Part 7

Abundant in damp rich woods throughout the region oftentimes carpeting the ground; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Hemieva ranunculifolia= (Hook.) Raf. _Hemieva._]

Light yellowish-green; stems 8—10 inches high from a rosy-bulbous rootstock. Leaves ternately divided to the base, the middle division broadly wedge-shaped, ½—1 inch long, rounded, 3-lobed, the lateral ones oblique and 4-lobed; basal, on petioles 2—4 inches long, stem leaves on short petioles dilated at the base, the uppermost sessile, merely 3-lobed at the apex. Flowers showy in a short dense corymb; the base of the calyx and sepals yellowish-green about ⅛ of an inch long; petals white or yellowish, broadly spatulate, ¼ of an inch long; stamens 5, opposite the sepals, filaments and carpels more or less rosy in colour.

On wet rocky slopes in the Selkirks at Glacier, not common; flowering in June.

[Illustration: Saxifraga cernua L. (⅔ Nat.) Nodding Saxifrage.]

[Illustration: Saxifraga rivularis L. (⅔ Nat.) Alpine Brook Saxifrage.]

[Sidenote: =Saxifraga rivularis= L. _Alpine Brook Saxifrage._]

Stems 1—3½ inches tall, tufted, smooth or finely glandular-hairy. Leaves reniform in outline, ⅛—½ an inch broad, thick, mainly 3-lobed, those of the stem sometimes entire, short petioled or sessile; basal leaves on slender petioles an inch or more long. Flowers small, base of the calyx and sepals ⅛ of an inch long; petals oblong, or broadly wedge-shaped, white, slightly larger than the sepals.

An inconspicuous little plant growing on wet rocks and beside alpine brooks at high altitudes throughout the region; flowering during midsummer.

[Sidenote: =Saxifraga cernua= L. _Nodding Bulbous Saxifrage._]

Stems 3—8 inches tall, leafy, somewhat glandular-hairy, growing in groups. Leaves reniform in outline ⅓—1 inch wide; the basal and lower stem-leaves long-petioled prominently, 3—7 lobed, the lobes linear to triangular-lanceolate; the upper stem leaves, 3—5-lobed. Flowers represented by clusters of rosy bulblets, except a single terminal one with the base of the calyx and sepals ¼ of an inch long, and wedge-shaped, the clawless white petals nearly half an inch long.

A rather striking alpine plant growing on wet rocks at Lake Louise and Moraine Lake; flowering in midsummer.

[Sidenote: =Muscaria adscendens= (L.) Small. _Muscaria._]

Somewhat glandular-hairy, 1—4 inches tall. Leaves ⅛—¼ of an inch long, mainly wedge-shaped or spatulate, 3-toothed or those of the stem entire. Flower-stalks sparingly branched above or throughout; sepals ovate or oblong-ovate ¹/₁₆—⅛ of an inch long, acute or obtuse; petals white, wedge-shaped to oblong wedge-shaped, a third longer than the sepals, the claws slender or stout.

An alpine species with rosettes of basal leaves, not infrequent throughout the Rockies, along streams, and on shaded rocks; flowering in midsummer.

[Illustration: Muscaria cæspitosa (L.) Haw. (½ Nat.) Tufted Saxifrage.]

[Illustration: Micranthes rhomboidea (Greene) Small. (⅓ Nat.) Mountain Saxifrage.]

[Sidenote: =Muscaria cæspitosa= (L.) Haw. _Tufted Saxifrage._]

Glandular-hairy, 2—6 inches tall. Leaves crowded at the base, sometimes densely so; blades ¼—¾ of an inch long, 3-lobed at the apex, the lobes lanceolate or linear. Flower-stalks stout, 3-few-flowered, each bearing 2—3 leaves, base of the calyx ⅛ to ³/₁₆ of an inch high, turbinate at the base, sepals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, ¹/₁₆—⅛ of an inch long; petals white, narrowly obovate or oblong-ovate, ¼ of an inch or more long, rounded at the apex.

