Part 3
mixtures, and in the treatment of inflammation of the air-passages.
DOSAGE: 0.3 Gm. or 5 grains (U.S.P.), in solution or lozenges.
_Mistura Ammonii Chloridi (Mist. Ammon. Chlor.), Mixture of Ammonium Chloride, N.F._ (Mistura Solvens Simplex).--Ammonium chloride (2.5%) and pure extract of glycyrrhiza in water.
DOSAGE: 8 Cc. or 2 fluidrachms (N.F.).
_Trochisci Ammonii Chloridi (Troch. Ammon. Chlor.), Troches of Ammonium Chloride, U.S.P._--Each troche contains ammonium chloride (0.1 Gm.) with extract of glycyrrhiza, tragacanth and sugar, flavored with syrup of tolu.
=Ammonii Citras, Ammonium Citrate.=
_Liquor Ammonii Citratis (Liq. Ammon. Cit.), Solution of Ammonium Citrate, N.F._--Ammonium citrate (14.47%) in water.
DOSAGE: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidrachm (N.F.).
_Ammonii Hypophosphis (Ammon. Hypophos.), Ammonium Hypophosphite, N.F._--NH{4}H{2}PO{2}.
Colorless plates or white powder, odorless, with a saline, bitter taste. Very soluble in water (1:1) and soluble in alcohol (1:20).
## ACTION AND USES: Similar to but without material
advantage over ammonium chloride.
DOSAGE: 0.2 Gm. or 3 grains (N.F.).
_Syrupus Ammonii Hypophosphitis (Syr. Ammon. Hypophos.), Syrup of Ammonium Hypophosphite, N.F._--Ammonium hypophosphite (3.5%) and diluted hypophosphorous acid, flavored with compound spirit of vanillin, in water, glycerin and syrup.
DOSAGE: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidrachm (N.F.)
=Ammonii Iodidum (Ammon. Iod.), Ammonium Iodide, U.S.P.=--NH{4}I.
White, odorless powder, with a saline taste. Freely soluble in water (1:0.6), in alcohol (1:3.7) and in glycerin (1:1.5).
## ACTION AND USES: Those of the iodides. More irritant
and less stable than sodium or potassium iodide, over which it has no advantage.
DOSAGE: 0.3 Gm. or 5 grains (U.S.P.), in solution.
_Linimentum Ammonii Iodidi (Lin. Ammon. Iod.), Liniment of Ammonium Iodide, N.F._--Ammonium iodide (about 0.5%) with oil of rosemary, oil of lavender, camphor, ammonia water and alcohol.
USES: Irrational preparation.
=Ammonii Phosphas (Ammon. Phos.), Ammonium Phosphate, N.F.=--A mixture of (NH{4}){2}HPO{4} and NH{4}H{2}PO{4}.
Colorless crystals or white powder. Freely soluble in water (1:4), but insoluble in alcohol.
## ACTION AND USES: Similar to but without advantage over
sodium phosphate.
DOSAGE: 0.3 Gm. or 5 grains (N.F.).
=Ammonii Salicylas (Ammon. Salicyl.), Ammonium Salicylate, U.S.P.=
White, odorless crystals or powder with a bitterish taste. Very soluble in water (1:1) and in alcohol (1:3). Incompatible with acids and fixed alkalies.
## ACTION AND USES: Those of salicylates; without advantage
over sodium salicylate.
DOSAGE: 0.5 Gm. or 8 grains (U.S.P.), in solution.
=Ammonii Valeras (Ammon. Valer.), Ammonium Valerate, U.S.P.= (Ammonium Valerianate).--Of variable composition.
White plates, with a valerian odor and a sharp, sweetish taste. Very soluble in water (1:0.3) and in alcohol (1:0.6).
## ACTION AND USES: Sedative in hysteria, depending on the
valeric odor. Not very effective.
DOSAGE: 0.5 Gm. or 8 grains (U.S.P.).
_Elixir Ammonii Valeratis (Elix. Ammon. Valer.), Elixir of Ammonium Valerate, N.F._ (Elixir Ammonii Valerianatis, N.F. III).--Ammonium valerate (3.5%) in red elixir. Absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent.
DOSAGE: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidrachm. The alcohol content should be borne in mind.
