Part 8

Similar in manner of growth and general appearance to the preceding species. Leaves generally narrower at the base, the lobes dentate-crenate. Flowers ½ an inch long, campanulate, drooping on a densely woolly pedicel; sepals ovate, acute, black glandular-hairy; petals lanceolate, obtuse, bright yellow, about twice the length of the sepals; stamens included; styles numerous, conspicuously plumose in fruit.

In gravel and loose stony soil throughout the Rockies, especially abundant on river shores and flood-plains, like the previous species frequently forming mats of considerable size; flowering in June.

[Illustration: _a_ Dryas octopetala L. White Mountain Avens.

_b_ Dryas Drummondii Rich. Drummond’s Mountain Avens.

(⅞ Nat.)]

[Sidenote: =Rosa Macounii= Greene. _Macoun’s Rose._]

Stems branched, 2—3 feet high, prickly. Leaves pinnate, leaflets large, ¾—1½ inches long, oval, coarsely toothed. Flowers solitary, on slender pedicels, bright pink, petals broadly obovate, an inch or more long, sepals entire with a long acuminate obtuse tip, persistent and erect in fruit, fruit globose, bright scarlet.

The wild rose of the region, in open ground, on slopes, borders of woods, stream and river banks throughout the Rockies; flowering in late June and early July.

POMACEÆ

_Apple Family_

Trees and shrubs with alternate leaves, and regular, perfect flowers; calyx superior, 5-toothed; petals 5; stamens numerous; fruit a more or less fleshy pome.

Leaves pinnate. =Sorbus.= Leaves simple, entire-toothed or lobed. =Amelanchier.=

[Sidenote: =Sorbus sambucifolia= (Cham. and Schl.) Roem _Western Mountain-ash._]

A small tree with smooth bark. Leaves pinnate, leaflets 5—15, ovate-lanceolate or oval, obtuse or short-pointed, serrate, smooth and dark green above, pale and usually more or less hairy beneath, especially along the veins, seldom over 2½ inches long. Flowers white, nearly ½ an inch across in a compound flat cyme, 2—4 inches broad; petals spreading, short-clawed, obovate; stamens numerous; fruit bright scarlet, more than ¼ of an inch in diameter.

In moist stony ground throughout the region; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Amelanchier alnifolia= Nutt. _North-western June-berry._]

A shrub, soft-hairy when young, at length nearly smooth. Leaves thick, broadly elliptic or almost orbicular, very obtuse and often truncate at the apex, round or subcordate at the base; coarsely dentate above the middle. 1—2 inches long. Flowers in rather short, dense racemes, pedicels short; petals oblanceolate, ¼—¾ of an inch long, 2—4 times the length of the calyx; fruit purple when ripe and very sweet.

On slopes at the lower altitudes throughout the region, flowering in June.

DRUPACEÆ

_Plum Family_

Trees or shrubs, the bark exuding gum. Leaves alternate, petioled, serrate, the teeth and petiole often glandular; flowers regular, perfect; calyx 5-lobed inferior, deciduous; petals 5, inserted on the calyx; stamens numerous, inserted on the petals; fruit a 1-seeded drupe.

[Sidenote: =Prunus demissa= (Nutt.) Walp. _Western Wild Cherry._]

A shrub or small tree. Leaves thick ovate or broadly oval, acute or slightly obtuse, serrulate with short teeth. Flowers ¼ of an inch or more broad, in drooping racemes at the ends of the leafy branches; drupe dark purple or black, globose, over ¼ of an inch in diameter.

In thickets in the Rockies, frequent in the vicinity of Banff; flowering in May and early June.

PAPILIONACEÆ

_Pea Family_

Herbs or vines with alternate, compound leaves and irregular, perfect, yellow, purple, blue, or white flowers, mainly in racemes; calyx 4—5-toothed; petals more or less united or separate, consisting of a broad upper one (standard), two lateral ones (wings), and two front ones more or less united (keel).

