mollissime adibatur Urbo, cum Etruscorum agrum a Romano Tiberis discluderet, ceterae vicinae civitates colles aliquos haberent oppositos_.

[12] The ancient name is known from an inscription discovered in 1888.

[13] So Kubitschek in Pauly-Wissowa, _Realencyclopädie_, ii. 1204.

[14] Festus tells us (p. 136 Müll.) that the Maecia derived its name "a quodam castro." Scaptia was the only member of the Latin league that gave its name to a tribe.

[15] See FLAMINIA, VIA and VALERIA, VIA.

[16] L. Caetani indeed (_Nineteenth Century and After_, 1908) attributes the economic decadence of the Roman Campagna to the existence of free trade throughout the Roman empire.

[17] The commune of Rome as such seems to have been in existence in 999 at least.

LATONA (Lat. form of Gr. [Greek: Lêtô], Leto), daughter of Coeus and Phoebe, mother of Apollo and Artemis. The chief seats of her legend are Delos and Delphi, and the generally accepted tradition is a union of the legends of these two places. Leto, pregnant by Zeus, seeks for a place of refuge to be delivered. After long wandering she reaches the barren isle of Delos, which, according to Pindar (Frag. 87, 88), was a wandering rock borne about by the waves till it was fixed to the bottom of the sea for the birth of Apollo and Artemis. In the oldest forms of the legend Hera is not mentioned; but afterwards the wanderings of Leto are ascribed to the jealousy of that goddess, enraged at her amour with Zeus. The foundation of Delphi follows immediately on the birth of the god; and on the sacred way between Tempe and Delphi the giant Tityus offers violence to Leto, and is immediately slain by the arrows of Apollo and Artemis (_Odyssey_, xi. 576-581; Apollodorus i. 4). Such are the main facts of the Leto legend in its common literary form, which is due especially to the two Homeric hymns to Apollo. But Leto is a real goddess, not a mere mythological figure. The honour paid to her in Delphi and Delos might be explained as part of the cult of her son Apollo; but temples to her existed in Argos, in Mantineia and in Xanthus in Lycia; her sacred grove was on the coast of Crete. In Lycia graves are frequently placed under her protection, and she is also known as a goddess of fertility and as [Greek: kourotrophos]. It is to be observed that she appears far more conspicuously in the Apolline myths than in those which grew round the great centres of Artemis worship, the reason being that the idea of Apollo and Artemis as twins is one of later growth on Greek soil. Lycia, one of the chief seats of the cult of Apollo, where most frequent traces are found of the worship of Leto as the great goddess, was probably the earlier home of her religion.

In Greek art Leto usually appears carrying her children in her arms, pursued by the dragon sent by the jealous Hera, which is slain by the infant Apollo; in vase paintings especially she is often represented with Apollo and Artemis. The statue of Leto in the Letoön at Argos was the work of Praxiteles.

LATOUCHE, HYACINTHE JOSEPH ALEXANDRE THABAUD DE [known as HENRI] (1785-1851), French poet and novelist, was born at La Châtre (Indre) on the 2nd of February 1785. Among his works may be distinguished his comedies: _Projets de sagesse_ (1811), and, in collaboration with Émile Deschamps, _Selmours de Florian_ (1818), which ran for a hundred nights; also _La Reine d'Espagne_ (1831), which proved too indecent for the public taste; a novel, _Fragoletta: Naples et Paris en 1799_ (1829), which attained a success of notoriety; _La Vallée aux coups_ (1833), a volume of prose essays and verse; and two volumes of poems, _Les Adieux_ (1843) and _Les Agrestes_ (1844). Latouche's chief claim to remembrance is that he revealed to the world the genius of André Chénier, then only known to a limited few. The remains of the poet's work had passed from the hands of Daunou to Latouche, who had sufficient critical insight instantly to recognize their value. In editing the first selection of Chénier's poems (1819) he made some trifling emendations, but did not, as Béranger afterwards asserted, make radical and unnecessary changes. Latouche was guilty of more than one literary fraud. He caused a licentious story of his own to be attributed to the duchesse de Duras, the irreproachable author of _Ourika_. He made many enemies by malicious attacks on his contemporaries. The _Constitutionnel_ was suppressed in 1817 by the government for an obscure political allusion in an article by Latouche. He then undertook the management of the _Mercure du XIX^e siècle_, and began a bitter warfare against the monarchy. After 1830 he edited the _Figaro_, and spared neither the liberal politicians nor the romanticists who triumphed under the monarchy of July. In his turn he was violently attacked by Gustave Planche in the _Revue des deux mondes_ for November 1831. But it must be remembered to the credit of Latouche that he did much to encourage George Sand at the beginning of her career. The last twenty years of his life were spent in retirement at Aulnay, where he died on the 9th of March 1851.