An alpine species growing on moist, shaded rocks throughout the Rockies, frequent, often forming tufts of considerable size; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Micranthes rhomboidea= (Greene) Small. _Alpine Saxifrage._]

Leaves forming a rosette, spreading or ascending ¾—2 inches long, ovoid or rhombic-ovoid, obtuse, crenulate or dentate-serrate, nearly smooth except the ciliate margins, mainly green, sometimes purplish beneath, abruptly or gradually narrowed into petiole-like bases, which are occasionally larger than the blades. Flowers in a compact terminal head on a copiously glandular, naked scape 3—10 inches high; sepals ovate to triangular ¹/₁₆—⅛ of an inch long barely if at all ciliate, 3-veined; petals white, obovate or oblong-ovate, twice as long as the sepals, notched at the apex, seed pods green or purplish, the points spreading.

A frequent alpine plant in the more or less moist, shaded situations throughout the Rockies; flowering in July.

[Illustration: Micranthes Nelsoniana (D. Don.) Small. (½ Nat.) Nelson’s Saxifrage.]

[Illustration: Micranthes Lyallii (Engler) Small. (⅔ Nat.) Lyall’s Saxifrage.]

[Sidenote: =Micranthes Lyallii= (Engler) Small. _Lyall’s Saxifrage._]

Leaves erect or ascending ½—2½ inches long, fan-shaped varying to suborbicular, typically wedge-shaped at the base, coarsely few-toothed above with the teeth mainly directed forward, smooth or nearly so, the petiole-like bases often longer than the blades. Flowering stems 3—24 inches tall, smooth or nearly so, sparingly branched above, commonly purple, few-flowered; petals white with 2 yellow blotches below the middle, broadly oblong or suborbicular, often slightly notched at the apex, twice as long as the sepals, often tinged and streaked with red on the outside; seed pods nearly ½ an inch high, purple or purple-tinged, usually 3 or 4 together, with pointed beaks.

An alpine form frequent throughout the region in damp, shady, or open places and along the borders of mountain streams; a rather striking plant, flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Micranthes Nelsoniana= (D. Don.) Small. _Nelson’s Saxifrage._]

Leaves erect or ascending, 1—5 inches long, suborbicular or reniform, ¾—1¾ inches in diameter, deeply cordate at the base, usually sparingly hairy on both sides, coarsely few-toothed with crenate, gland-tipped teeth. Flower-stem erect, 1½—7 inches tall, glandular-villous, especially above, terminating in a compact head usually with purple or purplish bracts; sepals ovate or oblong-ovate ⅙—⅛ of an inch long, ciliate; petals white, broadly oblong to ovate, twice as long as the sepals.

A rather rare though very beautiful alpine flower found throughout the region in moist places and along alpine brooks; flowering in June.

[Illustration: Spatularia Brunoniana (Bong.) Small. (¼ Nat.) Tall Saxifrage.]

[Illustration: Leptasea austromontana (Wiegand) Small. (⅓ Nat.) Common Saxifrage.]

[Sidenote: =Spatularia Brunoniana= Bong. _Tall Saxifrage._]

Copiously glandular-hairy, 4—15 inches tall. Leaves crowded on the short rootstock, spatulate to oblanceolate-spatulate, 1—3 inches long, sharply and sometimes broadly toothed, mostly above the middle. Flower-stems solitary or several together, widely branching, bracts much smaller than the leaves; flowers terminating the stem, branches, and branchlets, but on many of the ultimate branchlets represented by clusters of green bulblets; sepals oblong-ovate to triangular-ovate, ⅙ of an inch or less long, purple, reflexed; petals white, ¼ of an inch long or less, the three upper with lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate blades; two lower with elliptic or spatulate-elliptic blades; seed pods ¼ of an inch long with diverging tips. The commonest form in the Selkirks, everywhere along streams and banks.