=Amygdala Dulcis (Amygd. Dulc.), Sweet Almond, U.S.P.=
## ACTION AND USES: Demulcent, especially as cosmetic.
_Emulsum Amygdalae (Emuls. Amygd.), Emulsion of Almond, U.S.P._ (Milk of Almond).--Sweet almond, acacia, sugar and water.
=*Amylis Nitris (Amyl. Nitris), Amyl Nitrite, U.S.P.=--Not less than 80 per cent. C{5}H{11}NO{2} (chiefly iso-amyl nitrite).
A yellowish liquid, with a fruity odor and a pungent, aromatic taste. Very volatile; almost insoluble in water, but miscible with alcohol or ether.
## ACTION AND USES: Prompt vasodilator, used especially
in spasms of angina pectoris, asthma and general convulsions.
DOSAGE: 0.2 Cc. or 3 minims (U.S.P.), by inhalation.
=*Amylum (Amyl.), Starch, U.S.P.= (Corn Starch).
## ACTION AND USES: Dusting powder and diluent.
_Glyceritum Amyli (Glycer. Amyl.), Glycerite of Starch, U.S.P._--Starch (10%) and water (10%) in glycerin.
USES: Emollient and excipient.
=Anethol (Anethol), Anethol, N.F.=--The chief constituent of oil of anise and oil of fennel.
A colorless or yellowish liquid, with a sweet taste and an odor of anise; solid below 20 C. Almost insoluble in water, but freely soluble in alcohol or ether.
## ACTION AND USES: Carminative, etc. Similar to but
without advantage over oil of anise.
DOSAGE: 0.2 Cc. or 3 minims (N.F.).
_Elixir Anisi (Elix. Anis.), Elixir of Anise, N.F._--Anethol, oil of fennel, spirit of bitter almond, alcohol, syrup and water. Absolute alcohol content about 23 per cent.
USES: Carminative and flavor.
DOSAGE: For infants, 1 Cc. or 15 minims (N.F.).
=Angelicae Fructus (Angel. Fruct.), Angelica Fruit, N.F.= (Angelica Seed).
## ACTION AND USES: Aromatic stomachic and carminative;
without advantage over gentian.
DOSAGE: 1 Gm. or 15 grains (N.F.).
=Angelicae Radix (Angel. Rad.), Angelica Root, N.F.=
## ACTION AND USES: Stimulating expectorant; without
advantage over tolu.
DOSAGE: 2 Gm. or 30 grains (N.F.).
_Fluidextractum Angelicae Radicis (Fldext. Angel. Rad.), Fluidextract of Angelica Root, N.F._--Angelica root (100%). Absolute alcohol content about 85 per cent.
DOSAGE: 2 Cc. or 30 minims (N.F.).
=Anisum (Anis.), Anise, U.S.P.= (Aniseed).
## ACTION AND USES: Carminative. (See =Oleum Anisi=).
=*Antimonii et Potassii Tartras (Antim. et Pot. Tart.), Antimony and Potassium Tartrate, U.S.P.= (Antimonyl Potassium Tartrate, Tartrated Antimony, Tartar Emetic).
A white, odorless powder with a sweet, metallic taste. Soluble in water (1:12) and in glycerin (1:15); insoluble in alcohol.
## ACTION AND USES: Nauseant expectorant and emetic.
Emetic doses and the prolonged use of expectorant doses are somewhat dangerous. Externally, a pustulant.
DOSAGE: Expectorant, 0.005 Gm. or 1/12 grain (U.S.P.), in solution. It is best to begin with small doses (0.001 Gm. or 1/60 grain) which may be repeated hourly, care being taken to avoid too great depression.
_Vinum Antimonii (Vin. Antimon.), Wine of Antimony, N.F._--Antimony and potassium tartrate (0.4%), in water and sherry wine. Absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent.
DOSAGE: 1 Cc. or 15 minims (N.F.).
=Antimonii Oxidum (Antim. Oxid.), Antimony Oxide, N.F.=--Antimonous oxide, Sb{2}O{3}.
A white or grayish-white, odorless, tasteless powder. Insoluble in water and in alcohol.
## ACTION AND USES: Obsolete nauseant, emetic and
cathartic. Action uncertain and possibly toxic.
DOSAGE: 0.06 Gm. or 1 grain (N.F.).
_Pulvis Antimonialis (Pulv. Antimon.), Antimonial Powder, N.F._ (James' Powder).--Antimonous oxide (33%) and precipitated calcium phosphate.
