Part 10

Shrubs or small trees with alternate leaves and small perfect flowers; calyx tube adnate to the ovary, 4—5-lobed or cleft; corolla 4—5-lobed, rarely divided into single petals, deciduous; stamens twice as many as the corolla lobes, inserted at the base; filaments mostly short; anthers attached on the back 2-celled; fruit a globose berry or drupe.

Swamp-Laurel.]

Erect deciduous shrubs; corolla cylindric or urn-shaped, white, pink or greenish. =Vaccinium.= Low evergreen shrub; corolla open-campanulate, pink; berry red. =Vitis-Idæa.= Trailing or creeping evergreen shrubs. Corolla short-campanulate, white; berry white. =Chiogenes.= Corolla with spreading curved petals, pink; berry red. =Oxycoccus.=

[Illustration: Menziesia ferruginea Smith. (½ Nat.) Menziesia.]

[Illustration: Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) Heller. (⅔ Nat.) Dwarf

[Sidenote: =Vaccinium cæspitosum= Michx. _Dwarf Bilberry._]

A shrub 3—7 inches high, much branched and nearly smooth throughout. Leaves obovate or oblong, cuneate, obtuse or acute, green and shining on both sides, nearly sessile, serrulate, with close bluntish teeth. Flowers white or pink, small bell-shaped, ⅛ of an inch long, mostly solitary in the axils and longer than their drooping pedicels; berry ¼ of an inch or more in diameter, blue with a bloom.

On slopes and in alpine meadows throughout the Rockies at the higher altitudes; flowers appearing with the leaves in early June.

[Sidenote: =Vaccinium erythrococcum= Rydb. _Alpine Bilberry._]

Stems erect with numerous slender, strict, green branches and branchlets, 3—18 inches high. Leaves ovate or oval, ½ an inch long or less, bright green. Flowers ovate, ⅛ of an inch long, white or pink, 5-lobed, solitary in the axils of the leaves; berries small, bright red.

On slopes and in alpine meadows throughout the Rockies at the higher altitudes; flowering during June.

[Sidenote: =Vaccinium ovalifolium= Smith. _Blueberry._]

A straggling branched shrub, 3—12 feet high, the branches slender, twigs smooth, joints sharply angled. Leaves oval, short-petioled, smooth on both sides, green above, pale and glaucous beneath, rounded at both ends or somewhat narrowed at the base, thin, sometimes spine tipped, entire or nearly so, 1—2 inches long. Flowers commonly solitary in the axils on rather recurved pedicels; corolla pink or white, ovoid, ¼ of an inch or more long; berries blue with a bloom ½ an inch in diameter.

In the beds of snow slides, occasionally in the Rockies, and abundant through the Selkirks, where it is also found in the woods; flowering in May.

[Illustration: Vaccinium erythrococcum Rydb. (⅔ Nat.) Alpine Bilberry.]

[Illustration: Vaccinium ovalifolium Smith. Blueberry. (½ Nat.)

Vaccinium globulare Rydb. Thin-Leaved Bilberry.]

[Sidenote: =Vaccinium globulare= Rydb. _Thin-leaved Bilberry._]

A branching shrub 1—3 feet high, nearly smooth throughout, stems round, only the youngest twigs slightly angled, bark grey and somewhat shreddy. Leaves broadly oval or obovate, obtuse to acute, somewhat pale beneath, veiny, sharply and finely serrate, ½—1½ inches long. Flowers on pedicels ½ an inch long; calyx teeth almost obsolete; corolla depressed globose, frequently more than ¼ of an inch in diameter, greenish-white; berry dark purple, ¼ of an inch in diameter.

In beds of snow slides and in woods in the valleys of the Selkirks; flowering during June.

