Part 5

Stems 6—12 inches high, diffuse, ascending or somewhat reclined or creeping, sometimes reduced to slender naked runners. Leaves fleshy, rhombic-ovate, acute, about half an inch long, contracted at the base, the upper a quarter of an inch long or less. Flowers few and racemose; petals somewhat obcordate ¼ of an inch long, much surpassing the rounded sepals, rose-colour varying to white; propagating freely by bulblet-like offshoots in the axils of the stem leaves, as well as by the usual method.

In wet stony places and in the gravelly beds of Alpine brooks, frequent in the Selkirks, flowering in July.

CARYOPHYLLACEÆ

_Pink Family_

Herbaceous plants, often swollen at the nodes, with opposite entire leaves and perfect or rarely diœcious regular flowers; sepals 4 or 5 persistent, separated or united into a calyx tube; petals equal in number to the sepals or none; stamens twice as many as the sepals or fewer.

Sepals united; petals long clawed. Calyx 10-many nerved. Styles 3; capsule with 3 or 6 teeth. =Silene.= Styles 5; capsule with 5 or 10 teeth. =Lychnis.= Sepals free to the base or nearly so. Petals two-cleft or rarely none. Capsule cylindric, usually curved. =Cerastium.= Capsule ovate or oblong, not curved. =Alsine.= Petals entire or notched, rarely none. Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with them. =Sagina.= Styles fewer than the sepals. Seeds appendaged. =Mœhringia.= Seeds not appendaged. =Arenaria.=

[Illustration: Silene acaulis L. (⅔ Nat.) Moss Campion.]

[Illustration: Lychnis apetala L. (⅔ Nat.) Nodding Lychnis.]

[Sidenote: =Silene acaulis= L. _Moss Campion._]

Closely tufted, an inch or two high, forming cushion-like beds, often 2 feet or more across. Leaves sessile, crowded, linear, ½ an inch or less long, the margins ciliate. Flowers ¼ of an inch or more across, nearly sessile or raised on naked curved peduncles, often ½ an inch long; calyx narrowly campanulate, ¼ of an inch long, smooth, the teeth short, rounded; petals rose-purple or rarely white, entire or notched.

In alpine meadows, in stony ground, on the moraines and tops of the mountains throughout the region, flowering in June and July.

[Sidenote: =Silene Lyallii= S. Wats. _Lyall’s Catchfly._]

Stems slender, decumbent at the base, 12—18 inches high, minutely hairy throughout, glandular above. Leaves, the basal spatulate, obtuse 1—2 inches long on long petioles, those of the stem linear 1—2 inches long, sessile. Flowers on short peduncles in rather loose terminal heads; calyx oblong, inflated, about ½ an inch long, narrow, glandular, teeth purple-tipped; petals white, nearly half an inch long, spreading, two-lobed.

On grassy alpine slopes throughout the region, flowering in June and July.

[Sidenote: =Lychnis apetala= L. _Nodding Lychnis._]

More or less glandular-hairy, 2—6 inches high. Leaves linear or oblanceolate, ½-2½ inches long. Flower solitary, ½—¾ of an inch long, nodding; calyx inflated, strongly purple veined, its teeth triangular-ovate, acute; petals purple, as long as or shorter than the calyx, narrow, 2-cleft.

Among loose boulders on the moraines and alpine summits throughout the region, flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Cerastium arvense strictum= (L.) Rydb. _Field Chickweed._]

Stems tufted, ascending from a decumbent base, 3—6 inches high, hairy throughout, roughly so at the base; glandular at the summit. Leaves numerous, ½—¾ of an inch long, narrowly lanceolate, acute, with a broad sessile base. Flowers several in a more or less close head, nearly half an inch broad, white; petals deeply notched.

In dry stony ground in the lower valleys of the Rockies, flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Cerastium behringianum= Cham. and Schl. _Alpine Chickweed._]

Thick, silky-hairy below, with sticky hairs above; stems matted 1—3 inches high. Leaves small, oblong, ¼ of an inch long or less, rather thick, obtuse. Flowers ¼ of an inch or more broad; petals white, notched at the apex, sometimes little longer than the lanceolate sepals.