[Sidenote: =Leptarrhena pyrolifolia= (D. Don.) R. Br. _Leptarrhena._]

Caudex horizontal or ascending, clothed with folded leaf bases. Leaves leathery, oblong, or sometimes slightly broadest above or below the middle, 1½—3½ inches long, obtuse, serrate or crenate-serrate, deep green and lustrous above, paler beneath, narrowed into winged petiole-like bases. Flower-stalks 4—18 inches high, bearing 1 or 2 clasping leaves; flowers small and inconspicuous, at first congested in a compact head, becoming separated; sepals ovate, about as long as the base of the calyx, each with a terminal gland and usually some lateral glands; petals narrowly spatulate, white, ⅛ of an inch long; seed pods ¼ of an inch long with slightly spreading tips; purplish.

Along alpine streams and in damp shaded places, rather abundant throughout the region at the higher altitudes; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Leptasea Van-Bruntiæ= Small. _Fleshy Saxifrage._]

Stems decumbent. Leaves ⅛—½ of an inch long, the blades very thick, flattish, smooth, ciliate on the margins, spine-tipped. Flowers 1—several on stalks, 1½—3 inches tall, finely glandular-hairy, leafy, bearing larger leaves than the decumbent stems; sepals ovate to oblong-ovate, ⅛ of an inch long, smooth, more or less eroded at the apex; petals deep yellow, oblong, much longer than the calyx; seed pods ¼ of an inch or more long.

A common species throughout the Rockies, forming mats on the wet gravel and sand of the shores and flood-plains of the rivers and torrent fans at the bases of the moraines; flowering throughout June and July.

[Sidenote: =Leptasea austromontana= (Wiegand) Small. _Common Saxifrage._]

Leaves of the caudices ½ an inch or less long, stiff and crowded, but more or less spreading, the blades narrowly lanceolate to subulate, ciliate, slender, spine-tipped. Flower-stalks 1½—6 inches tall, nearly smooth or finely glandular-hairy, bearing several leaves which are smaller than those of the caudices; sepals ovate, sometimes rather narrowly so, ⅛ of an inch long, smooth or sparingly ciliate, obtuse; petals white, usually yellow-spotted, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, ¼ of an inch or more long, filaments slender; seed pods often nearly ½ an inch long.

Common everywhere throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes on bare rocks and stony slopes, frequently forming mats a foot or more across; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Antiphylla oppositifolia= (L.) Fourr. _Purple Saxifrage._]

Plants in dense mats, leaves densely folded together except on the flower-stalks and sometimes on the elongated stems, 4-ranked, the blades obovate to spatulate, ¼ of an inch long, ciliate, keeled. Flower-stalks ½—1 inch long or sometimes shorter when young, leafy; sepals oblong to ovate, ⅛ of an inch long, ciliate all around; petals lilac or purple, elliptic or oval, showy, ⅓ of an inch long, each narrowed into a stout claw.

Usually a high alpine species and not infrequently forming mats of considerable size; throughout the region, flowering in July.

GROSSULARIACEÆ

_Gooseberry Family_

Shrubs, usually with lobed, petioled leaves and racemose or subsolitary axillary or lateral flowers, the pedicels bracteolate; calyx tube attached to the ovary, the limb 4—5-lobed, often coloured; petals, 4—5, inserted on the throat of the calyx, small, scale-like, often included; stamens 4—5, inserted with the petals; berry globose or ovoid, pulpy, the calyx persistent on its summit.

[Sidenote: =Ribes lacustre= (Pers.) Poir. _Swamp Gooseberry._]

Stems prostrate or ascending, 3—4 feet long, very prickly when young, spines slender and weak, generally clustered. Leaves nearly orbicular, thin, smooth or hairy along the veins beneath, deeply 5—7 lobed, 1—2 inches broad, the lobes acutish, incised-dentate. Flowers in racemes of 5—9; calyx rotate, ⅙ of an inch broad, spreading, green or purplish; petals exceeding the calyx; ovary glandular-hispid; berry black.

A very abundant gooseberry throughout the region in cool damp woods and bogs at the lower elevations; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Ribes setosum= Lindl. _Bristly Gooseberry._]

Stems erect, 3—4 feet high, with numerous stout bristles, especially on the young wood; axillary spines 1—3 together, rather stout and spreading. Leaves slender-petioled, more or less finely hairy, at least when young, ½—1 inch wide, broadly ovate or orbicular, 3—5-lobed, the lobes incised or coarsely toothed. Flowers 2—3, ¼—½ an inch long on very short pedicels; calyx tube cylindric, greenish-white or pinkish; petals white; berries small, purple or blue and very sour.