[Sidenote: =Vitis-idæa Vitis-idæa= (L.) Britton. _Mountain Cranberry._]

A low evergreen shrub with creeping stems, the branches erect, 3—8 inches high, nearly smooth. Leaves thick and leathery, crowded, green and shining above, paler and black-dotted beneath, ovate or oval, short-petioled and entire or sparingly serrulate ¼—¾ of an inch long, the margins revolute. Flowers in short terminal 1-sided racemes or clusters, nodding, longer than their pedicels; corolla white or pink nearly ⅛ of an inch long, open-campanulate, 4-lobed; berries dark red, acid, nearly ½ an inch in diameter.

In bogs and moist mossy places throughout the Rockies; flowering during June.

[Sidenote: =Chiogenes hispidula= (L.) T and G. _Creeping Snowberry._]

Creeping, branches rough-hairy, slender, 3—12 inches long. Leaves leathery, persistent, oval, ovate or slightly obovate, acute at the apex, rounded or narrowed at the base, dark green and smooth above, sprinkled with stiff, brown hairs beneath and on the revolute, entire margins; ¼ to nearly ½ an inch long. Flowers white, ovoid, about ⅛ of an inch long, few, solitary in the axils, nodding, on the lower side of the creeping stems; berry about ¼ of an inch in diameter, white, bristly, aromatic.

Throughout the Rockies at the lower elevations, growing in moss and on damp, decaying logs; flowering in May.

[Sidenote: =Oxycoccus Oxycoccus= (L.) MacM. _Small Cranberry._]

Stems slender, creeping and rooting at the nodes, 6—18 inches long; branches ascending or erect 1—6 inches high. Leaves thick, evergreen, ovate, entire, acutish at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, dark green above, white beneath, ⅛ of an inch or less long, ½ as wide, the margins revolute. Flowers 1—6, from terminal scaly buds, nodding on slender erect pedicels; corolla pink, ⅓ of an inch broad, the petals curled backwards; stamens and style protruding; berry globose, ¼ of an inch or more in diameter, acid, often spotted when young.

In sphagnum bogs throughout the Rockies, though not common; flowering during July.

PRIMULACEÆ

_Primrose Family_

Herbs with perfect regular flowers; calyx free from the ovary, usually 5-parted; corolla 5-cleft; stamens as many as the corolla lobes and opposite to them; flowers purple, yellow or white.

Lobes of the corolla erect or spreading. Leaves in a rosette at the base of the scape. Corolla tube longer than the calyx; flowers pink. =Primula.= Corolla tube shorter than the calyx; flowers white or yellow. =Androsace.= Leaves whorled at the top of the stem; flowers white. =Trientalis.= Lobes of the corolla reflexed. =Dodecatheon.=

[Sidenote: =Primula americana= Rydb. _Bird’s-eye Primrose._]

Leaves spatulate or oblong, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or somewhat wedge-shaped at the base, tapering into petioles, green, usually white-mealy beneath, at least when young; 1—4 inches long, the margins crenulate-dentate. Flowers umbellate 3—20, on scapes 4—18 inches high; corolla pink or lilac, usually with a yellowish eye, the tube slightly longer than the calyx, the lobes wedge-shaped, notched at the apex, ¼ of an inch or more long.

In swamps and wet meadows in the lower valleys of the eastern slopes of the Rockies not penetrating far into the mountains; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Primula Maccalliana= Wiegand. _Maccalla’s Primrose._]

Similar to the preceding species but much smaller. Leaves spatulate or obovate, mostly quite broad; pale green above, more or less mealy beneath, denticulate or repand, obtuse at the apex, narrowed or cuneate at the base, petioled or sessile, ½—1½ inches long, forming a rosette at the base of the scape. Flowers ⅜ of an inch broad or less, umbellate, on a peduncle 1—6 inches high; pale pink or bluish with a conspicuous orange eye; the lobes obcordate; corolla tube yellow, slightly longer than the calyx.

The commonest primrose of the region on wet banks and moist, sandy or gravelly places at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in June, also occurs sparingly in the Selkirks.