DOSAGE: 0.2 Gm. or 3 grains (N.F.).
=Antimonium Sulphuratum (Antim. Sulphurat.), Sulphurated Antimony, N.F.= (Antimonium Oxysulphuratum, Kermes Mineral).--Chiefly antimony trisulphide, Sb{2}S{3}.
A red-brown, odorless, tasteless powder. Insoluble in water and in alcohol.
## ACTION AND USES: Mineral cathartic, without advantage
over calomel. Has no special action on the bile, as was formerly supposed.
_Pilulae Antimonii Compositae (Pil. Antimon. Co.), Compound Pills of Antimony, N.F._ (Plummer's Pills).--Each pill contains sulphurated antimony and mild mercurous chloride (each 0.04 Gm. or 2/3 grain), guaiac (0.08 Gm. or 1-1/3 grains), and castor oil.
DOSAGE: 1 pill (N.F.).
=*Antipyrina (Antipyr.), Antipyrine, U.S.P.= (Phenazone, Phenyldimethylpyrazolon).
White, odorless powder, with a slightly bitter taste. Freely soluble in water (1:1) and in alcohol (1:1.3).
## ACTION AND USES: Antipyretic and analgesic, similar to
acetanilid.
DOSAGE: 0.3 Gm. or 5 grains (U.S.P.), in solution, given with even greater caution than acetanilid and acetphenetidin
=Apii Fructus (Apii Fruct.), Celery Fruit, N.F.= (Celery Seed).
## ACTION AND USES: Domestic emmenagogue, depending
for its action on the volatile oil.
DOSAGE: 2 Gm. or 30 grains (N.F.).
_Fluidextractum Apii Fructi (Fldext. Apii Fruct.), Fluidextract of Celery Fruit, N.F._--Celery fruit (100%). Absolute alcohol content about 85 per cent.
DOSAGE: 2 Cc. or 30 minims (N.F.).
=Apocynum (Apocyn.), Apocynum, N.F.= (Canadian Hemp).--Rhizome and roots.
## ACTION AND USES: Cardiac tonic of digitalis group;
unreliable as to rate of absorption.
DOSAGE: 0.75 Gm. or 12 grains (N.F.).
_Fluidextractum Apocyni (Fldext. Apocyn.), Fluidextract of Apocynum, N.F._ (Fluidextract of Canadian Hemp).--Apocynum (100%). Absolute alcohol content about 50 per cent.
DOSAGE: 0.75 Cc. or 12 minims (N.F.).
=*Apomorphinae Hydrochloridum (Apomorph. Hydrochl.), Apomorphine Hydrochloride, U.S.P.= (Apomorphine Chloride).
White powder, becoming greenish on exposure to light and air, odorless and with a slightly bitter taste. Soluble in water (1:50) and in alcohol (1:50).
## ACTION AND USES: Prompt, centrally acting emetic,
especially adapted for hypodermic administration. Rarely used as nauseant expectorant.
DOSAGE: Expectorant 0.003 Gm. or 1/20 grain (U.S.P.). Probably too large; 0.004 Gm. or 1/15 grain is said to have produced death in a person enfeebled by chronic bronchitis. From 0.001 Gm. to 0.002 Gm., or 1/60 to 1/30 grain, repeated once an hour or once in two hours, is safer. Emetic, by mouth (hypodermic administration is better), 0.01 Gm. or 1/6 grain (U.S.P.). Emetic, hypodermic, 0.005 Gm. or 1/12 grain (U.S.P.). This may be repeated at ten-minute intervals until effective, but it should be remembered that in some cases apomorphin produces toxic effects without causing vomiting.
=*Aqua (Aqua), Water, U.S.P.=--H{2}O.
## ACTION AND USES: Solvent. The ingestion of large
amounts is a very valuable eliminative measure.
_*Aqua Destillata (Aq. Dest.), Distilled Water, U.S.P._--Water obtained by distillation.
_Aqua Destillata Sterilisata (Aq. Dest. Steril.), Sterilized Distilled Water, U.S.P._--Should be used within forty-eight hours after its preparation.
=AQUAE AROMATICAE, AROMATIC WATERS.=--The official aromatic waters are aqueous solutions of volatile substances, usually volatile oils. They are used as vehicles for the more active water-soluble drugs. For preparations included in this list see under the names of the principal constituents. For the following, see under the names of the respective oils: Aqua Amygdalae Amarae, Aqua Foeniculi, Aqua Menthae Piperitae and Aqua Menthae Viridis.