Herbs; leaves unequally pinnate, not tendril-bearing. Pods not jointed. Keel of the corolla blunt. Pod not much swollen, fleshy, leathery or papery; flowers blue or purple. =Astragalus.= Pods much inflated, membranous; flowers white. =Phaca.= Pods flat, both sutures prominent externally. =Homalobus.= Keel of the corolla acute. =Aragallus.= Pods jointed, flowers purple or white. =Hedysarum.= Herbaceous veins; leaves evenly pinnate, with tendrils. Style slender with a tuft of hairs at the summit. =Vicia.= Style flattened, bearded along the inner side. =Lathyrus.=

[Sidenote: =Astragalus adsurgens= Pall. _Ascending Milk-vetch._]

Stems whitish with close hairs or nearly smooth, ascending or decumbent, 4—18 inches long, simple or branched at the base. Leaflets 15—25 oval or linear-oblong, sometimes notched at the apex, narrowed at the base, ½—1 inch long; peduncles exceeding the leaves. Flowers purplish, ½—¾ of an inch long in dense short spikes; calyx villous with long partly black hairs, ½ the length of the corolla, with slender teeth, half the length of the campanulate tube.

In open ground at low altitudes, probably the most frequent of the vetches on the eastern slopes of the Rockies, often forming great patches of blue during June.

[Sidenote: =Astragalus hypoglottis= L. _Purple Milk-vetch._]

Hairy or nearly smooth, stems decumbent or ascending, slender, branched at the base, usually low, but ranging from 6—24 inches long. Leaves 2—5 inches long with 17—25 leaflets which are oblong or elliptic, obtusish and usually notched at the apex, rounded at the base ¼—½ an inch long. Flowers violet-purple, ½ to nearly an inch long in dense heads, calyx nearly ⅓ the length with long black and white hairs.

Frequent at the lower altitudes, in dry ground and roadsides on the eastern slopes of the Rockies, particularly in the region around Banff; flowering in early June.

[Sidenote: =Astragalus alpinus= L. _Alpine Milk-vetch._]

Ascending or decumbent, branching from the base, 6—15 inches high, slightly hairy or smooth. Leaves 2—5 inches long, with 13—25 oval or elliptic, obtuse or retuse leaflets, narrowed or rounded at the base, ¼—½ an inch long. Flowers ½ an inch or more long, pale violet, the keel commonly darker, in short rather open racemes; calyx about ⅓ the length of the corolla, with short black hairs.

The most dainty of any of the vetches, frequent in rocky soil in slightly shaded situations throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering during June and July.

[Sidenote: =Astragalus convallarius= Greene. _Slender Milk-vetch._]

Stems slender, ascending and rigid, 10—18 inches high, branching from the base; hairy throughout. Leaves 3—6 inches long with 9—17 narrowly linear, silky leaflets ½—1 inch long, remote. Flowers pale violet or mauve, half an inch or more long, scattered in a slender raceme 3—5 inches long; peduncles much longer than the leaves; calyx about ⅓ the length of the corolla with scattered white or brownish hairs.

On the eastern slopes of the Rockies in dry stony ground at the lower altitudes; flowering in early June.

[Sidenote: =Astragalus Macouni= Rydb. _Macoun’s Vetch._]

Stems 18—24 inches high, stout and leafy, slightly striate and nearly smooth. Leaves 2—4 inches long, thin, odd-pinnate with 4—8 pairs of obtuse, oblong, or oval leaflets, ½—1 inch long. Flower scream-coloured, tinged with blue, in heads 1½—3 inches long, on peduncles 4—10 inches long, from the axils of the upper leaves; calyx ⅛ of an inch long, black-hairy, lobes very slender and short; corolla ¼ of an inch or more long.

Frequent in more or less moist open ground throughout the Rockies at varying altitudes; flowering during June and early July.