In stony ground, alpine slopes and summits throughout the Rockies, flowering during summer.

[Sidenote: =Alsine longipes= (Goldie) Coville. _Long-stalked Stitchwort._]

Erect or ascending, tufted, simple or rarely sparingly branched, 3—12 inches high, smooth and shining. Leaves light green, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, ½—1½ inches long, broad at the base. Flowers few, ¼—⅓ of an inch broad, terminal, on long, slender, erect pedicels; sepals ovate or lanceolate, acute; petals 2-cleft, exceeding the calyx.

In moist open places throughout the Rockies, flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Alsine læta= (Richards.) Rydb. _Glaucous Stitchwort._]

Low, smooth, or somewhat hairy, 1—4 inches high, very glaucous throughout, densely leafy at the base. Leaves keeled, lanceolate, awl-shaped to linear, rather stiff, ¼—½ an inch long. Flowers ¼ of an inch or more across; sepals lanceolate, acute, ⅛ of an inch long; petals notched, longer than the sepals; stamens showy, with scarlet anthers.

In alpine meadows and moist grounds at high altitudes, throughout the region; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Alsine borealis= (Bigel.) Britton. _Northern Stitchwort._]

Erect or ascending, weak, much branched, smooth, or hairy above, 6—18 inches long. Leaves thin, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, ½—1½ inches long, acute, sessile, thin, margins slightly hairy or naked. Flowers small and inconspicuous in a leafy terminal compound head, ascending or spreading on slender pedicels; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute; petals shorter than the sepals or none.

In wet places at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering throughout the summer from early June.

[Illustration: _a_ Alsine borealis (Bigel.) Britton. Northern Stitchwort.

_b_ Mœhringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl. Blunt-Leaved Sandwort. (½ Nat.)]

[Illustration: Arenaria capillaris nardifolia (Ledeb.) Regel. (⅔ Nat.) Rock Sandwort.]

[Sidenote: =Sagina saginoides= (L.) Britton. _Arctic Pearl-wort._]

Smooth, stems very slender and tufted, 1—4 inches high. Leaves 1⅛ to nearly ½ an inch long with a spiny tip. Flowers small, solitary or few together, at the end of the slender stem, about ⅛ of an inch broad; petals white minute, hardly exceeding the calyx.

On rocks and moist sandy ground throughout the region; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Mœhringia lateriflora= (L.) Fenzl. _Blunt-leaved Sandwort._]

Stems erect or ascending, simple or at length, sparingly branched, finely hairy throughout, 4—12 inches high. Leaves thin, oval, or oblong, ½—1 inch long, obtuse, spreading, the margins and nerves fringed with hairs. Flowers few in lateral and terminal clusters or sometimes solitary; ¼ of an inch or more broad, their parts in 4’s or 5’s; sepals oblong, obtuse or acute, half as long as the nearly entire white petals.

In moist places growing among grass, throughout the Rockies; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Arenaria capillaris nardifolia= (Ledeb.) Regel. _Rock Sandwort._]

Smooth throughout except the tops of the stems and sepals, which are glandular; stems slender, 4—8 inches high, numerous from a tufted, leafy base. Leaves mostly in bundles ½—1½ inches long, smooth, very slender and curved, with a spiny tip, those of the stem few and much reduced. Flowers white, ½ an inch broad in a loose branching head.

A rather striking plant on grassy slopes throughout the region; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Arenaria verna equicaulis= A. Nelson. _Vernal Sandwort._]

Very slender, much branched and finely, sticky-hairy throughout; stems thread-like, numerous, nearly of a uniform length in the same plant, 2—3 inches long. Leaves crowded at the base, few and much reduced above, linear, awl-shaped, thick, semi-cylindric, nearly smooth. Flowers small, little more than ⅛ of an inch across; sepals ovate-oblong, acute, strongly 3-nerved; petals white, acute, not exceeding the sepals.