=Aralia (Aralia), Aralia, N.F.= (American Spikenard, Spignet).--Rhizome and roots.
## ACTION AND USES: Obsolete irritant, diaphoretic and
"alterative." Probably without value.
DOSAGE: 2 Gm. or 30 grains (N.F.).
_Fluidextractum Araliae (Fldext. Aral.), Fluidextract of Aralia, N.F._--Aralia (100%). Absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent.
DOSAGE: 2 Cc. or 30 minims (N.F.).
=*Argenti Nitras (Arg. Nit.), Silver Nitrate, U.S.P.=--AgNO{3}.
Colorless plates, darkening on exposure to light in the presence of organic matter; odorless; strongly caustic and having a bitter, metallic taste. Very soluble in water (1:0.4) and soluble in alcohol (1:30). Incompatible especially with chlorides and organic matter.
## ACTION AND USES: Externally as a caustic, antiseptic
and germicide; internally as an astringent.
DOSAGE: 0.01 Gm. or 1/6 grain (U.S.P.), diluted or in kaolin pills. The concentrations of solutions for local use vary from 0.01 to 10 per cent., according to the sensitiveness of the surface and the degree of action desired. Distilled water should be used in making the solutions.
_*Argenti Nitras Fusus (Arg. Nit. Fus.), Molded Silver Nitrate, U.S.P._ (Fused Silver Nitrate, Lunar Caustic).--AgNO{3} toughened by the addition of a small proportion of silver chloride.
White, hard pencils or cones.
=Argenti Oxidum (Arg. Oxid.), Silver Oxide, U.S.P.=--Ag{2}O.
A heavy, odorless, brownish-black powder with a metallic taste. Only slightly soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.
## ACTION AND USES: Astringent in gastric ulcer. Probably
inefficient.
DOSAGE: 0.06 Gm. or 1 grain (U.S.P.).
=Arnica (Arnic.), Arnica, U.S.P.= (Arnica Flowers).
## ACTION AND USES: Feeble rubefacient. Still used externally
to some extent in the form of a tincture mixed with water as an evaporating lotion. The chief active ingredient of the tincture is probably its alcohol.
_Fluidextractum Arnicae (Fldext. Arnic.), Fluidextract of Arnica, N.F._--Arnica (100%). Absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent.
_Tinctura Arnicae (Tr. Arnic.), Tincture of Arnica, U.S.P._--Arnica (20%) in diluted alcohol. Absolute alcohol content about 46 per cent.
=Arseni Iodidum (Arsen. Iod.), Arsenous Iodide, U.S.P.= (Arsenic Iodide).--AsI{3}.
An orange-red, odorless powder. Soluble in water (1:12) with
## partial decomposition; soluble in alcohol.
## ACTION AND USES: Similar to those of arsenic trioxide,
over which it has no advantage.
DOSAGE: 0.005 Gm. or 1/12 grain (U.S.P.).
_*Liquor Arseni et Hydrargyri Iodidi (Liq. Arsen. et Hydrarg. Iod.), Solution of Arsenous and Mercuric Iodide, U.S.P._ (Donovan's Solution).--Arsenous iodide and red mercuric iodide (each 1%) in water.
DOSAGE: 0.1 Cc. or 1-1/2 minims (U.S.P.).
=*Arseni Trioxidum (Arsen. Triox.), Arsenic Trioxide, U.S.P.= (Arsenous Acid, Arsenous Oxide, White Arsenic).--As{2}O{3}.
Amorphous, glassy masses or white, crystalline masses or powder. Slowly soluble in water (about 1:100), slightly soluble in alcohol and ether and freely soluble in glycerine. Readily dissolved by hydrochloric acid or by alkaline solutions.
## ACTION AND USES: Believed to modify nutrition. Used
as tonic in anemias, nervous diseases, etc., in skin diseases and in some forms of malaria. Externally, a mild escharotic, but the danger of poisoning prevents its general use. Likely to produce nephritis. A very common poison.
DOSAGE: 0.002 Gm. or 1/30 grain (U.S.P.), in pills or solutions.