[Sidenote: =Androsace carinata= Torr. _Sweet Flowered Androsace._]

Proliferously branched at the base and cæspitose. Leaves folded over each other, forming rosettes at the bases of the many-flowered scapes; from lanceolate to oblong-spatulate or ovate, keeled, 1-nerved, ¼—½ an inch long, acute, fringed with hairs on the margins. Flowers ¼ of an inch or more broad, cream-coloured with a brilliant yellow eye; 4—10 in a close umbel, on slender hairy scapes 1—3 inches high; flowers delicately fragrant.

Throughout the Rockies in open situations either dry or moist, and at low or high altitudes; flowering from early June to midsummer according to the altitude.

[Illustration: Primula Maccalliana Wiegand. (⅔ Nat.) MacCalla’s Primrose.]

[Illustration: Androsace carinata Torr. (⅔ Nat.) Sweet Androsace.]

[Sidenote: =Androsace septentrionalis= L. _Alpine Androsace._]

Almost smooth, leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, from irregularly denticulate to laciniate-toothed. Flowers small, little more than ⅛ of an inch broad, white with yellow centre, in spreading umbels; peduncles 2—10 inches high.

In open places and on grassy banks at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in May and early June.

[Sidenote: =Androsace diffusa= Small. _Spreading Androsace._]

More or less hairy. Leaves rosulate, oblanceolate to spatulate or nearly linear, ½—1½ inches long, obtuse or acute, sharply serrate above the middle or sparingly toothed. Scapes erect and spreading, often diffusely branched at the base, 2—4 inches long; pedicels thread-like from ½—3 inches long in the same umbel. Flowers white or pink, the corolla included or sometimes equalling the tips of the calyx segments.

On grassy banks and slopes in the Rockies flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Trientalis arctica= Fisch. _Arctic Star-flower._]

Stems slender, 1—4 inches high, with small scattered obovate leaves below; upper leaves obovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, obtuse, 1—1½ inches long. Flowers white on slender pedicels as long as the leaves; calyx reddish with 7 narrowly linear acute sepals; petals 7 white, lanceolate, acute, about twice the length of the sepals; stamens 7.

In moist woods throughout the region, rare in the Rockies but common throughout the Selkirks; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Dodecatheon pauciflorum= (Durand) Greene. _Slender Shooting Star._]

Smooth. Leaves dark green, lanceolate, acute, entire, 2—3 inches long. Flowers few in an umbel; scape 6—8 inches tall; segments of the corolla rich lilac purple, the undivided part yellow with a narrow scalloped ring, midway between the base of the segments and the stamen tube; stamen tube often nearly as long as the anthers, yellow; anthers purple.

In damp, open ground and grassy slopes throughout the eastern Rockies; flowering in June.

[Illustration: Trientalis arctica Fisch. (⅔ Nat.) Arctic Star-Flower.]

[Illustration: Dodecatheon conjugens Greene. (½ Nat.) Shooting-Star.]

[Sidenote: =Dodecatheon conjugens= Greene. _Shooting-star._]

Plant smooth. Leaves obovoid and elliptic, 2—5 inches long, including the distinct petiole, obtuse, entire. Flowers large, in a few-flowered umbel, scape 3—8 inches high; corolla deep purple varying to rose-red; anthers, distinct, obtuse, the connective lanceolate, acuminate to a linear point.

In the open ground and plains in the lower Valleys of the Rockies; flowering in June.

GENTIANACEÆ

_Gentian Family_

Smooth herbs with opposite entire leaves, and regular perfect flowers in clusters or solitary at the ends of the stems or branches. Calyx 4—12-lobed; corolla 4—12-parted; stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them.