A small tufted plant with wiry stems and minute white star-like flowers, in moist or dry, sandy places throughout the region from the low valleys to the alpine summits; flowering in May and June.

[Sidenote: =Arenaria sajanensis= Willd. _Alpine Sandwort._]

Closely tufted, stems densely glandular-hairy, decumbent, very leafy below, ½—2½ inches long with 2 or 3 pairs of short, rather distant leaves and terminating in 1—3 flowers. Lower leaves, linear-obtuse, stiff, ⅛ of an inch or more long, smooth or slightly hairy; calyx lobes linear-oblong, 1—3 ribbed, glandular, hairy, ⅛ of an inch long; petals white, broad, equalling or exceeding the sepals.

On high alpine slopes and summits, throughout the Rockies; flowering in June and July.

RANUNCULACEÆ

_Crowfoot Family_

Herbs or rarely climbing shrubs with acrid sap; leaves usually alternate without stipules; flowers usually showy, blue, white, yellow, or scarlet; sepals 3—15, generally soon falling away, often petal-like; petals about the same number or occasionally wanting; stamens many; carpels many or rarely solitary.

[Illustration: Atragene columbiana Nutt. (⅔ Nat.) Purple Virgin’s-Bower.]

Carpels with solitary ovules; fruit an achene. Sepals valvate in the bud; leaves opposite. =Atragene.= Sepals folded on each other in the bud; leaves not opposite. Stem leaves three in a whorl. Styles short, smooth or hairy. =Anemone.= Styles long, plumose. =Pulsatilla.= Stem leaves alternate or basal. Petals none, flowers small; leaves compound. =Thalictrum.= Petals present. Flowers white. =Batrachium.= Flowers yellow. Achenes papillose or spiny. =Ranunculus.= Achenes longitudinally nerved. =Halerpestes.= Carpels with several ovules; fruit, follicles or berries. Flowers regular. Leaves simple. Petals none; leaves cordate-orbicular. =Caltha.= Petals linear-spatulate; leaves palmately parted. =Trollius.= Leaves compound. Sepals spurred; carpels becoming follicles. =Aquilegia.= Sepals not spurred; carpels becoming berries. =Actæa.= Flowers irregular; upper sepals spurred. =Delphinium.=

[Sidenote: =Atragene columbiana= Nutt. _Purple Virgin’s-bower._]

A climbing or trailing vine with somewhat woody stems. Leaves trifoliate, the leaflets thin, on slender petioles, ovate, attenuate, acute, and entire, 2—3 inches long. Flowers purple, 1½—2 inches broad, on long peduncles, solitary in the axils of the leaves; sepals 4—6, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, more than twice the length of the stamens; styles persistent, forming a plumose head of fruit.

In rocky woods and on shaded mountain sides up to 6000 feet elevation, throughout the Rockies, trailing over the ground, or festooning the shrubs or lower branches of the trees; flowering in early June.

[Sidenote: =Anemone parviflora= Michx. _Northern Anemone._]

Stem simple, sparingly hairy, 4—8 inches high. Basal leaves long-petioled, 3-parted, the broadly wedge-shaped divisions obtusely-lobed or crenate, those of the involucre nearly sessile, similarly lobed. Flower an inch or less in diameter, sepals, oblong, very obtuse, white, blue on the outside near the base; stamens numerous; head of fruit globose.

Common throughout the Rockies in moist ground and rich woods; flowering early in June.

[Illustration: _a_ Anemone Drummondii S. Wats. Alpine Anemone.

_b_ Anemone parviflora Michx. Northern Anemone. (⅔ Nat.)]

[Sidenote: =Anemone Drummondii= S. Wats. _Alpine Anemone._]

Sparingly pubescent, with long whitish hairs, especially at the involucre, 4—6 inches high. Root leaves, slender-petioled, 3-parted, the divisions cut into linear, oblong obtuse lobes; leaves of the involucre similar on short petioles, their lobes slightly broader. Flowers usually solitary, half an inch or more broad on long peduncles; sepals 5, ovate or oval, obtuse, white, finely appressed-hairy and blue outside.

