Chapter 25 of 52 · 3453 words · ~17 min read

Part 25

Year. Ladies' and Gentlemen's Doubles.

1888 E. Renshaw and Mrs Hillyard 1889 J. C. Kay " Miss Dod 1890 J. Baldwin " Miss K. Hill 1891 J. C. Kay " Miss Jackson 1892 A. Dod " Miss Dod 1893 W. Baddeley " Mrs Hillyard. 1894 H. S. Mahony " Miss C. Cooper 1895 H. S. Mahony " Miss C. Cooper 1896 H. S. Mahony " Miss C. Cooper 1897 H. S. Mahony " Miss C. Cooper 1898 H. S. Mahony " Miss C. Cooper 1899 C. H. L. Cazelet " Miss Robb 1900 H. L. Doherty " Miss C. Cooper 1901 S. H. Smith " Miss Martin 1902 S. H. Smith " Miss Martin 1903 F. L. Riseley " Miss D. K. Douglass 1904 S. H. Smith " Miss E. W. Thompson 1905 S. H. Smith " Miss E. W. Thompson 1906 F. L. Riseley " Miss D. K. Douglass 1907 N. E. Brookes " Mrs Hillyard 1908 A. F. Wilding " Mrs Lambert Chambers (Miss D. K. Douglass) 1909 H. Roper Barrett " Miss Morton 1910 S. N. Doust " Mrs Lambert Chambers

In the United States lawn-tennis was played at Nahant, near Boston, within a year of its invention in England, Dr James Dwight and the brothers F. R. and R. D. Sears being mainly instrumental in making it known to their countrymen. In 1881 at a meeting in New York of representatives of thirty-three clubs the United States National Lawn-Tennis Association was formed; and the adoption of the English rules put an end to the absence of uniformity in the size of the ball and height of the net which had hindered the progress of the game. The association decided to hold matches for championship of the United States at Newport, Rhode Island; and, by a curious coincidence, in the same year in which W. Renshaw first won the English championship, R. D. Sears won the first American championship by playing a volleying game at the net which entirely disconcerted his opponents, and he successfully defended his title for the next six years, winning the doubles throughout the same period in partnership with Dwight. In 1887, Sears being unable to play through ill-health, the championship went to H. W. Slocum. Other prominent players of the period were the brothers C. M. and J. S. Clark, who in 1883 came to England and were decisively beaten at Wimbledon by the two Renshaws. To a later generation belong the strongest single players, M. D. Whitman, Holcombe Ward, W. A. Larned and Karl Behr. Holcombe Ward and Dwight Davis, who have the credit of introducing the peculiar "American twist service," were an exceedingly strong pair in doubles; but after winning the American doubles championship for three years in succession, they were defeated in 1902 by the English brothers R. F. and H. L. Doherty. The championship singles in 1904 and 1905 was won by H. Ward and B. C. Wright, the latter being one of the finest players America has produced; and these two in partnership won the doubles for three years in succession, until they were displaced by F. B. Alexander and H. H. Hackett, who in their turn held the doubles championship for a like period. In 1909 two young Californians, Long and McLoughlin, unexpectedly came to the front, and, although beaten in the final round for the championship doubles, they represented the United States in the contest for the Davis cup (see below) in Australia in that year; McLoughlin having acquired a service of extraordinary power and a smashing stroke with a reverse spin which was sufficient by itself to place him in the highest rank of lawn-tennis players.

_Winners of United States Championships._

Year. Gentlemen's Doubles.

1882 J. Dwight and R. D. Sears 1883 J. Dwight " R. D. Sears 1884 J. Dwight " R. D. Sears 1885 J. S. Clark " R. D. Sears 1886 J. Dwight " R. D. Sears 1887 J. Dwight " R. D. Sears 1888 V. G. Hall " O. S. Campbell 1889 H. W. Slocum " H. A. Taylor 1890 V. G. Hall " C. Hobart 1891 O. S. Campbell " R. P. Huntingdon 1892 O. S. Campbell " R. P. Huntingdon 1893 C. Hobart " F. H. Hovey 1894 C. Hobart " F. H. Hovey 1895 R. D. Wrenn " M. G. Chase 1896 C. B. Neel " S. R. Neel 1897 L. E. Ware " G. P. Sheldon 1898 L. E. Ware " G. P. Sheldon 1899 D. F. Davis " H. Ward 1900 D. F. Davis " H. Ward 1901 D. F. Davis " H. Ward 1902 R. F. Doherty " H. L. Doherty 1903 R. F. Doherty " H. L. Doherty 1904 H. Ward " B. C. Wright 1905 H. Ward " B. C. Wright 1906 H. Ward " B. C. Wright 1907 F. B. Alexander " H. H. Hackett 1908 F. B. Alexander " H. H. Hackett 1909 F. B. Alexander " H. H Hackett 1910 F. B. Alexander " H. H. Hackett

Year. Ladies' Singles. Year. Ladies' Singles.