Corolla funnel-form or campanulate; without glands, spurs or scales. =Gentiana.= Corolla campanulate; spurred at the base. =Tetragonanthus.=

[Sidenote: =Gentiana acuta= Michx. _Northern Gentian._]

Stem leafy, slightly angled, simple or branched, 6—20 inches high. Basal and lower leaves spatulate or obovate, obtuse, the upper lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or subcordate at the base, sessile or somewhat clasping, ½—2 inches long. Flowers numerous in clusters in the axils of the upper leaves; pedicels ½—1 inch long, leafy bracted at the base; calyx deeply 5-parted, lobes lanceolate; corolla tubular campanulate, ½ an inch long, 5-parted, pale blue or greenish; lobes lanceolate, acute each with a fimbriate crown at the base.

Along stream banks and grassy slopes throughout the Rockies, common; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Gentiana propinqua= Richards. _Four-parted Gentian._]

Stems slender, usually much branched from the base and sometimes also above, slightly wing-angled, 2—7 inches long. Basal leaves spatulate obtuse, the upper distant, oblong or lanceolate, ½—1 inch long, acute or obtusish at the apex, rounded at the slightly clasping base, obscurely 3-nerved. Flowers sometimes numerous, solitary on slender peduncles, mostly 4-parted, ½—¾ of an inch high, seldom opening; calyx 4-cleft, two of the lobes oblong, the others linear-lanceolate; corolla blue or bluish, glandular within at the base, the lobes ovate-lanceolate, entire or denticulate.

Frequent throughout the Rockies on slopes and open ground beside the trails; flowering through July.

[Sidenote: =Gentiana prostrata= Haenke. _Dwarf Gentian._]

Stems slender, 1—5 inches long, when prostrate the lateral ones often creeping. Leaves ovate, rather spreading, bright green with slightly whitened edges. Flowers solitary, 4-parted, azure blue, ½ an inch high, the lobes rather spreading.

A very small and rather rare plant found throughout the Rockies at the higher altitudes, on the alpine slopes and summits; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Gentiana glauca= _Pale-glaucous Gentian._]

Perennial; stems 2—4 inches high. Leaves oval, glaucous, ¼—½ an inch long, obtuse, the basal forming a rosette. Flowers few or several at the top of the stem, short-peduncled or nearly sessile, usually subtended by a pair of bracts; calyx campanulate, the teeth shorter than the tube; corolla blue or blue-green, ½ an inch or more long, the tube cylindrical with short ovate obtuse lobes.

In wet alpine meadows and slopes throughout the region, a rather rare but very striking little gentian, flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Gentiana affinis= Griseb. _Large Gentian._]

Stems clustered, 6—12 inches high, mostly ascending. Leaves from oblong or lanceolate to linear. Flowers from numerous and racemose to few and almost solitary; calyx lobes linear or linear-awl-shaped, unequal, the largest rarely equalling the tube; corolla an inch or less long, bright blue or bluish; funnel-form, spotted inside with white, the lobes ovate, acute, and spreading.

A showy species in damp open meadows in the lower valleys throughout the Rockies, especially abundant at Banff; flowering during August.

[Illustration: Gentiana affinis Griseb. (⅔ Nat.) Large Gentian.]

[Illustration: Romanzoffia sitchensis Bong. (⅔ Nat.) Romanzoffia.]

[Sidenote: =Tetragonanthus deflexus= (J. E. Smith) Kuntze. _Spurred Gentian._]

Annual, stems simple or branched, slender, erect, 6—20 inches high. Basal leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse, narrowed into petioles; stem leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute, sessile, 3—5-nerved, 1—2 inches long, the uppermost smaller. Flowers ¼ of an inch or more long, few, on peduncles about their own length, in the axils of the upper leaves; corolla purplish-green or white, 4—5-parted, the lobes ovate, acute, each with a hollow deflexed or descending spur about half the length of the corolla.

In moist places and shaded slopes throughout the Rockies; a rather frequent but inconspicuous plant owing to its green colour; flowering in July.

MENYANTHACEÆ

_Buckbean Family_

In our species a smooth marsh herb, with creeping rootstock, long-petioled, 3-foliate leaves and white or purplish flowers, in racemes on long lateral scapes.