Throughout the region in alpine meadows and slopes near the snow, flowering in June and July as the snows disappear.

[Sidenote: =Anemone globosa= Nutt. _Wind-flower._]

Stems 3—15 inches high, close, silky-hairy. Root leaves long-petioled, nearly semicircular in outline, 3-parted, the sessile divisions deeply lobed, with cleft, linear segments, involucral leaves similar, short petioled. Sepals 5—8, red, bluish or nearly pure white, half an inch or less long, soft, hairy outside, receptacle oblong, in fruit densely woolly.

The most abundant anemone through the Rockies in the low open valleys, and, occasionally on the slopes, presenting the greatest variety of colouring from deep rosy pink to pure white and occasionally blue; flowering in early June.

[Sidenote: =Pulsatilla hirsutissima= (Pursh.) Britton. _Pasque-Flower._]

Villous, 6—18 inches high. Leaves much divided into narrow, linear, acute lobes, the basal on slender petioles, those of the involucre sessile and erect or ascending. Flowers bluish-purple, sometimes nearly white inside; sepals 5—7 ovate-oblong 1—1½ inches long, forming a cup; fruit a head of long silky achenes 2 inches or more in diameter.

This is one of the earliest and most beautiful of all the spring flowers, in the open meadows and mountain sides, blossoming through May and June according to the situation. Probably its most common local name, in the Rockies where it is very abundant, is that of crocus, to which flower it does bear a superficial resemblance, in size, shape, and colour, and in the habit of the flower appearing as soon as the snow has left the ground, and before the leaves.

[Illustration: _a_ Pulsatilla hirsutissima (Pursh Britton). Pasque Flower.

_b_ Pulsatilla occidentalis (S. Wats.) Freyn. (⅔ Nat.) Western Anemone.]

[Sidenote: =Pulsatilla occidentalis= (S. Wats.) Freyn. _Western Anemone._]

Stem rather stout, silky-hairy, 6—18 inches high, simple. Leaves biternate, the lower on long petioles, the divisions deeply pinnatifid into deeply cut linear, acute lobes; those of the involucre similar but short-petioled. Flowers 1½—2 inches broad, peduncled, the peduncles much elongated in fruit; sepals spreading, 6—7, oval-obtuse, white, the outside usually blue at the base; fruit of long plumose tailed achenes in a globular fluffy head.

Frequent throughout the Rockies at an elevation of 6000 to 10,000 feet, blossoming on the edges of the snow banks as they recede, a conspicuous feature of many an alpine meadow during early June.

[Sidenote: =Thalictrum megacarpum= Torr. _Veiny Meadow Rue._]

Smooth, pale green, and glaucous; stem purplish, erect, 6—18 inches tall. Leaves 3—4, ternate, long-petioled, leaflets firm, obovate, rounded at the apex, wedge-shaped or subcordate at the base, ¼—½ an inch long, 3—5-lobed, the lower surface prominently veined. Flowers diœcious, with 4 or 5 small, purplish-green sepals and large, linear, wedge-shaped anthers or slender styles; the achenes wedge-shaped and tapering into a short beak.

A frequent plant in the dry open valleys in the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Thalictrum occidentale= A. Gray. _Western Meadow Rue._]

Stems slender, 1—3 feet high. Leaves 2—4, ternate, the lowest petioled; leaflets thin, ¼ to nearly an inch long, 3—9 lobed at the summit, sparingly glandular-hairy beneath. Flowers diœcious, nodding on very slender pedicels in an ample open panicle; calyx of 4—8 sepals which soon fall, filaments purplish and slender; anthers linear and pointed; achenes lanceolate or somewhat sickle-shaped, nearly half an inch long.