_*Liquor Acidi Arsenosi (Liq. Acid. Arsen.), Solution of Arsenous Acid, U.S.P._ (Hydrochloric Solution of Arsenic, "Solution of Arsenic Chloride").--Arsenic trioxide (1%) in diluted hydrochloric acid (5%) and water.
DOSAGE: 0.2 Cc. or 3 minims.
=*Asafoetida (Asafoet.), Asafetida, U.S.P.= (Gum Asafetida).--A gum resin.
Should be 60% soluble in alcohol.
## ACTION AND USES: Used as a carminative and also in the
treatment of hysteria, the action being psychic.
DOSAGE: 0.25 Gm. or 4 grains (U.S.P.), in pills.
_Emulsum Asafoetidae (Emuls. Asafoet.), Emulsion of Asafetida, U.S.P._ (Milk of Asafetida).--Asafetida (4%) in water.
USES: Used especially as enema in tympanites.
DOSAGE: 15 Cc. or 4 fluidrachms (U.S.P.).
_Pilulae Asafoetidae (Pil. Asafoet.), Pills of Asafetida, U.S.P._--Each pill contains asafoetida (0.2 Gm. or 3 grains), and soap.
DOSAGE: 2 pills (U.S.P.).
_Tinctura Asafoetidae (Tr. Asafoet.), Tincture of Asafetida, U.S.P._--Asafetida (20%) in alcohol. Absolute alcohol content about 81 per cent.
DOSAGE: 1 Cc. or 15 minims (U.S.P.).
=Asarum (Asar.), Asarum, N.F.= (Canada Snake-Root. Wild Ginger).--Rhizome.
## ACTION AND USES: Carminative and flavor; similar to
but without advantage over ginger.
DOSAGE: 2 Gm. or 30 grains (N.F.).
_Syrupus Asari Compositus (Syr. Asar. Co.), Compound Syrup of Asarum, N.F._--Asarum (6.2%), fluidextract of ipecac (0.3%), alcohol, cochineal and potassium carbonate in syrup.
DOSAGE: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidrachm (N.F.).
=Asclepias (Asclep.), Asclepias, N.F.= (Pleurisy Root).
## ACTION AND USES: Obsolete domestic remedy for pleurisy,
also used as diaphoretic. Probably without value.
DOSAGE: 2 Gm. or 30 grains (N.F.).
_Fluidextractum Asclepiadis (Fldext. Asclepiad.), Fluidextract of Asclepias, N.F._--Asclepias (100%). Absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent.
DOSAGE: 2 Cc. or 30 minims (N.F.).
=*Aspidium (Aspidium), Aspidium, U.S.P.= (Male Fern).--The rhizome of certain ferns.
## ACTION AND USES: Used as a teniacide in the form of
oleoresin.
_*Oleoresina Aspidii (Oleores. Aspid.), Oleoresin of Aspidium, U.S.P._ (Oleoresin of Male Fern).
DOSAGE: 2 Gm. or 30 grains (total dose in a day, U.S.P.), which may be given singly or in repeated, divided doses, at intervals of fifteen minutes, in capsules containing 0.3 Gm. or 5 grains, or in emulsion. Larger doses may be given to robust persons. Special caution is necessary in giving it to anemic or debilitated persons. The patient should be prepared by a light diet or fasting for twenty-four hours. The drug should be given early in the morning, preceded by a saline cathartic, and the last dose followed in three hours by a saline laxative. Caution:--Castor oil or other fixed oils should not be used in connection with oleoresin of aspidium, as they favor the absorption of the active principle.
=Aspidosperma (Aspidosp.), Aspidosperma, U.S.P.= (Quebracho).--A bark.
## ACTION AND USES: Has been recommended in dyspneic
conditions. Value doubtful.
DOSAGE: 4 Gm. or 1 drachm (U.S.P.).
_Fluidextractum Aspidospermatis (Fldext. Aspidosp.), Fluidextract of Aspidosperma, U.S.P._ (Fluidextract of Quebracho).--Aspidosperma (100%). Absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent.
DOSAGE: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidrachm (U.S.P.).
=*Atropina (Atrop.), Atropine, U.S.P.=--An alkaloid obtained from belladonna and some other plants of the nightshade family.
A white, odorless powder. Slightly soluble in water (1:455), but freely soluble in alcohol (1:2).
## ACTION AND USES: Atropine and the related alkaloids
paralyze the parasympathetic endings. They are used especially as mydriatics and cycloplegics, to suppress secretions, as in gastric hyperacidity, and to quicken the heart, regulate peristalsis, lessen bronchial spasm, etc.
