BOOK I

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God turne us every dreem to gode! For hit is wonder, by the rode, To my wit, what causeth swevenes Either on morwes, or on evenes; And why the effect folweth of somme, 5 And of somme hit shal never come; Why that is an avisioun, And this a revelacioun; Why this a dreem, why that a sweven, And nat to every man liche even; 10 Why this a fantom, these oracles, I noot; but who-so of these miracles The causes knoweth bet than I, Devyne he; for I certeinly Ne can hem noght, ne never thinke 15 To besily my wit to swinke, To knowe of hir signifiaunce The gendres, neither the distaunce Of tymes of hem, ne the causes For-why this more than that cause is; 20 As if folkes complexiouns Make hem dreme of reflexiouns; Or elles thus, as other sayn, For to greet feblenesse of brayn, By abstinence, or by seeknesse, 25 Prison, stewe, or greet distresse; Or elles by disordinaunce Of naturel acustomaunce, That som man is to curious In studie, or melancolious, 30 Or thus, so inly ful of drede, That no man may him bote bede; Or elles, that devocioun Of somme, and contemplacioun Causeth swiche dremes ofte; 35 Or that the cruel lyf unsofte Which these ilke lovers leden That hopen over muche or dreden, That purely hir impressiouns Causeth hem avisiouns; 40 Or if that spirits have the might To make folk to dreme a-night Or if the soule, of propre kinde, Be so parfit, as men finde, That hit forwot that is to come, 45 And that hit warneth alle and somme Of everiche of hir aventures By avisiouns, or by figures, But that our flesh ne hath no might To understonden hit aright, 50 For hit is warned to derkly;-- But why the cause is, noght wot I. Wel worthe, of this thing, grete clerkes, That trete of this and other werkes; For I of noon opinioun 55 Nil as now make mencioun, But only that the holy rode Turne us every dreem to gode! For never, sith that I was born, Ne no man elles, me biforn, 60 Mette, I trowe stedfastly, So wonderful a dreem as I The tenthe day [dide] of Decembre, The which, as I can now remembre, I wol yow tellen every del. 65

_The Invocation._

But at my ginning, trusteth wel, I wol make invocacioun, With special devocioun, Unto the god of slepe anoon, That dwelleth in a cave of stoon 70 Upon a streem that comth fro Lete, That is a flood of helle unswete; Besyde a folk men clepe Cimerie, Ther slepeth ay this god unmerie With his slepy thousand sones 75 That alway for to slepe hir wone is-- And to this god, that I of rede, Preye I, that he wol me spede My sweven for to telle aright, If every dreem stonde in his might. 80 And he, that mover is of al That is and was, and ever shal, So yive hem Ioye that hit here Of alle that they dreme to-yere, And for to stonden alle in grace 85 Of hir loves, or in what place That hem wer levest for to stonde, And shelde hem fro povert and shonde, And fro unhappe and ech disese, And sende hem al that may hem plese, 90 That take hit wel, and scorne hit noght, Ne hit misdemen in her thoght Through malicious entencioun. And who-so, through presumpcioun, Or hate or scorne, or through envye, 95 Dispyt, or Iape, or vilanye, Misdeme hit, preye I Iesus god That (dreme he barfoot, dreme he shod), That every harm that any man Hath had, sith [that] the world began, 100 Befalle him therof, or he sterve, And graunte he mote hit ful deserve, Lo! with swich a conclusioun As had of his avisioun Cresus, that was king of Lyde, 105 That high upon a gebet dyde! This prayer shal he have of me; I am no bet in charite! Now herkneth, as I have you seyd, What that I mette, or I abreyd. 110