[Sidenote: =Menyanthes trifoliata= L. _Buckbean._]

Creeping rootstocks sometimes a foot long marked by the scars of bases of former petioles. Leaves 3-foliate, petioles sheathing at the base, 2—10 inches long; leaflets oblong or obovate, entire, obtuse at the apex, narrowed to the sessile base, 1½—3 inches long. Flowers half an inch long, pure white or purplish in 10—20-flowered racemes on scape-like naked peduncles; calyx shorter than the corolla which is bearded with white hairs within, giving the flower a feathery appearance.

In open marshes throughout the region, local in distribution; flowering in May and early June.

APOCYNACEÆ

_Dogbane Family_

In our species, perennial herbs with opposite, entire leaves and small, 5-parted, campanulate, pink flowers in corymbed cymes, and slender elongated terete seed pods.

[Sidenote: =Apocynum androsæmifolium= L. _Spreading Dogbane, Honeybloom._]

Stems 1—3 feet high, branches broadly spreading, mostly smooth. Leaves ovate or oval, spine-tipped, smooth above, pale and usually more or less hairy beneath. 2—4 inches long. Flowers pink, open-campanulate, ⅜ of an inch broad, with 5 spreading lobes, numerous, in loose, terminal and axillary cymes; seed pods round, slender, curved, 4—6 inches long, narrowed at the apex, usually in pairs; plant with a milky juice.

Frequent on the line of the railway from Field westward through the valley of the Kicking Horse River.

HYDROPHYLLACÆ

_Water-Leaf Family_

Herbs, mostly rough-hairy, with alternate or basal leaves, and perfect regular 5-parted flowers in cymes, spikes or racemes, curled when in bud and uncoiling as they flower; stamens 5, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its lobes; filaments thread-like; flowers yellow, purple or white.

Plant rough-hairy; leaves lanceolate and simple or pinnate; flowers blue or violet-purple. =Phacelia.= Plant smooth; leaves round reniform or cordate; flowers white. =Romanzoffia.=

[Illustration: Phacelia sericea (Graham) A. Gray. (⅓ Nat.) Mountain Phacelia.]

[Illustration: Phacelia heterophylla Pursh. (⅓ Nat.)]

[Sidenote: =Phacelia heterophylla= Pursh.]

Rough-hairy; stem stout, 6—24 inches high. Leaves white-hairy, lanceolate to ovate, acute, pinnately and obliquely, striately veined, the lower tapering into petioles, commonly with 1—2 pairs of small lateral leaflets. Flowers in a dense spike; corolla bluish, longer than the oblong-lanceolate or linear calyx lobes; filaments much exserted, sparingly bearded.

In the Cougar Valley in the Selkirks; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Phacelia sericea= (Graham) A. Gray. _Mountain Phacelia._]

Silky-hairy or canescent throughout, 6—18 inches high, leafy to the top. Leaves pinnately parted into linear or narrow oblong, numerous, often pinnatifid divisions, the lower petioled, the upper nearly sessile. Flowers crowded in an elongated spike, corolla violet, blue or white, open-campanulate, cleft to the middle; stamens much exserted.

In dry ground and open slopes throughout the region; flowering in June and July.

[Sidenote: =Romanzoffia sitchensis= Bong. _Romanzoffia._]

Stems slender, weak, 3—6 inches long. Leaves mainly at the root, with slender petioles, alternate, round-cordate, or reniform, with 7—11 crenate, glandular-tipped lobes. Flowers more or less racemose on slender, weak scapes with spreading pedicels longer than the flowers; calyx lobes smooth, much shorter than the delicately veiny pale pink or usually white funnel-form corolla with yellow throat and broad rounded lobes.

On constantly dripping ledges of wet rocks, rare in the region generally but rather frequent about Lake Louise and Lake O’Hara; flowering during July.