[Sidenote: =Phaca Americana= (Hook) Rydb. _Arctic Milk-vetch._]

Erect, nearly simple and smooth, 1—2 feet high. Leaves 3—6 inches long with 7—17 oval or ovate-lanceolate obtuse leaflets, ¾—1½ inches long. Flowers white, ¾ of an inch long in loose racemes on peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves; pedicels slender, ½ an inch long in fruit; pod membranous, inflated, an inch long.

In moist or wet rocky shaded places throughout the Rockies; flowering during June and early July.

[Illustration: Phaca americana (Hook.) Rydb. (½ Nat.) Arctic Vetch.]

[Illustration: Homalobus aboriginorum (Richards) Rydb. (⅓ Nat.) Indian Vetch.]

[Sidenote: =Homalobus aboriginorum= (Richards) Rydb. _Indian Vetch._]

Stems erect and branching, 6—18 inches high, hairy throughout, from an enlarged root. Leaves pinnate with 7—11 linear leaflets; stipules ovate, acute, foliaceous. Flowers white, tinged with mauve, in a loose raceme 1—2 inches long; peduncles longer than the leaves, calyx black-hairy, about ⅛ of an inch long, with slender teeth nearly half as much longer; corolla more than twice the length of the calyx.

An abundant species at the lower altitudes in open dry ground on the eastern slopes of the Rockies; flowering in early June.

[Sidenote: =Aragallus monticola= (A. Gray) Greene. _Mountain Oxytrope._]

Silvery-pubescent throughout, with appressed or slightly spreading hairs; tufted. Leaves basal, 3—6 inches long with 9—19 linear-oblong or lanceolate, acute or obtusish leaflets ¾—1 inch long. Flowers pale yellow or creamy-white ¾ of an inch or more long in dense heads, on peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx nearly half as long as the corolla, with long white and short black hairs.

Frequent throughout the Rockies in dry stony and alpine meadows and slopes, at varying elevations; flowering from June to early July.

[Sidenote: =Aragallus Lamberti= (Pursh) Greene. _Loco Weed._]

Tufted, the branches of the caudex short; scapes few or several, erect, rather slender, 4—20 inches high. Leaves several, mostly erect, shorter than the scapes; leaflets 10—15 pairs, mostly oblong-lanceolate, from sparsely soft-pubescent to lightly canescent, acute, ½—1 inch long. Flowers pale yellow, ½ an inch long and twice as long as the calyx, in a loose head, 2—4 inches long.

Abundant in the open ground on the eastern slopes of the Rockies; a strikingly handsome vetch frequently found in masses of considerable extent, especially in the region around Banff; flowering in June and early July.

[Sidenote: =Aragallus splendens= (Dougl.) Greene. _Showy Oxytrope._]

Densely silky, silvery-villous, acaulescent, and tufted. Leaves 4—9 inches long, erect; leaflets very numerous, in verticels of 3—6, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acutish at the apex, rounded at the base, ½ to nearly an inch long. Flowers deep purple, about ½ an inch long in dense spikes on peduncles exceeding the leaves.

A very showy plant frequently flowering in considerable masses in the open grounds on the eastern slopes of the Rockies and dry alpine meadows; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Aragallus viscidulus= Rydb. _Sticky Oxytrope._]

Tufted, with parts of the old leaves remaining. Leaves all basal, 4—6 inches long with 8—15 pairs of leaflets, loosely villous-pubescent, oblong, obtuse or acutish, ¼ to nearly ½ an inch long, glandular on the margins. Flowers nearly ½ an inch long varying from pink to dark purple, in loose spikes on glandular sticky scapes, much longer than the leaves; calyx more than half as long as the corolla with white and shorter black hairs; calyx teeth and bracts of the inflorescence densely glandular.

In dry open ground and alpine meadows through the Rockies at the lower altitudes, flowering in early June and forming dense tufted masses of brilliant pink, blue, or purple flowers; probably the most striking species in the vicinity of Banff.