Frequent throughout the Rockies on lake shores and in thickets at the lower altitudes; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Ribes oxyacanthoides= L. _Northern Gooseberry._]

Spines generally solitary, light-coloured, ¼—½ of an inch long; prickles commonly wanting. Leaves petioled, roundish, subcordate and 5-lobed, hairy or nearly smooth, the lobes deeply toothed or crenate. Flowers greenish-purple or white, little more than ¼ of an inch long; berry half an inch in diameter, smooth, reddish-purple and sweet when ripe.

Throughout the Rockies at the lower elevations, in open ground and on stony hillsides; flowering in June; fruit ripening in July.

[Sidenote: =Ribes Howellii= Greene. _Howell’s Currant._]

Stems ascending, crowded, 2—5 feet high, without spines. Leaves triangular, 2—3 inches in diameter, cordate at the base, deeply 5-lobed, the acute lobes doubly serrate, smooth above, often resinous-dotted beneath, petiole as long as or longer than the blade. Flowers ⅓ of an inch broad in a loose raceme, bracts linear, about ¹/₁₆ of an inch long, much shorter than the slender, glandular pedicels; calyx rotate with broad spatulate lobes; petals red, narrowly spatulate, shorter than the calyx lobes; berries red.

A rather showy plant with a pungent, skunk-like odour when bruised, growing on wet, shaded rocks and in springy places throughout the region, at the lower altitudes; flowering in June.

ROSACEÆ

_Rose Family._

Herbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate leaves and perfect flowers; calyx free or adnate to the ovary, 5—9-lobed; petals equal in number to the calyx lobes, distinct or none; stamens usually numerous and distinct; fruit mostly follicles or achenes.

Carpels few; in fruit becoming 2-several sided. Stamens united at the base; flowers racemose. =Lutkea.= Stamens not united at the base; flowers in panicles or corymbs. Shrubs with simple leaves, flowers perfect. =Spiræa.= Herbs with compound leaves; flowers diœcious. =Aruncus.= Carpels few or many; in fruit becoming achenes or drupelets. Fruit consisting of drupelets, usually united. =Rubus.= Fruit consisting of achenes. Achenes enclosed in a fleshy fruit; prickly shrubs. =Rosa.= Achenes on a plane or concave receptacle; herbs. Styles deciduous, naked. Styles terminal. =Potentilla.= Styles lateral. Carpels hairy; shrubs. =Dasyphora.= Carpels smooth; herbs. Stamens 5; carpels 10—15. =Sibbaldia.= Stamens 20; carpels numerous. Leaves trifoliate; receptacle fleshy. =Fragaria.= Leaves pinnate; receptacle not fleshy. Flowers dark purple. =Comarum.= Flowers yellow. Plant with stolons; flowers solitary. =Argentina.= Styles persistent, mostly plumose. Calyx lobes and petals 8 or 9. =Dryas.= Calyx lobes and petals 5. Style jointed, upper part deciduous. =Geum.= Style not jointed, upper part plumose. =Sieversia.=

[Illustration: Tiarella unifoliata Hook. (¼ Nat.) Western Foam-Flower.]

[Illustration: Lutkea pectinata (Pursh) Kuntze. (⅔ Nat.) Cut-Leaved Lutkea.]

[Sidenote: =Lutkea pectinata= (Pursh.) Kuntze. _Cut-leaved Lutkea._]

Smooth, stems cæspitose, very leafy. Leaves trifoliate, persistent, leaflets deeply 2—4-lobed, the lateral ones decumbent, forming a broad petiole. Flowering stems 2—6 inches high with a dense terminal raceme of many white flowers, about ¼ of an inch broad; calyx lobes ovate, acute; petals 5, obovate, exceeding the calyx; stamens numerous, shorter than the petals.