Sainte-Beuve, in the _Causeries du lundi_, vol. 3, gives a not too sympathetic portrait of Latouche. See also George Sand in the _Siècle_ for the 18th, 19th and 20th of July 1851.

LA TOUR, MAURICE QUENTIN DE (1704-1788), French pastellist, was born at St Quentin on the 5th of September 1704. After leaving Picardy for Paris in 1727 he entered the studio of Spoède--an upright man, but a poor master, rector of the academy of St Luke, who still continued, in the teeth of the Royal Academy, the traditions of the old gild of the master painters of Paris. This possibly contributed to the adoption by La Tour of a line of work foreign to that imposed by an academical training; for pastels, though occasionally used, were not a principal and distinct branch of work until 1720, when Rosalba Carriera brought them into fashion with the Parisian world. In 1737 La Tour exhibited the first of that splendid series of a hundred and fifty portraits which formed the glory of the Salon for the succeeding thirty-seven years. In 1746 he was received into the academy; and in 1751, the following year to that in which he received the title of painter to the king, he was promoted by that body to the grade of councillor. His work had the rare merit of satisfying at once both the taste of his fashionable models and the judgment of his brother artists. His art, consummate of its kind, achieved the task of flattering his sitters, whilst hiding that flattery behind the just and striking likeness which, says Pierre Jean Mariette, he hardly ever missed. His portraits of Rousseau, of Voltaire, of Louis XV., of his queen, of the dauphin and dauphiness, are at once documents and masterpieces unsurpassed except by his life-size portrait of Madame de Pompadour, which, exhibited at the Salon of 1755, became the chief ornament of the cabinet of pastels in the Louvre. The museum of St Quentin also possesses a magnificent collection of works which at his death were in his own hands. La Tour retired to St Quentin at the age of 80, and there he died on the 18th of February 1788. The riches amassed during his long life were freely bestowed by him in great part before his death; he founded prizes at the school of fine arts in Paris and for the town of Amiens, and endowed St Quentin with a great number of useful and charitable institutions. He never married, but lived on terms of warm affection with his brother (who survived him, and left to the town the drawings now in the museum); and his relations to Mlle Marie Fel (1713-1789), the celebrated singer, were distinguished by a strength and depth of feeling not common to the loves of the 18th century.

See, in addition to the general works on French art, C. Desmeze, _M. Q. de La Tour, peintre du roi_ (1854); Champfleury, _Les Peintres de Laon et de St Quentin_ (1855); and "La Tour" in the _Collection des artistes célèbres_ (1886); E. and J. de Goncourt, _La Tour_ (1867); Guiffrey and M. Tourneux, _Correspondance inédite de M. G. de la Tour_ (1885); Tourneux, _La Tour, biographie critique_ (1904); and _Patoux, L'Oeuvre de M. Quentin de la Tour au musée de St Quentin_ (St Quentin, 1882).