[Sidenote: =Aragallus deflexus= (Pall.) Heller. _Drooping-fruited Oxytrope._]

Loosely soft-pubescent or silky, decumbent or ascending 10—18 inches high. Leaves 4—6 inches long with 12—16 pairs of lanceolate to oblong, acute leaflets, ¼—½ an inch long. Flowers small, pale purple, little more than ¼ of an inch long in slender spikes 2—4 inches long on peduncles much surpassing the leaves. Calyx nearly as long as the corolla, with short black and longer white hairs; fruit strongly reflexed.

In moist open ground throughout the eastern Rockies at the lower altitudes; flowering in July.

[Illustration: Aragallus viscidulus Rydb. (⅓ Nat.) Sticky Oxytrope.]

[Illustration: Aragallus deflexus (Pall.) Heller. (½ Nat.) Drooping Vetch.]

[Sidenote: =Aragallus inflatus= (Hook) A. Nelson. _Inflated Oxytrope._]

Acaulescent or more or less so, 1—4 inches high, soft-hairy. Leaves pinnate with 5—11 pairs of short linear-lanceolate or oblong leaflets. Flowers violet-purple, 1 or 2 on the peduncles which scarcely exceed the leaves; calyx densely dark-hairy; pods much inflated.

On high alpine slopes and summits through the Rockies, not a common plant but probably more general than is now known; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Hedysarum americanum= (Michx.) Britton. _Purple Hedysarum._]

Stem erect or somewhat decumbent, smooth or nearly so, 6 inches to 2½ feet high, generally simple. Leaves 2—8 inches long with 11—21 oblong or oblanceolate-obtuse leaflets, ½ to nearly 1 inch long. Flowers violet-purple or nearly white, deflexed, ½—¾ of an inch long in rather loose elongated racemes; calyx teeth ovate-acute, shorter than the tube.

One of the taller of the vetches growing in open stony places and slides throughout the Rockies at the lower altitudes, flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Hedysarum sulphurescens= Rydb. _Yellow Hedysarum._]

Erect, 12—15 inches high, minutely hairy. Leaves with 5—6 pairs of oblong-elliptic, obtuse-cuspidate leaflets, ½—¾ of an inch long, finely hairy beneath. Flowers bright yellow, over ½ an inch long; 15—30 in a rather dense raceme; wings exceeding the vexillum but shorter than the keel.

Throughout the Rockies in open woods and meadows up to 8000 feet elevation; flowering in June and July.

[Sidenote: =Hedysarum Mackenzii= Richards. _Mackenzie’s Hedysarum._]

Stems erect or decumbent, 12—18 inches high, usually minutely hairy. Leaves 3—6 inches long with 11—19 oblong-elliptic leaflets about ½ an inch long. Flowers ¾ of an inch long, reddish-purple, 20—30 in loose racemes on peduncles longer than the leaves; calyx teeth very slender, longer than the tube.

On slides and in loose stony soil throughout the Rockies at varying altitudes; flowering during June and July.

[Sidenote: =Vicia Cracca= L. _Cow Vetch._]

Finely hairy or sometimes nearly smooth; stems tufted, slender, and weak, climbing or trailing 2—4 feet long. Leaves tendril-bearing 2—3 inches long of 18—24 thin, linear or linear-oblong, obtuse or acutish, mucronate leaflets, ⅓—¾ of an inch long. Flowers deep bluish-purple, ½ an inch long or less in dense spike-like racemes 1—4 inches long on peduncles equalling or exceeding the leaves.

In dry or moist soil throughout the Rockies at the lower elevations, flowering during June and July.

[Sidenote: =Vicia americana= Muhl. _American Vetch._]

Smooth or some with appressed hairs, trailing or climbing 2—3 feet long. Leaves nearly sessile, 2—3 inches long, tendril-bearing, with 8—14 elliptic, ovate or oblong leaflets, ½—1½ inches long, obtuse or sometimes notched or mucronulate at the tip. Flowers bluish-purple about ¾ of an inch long, 3—9 in loose racemes, on peduncles usually shorter than the leaves.

