CHAPTER II.

The _mocking_ trope is, when one contrary is signified by another; as God said, _Man is like to one of us_. So Christ saith, _Sleep on_; and yet by-and-by, _Arise, let us go_. So Paul saith, _You are wise, and I am a fool_.

This trope is conceived either by the contrariety of the matter, or the manner of utterance, or both. So Elijah said to the prophets of Baal, _Cry aloud_, &c. So the Jews said unto Christ, _Hail, King of the Jews!_

Hitherto appertaineth the passing by a thing, which yet with a certain elegance noteth it. So Philemon 19: _That I say not, thou owest thyself unto me_.

Hitherto of the fineness of words which respect no division. Now followeth that which respecteth division, called _synechdoche_.

A _synechdoche_ is when the name of the whole is given to the part; or the name of the part to the whole. And it is double. 1. When the whole is put for the member, and contrarily. 2. When the general, or whole kind, is put for the special; or contrarily.

So St. John: _Not only for our sins, but for the sins of the whole world_. So righteousness, a member of goodness, is put for all goodness; so unrighteousness is put for all manner of sins.

Examples of the second sort, as these: So _Israel_ is put for _those of Juda_ sometimes. So _nations_ for _the heathen_. _A minister_ of Christ for _an apostle_ of Christ, as Rom. xv. 16. _A minister_ put for _a distributer_, as Rom. xii. 7.

On the other side, one sort or special is put for the whole sort or general, in the examples following. In the Lord’s prayer, _bread_, _one_ help of life, is put for _all_ helps; _this day_, _one_ time for _all_ times. So Solomon saith, _the thing of the day in his day_; that is, the thing of the time in his time.

So sometimes less is spoken, and yet more is understood; which is called diminution, or _meiosis_. As James saith to him _that knoweth how to do well and doth it not, it is sin_; that is a great sin. So our Saviour Christ saith, _If they had not known, they had had no sin_; that is, no such great sin as they have now. Likewise the denial by comparison.

So Solomon saith, _Receive my words, and not silver_; that is, my words rather than silver. So Paul saith, _I was sent to preach, and not to baptize_; that is, not so much to baptize as to preach.

Hitherto of the fineness of words, which note out no comparison. Now followeth the fineness of words which noteth out comparison, called a _metaphor_.

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