BORAGINACEÆ

_Borage Family_

Herbs with alternate or rarely opposite, entire, leaves and usually rough hairy stems. Flowers perfect, regular, mostly blue, in 1-sided curled spikes; corolla 5-lobed, stamens as many as the corolla lobes and alternate with them; fruit mostly of 4 1-seeded nutlets.

Nutlets armed with barbed prickles. =Lappula.= Nutlets not armed with barbed prickles. Racemes without bracts; corolla flat, round. =Myosotis.= Racemes with bracts; corolla funnel-form. =Lithospermum.=

[Sidenote: =Lappula floribunda= (Lehm.) Greene. _False Forget-me-not._]

Rough hairy, stem stout, paniculately branched, 2—5 feet high, the branches nearly erect. Leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2—4 inches long, sessile, obtuse or acute at the apex, the lower narrowed into long petioles. Flowers 5-lobed, bright blue with a yellow centre ⅛ to nearly ⅓ of an inch broad in numerous erect, dense racemes, nutlets ⅙ of an inch long, keeled tuberculate on the back, the margins armed with a single row of flat barbed prickles, on pedicels less than their own length.

In moist, open ground, frequent throughout the Rockies; a striking plant with heads of bright blue flowers, resembling large forget-me-nots flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Lappula diffusa= (Lehm.) Greene. _False Forget-me-not._]

Similar to the preceding species, but not so tall and with broader acute leaves. Flowers larger, ½ an inch broad, not so numerous; and larger, more densely prickled nutlets, ¼ of an inch long, on pedicels more than their own length.

Throughout the Rockies, probably more common than the previous species, in moist, more or less shaded or open ground; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Lappula Lappula= (L.) Karst. _Stickseed._]

Pale, leafy, rough, 1—2 feet high, the branches erect. Leaves linear and linear-oblong, sessile or the lowest spatulate and narrowed into petioles ½—1½ inches long, obtuse. Flowers very small, about the length of the calyx, blue, in one-sided leafy-bracted racemes; nutlets papillose on the back, armed with 2 rows of slender barbed prickles.

In open or waste ground throughout the region, especially on or near the railway; flowering throughout the summer.

[Illustration: _a_ Lappula floribunda (Lehm.) Greene. False Forget-me-not.

_b_ Lithospermum linearifolium Goldie. (⅔ Nat.) Narrow-Leaved Puccoon.]

[Sidenote: =Myosotis alpestris= Schmidt. _Forget-me-not._]

Stems tufted, erect, 3—9 inches high. Leaves oblong, linear, or lanceolate, hairy, 1—2 inches long. Flowers in rather dense heads; corolla flat, bright blue with a yellow centre ¼ of an inch or more broad, 5-lobed.

Frequent throughout the Rockies in alpine meadows and on grassy slopes; flowering during June and early July.

[Sidenote: =Lithospermum linearifolium= Goldie. _Narrow-leaved Puccoon._]

Erect or diffusely branched from the base, 6—12 inches high, minutely rough-hairy. Leaves all linear, sessile, acute, 1—2 inches long. Flowers of two kinds, leafy-bracted, at the ends of the branches, the earlier bright yellow, ½ an inch broad with a tube an inch or more long, the rounded lobes crenately erose; the later flowers small, inconspicuous and pale.

Dry sandy soil in the valley of the Bow River at Banff, the showy flowers in May and early June.

MENTHACEÆ

_Mint Family_

Aromatic herbs mostly with 4-sided stems and simple opposite leaves; flowers irregular, perfect, clustered, the inflorescence typically cymose; calyx persistent, 5-toothed or lobed; corolla with a short or long tube, the limb 4—5-lobed, mostly 2-lipped, but some regular; stamens borne on the corolla tube, typically 4.