In moist ground at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies, climbing over the surrounding shrubs and herbaceous plants; flowering in July.

[Sidenote: =Vicia linearis= (Nutt.) Greene. _Narrow-leaved American Vetch._]

Smooth or nearly so; stems weak, often zigzag, 1—2 feet long. Leaves tendril-bearing, with 4—7 pairs of narrowly linear or linear-oblong leaflets, 1—3 inches long, entire, acute and mucronate at the tip. Flowers purple or purplish, about ¾ of an inch long, 2—6 in loose racemes, on peduncles shorter than or about equalling the leaves.

In dry soil at low altitudes throughout the Rockies especially near the line of the railway; flowering during July.

[Illustration: Aragallus Lamberti (Pursh) Greene. (½ Nat.) Loco Weed.]

[Illustration: Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook (½ Nat.) White Vetch.]

[Sidenote: =Lathyrus palustris= L. _Marsh Vetchling._]

Smooth or sparingly hairy, stems angled and winged, slender, 1—3 feet long; stipules half sagittate, lanceolate-linear or ovate-lanceolate, ½ to nearly an inch long. Leaves with branched tendrils and 2—4 pairs of lanceolate oblong or linear, acute, mucronate leaflets; 1½—4 inches long. Flowers purple, half an inch or more long, 2—6 in loose-headed racemes on peduncles about equaling the leaves.

In wet ground and swamps at the lower altitudes throughout the region; flowering during July.

[Sidenote: =Lathyrus ochroleucus= Hook. _Cream-coloured Vetchling._]

Stems slender, somewhat angled, trailing or climbing, smooth and slightly glaucous, 2—2½ feet long, stipules broad foliaceous, half ovate and half cordate, ⅓—1 inch long. Leaves with branched tendrils and 3—5 pairs of thin, ovate or broadly oval, obtuse leaflets, 1—2 inches long, green above, whitish beneath. Flowers yellowish or creamy-white ½—¾ of an inch long, 5—10 on peduncles shorter than the leaves.

On shaded river banks and hillsides at the lower altitudes throughout the Rockies; flowering during June.

LINACEÆ

_Flax Family_

Herbs with perfect regular nearly symmetrical flowers; sepals 5, persistent; petals 5 and alternate with the sepals; stamens 5 opposite the sepals.

[Sidenote: =Linum Lewisii= Pursh. _Lewis’s Wild Flax._]

Perennial from a woody root, 1—2 feet high, densely tufted, smooth, glaucous. Leaves crowded, oblong or linear, ¼—1½ inches long, acute or acutish, 3—5 nerved. Flowers bright blue, 1—1½ inches broad; petals 5, soon falling; sepals 5, oval, mainly obtuse, ⅓ or ¼ the length of the petals; stigmas shorter than the styles; stamens 5, longer than the styles.

In open, dry, stony ground and slopes throughout the Rockies; flowering in June and July.

[Illustration: Empetrum nigrum L. (Nat.) Black Crowberry.]

[Illustration: Linum Lewisii Pursh. (¼ Nat.) Wild Blue-Flax.]

EMPETRACEÆ

_Crowberry Family_

Low evergreen shrubs with narrow nearly sessile leaves jointed to short pulvini, channelled on the lower side by the revolute margins and small monœcious, diœcious or rarely polygamous flowers; sepals, petals, and stamens each 3, fruit a black, berry-like drupe.

[Sidenote: =Empetrum nigrum= L. _Black Crowberry._]

Smooth or the young shoots hairy, usually much branched, the branches diffusely spreading, 2—10 inches long. Leaves crowded, dark green, linear-oblong, thick and obtuse, about ¼ of an inch long with strongly revolute, roughish margins. Flowers very small, purplish; stamens exserted; berry nearly ¼ of an inch in diameter, black.