Frequent throughout the Selkirks, on alpine slopes and beside streams at the higher elevations; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Spiræa densiflora= Nutt. _Pink Spiræa._]

Stem 2—4 feet high, reddish. Leaves ovate or elliptical, serrulate at the apex, entire below, narrowed at the base to a very short petiole or the lowest sessile, dark green on both sides, ½—1 inch long. Flowers small, deep rose-colour in dense, round, leafy, bracted corymbs, terminating the numerous branches.

In moist, exposed, rocky places and on slopes at the lower altitudes, frequent in the Selkirks; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Spiræa lucida= Dougl. _Birch-leaved Spiræa._]

Stems erect, mostly simple, 1—2 feet high, from horizontal running rootstocks. Leaves, the lower ones small, obovate; upper, oval to oblong, 1—2 inches long, often obscurely lobed and doubly serrate above the middle, smooth throughout, dark green above, paler beneath. Flowers white or tinged with pink in a large flat branching terminal corymb.

Abundant throughout the region on hillsides and dry banks; flowering during July.

[Illustration: Rubus pedatus Smith. (⅔ Nat.) Creeping Raspberry.]

[Sidenote: =Aruncus Aruncus= (L.) Karst. _Goat’s-Beard._]

Smooth throughout, stem erect, somewhat branched, 2—4 feet high. Leaves long-petioled, 2—3 pinnate, leaflets 1—3 inches long, ovate or lanceolate, thin, acuminate or acute at the apex, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the base, doubly serrate or incised. Flowers small, white, in an elongated spike.

Frequent along streams throughout the Selkirks; flowering during June and July.

[Sidenote: =Rubus pedatus= Smith. _Creeping Raspberry._]

Stems slender, trailing, 1—3 feet long, unarmed, rooting at the nodes, pubescent. Leaves trifoliate, leaflets obovate, cuneate at the base, ¾—1 inch long incised, lateral leaflets often parted to the base, smooth or sparingly hairy. Flowers usually solitary, on long slender pedicels, white or rosy, ⅛ of an inch or more broad; sepals ovate-lanceolate, entire or incised, exceeding the petals; berry of 1—6 large red, juicy drupelets.

Frequent throughout the region in cold damp woods, forming masses of considerable size; flowering during June.

[Sidenote: =Rubus arcticus= L. _Arctic Raspberry._]

Stem low, herbaceous, unarmed, finely hairy, 3—10 inches high, sometimes leafless below. Leaves 3-foliate, leaflets sessile or short-stalked, rhombic-ovate or obovate, coarsely and unequally serrate or slightly lobed, ¾—1 inch long. Flowers solitary or occasionally 2, slender peduncled; petals obovate, pink, ½—1 inch long; sepals acute, equalling or shorter than the petals, reflexed; berry light red, fragrant and edible.

In cold mossy thickets and swamps throughout the region, the first flowers appearing in May and early June when the stems are but a few inches high, with the leaves hardly unfolded; in midsummer it frequently flowers again from branched stems 8—10 inches high and appearing like a different plant.

[Sidenote: =Rubus Americanus= (Pers.) Britton. _Dwarf Raspberry._]

Stems herbaceous, trailing or ascending, unarmed, 6—18 inches or more long, somewhat hairy. Leaves petioled, 3-foliate or rarely 5-foliate leaflets rhombic-ovate, smooth or nearly so, acute, the lateral ones mostly rounded, terminal, wedge-shaped at the base, all sharply serrate. Flowers 1—3 on a slender glandular-hairy peduncle, ½ an inch or less broad; petals 5—7, white, spatulate-oblong, erect, rather longer than the acuminate calyx lobes; fruit red-purple, half an inch long.

In cold moist woods and swampy places throughout the region; flowering in May and June.

[Sidenote: =Rubus parviflorus= Nutt. _Salmon-berry._]

Stems shrubby, 3—8 feet high, smooth or more or less glandular-hairy. Leaves round-cordate in outline, palmately 3—5-lobed, the lobes acute or acutish, rarely acuminate, coarsely and unequally serrate. Flowers few, 1—2 inches broad, white, in corymbose, terminal heads, calyx lobes tipped with a long slender appendage.