Calyx with a protuberance on the upper side. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper arched, tube long, blue. =Scutellaria.= Calyx without a protuberance on the upper side. Corolla tube longer than the calyx; flower 2-lipped purple. =Prunella.= Corolla tube not longer than the calyx; flower 2-lipped, pink. =Stachys.= Corolla tube shorter than the calyx; nearly regular, 4-lobed. =Mentha.=

[Sidenote: =Scutellaria galericulata= L. _Marsh Skullcap._]

Perennial by slender stolons, leafy; stem erect, usually branched, 1—2 feet high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-oblong, thin, short petioled or the upper sessile, acute at the apex, dentate with low teeth or the upper entire, subcordate or rounded at the base, 1—2½ inches long, the uppermost usually much smaller. Flowers an inch long, bright blue with a slender tube and slightly enlarged throat, solitary in the axils of the leaves, on peduncles shorter than the calyx.

In swamps and wet places, frequent along the railway from Field west to Beavermouth.

[Sidenote: =Prunella vulgaris= L. _Heal-all, Self-heal._]

Hairy or nearly smooth; stems slender, creeping or ascending, or erect, usually simple but sometimes considerably branched, 2 inches to 2 feet high. Leaves ovate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or subacute at the apex, usually narrowed at the base, thin, entire or crenate, 1—4 inches long. Flowers in dense terminal spikes ½—1 inch long, becoming 2—4 inches in fruit; corolla violet-purple, or sometimes pink or white, ¼—½ an inch long, twice as long as the purplish-green calyx.

Common throughout the region in moist, open or shaded places at the lower altitudes, frequently forming clumps of considerable size; flowering throughout the summer.

[Sidenote: =Stachys palustris= L. _Marsh Woundwort._]

Erect, usually slender, simple or somewhat branched, hairy throughout; 1—4 feet high. Leaves lanceolate, sessile or very short petioled, acuminate or acute at the apex, wedge-shaped or cordate at the base, 2—5 inches long, ½—1 inch wide, crenulate or dentate, flowers clustered, forming an elongated, interrupted spike, or sometimes in the axils of the upper leaves, 6—10 in a whorl; calyx hairy, its slender teeth more than ½ the length of the tube; corolla deep pink spotted with purple, ½—¾ of an inch long, the upper lip erect, hairy, the lower spreading 3-cleft.

In swamps and wet places throughout the region from Field west to Beavermouth along the railway; flowering during July.

[Sidenote: =Mentha canadensis= L. _American Wild Mint._]

Perennial by runners; stem more or less hairy with spreading hairs, simple or branched, 6 inches to 2½ feet high. Leaves oblong, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, slender-stemmed, acute at the apex, sharply serrate, smooth or sparingly hairy, the larger 2—3 inches long, ½—1 inch wide. Flowers numerous, small, ⅛ of an inch long, white, pink or pale purple, all in whorls in the axils of the leaves, the calyx about ⅓ the length of the corolla.

In moist soil and marshy places, frequent along the line of the railway from Field west to Beavermouth; flowering during July.

SCROPHULARIACEÆ

_Figwort Family_

Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves without stipules and mostly perfect, complete and irregular flowers; calyx 4—5-toothed, -cleft, or -divided; corolla 2-lipped or nearly regular and stamens 2, 4, or 5, nearly equal.

Stamens 5, the fifth sterile or rudimentary. Sterile stamen represented by a gland on the upper side of the corolla tube. =Collinsia.= Sterile stamen nearly as long as the rest. =Pentstemon.= Stamens 2, leaves opposite or whorled. =Veronica.= Stamens 4. Stamens not enclosed in the upper lip. =Mimulus.= Stamens enclosed in the upper lip. Anther cells unequal. Upper lip of the corolla much longer than the lower. =Castilleja.= Upper lip of the corolla scarcely longer and much narrower than the inflated lower one. =Orthocarpus.= Anther cells equal and parallel. Galea not prolonged into a beak; throat without teeth. =Pedicularis.= Galea prolonged into a very slender, recurved beak; throat with a tooth on each side. =Elephantella.=

[Illustration: Collinsia parviflora Dougl. (⅔ Nat.) Small-Flowered Collinsia.]