Frequent throughout the Rockies in damp woods, especially those of the “Jack Pine” where it frequently forms a considerable part of the forest floor, in dense, close mats.

CELASTRACEÆ

_Staff-Tree Family_

Shrubs with simple evergreen leaves, and regular perfect flowers, sepals, petals, and stamens each 4 in our species.

[Sidenote: =Pachystima myrsinites= (Pursh) Raf. _Mountain Lover._]

Low evergreen shrub, densely branched or nearly simple, 1—3 feet high. Leaves opposite, smooth, ovate to oblong or lanceolate, cuneate at the base, the upper half serrate or serrulate ½—1 inch long on very short petioles. Flowers small in axillary cymes; petals 4, stamens 4, inserted at the edge of the broad disc.

In gravelly and stony situations extending from the Valley of the Columbia River at Beavermouth, westward throughout the Selkirks, the minute blossoms appearing in the latter part of May; a pretty but very variable shrub in habit and leaf form.

[Illustration: Pachystima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf. (½ Nat.) Mountain Lover.]

[Illustration: Viola adunca longipes (Nutt.) Rydb. (⅔ Nat.) Dog Violet.]

ACERACEÆ

_Maple Family_

Trees or shrubs with watery often saccharine sap, opposite, simple and palmately lobed leaves and axillary or terminal, cymose or racemose, regular, polygamous or diœcious flowers; fruit of 2 long-winged samaras, joined at the base.

[Sidenote: =Acer glabrum= Torr. _Smooth Maple._]

A shrub or small tree 6—30 feet high, 2—8 inches in diameter, smooth throughout except the scales which are densely soft, hairy inside. Leaves round-cordate with shallow sinus, 2—4 inches broad and nearly as long, more or less deeply 3-lobed or parted, the ovate-acuminate lobes doubly serrate with slender teeth; conspicuously veined. Flowers greenish-yellow, somewhat corymbose on short 2-leaved branchlets appearing after the leaves. Fruit smooth with slightly spreading wings about an inch long.

One of the few deciduous trees of the region, growing on slopes with the other forest trees and in the moist valleys.

HYPERICACEÆ

_St. John’s-Wort Family_

Herbs in our species with opposite, black-dotted leaves, and cymose yellow flowers; sepals and petals 5, twisted in the bud; stamens many.

[Sidenote: =Hypericum Scouleri= Hook. _Scouler’s St. John’s-wort._]

Simple or sparingly branched above often with numerous small branchlets from running rootstocks, 1—2 feet high. Leaves thin, shorter than the internodes, about an inch long, mostly obtuse, more or less clasping and usually black-dotted along the margin. Flowers bright orange, ½—1 inch in diameter in more or less panicled cymes, sepals oval or oblong, much shorter than the petals, stamens numerous in three fascicles.

In moist gravelly soil in the Selkirks at Glacier; flowering in July.

VIOLACEÆ

_Violet Family_

Herbs in our species with basal or alternate simple leaves and solitary or clustered perfect irregular flowers; sepals 5, petals 5, the lower one larger or with a posterior spur.

[Sidenote: =Viola cognata= Greene. _Early Blue Violet._]

Acaulescent; rootstock short and thick. Leaves long-petioled, smooth or more or less hairy, slightly fleshy, cordate with a broad sinus, acute or acuminate, crenately toothed. Flowers large, blue or violet, scapes 2—10 inches long, equalling or surpassing the leaves; petals narrow, ½—¾ of an inch long, all villous at the base, the 3 lower strongly so.

In moist shaded ground, on stream banks and in marshes, frequent throughout the Rockies; flowering in May and early June.

[Sidenote: =Viola palustris= L. _Marsh Violet._]

Acaulescent, smooth, petioles and scapes arising from a very slender, creeping or horizontal rootstock, the scapes mostly exceeding the leaves. Leaves thin, cordate, broadly ovate, orbicular or reniform, 1—2½ inches wide, crenulate. Flowers pale lilac or nearly white with darker veins; petals broad, ⅓—½ an inch long, spur short.