LA TOUR D'AUVERGNE, THÉOPHILE MALO (1743-1800), French soldier, was born at Carhaix in Brittany on the 23rd of December 1743, the son of an advocate named Corret. His desire for a military career being strongly marked, he was enabled, by the not uncommon device of producing a certificate of nobility signed by his friends, first to be nominally enlisted in the Maison du Roi, and soon afterwards to receive a commission in the line, under the name of Corret de Kerbaufret. Four years after joining, in 1771, he assumed by leave of the duke of Bouillon the surname of La Tour d'Auvergne, being in fact descended from an illegitimate half-brother of the great Turenne. Many years of routine service with his regiment were broken only by his participation as a volunteer in the duc de Crillon's Franco-Spanish expedition to Minorca in 1781. This led to an offer of promotion into the Spanish army, but he refused to change his allegiance. In 1784 he was promoted captain, and in 1791 he received the cross of St Louis. In the early part of the Revolution his patriotism was still more conspicuously displayed in his resolute opposition to the proposals of many of his brother officers in the Angoumois regiment to emigrate rather than to swear to the constitution. In 1792 his lifelong interest in numismatics and questions of language was shown by a work which he published on the Bretons. At this time he was serving under Montesquiou in the Alps, and although there was only outpost fighting he distinguished himself by his courage and audacity, qualities which were displayed in more serious fighting in the Pyrenees the next year. He declined well-earned promotion to colonel, and, being broken in health and compelled, owing to the loss of his teeth, to live on milk, he left the army in 1795. On his return by sea to Brittany he was captured by the English and held prisoner for two years. When released, he settled at Passy and published _Origines gauloises_, but in 1797, on the appeal of an old friend whose son had been taken as a conscript, he volunteered as the youth's substitute, and served on the Rhine (1797) and in Switzerland (1798-1799) as a captain. In recognition of his singular bravery and modesty Carnot obtained a decree from the first consul naming La Tour d'Auvergne "first grenadier of France" (27th of April 1800). This led him to volunteer again, and he was killed in action at Oberhausen, near Donauwörth, on the 27th of June 1800.

La Tour d'Auvergne's almost legendary courage had captivated the imagination of the French soldier, and his memory was not suffered to die. It was customary for the French troops and their allies of the Rhine Confederation under Napoleon to march at attention when passing his burial-place on the battlefield. His heart was long carried by the grenadier company of his regiment, the 46th; after being in the possession of Garibaldi for many years, it was finally deposited in the keeping of the city of Paris in 1883. But the most striking tribute to his memory is paid to-day as it was by order of the first consul in 1800. "His name is to be kept on the pay list and roll of his company. It will be called at all parades and a non-commissioned officer will reply, _Mort au champ d'honneur_." This custom, with little variation, is still observed in the 46th regiment on all occasions when the colour is taken on parade.

LATREILLE, PIERRE ANDRÉ (1762-1833), French naturalist, was born in humble circumstances at Brives-la-Gaillarde (Corrèze), on the 20th of November 1762. In 1778 he entered the collège Lemoine at Paris, and on his admission to priestly orders in 1786 he retired to Brives, where he devoted all the leisure which the discharge of his professional duties allowed to the study of entomology. In 1788 he returned to Paris and found means of making himself known to the leading naturalists there. His "Mémoire sur les mutilles découvertes en France," contributed to the _Proceedings_ of the Society of Natural History in Paris, procured for him admission to that body. At the Revolution he was compelled to quit Paris, and as a priest of conservative sympathies suffered considerable hardship, being imprisoned for some time at Bordeaux. His _Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel_, appeared at Brives in 1796. In 1798 he became a corresponding member of the Institute, and at the same time was entrusted with the task of arranging the entomological collection at the recently organized Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle (Jardin des Plantes); in 1814 he succeeded G. A. Olivier as member of the Académie des Sciences, and in 1821 he was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honour. For some time he acted as professor of zoology in the veterinary school at Alfort near Paris, and in 1830, when the chair of zoology of invertebrates at the Muséum was divided after the death of Lamarck, Latreille was appointed professor of zoology of crustaceans, arachnids and insects, the chair of molluscs, worms and zoophytes being assigned to H. M. D. de Blainville. "On me donne du pain quand je n'ai plus de dents," said Latreille, who was then in his sixty-eighth year. He died in Paris on the 6th of February 1833.