DOSAGE: 0.5 mg. or 1/120 grain (U.S.P.).
_Oleatum Atropinae (Oleat. Atrop.), Oleate of Atropine, N.F._--Atropine (2%), in alcohol, oleic acid and olive oil.
=*Atropinae Sulphas (Atrop. Sulph.), Atropine Sulphate, U.S.P.=
White, odorless powder. Very soluble in water (1:0.4) and in alcohol (1:5).
DOSAGE: 0.5 mg. or 1/120 grain (U.S.P.).
=Aurantii Amari Cortex (Aurant. Amar. Cort.), Bitter Orange Peel, U.S.P.=
## ACTION AND USES: Aromatic bitter stomachic, used principally
as a flavoring.
_Fluidextractum Aurantii Amari (Fldext. Aurant. Amar.), Fluidextract of Bitter Orange Peel, U.S.P._--Bitter orange peel (100%). Absolute alcohol content about 60 per cent.
_Tinctura Aurantii Amari (Tr. Aurant. Amar.), Tincture of Bitter Orange Peel, U.S.P._--Bitter orange peel (20%) in alcohol and water. Absolute alcohol content about 55 per cent.
DOSAGE: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidrachm (U.S.P.).
_Vinum Aurantii Compositum (Vin. Aurant. Co.), Compound Wine of Orange, N.F._ (Elixir Aurantiorum Compositum, Compound Elixir of Orange).--Bitter orange peel, absinthium, menyanthes, cascarilla, Saigon cinnamon and gentian, extracted with potassium carbonate in sherry wine. Absolute alcohol content about 20 per cent.
USES: Objectionable alcoholic "bitter."
DOSAGE: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidrachm (N.F.).
=Aurantii Dulcis Cortex (Aurant Dulc. Cort.), Sweet Orange Peel, U.S.P.=
## ACTION AND USES: Flavoring agent.
_Syrupus Aurantii (Syr. Aurant.), Syrup of Orange, U.S.P._--Tincture of sweet orange peel in syrup.
_Tinctura Aurantii Dulcis (Tr. Aurant. Dulc.), Tincture of Sweet Orange Peel, U.S.P._--Sweet orange peel from fresh fruit (50%) in alcohol. Absolute alcohol content about 83 per cent.
DOSAGE: 4 Cc. or 1 fluidrachm (U.S.P.).
=Aurantii Flores, Bitter Orange Flowers.=
## ACTION AND USES: Flavoring agent.
_Aqua Aurantii Florum (Aq. Aurant. Flor.), Orange Flower Water, U.S.P._--Stronger orange flower water in water.
_Aqua Aurantii Florum Fortior (Aq. Aurant. Flor. Fort.), Stronger Orange Flower Water, U.S.P._--Prepared by distillation of bitter orange flowers with water. Must be free from mucilaginous growths.
_Syrupus Aurantii Florum (Syr. Aurant. Flor.), Syrup of Orange Flowers, U.S.P._--Sugar in orange flower water.
=Auri et Sodii Chloridum (Aur. et Sod. Chlor.), Gold and Sodium Chloride, U.S.P.=--Equal parts of AuCl{3} and NaCl.
An orange-yellow, odorless, deliquescent powder with a saline, metallic taste. Very soluble in water.
## ACTION AND USES: Preparations of gold have been
employed in medicine for the most varied conditions without any real evidence of usefulness.
DOSAGE: 0.005 Gm. or 1/12 grain (U.S.P.).
=*Balsamum Peruvianum (Bals. Peruv.), Balsam of Peru, U.S.P.= (Peru Balsam).
Dark brown, viscid liquid, with a vanilla-like odor and a bitter, acrid taste. Soluble in alcohol or chloroform; only partially soluble in ether or petroleum benzin; practically insoluble in water.
## ACTION AND USES: Externally in the form of ointments
or alcoholic solutions as a stimulant to indolent wounds and ulcers and in the treatment of scabies.
=*Balsamum Tolutanum (Bals. Tolu.), Balsam of Tolu, U.S.P.= (Tolu Balsam).
Yellowish-brown or brown, plastic solid, becoming brittle when old, dried or exposed to cold, and having a vanilla-like odor and a mild, aromatic taste. Insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol, chloroform and ether.