1890 Miss E. C. Roosevelt | 1901 Miss Elizabeth H. Moore 1891 Miss Mabel E. Cahill | 1902 Miss Marion Jones 1892 Miss Mabel E. Cahill | 1903 Miss Elizabeth H. Moore 1893 Miss Aline M. Terry | 1904 Miss May Sutton 1894 Miss Helen R. Helwig | 1905 Miss Elizabeth H. Moore 1895 Miss J. P. Atkinson | 1906 Miss Helen H. Homans 1896 Miss Elizabeth H. Moore | 1907 Miss Evelyn Sears 1897 Miss J. P. Atkinson | 1908 Mrs Barger Wallach 1898 Miss J. P. Atkinson | 1909 Miss Hazel Hotchkiss 1899 Miss Marion Jones | 1910 Miss Hazel Hotchkiss 1900 Miss Myrtle McAteer |

Year. Ladies' and Gentlemen's Doubles.

1894 E. P. Fischer and Miss J. P. Atkinson 1895 E. P. Fischer " Miss J. P. Atkinson 1896 E. P. Fischer " Miss J. P. Atkinson 1897 D. L. Magruder " Miss Laura Henson 1898 E. P. Fischer " Miss Carrie Neely 1899 A. L. Hoskins " Miss Edith Rastall 1900 Alfred Codman " Miss M. Hunnewell 1901 R. D. Little " Miss Marion Jones 1902 W. C. Grant " Miss E. H. Moore 1903 Harry Allen " Miss Chapman 1904 W. C. Grant " Miss E. H. Moore 1905 Clarence Hobart " Mrs Clarence Hobart 1906 E. B. Dewhurst " Miss Coffin 1907 W. F. Johnson " Miss Sayres 1908 N. W. Niles " Miss E. Rotch 1909 W. F. Johnson " Miss H. Hotchkiss 1910 J. R. Carpenter " Miss H. Hotchkiss

In 1900 an international challenge cup was presented by the American D. F. Davis, to be competed for in the country of the holders. In the summer of that year a British team, consisting of A. W. Gore, E. D. Black and H. R. Barrett, challenged for the cup but were defeated by the Americans, Whitman, Larned, Davis and Ward. In 1902 a more representative British team, the two Dohertys and Pim, were again defeated by the same representatives of the United States; but in the following year the Dohertys brought the Davis cup to England by beating Larned and the brothers Wrenn at Longwood. In 1904 the cup was played for at Wimbledon, when representatives of Belgium, Austria and France entered, but failed to defeat the Dohertys and F. L. Riseley, who represented Great Britain. In 1905 the entries included France, Austria, Australasia, Belgium and the United States; in 1906 the same countries, except Belgium, competed; but in both years the British players withstood the attack. In 1907, however, when the contest was confined to England, the United States and Australasia, the latter was successful in winning the cup, which was then for the first time taken to the colonies, where it was retained in the following year when the Australians N. E. Brookes and A. F. Wilding defeated the representatives of the United States, who had previously beaten the English challengers in America. In 1909 England was not represented in the competition, and the Australians again retained the cup, beating the Americans McLoughlin and Long both in singles and doubles.

See "The Badminton Library," _Tennis: Lawn-Tennis: Racquets: Fives_, new and revised edition (1903); R. F. and H. L. Doherty, _On Lawn-Tennis_ (1903); E. H. Miles, _Lessons in Lawn-Tennis_ (1899); E. de Nanteuil, _La Paume et le lawn-tennis_ (1898); J. Dwight, "Form in Lawn-Tennis," in _Scribner's Magazine_, vol. vi.; A. Wallis Myers, _The Complete Lawn-Tennis Player_ (1908). (R. J. M.)

LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST, Christian martyr, whose name appears in the canon of the mass, and whose festival is on the 10th of August. The basilica reared over his tomb at Rome is still visited by pilgrims. His legend is very popular. Deacon of the pope (St) Sixtus (Xystus) II., he was called upon by the judge to bring forth the treasures of the church which had been committed to his keeping. He thereupon produced the church's poor people. Seeing his bishop, Sixtus, being led to punishment, he cried: "Father! whither goest thou without thy son? Holy priest! whither goest thou without thy deacon?" Sixtus prophesied that Lawrence would follow him in three days. The prophecy was fulfilled, and Lawrence was sentenced to be burnt alive on a gridiron. In the midst of his torments he addressed the judge ironically with the words: _Assum est, versa et manduca_ ("I am roasted enough on this side; turn me round, and eat"). All these details of the well-known legend are already related by St Ambrose (_De Offic._ i. 41, ii. 28). The punishment of the gridiron and the speech of the martyr are probably a reminiscence of the Phrygian martyrs, as related by Socrates (iii. 15) and Sozomen (v. 11). But the fact of the martyrdom is unquestionable. The date is usually put at the persecution of Valerian in 258.

The cult of St Lawrence has spread throughout Christendom, and there are numerous churches dedicated to him, especially in England, where 228 have been counted. The Escurial was built in honour of St Lawrence by Philip II. of Spain, in memory of the battle of St Quentin, which was won in 1557 on the day of the martyr's festival. The meteorites which appear annually on or about the 10th of August are popularly known as "the tears of St Lawrence."

See _Acta sanctorum_, Augusti ii. 485-532; P. Franchi de' Cavalieri, _S. Lorenzo e il supplicio della graticola_ (Rome, 1900); _Analecta Bollandiana_, xix. 452 and 453; Fr. Arnold-Forster, _Studies in Church Dedications or England's Patron Saints_, i. 508-515, iii. 18, 389-390 (1899). (H. De.)

LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786-1852), American merchant and philanthropist, was born in Groton, Massachusetts, U.S.A., on the 22nd of April 1786, a descendant of John Lawrence of Wisset, Suffolk, England, who was one of the first settlers of Groton. Leaving Groton academy (founded by his father, Samuel Lawrence, and others) in 1799, he became a clerk in a country store in Groton, whence after his apprenticeship he went, with $20 in his pocket, to Boston and there set up in business for himself in December 1807. In the next year he took into his employ his brother, Abbott (see below), whom he made his partner in 1814, the firm name being at first A. & A. Lawrence, and afterwards A. & A. Lawrence & Co. In 1831 when his health failed, Amos Lawrence retired from active business, and Abbott Lawrence was thereafter the head of the firm. The firm became the greatest American mercantile house of the day, was successful even in the hard times of 1812-1815, afterwards engaged

## particularly in selling woollen and cotton goods on commission, and did

much for the establishment of the cotton textile industry in New England: in 1830 by coming to the aid of the financially distressed mills of Lowell, Massachusetts, where in that year the Suffolk, Tremont and Lawrence companies were established, and where Luther Lawrence, the eldest brother, represented the firm's interests; and in 1845-1847 by establishing and building up Lawrence, Massachusetts, named in honour of Abbott Lawrence, who was a director of the Essex company, which controlled the water power of Lawrence, and afterwards was president of the Atlantic Cotton Mills and Pacific Mills there. In 1842 Amos Lawrence decided not to allow his property to increase any further, and in the last eleven years of his life he spent in charity at least $525,000, a large sum in those days. He gave to Williams college, to Bowdoin college, to the Bangor theological seminary, to Wabash college, to Kenyon college and to Groton academy, which was re-named Lawrence academy in honour of the family, and especially in recognition of the gifts of William Lawrence, Amos's brother; to the Boston children's infirmary, which he established, and ($10,000) to the Bunker Hill monument fund; and, besides, he gave to many good causes on a smaller scale, taking especial delight in giving books, occasionally from a bundle of books in his sleigh or carriage as he drove. He died in Boston on the 31st of December 1852.

See _Extracts from the Diary and Correspondence of the late Amos Lawrence, with a Brief Account of Some Incidents in his Life_ (Boston, 1856), edited by his son William R. Lawrence.