Frequent in rich woods and moist shady places at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering in June, like the previous species striking for its leaves, resembling a robust maiden-hair fern, and the large loose heads of delicate tasselled flowers.

[Illustration: Thalictrum megacarpum Torr. (⅓ Nat.)]

[Illustration: Thalictrum occidentale A. Gray. (⅓ Nat.) Western Meadow Rue.]

[Sidenote: =Batrachium trichophyllum= (Chaix.) Bossch. _White Water Crowfoot._]

Aquatic herb with submerged stems, a foot long or more. Leaves petioled, 1—2 inches long, finely dissected. Flowers white with yellow centre, ½—¾ of an inch broad, blooming on the surface of the water on stout pedicels 1—2 inches or more long.

Frequent throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes in shallow ponds and ditches; flowering in June and July.

[Sidenote: =Ranunculus Purshii= Richards. _Pursh’s Buttercup._]

Aquatic or creeping, hairy, at least on the younger parts. Leaves slender-petioled, ¼—1 inch, wide, palmately divided nearly to the base, into obtuse lobes. Flowers less than ½ an inch broad, bright yellow; petals 5; head of fruit globose, a little less than ¼ of an inch broad.

Frequent in shallow pools throughout the Rockies; flowering throughout the summer.

[Sidenote: =Ranunculus reptans= L. _Creeping Spearwort._]

Stems creeping, rooting at the joints; flowering stems and peduncles ascending. Leaves linear-lanceolate or spatulate ½—2 inches long, entire, gradually narrowed into the petiole. Flowers nearly half an inch broad, solitary, on peduncles ¾—2 inches long; petals 4—7, much exceeding the calyx; stamens numerous; achenes flat.

On muddy shores of ponds and streams throughout the Rockies, flowering in midsummer, the creeping stems frequently interlaced and forming dense mats.

[Illustration: _a_ Ranunculus eremogenes Greene. Ditch Crowfoot.

_b_ Ranunculus Purshii Richards. (⅓ Nat.) Pursh’s Buttercup.]

[Illustration: Ranunculus inamœnus Greene. (⅓ Nat.)]

[Sidenote: =Ranunculus pedatifidus= J. E. Smith. _Northern Buttercup._]

Erect 4—12 inches high, branching. Basal leaves petioled, broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, about ¾ of an inch broad, crenate or often lobed, those of the stem deeply and narrowly lobed, nearly sessile. Flowers about ⅓ of an inch in diameter, petals little surpassing the spreading sepals.

In moist shaded situations near Banff; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Ranunculus eremogenes= Greene. _Ditch Crowfoot._]

Stem branching, more or less hairy, 6—18 inches high, sparingly leafy. Leaves rounded in outline, mostly 5-parted, the segments cut into about 3-toothed lobes. Flowers of ¼ an inch or more broad, the light yellow petals surpassing the sepals; fruit in an obtusely ovoid head.

In wet springy places, ditches and the margins of pools, frequent through the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering in June and July.

[Sidenote: =Ranunculus Eschscholtzii= Schl. _Snow Buttercup._]

Smooth, 3—12 inches high, 1—3-flowered. Leaves round in outline, those at the root all 3—5-parted and deeply cut; their obovate or wedge-shaped divisions mostly lobed or narrowly cut, stem-leaves similar with oblong to spatulate or lanceolate, often entire divisions. Flowers bright yellow; petals 5, a third of an inch or more long.

Frequent at the higher altitudes, blooming close to the melting snow, throughout the region; flowering in June and July.

[Sidenote: =Ranunculus alpeophilus= A. Nelson.]

Similar in habit to the previous species though usually larger, bright green and nearly smooth throughout. Leaves sparingly hairy on the margins, the basal broader and less divided. Flowers pale yellow, ¼ of an inch or more broad; petals little longer than the calyx.

Along streams and in moist grounds, an alpine species frequent throughout the Rockies; flowering in June and July.

[Illustration: _a_ Ranunculus saxicola Rydb.