In marshy places among moss in the Selkirks near Glacier; flowering in June; not a common species in the region.

[Sidenote: =Viola sempervirens= Greene. _Low Yellow Violet._]

Sparingly hairy, stems weak and decumbent, multiplying by long slender rootstocks. Leaves mostly basal, rounded, cordate, reniform or sometimes ovate ½—1½ inches broad, finely crenate; peduncles mostly exceeding the leaves. Flowers yellow; petals oblong, ⅓ of an inch or more long, sparingly veined with brown toward the base; spur short and sac-like.

In open woods throughout the region at elevations ranging from 5000 to 7000 feet, blossoming very early in May or June shortly after the melting of the snow.

[Sidenote: =Viola glabella= Nutt. _Tall Yellow Violet._]

Minutely hairy or smooth, stems fleshy from a short fleshy horizontal rhizome, naked or sparingly leafy below, 5—12 inches high. Basal leaves on long petioles, the upper short-petioled reniform-cordate to cordate, acute, crenate-toothed, 1—4 inches broad. Flowers bright yellow on peduncles mainly shorter than the leaves; petals broadly oblong, ⅓—½ an inch or more long, the lateral and lower with brown lines at the base.

A striking plant on shaded banks and borders of streams and rills at the higher altitudes, very abundant in the Selkirks; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Viola canadensis= L. _Canada Violet._]

Smooth or nearly so; stems 3—14 inches high, tufted, leafy throughout. Leaves broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, cordate, acuminate or acute, 1—2½ inches long, serrate, the veins on the lower surface often hairy. Flowers on peduncles mainly shorter than the leaves, pale violet or nearly white, veined with purple, and often tinged with purple on the outside, ½—¾ of an inch broad; petals nearly in the same plane.

In rich moist woods throughout the Rockies and occasionally in the open alpine meadows, continuing in flower from June until September.

[Sidenote: =Viola adunca longipes= (Nutt.) Rydb. _Dog Violet._]

Slightly hairy or nearly smooth, branching from the base, usually 3—11 inches high, at length sending out runners that bear cleistogamic flowers. Leaves ovate, more or less cordate at the base, ½—1½ inches long, obscurely crenate. Flowers on peduncles usually longer than the leaves, violet-purple to white; petals ½ an inch or more long; spur ¼ of an inch long, rather slender and curved.

A low-stemmed violet usually with brilliant blue flowers, growing in dry, sandy, shaded or open ground at varying elevations throughout the Rockies: flowering in June and July.

[Illustration: Elæagnus argentea Pursh. (⅔ Nat.) Silver-Berry.]

[Illustration: Lepargyræa canadensis (L.) Greene. (½ Nat.) Buffalo-Berry.]

ELÆAGNACEÆ

_Oleaster Family_

Shrubs or trees mostly silvery-scaly or stellate-pubescent with entire leaves and flowers clustered in the axils or at the nodes of twigs of the preceding season; fruit drupe-like.

Stamens as many as the perianth parts; flowers perfect or polygamous: leaves alternate. =Elæagnus.= Stamens twice as many as the perianth parts; flowers diœcious; leaves opposite. =Lepargyræa.=

[Sidenote: =Elæagnus argentea= Pursh. _Silver-Berry._]

A stoloniferous much branched shrub sometimes 12 feet high, the young twigs covered with brown scurf, becoming silvery. Leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, densely silvery-scurfy on both sides, acute or obtuse short petioled, 1—4 inches long. Flowers usually numerous in the axils of the leaves, fragrant, silvery, ½ an inch or more long; perianth silvery without, yellowish within, the lobes ovate and short.

On the eastern slope of the Rockies, on the banks of the rivers and streams, very abundant at Banff on the Bow and Spray rivers; flowering in June.

[Sidenote: =Lepargyræa canadensis= (L.) Greene. _Canadian Buffalo-Berry._]