## ACTION AND USES: Has been recommended as an expectorant;
used chiefly in the form of the syrup, which is little more than a pleasantly flavored vehicle.
_*Syrupus Tolutanus (Syr. Tolu.), Syrup of Tolu, U.S.P._--Tincture of tolu (5%) in syrup.
DOSAGE: 15 Cc. or 4 fluidrachms (U.S.P.).
_Tinctura Tolutana (Tr. Tolu.), Tincture of Tolu, U.S.P._--Balsam of tolu (20%) in alcohol. Absolute alcohol content about 85 per cent.
DOSAGE: 2 Cc. or 30 minims (U.S.P.).
=Baptisia (Baptis.), Baptisia, N.F.= (Wild Indigo Root).
## ACTION AND USES: Without any definite known action;
formerly used in typhoid fever and diseases showing similar symptoms.
DOSAGE: 1 Gm. or 15 grains (N.F.).
_Fluidextractum Baptisiae (Fldext. Baptis.), Fluidextract of Baptisia, N.F._--Baptisia (100%). Absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent.
DOSAGE: 1 Cc. or 15 minims (N.F.).
=*Belladonnae Folia (Bellad. Fol.), Belladonna Leaves, U.S.P.= (Deadly Nightshade Leaves, Belladonnae Folium, P.I.).--Yield not less than 0.3 per cent. of mydriatic alkaloids.
## ACTION AND USES: Those of the hyoscyamine and atropine
(which see) contained therein.
DOSAGE: 0.06 Gm. or 1 grain (U.S.P.).
_*Emplastrum Belladonnae (Emp. Bellad.), Belladonna Plaster, U.S.P._--Extract of belladonna leaves (30%), yielding about 0.37 per cent. of alkaloids.
## ACTION AND USES: Applied in the treatment of rheumatic
and similar pains.
_*Extractum Belladonnae Foliorum (Ext. Bellad. Fol.), Extract of Belladonna Leaves, U.S.P._--One Gm. extract represents about 4 Gm. belladonna leaves and yields about 1.25 per cent. of alkaloids. Two forms: pilular extract of belladonna leaves and powdered extract of belladonna leaves.
DOSAGE: 0.015 Gm. or 1/4 grain (U.S.P.).
_*Tinctura Belladonnae Foliorum (Tr. Bellad. Fol.), Tincture of Belladonna Leaves, U.S.P._ (Belladonnae Tinctura, P.I.)--Belladonna leaves (10%) yielding about 0.03 per cent. of alkaloids in alcohol. Absolute alcohol content about 47 per cent.
DOSAGE: 0.75 Cc. or 12 minims (U.S.P.).
_*Unguentum Belladonnae (Ung. Bellad.), Belladonna Ointment, U.S.P._--Pilular extract of belladonna leaves (10%) in diluted alcohol, hydrous wool fat and benzoinated lard.
=Belladonnae Radix (Bellad. Rad.), Belladonna Root, U.S.P.= (Deadly Nightshade Root).--Yields not less than 0.45 per cent. of mydriatic alkaloids.
## ACTION AND USES: Those of the hyoscyamine and atropine
(which see) contained therein.
DOSAGE: 0.045 Gm. or 3/4 grain (U.S.P.).
_Fluidextractum Belladonnae Radicis (Fldext. Bellad. Rad.), Fluidextract of Belladonna Root, U.S.P._--Belladonna root (100%) yielding about 0.45 per cent. of alkaloids. Absolute alcohol content about 75 per cent.
DOSAGE: 0.05 Cc. or 1 minim (U.S.P.).
_Linimentum Belladonnae (Lin. Bellad.), Belladonna Liniment, U.S.P._--Fluidextract of belladonna root (about 95%) and camphor (5%). Absolute alcohol content about 70 per cent.
USES: A mildly analgesic and rubefacient application.
=Benzaldehydum (Benzaldehyd.), Benzaldehyde, U.S.P.=--Produced synthetically or obtained from oil of bitter almonds.
A colorless or yellowish liquid, with a bitter-almond odor and a burning, aromatic taste. Slightly soluble in water; miscible with alcohol, ether, and fixed or volatile oils.
## ACTION AND USES: Flavoring agent.
DOSAGE: 0.03 Cc. or 1/2 minim (U.S.P.).