_b_ Ranunculus alpeophilus A. Nelson. (½ Nat.)]

[Illustration: Ranunculus Eschscholtzii Schl. (⅔ Nat.) Snow Buttercup.]

[Sidenote: =Ranunculus saxicola.= Rydb.]

Stems about 4 inches long, decumbent or ascending, smooth. Basal leaves on petioles 2 inches long, rounded, somewhat hairy when young, 3-lobed, lobes spreading and toothed, stem-leaves 1—3, nearly sessile, cleft into 3—7 linear lobes. Flowers about ½ an inch broad, sepals tinged with brown, half the length of the petals, broad, obovate, obtuse, slightly hairy; petals broadly obovate, bright yellow; achenes more or less hairy, with a straight style.

Throughout the Rockies in stony ground at the higher altitudes; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Ranunculus inamœnus.= Greene.]

Stems rather stout, 6—12 inches high, slightly hairy. Root leaves on short petioles, rounded, crenate-toothed or 3-lobed, stem leaves sessile and cut into 3—6 oblong-lanceolate segments. Flowers ¼ of an inch or more broad, usually several together on short slender peduncles; petals obovate-oblong, light yellow; achenes small, hairy.

In open ground sparingly throughout the Rockies at the lower elevations; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Ranunculus Suksdorfii= A. Gray.]

Stem 3—6 inches high, smooth, slender, 1—3-flowered. Leaves ½ an inch or more long, sub-reniform or broadly fan-shaped with wedge-shaped base, deeply 3—5-cleft or parted, the radical into cuneate 3—5-cleft or incised divisions, those of the stem linear. Flowers bright yellow; petals round-obovate, ⅓—½ an inch long.

In moist ground on slopes, throughout the Rockies; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Ranunculus eximius= Greene. _Low Buttercup._]

Stems hairy, 6—10 inches high, branching. Leaves few, basal, rounded in outline, ternately lobed, sometimes deeply so, on slender petioles; stem leaves sessile or nearly so, cut into narrowly linear or linear-lanceolate lobes. Flowers ¾ of an inch or more broad, petals spreading, bright yellow and shining on the upper surface; sepals not reflexed.

A showy low buttercup in the dry open valleys in the Rockies; flowering in June.

[Illustration: Aquilegia brevistyla Hook. (¾ Nat.) Small Blue Columbine.]

[Sidenote: =Ranunculus montanensis= Rydb. _Meadow Buttercup._]

Stem stout, 1—2 feet high, branching with long rough hairs. Basal leaves long, hairy all over, 3-parted, the divisions again divided or cut into linear or lanceolate segments; petioles 3 or 4 inches long; stem-leaves similar but short petioled. Flowers few, large; sepals broadly ovate with silky hairs; petals broadly ovate, nearly half an inch long, bright yellow; head of achenes, globose; style long, slender, and much curved.

Frequent in the Rockies at the lower altitudes in more or less shaded grassy situations; flowering in June and July.

[Sidenote: =Halerpestes Cymbalaria= (Pursh.) Green. _Creeping Crowfoot._]

Stems creeping and rooting at the joints, 1—7-flowered. Leaves broadly ovate, coarsely crenate, clustered at the base and joints of the long slender runners. Flowers ¼ of an inch across; petals light yellow, longer than the sepals; fruit in oblong heads.

A common species throughout the Rockies in damp ground, frequently forming mats several feet across; flowering continuously throughout the summer.

[Sidenote: =Caltha leptosepala= Hook. _White Marsh Marigold._]

Stems erect, 2—12 inches high, 1—2-flowered. Leaves roundish or oblong-cordate, longer than broad, irregularly crenate-toothed; sepals 6—8, lanceolate, ¾ of an inch long, white, strongly suffused with blue on the outside; stamens numerous; pistils 5—15.

In springy ground and wet alpine meadows throughout the region, often growing in such abundance as to make the meadows brilliant with the blue and white flowers, which appear soon after the snow has left the ground in June and July.