In addition to the works already mentioned, the numerous works of Latreille include: _Histoire naturelle générale et particulière des crustacés et insectes_ (14 vols., 1802-1805), forming part of C. N. S. Sonnini's edition of Buffon; _Genera crustaceorum et insectorum, secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita_ (4 vols., 1806-1807); _Considérations générales sur l'ordre naturel des animaux composant les classes des crustacés, des arachnides, et des insectes_ (1810); _Familles naturelles du règne animal, exposées succinctement et dans un ordre analytique_ (1825); _Cours d'entomologie_ (of which only the first volume appeared, 1831); the whole of the section "Crustacés, Arachnides, Insectes," in G. Cuvier's _Règne animal_; besides many papers in the _Annales du Muséum_, the _Encyclopédie méthodique_, the _Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle_ and elsewhere.

LA TRÉMOILLE, an old French family which derives its name from a village (the modern La Trimouille) in the department of Vienne. The family has been known since the middle of the 11th century, and since the 14th century its members have been conspicuous in French history. Guy, sire de la Trémoille, standard-bearer of France, was taken prisoner at the battle of Nicopolis (1396), and Georges, the favourite of King Charles VII., was captured at Agincourt (1415). Louis (2), called the _chevalier sans reproche_, defeated and captured the duke of Orleans at the battle of Saint Aubin-du-Cormier (1488), distinguished himself in the wars in Italy, and was killed at Pavia (1525). In 1521 François (2) acquired a claim on the kingdom of Naples by his marriage with Anne de Laval, daughter of Charlotte of Aragon. Louis (3) became duke of Thouars in 1563, and his son Claude turned Protestant, was created a peer of France in 1595, and married a daughter of William the Silent in 1598. To this family belonged the lines of the counts of Joigny, the marquises of Royan and counts of Olonne, and the marquises and dukes of Noirmoutier.

LATROBE, CHARLES JOSEPH (1801-1875), Australian governor, was born in London on the 20th of March 1801. The Latrobes were of Huguenot extraction, and belonged to the Moravian community, of which the father and grandfather of C. J. Latrobe were ministers. His father, Christian Ignatius Latrobe (1758-1836), a musician of some note, did good service in the direction of popularizing classical music in England by his _Selection of Sacred Music from the Works of the most Eminent Composers of Germany and Italy_ (6 vols., 1806-1825). C. J. Latrobe was an excellent mountaineer, and made some important ascents in Switzerland in 1824-1826. In 1832 he went to America with Count Albert Pourtales, and in 1834 crossed the prairies from New Orleans to Mexico with Washington Irving. In 1837 he was invested with a government commission in the West Indies, and two years later was made superintendent of the Port Philip district of New South Wales. When Port Philip was erected into a separate colony as Victoria in 1851, Latrobe became lieutenant-governor. The discovery of gold in that year attracted enormous numbers of immigrants annually. Latrobe discharged the difficult duties of government at this critical period with tact and success. He retired in 1854, became C.B. in 1858 and died in London on the 2nd of December 1875. Beside some volumes of travel he published a volume of poems, _The Solace of Song_ (1837).

See _Brief Notices of the Latrobe Family_ (1864), a privately printed translation of an article revised by members of the family in the Moravian _Brüderbote_ (November 1864).

LATTEN (from O. Fr. _laton_, mod. Fr. _laiton_, possibly connected with Span. _lata_, Ital. _latta_, a lath), a mixed metal like brass, composed of copper and zinc, generally made in thin sheets, and used especially for monumental brasses and effigies. A fine example is in the screen of Henry VII.'s tomb in Westminster Abbey. There are three forms of latten, "black latten," unpolished and rolled, "shaven latten," of extreme thinness, and "roll latten," of the thickness either of black or shaven latten, but with both sides polished.