His brother, ABBOTT LAWRENCE (1792-1855), was born in Groton, Massachusetts, on the 16th of December 1792. Besides being a partner in the firm established by his brother, and long its head, he promoted various New England railways, notably the Boston & Albany. He was a Whig representative in Congress in 1835-1837 and in 1839-1840 (resigning in September 1840 because of ill-health); and in 1842 was one of the commissioners for Massachusetts, who with commissioners from Maine and with Daniel Webster, secretary of state and plenipotentiary of the United States, settled with Lord Ashburton, the British plenipotentiary, the question of the north-eastern boundary. In 1842 he was presiding officer in the Massachusetts Whig convention; he broke with President Tyler, tacitly rebuked Daniel Webster for remaining in Tyler's cabinet after his colleagues had resigned, and recommended Henry Clay and John Davis as the nominees of the Whig party in 1844--an action that aroused Webster to make his famous Faneuil Hall address. In 1848 Lawrence was a prominent candidate for the Whig nomination for the vice-presidency, but was defeated by Webster's followers. He refused the portfolios of the navy and of the interior in President Taylor's cabinet, and in 1849-1852 was United States minister to Great Britain, where he was greatly aided by his wealth and his generous hospitality. He was an ardent protectionist, and represented Massachusetts at the Harrisburg convention in 1827. He died in Boston on the 18th of August 1855, leaving as his greatest memorial the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard university, which he had established by a gift of $50,000 in 1847 and to which he bequeathed another $50,000; in 1907-1908 this school was practically abolished as a distinct department of the university. He made large gifts to the Boston public library, and he left $50,000 for the erection of model lodging-houses, thus carrying on the work of an Association for building model lodging-houses for the poor, organized in Boston in 1857.

See Hamilton A. Hill, _Memoir of Abbott Lawrence_ (Boston, 1884). Randolph Anders' _Der Weg zum Glück, oder die Kunst Millionär zu werden_ (Berlin, 1856) is a pretended translation of moral maxims from a supposititious manuscript bequeathed to Abbott Lawrence by a rich uncle.

LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814-1886), American philanthropist, son of Amos Lawrence, was born in Groton, Massachusetts, U.S.A., on the 31st of July 1814. He graduated at Harvard in 1835, went into business in Lowell, and in 1837 established in Boston his own counting-house, which from 1843 to 1858 was the firm of Lawrence & Mason, and which was a selling agent for the Cocheco mills of Dover, New Hampshire, and for other textile factories. Lawrence established a hosiery and knitting mill at Ipswich--the first of importance in the country--and was a director in many large corporations. He was greatly interested in the claims of Eleazer Williams of Green Bay, Wisconsin, and through loans to this "lost dauphin" came into possession of much land in Wisconsin; in 1849 he founded at Appleton, Wisconsin, a school named in his honour Lawrence university (now Lawrence college). He also contributed to funds for the colonization of free negroes in Liberia. In 1854 he became treasurer of the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company (reorganized in 1855 as the New England Emigrant Aid Company), which sent 1300 settlers to Kansas, where the city of Lawrence was named in his honour. He contributed personally for the famous Sharp rifles, which, packed as "books" and "primers," were shipped to Kansas and afterwards came into the hands of John Brown, who had been a _protégé_ of Lawrence. During the contest in Kansas, Lawrence wrote frequently to President Pierce (his mother's nephew) in behalf of the free-state settlers; and when John Brown was arrested he appealed to the governor of Virginia to secure for him a lawful trial. On Robinson and others in Kansas he repeatedly urged the necessity of offering no armed resistance to the Federal government; and he deplored Brown's fanaticism. In 1858 and in 1860 he was the Whig candidate for governor of Massachusetts. Till the very outbreak of the Civil War he was a "law and order" man, and he did his best to secure the adoption of the Crittenden compromise; but he took an active part in drilling troops, and in 1862 he raised a battalion of cavalry which became the 2nd Massachusetts Regiment of Cavalry, of which Charles Russell Lowell was colonel. Lawrence was a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church and built (1873-1880) Lawrence hall, Cambridge, for the Episcopal theological school, of which he was treasurer. In 1857-1862 he was treasurer of Harvard college, and in 1879-1885 was an overseer. He died in Nahant, Mass., on the 22nd of August 1886.

See William Lawrence, _Life of Amos A. Lawrence, with Extracts from his Diary and Correspondence_ (Boston, 1888).

His son, WILLIAM LAWRENCE (1850- ), graduated in 1871 at Harvard, and in 1875 at the Episcopal theological school, where, after being rector of Grace Church, Lawrence, Mass., in 1876-1884, he was professor of homiletics and natural theology in 1884-1893 and dean in 1888-1893. In 1893 he succeeded Phillips Brooks as Protestant Episcopal bishop of Massachusetts. He wrote _A Life of Roger Wolcott, Governor of Massachusetts_ (1902).

LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827-1876), English novelist, was born at Braxted, Essex, on the 25th of March 1827, and was educated at Rugby and at Balliol college, Oxford. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1852, but soon abandoned the law for literature. In 1857 he published, anonymously, his first novel, _Guy Livingstone, or Thorough_. The book achieved a very large sale, and had nine or ten successors of a similar type, the best perhaps being _Sword and Gown_ (1859). Lawrence may be regarded as the originator in English fiction of the _beau sabreur_ type of hero, great in sport and love and war. He died at Edinburgh on the 23rd of September 1876.