[Sidenote: =Trollius albiflorus= (A. Gray.) Rydb. _Western Globe-flower._]

Stem erect, 6—12 inches high, more or less branching. Leaves palmately divided, the segments many cleft. Flowers solitary, 1—1½ inches broad, subtended by a whorl of leaves; sepals broadly obovate 5—6, pure white tinged on the back with greenish rose; petals 15—20, less than ¼ of an inch long, narrowly truncate, bright yellow, nearly concealed by the numerous stamens.

One of the most abundant and conspicuous of the spring flowers of the alpine meadows, and marshy borders of alpine streams and lakes, commencing to flower when but a few inches high on the edges of the melting snow in May and June.

[Illustration: _a_ Caltha leptosepala Hook.

_b_ Trollius albiflorus (A. Gray) Rydb. Western Globe-Flower. (⅔ Nat.)]

[Sidenote: =Aquilegia brevistyla= Hook. _Small Blue Columbine._]

One to two feet high, slender, sparingly branched. Leaves, the basal long-petioled, biternate, lobed and crenate, the stem leaves few, nearly sessile and lobed. Flowers ½ an inch or more long, nodding, sepals blue, petals creamy-white with a short blue spur not more than ¼ of an inch long; styles and stamens hardly exceeding the petals.

In open rocky situations, rather local, common in the region around Banff, flowering in May and June.

[Sidenote: =Aquilegia flavescens= S. Wats. _Yellow Columbine._]

Stems smooth, 1—3 feet high, branched. Leaves ternate, leaflets round-cordate, 3-parted, the segments coarsely toothed, 2—3-cleft. Flowers yellow, an inch or more long, nodding; sepals reflexed, oblong-ovate, acute, longer than the spurs; petals spreading with a spur half an inch long; styles and stamens nearly equal, much exserted.

The commonest columbine throughout the region, growing in woods and on slopes up to 8000 feet, varying greatly in colour; flowering in June and July according to the elevation.

[Sidenote: =Aquilegia formosa= Fisch. _Western Columbine._]

Stem 2—4 feet high, branching, sparingly pubescent with spreading hairs. Leaves, the lower triternately parted on long petioles, the upper sessile and ternate or reduced to simple bracts, leaflets broadly wedge-shaped, 3-cleft. Flowers scarlet, drooping, more than an inch long; sepals scarlet varying to orange, spreading or reflexed, an inch long, lanceolate, acute; petals yellow, more or less spreading, with a scarlet spur about the length of the sepals; styles and stamens exserted.

Throughout the Selkirks, in moist ground, on slopes and borders of rocky alpine streams, flowering during July and late June.

[Illustration: _a_ Aquilegia flavescens S. Wats. Yellow Columbine.

_b_ Aquilegia formosa Fisch. Western Columbine. (⅔ Nat.)]

[Sidenote: =Delphinium Brownii= Rydb. _Western Larkspur._]

Stem tall, 2—5 feet high, leafy. Leaves mostly orbicular in outline, 5—7-parted, the upper into narrow-cleft, laciniate divisions, petioled. Flowers nodding, less than an inch long, dull purple, bluish or occasionally white, numerous in an elongated spike; sepals 5, blue, ⅓ of an inch long, not spreading, the upper one prolonged into a spur, half an inch long; petals white, nearly as long as the sepals.

Frequent in the region around Banff in open woods at the lower altitudes, flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Delphinium Menziesii= DC. _Blue Larkspur._]

Sparingly leafy, 10—18 inches tall, from a tuberous rootstock. Leaves, the lowest round reniform, cut into irregular, oblong, obtuse lobes, the upper with linear, acute lobes. Flowers few in a simple panicle, sepals lanceolate, obtuse, ¾ of an inch or more long, spreading, brilliant blue, about as long as the short curved spur; petals exserted, white with purple veins.

Throughout the region in open ground and on grassy slopes; flowering in early June or later according to the altitude.

[Sidenote: =Actæa arguta= Nutt. _Western Red Baneberry._]