Borders of woods, and in thickets among rocks, throughout the region, but most abundant in the Selkirks; flowering in June and July.

[Illustration: Rubus parviflorus Nutt. (⅔ Nat.) Salmon-Berry.]

[Sidenote: =Rubus strigosus= Michx. _Wild Red Raspberry._]

Stems shrubby, biennial, 18 inches to 4 feet high, usually densely clothed with weak glandular bristles or the older stems with small hooked prickles. Leaves pinnately 3—5-foliate, leaflets ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply and irregularly serrate or slightly lobed, rounded at the base, 1—3 inches long. Flowers ½ an inch broad in a loose raceme on slender pedicels, curved in fruit; petals white, ascending, about equalling the spreading acuminate sepals; fruit dark red, sweet and very juicy.

The common red raspberry throughout the region in dry and rocky places; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Dasyphora fruticosa= (L.) Rydb. _Shrubby Cinquefoil._]

Shrubby, much branched; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, 6 inches to 3 feet high, the bark shreddy. Leaves pinnate with 5—7 oblong, entire, acute leaflets, with long silky hairs and revolute margins. Flowers bright yellow, ¾—1½ inches broad, usually solitary at the ends of the branches.

A very abundant plant throughout the region, in swampy grounds, gravelly river shores, on dry slopes and alpine meadows, flowering throughout the summer.

[Sidenote: =Sibbaldia procumbens= L. _Sibbaldia._]

Stems densely tufted, decumbent or creeping, 1—4 inches long. Leaves 3-foliate, leaflets wedge-shaped, 3—5-toothed at the apex with scattered hairs on both sides. Flowers ¼ of an inch broad, greenish-yellow; petals very small, not exceeding the calyx.

Frequent throughout the region on rocks, usually in dry, exposed situations at elevations varying from 4000 to 10,000 feet; flowering during June and July.

[Sidenote: =Fragaria glauca= (S. Wats.) Rydb. _Wild Strawberry._]

Plant spreading, 3—6 inches tall, hairy, forming new plants by the running stems after flowering. Leaves tufted from the root, very hairy, palmately 3-foliate; leaflets obtuse, strongly serrate, the teeth gland-tipped; lateral leaflets ovate, oblique on the inside, shorter than the terminal one; terminal leaflet broadly ovate with a wedge-shaped base. Flowers white, ¾ of an inch broad; petals slightly longer than the sepals, borne on a scape about ⅓ longer than the leaves. Fruit ovoid, rather small.

On grassy banks and roadsides throughout the Rockies; flowering in late May and early June.

[Illustration: Fragaria glauca (S. Wats.) Rydb. (½ Nat.) Wild Strawberry.]

[Illustration: Amelanchier florida Lindl. (⅓ Nat.) Service-Berry.]

[Sidenote: =Comarum palustre= (L.) _Marsh Cinquefoil._]

Smooth, decumbent at the base, 6 inches to 2 feet long. Leaves pinnate, the lower long-petioled with 5—7 oblong or oblanceolate, sharply serrate leaflets, which are lighter-coloured and more or less hairy beneath; upper leaflets similar, 3—5. Flowers few, in an open cyme; calyx lobes purple within, acuminate, nearly ½ an inch long, enlarging in fruit; petals much shorter than the sepals.

A marsh plant frequent throughout the region in very wet situations, at the lower altitudes; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Argentina Anserina= (L.) Rydb. _Silver-weed._]

Herbaceous, spreading by runners. Leaves all at the root, interruptedly pinnate with 7—21 leaflets and smaller ones interposed; oblong, sharply serrate, dark green above, soft, white-hairy beneath. Flowers bright yellow, ½—1 inch broad, solitary on long pedicels, petals exceeding the ovate, acute, calyx lobes.

In open and waste ground and meadows throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering during June and July.

[Sidenote: =Potentilla nivea= L. _Snowy Cinquefoil._]

Stem 4—8 inches high, woody at the base, with long silky hairs. Leaves 3-foliate, the lower petioled; leaflets oblong or obovate, usually deeply cut, densely, white-hairy beneath, green and loosely soft-hairy above, ¾—1 inch long. Flowers 1—5, bright yellow, ½—¾ of an inch broad; sepals silky, lanceolate, shorter than the broadly ovate, notched petals.