=Benzinum Purificatum (Benzin. Purif.), Purified Petroleum Benzin, U.S.P.= (Petroleum Ether).
A clear, colorless liquid, with an ethereal or faint petroleum odor; highly inflammable. Practically insoluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol and miscible with ether, chloroform, volatile oils and fixed oils with the exception of castor oil.
## ACTION AND USES: Pharmaceutic solvent.
=*Benzoinum (Benzoin.), Benzoin, U.S.P.= (Gum Benjamin).--A balsamic resin.
## ACTION AND USES: Used locally to promote healing, and
in inhalations as an expectorant.
DOSAGE: 1 Gm. or 15 grains (U.S.P.).
_Tinctura Benzoini (Tr. Benz.), Tincture of Benzoin, U.S.P._--Benzoin (20%) in alcohol. Absolute alcohol content about 83 per cent.
DOSAGE: 1 Cc. or 15 minims (U.S.P.).
_*Tinctura Benzoini Composita (Tr. Benz. Co.), Compound Tincture of Benzoin, U.S.P._--Benzoin (10%), aloes (2%), storax (8%), balsam of tolu (4%), in alcohol. Absolute alcohol content about 80 per cent.
USES: Protective and local stimulant, especially by inhalation.
DOSAGE: 2 Cc. or 30 minims (U.S.P.).
=*Benzosulphinidum (Benzosulphinid.), Benzosulphinide, U.S.P.= (Saccharin, Glusidum).
A white, nearly odorless powder with an intensely sweet taste even in dilute solutions. Slightly soluble (1:290) in water and soluble (1:31) in alcohol and readily dissolved by ammonia water or by a solution of alkali hydroxides or of sodium bicarbonate.
## ACTION AND USES: Sweetening agent in diabetes mellitus;
about 500 times as sweet as sugar, weight for weight.
=Berberis (Berber.), Berberis, N.F.= (Oregon Grape Root).--Rhizome and roots.
## ACTION AND USES: Probably similar to, but without
advantage over, hydrastis.
DOSAGE: 2 Gm. or 30 grains (N.F.).
_Fluidextractum Berberidis (Fldext. Berberid.), Fluidextract of Berberis, N.F._--Berberis (100%). Absolute alcohol content about 40 per cent.
DOSAGE: 2 Cc. or 30 minims (N.F.).
=Betaeucainae Hydrochloridum (Betaeucain. Hydrochl.), Betaeucaine Hydrochloride, U.S.P.= (Eucaine Chloride, Eucaine; also known as Benzamine Hydrochloride).
A white, odorless powder. Soluble in water (1:30) and in alcohol (1:35).
## ACTION AND USES: Local anesthetic.
DOSAGE: In a 2 or 3 per cent. solution for the eye or 5 to 10 per cent. solution for the nose and throat.
=*Betanaphthol (Betanaph.), Betanaphthol, U.S.P.= (Naphthol).
Colorless or pale buff crystalline laminae or white or yellowish powder, with a faint phenol odor and a pungent taste. Only slightly soluble in water (1:1000) and very soluble in alcohol (1:0.8).
## ACTION AND USES: Antiseptic, somewhat stronger than
phenol and less toxic. Used in skin affections, and as intestinal antiseptic and anthelmintic for hookworm.
DOSAGE: Internally, 0.25 Gm. or 4 grains (U.S.P.). Externally as a 3 to 5 per cent. ointment.
_Pasta Betanaphtholis (Past. Betanaphthol.), Betanaphthol Paste, N.F._ (Lassar's Naphthol Paste).--Betanaphthol (10%) and precipitated sulphur (50%) in petrolatum and soft soap.
_Petroxolinum Betanaphtholis (Petrox. Betanaphthol.), Betanaphthol Petroxolin, N.F._ (Betanaphthol Petrox).--Betanaphthol (10%) in liquid petroxolin.
=Bismuthi Betanaphtholas (Bism. Betanaph.), Bismuth Betanaphthol, U.S.P.= (Bismuth Betanaphtholate; also sold as Orphol).--Of somewhat varying composition.
A buff-colored or grayish-brown, nearly odorless, tasteless powder. Nearly insoluble in water or alcohol.
## ACTION AND USES: Used as an intestinal antiseptic, being
decomposed into its constituents in the intestine, where it exerts the effects of bismuth salts and of betanaphthol.
DOSAGE: 0.5 Gm. or 8 grains (U.S.P.).