Frequent throughout the Rockies in open, rocky situations; flowering during June and July.

[Sidenote: =Potentilla dissecta= Pursh. _Cut-leaved Cinquefoil._]

Stem decumbent or ascending 4—8 inches high from a woody base, more or less silky-villous or nearly smooth. Leaves pinnate or tripinnate with 5—7 lanceolate, deeply cut leaflets, usually glaucous and with ciliate edges. Flowers few, bright yellow, ½ an inch or more broad with notched petals, in an open cyme.

In open alpine meadows and slopes throughout the region at the higher altitudes; flowering during June and July.

[Sidenote: =Potentilla multisecta= (Wats.) Rydb.]

Much like the preceding species but much more hairy throughout and with more divided leaves. Flowers in a loose cyme on scapes 4—6 inches high, not quite so large as in the preceding nor as brilliantly coloured.

Dry rocky summits and ledges throughout the Rockies; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Potentilla uniflora= (Ledeb.) _Alpine Cinquefoil._]

Densely cæspitose from a woody base. Leaves closely tufted, small, palmately divided, leaflets deeply cut, densely white-woolly on both surfaces. Flowers solitary on short peduncles, bright yellow, half an inch or more broad; petals broadly obovate, notched at the apex, much longer than the densely soft-hairy lanceolate sepals.

A high alpine species in dry stony ground throughout the Rockies, not common; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Geum macrophyllum= Willd. _Large-leaved Avens._]

Stout, erect, stiff-hairy, 1—3 feet high. Leaves lyrate-pinnate with broad foliaceous stipules, basal leaves petioled, the terminal segment much the largest, reniform, dentate, 3—7-lobed; lateral leaflets 3—6 oval or obovate with smaller ones interspersed. Flowers several, short peduncled, borne in a terminal head; bright yellow, nearly ½ an inch broad; petals longer than the acuminate sepals; receptacle nearly smooth.

In damp places and low grounds throughout the region, most abundant in the Selkirks; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Geum strictum= Ait. _Yellow Avens._]

Hairy, branched above, 2—4 feet high. Stipules broad, foliaceous; basal leaves lyrate-pinnate; leaflets 5—7, obovate, cuneate, dentate or lobed, the terminal one largest, broadly ovate or cuneate, stem leaves sessile or short-petioled with 3—5 ovate or oblong, acute segments. Flowers yellow, ½ an inch broad; receptacle downy.

In swamps or low grounds throughout the region; flowering in June.

[Illustration: _a_ Geum strictum Ait. Yellow Avens.

_b_ Sieversia ciliata (Pursh) Don. Long-Plumed Purple Avens.

(⅔ Nat.)]

[Sidenote: =Sieversia ciliata= (Pursh.) Don. _Long-Plumed Purple Avens._]

Soft-hairy, scapose; scape 4—18 inches high, simple, 3—8-flowered at the summit. Basal leaves petioled, interruptedly pinnate with many small leaflets, among the numerous obovate, deeply cut larger ones. Flowers ½ an inch broad of 5 pale purplish-pink petals hardly exceeding the calyx and spreading linear red bractlets; styles plumose in fruit, 1—2 inches long.

In dry open grounds extending into the Rockies from the plains, where it is especially abundant, to the lower slopes and valleys throughout the region; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Dryas octopetala= L. _White Mountain Avens._]

Stems prostrate, branched, 3—6 inches long. Leaves oblong or ovate, ½—1 inch long, obtuse at each end, closely crenate, dark green and shining above, densely white-woolly beneath. Flowers solitary on slender pedicels, white, an inch or more broad; petals longer than the 6—8 spreading linear sepals; stamens numerous, anthers bright yellow; styles conspicuously plumose in fruit.

Frequent in dry stony ground throughout the Rockies at elevations ranging from 4000 to 10,000 feet, forming dense mats of considerable size on the surface of the ground; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Dryas Drummondii= Richards. _Drummond’s Mountain Avens._]