_The Dream._

Of Decembre the tenthe day, Whan hit was night, to slepe I lay Right ther as I was wont to done, And fil on slepe wonder sone, As he that wery was for-go 115 On pilgrimage myles two To the corseynt Leonard, To make lythe of that was hard. But as I sleep, me mette I was Within a temple y-mad of glas; 120 In whiche ther were mo images Of gold, stondinge in sondry stages, And mo riche tabernacles, And with perre mo pinacles, And mo curious portreytures, 125 And queynte maner of figures Of olde werke, then I saw ever. For certeynly, I niste never Wher that I was, but wel wiste I, Hit was of Venus redely, 130 The temple; for, in portreyture, I saw anoon-right hir figure Naked fletinge in a see. And also on hir heed, parde, Hir rose-garlond whyt and reed, 135 And hir comb to kembe hir heed, Hir dowves, and daun Cupido, Hir blinde sone, and Vulcano, That in his face was ful broun. But as I romed up and doun, 140 I fond that on a wal ther was Thus writen, on a table of bras: 'I wol now singe, if that I can, The armes, and al-so the man, That first cam, through his destinee, 145 Fugitif of Troye contree, In Itaile, with ful moche pyne, Unto the strondes of Lavyne.' And tho began the story anoon, As I shal telle yow echoon. 150 First saw I the destruccioun Of Troye, through the Greek Sinoun, [That] with his false forsweringe, And his chere and his lesinge Made the hors broght into Troye, 155 Thorgh which Troyens loste al hir Ioye. And after this was grave, allas! How Ilioun assailed was And wonne, and king Priam y-slayn, And Polites his sone, certayn, 160 Dispitously, of dan Pirrus. And next that saw I how Venus, Whan that she saw the castel brende, Doun fro the hevene gan descende, And bad hir sone Eneas flee; 165 And how he fledde, and how that he Escaped was from al the pres, And took his fader, Anchises, And bar him on his bakke away, Cryinge, 'Allas, and welaway!' 170 The whiche Anchises in his honde Bar the goddes of the londe, Thilke that unbrende were. And I saw next, in alle this fere, How Creusa, daun Eneas wyf, 175 Which that he lovede as his lyf, And hir yonge sone Iulo, And eek Ascanius also, Fledden eek with drery chere, That hit was pitee for to here; 180 And in a forest, as they wente, At a turninge of a wente, How Creusa was y-lost, allas! That deed, [but] noot I how, she was; How he hir soughte, and how hir gost 185 Bad him to flee the Grekes ost, And seyde, he moste unto Itaile, As was his destinee, sauns faille; That hit was pitee for to here, Whan hir spirit gan appere, 190 The wordes that she to him seyde, And for to kepe hir sone him preyde. Ther saw I graven eek how he, His fader eek, and his meynee, With his shippes gan to sayle 195 Toward the contree of Itaile, As streight as that they mighte go. Ther saw I thee, cruel Iuno, That art daun Iupiteres wyf, That hast y-hated, al thy lyf, 200 Al the Troyanisshe blood, Renne and crye, as thou were wood, On Eolus, the god of windes, To blowen out, of alle kindes, So loude, that he shulde drenche 205 Lord and lady, grome and wenche Of al the Troyan nacioun, Withoute any savacioun. Ther saw I swich tempeste aryse, That every herte mighte agryse, 210 To see hit peynted on the walle. Ther saw I graven eek withalle, Venus, how ye, my lady dere, Wepinge with ful woful chere, Prayen Iupiter an hye 215 To save and kepe that navye Of the Troyan Eneas, Sith that he hir sone was. Ther saw I Ioves Venus kisse, And graunted of the tempest lisse. 220 Ther saw I how the tempest stente, And how with alle pyne he wente, And prevely took arrivage In the contree of Cartage; And on the morwe, how that he 225 And a knight, hight Achatee, Metten with Venus that day, Goinge in a queynt array, As she had ben an hunteresse, With wind blowinge upon hir tresse; 230 How Eneas gan him to pleyne, Whan that he knew hir, of his peyne; And how his shippes dreynte were, Or elles lost, he niste where; How she gan him comforte tho, 235 And bad him to Cartage go, And ther he shuldë his folk finde, That in the see were left behinde. And, shortly of this thing to pace, She made Eneas so in grace 240 Of Dido, quene of that contree, That, shortly for to tellen, she Becam his love, and leet him do That that wedding longeth to. What shulde I speke more queynte, 245 Or peyne me my wordes peynte, To speke of love? hit wol not be; I can not of that facultee. And eek to telle the manere How they aqueynteden in-fere, 250 Hit were a long proces to telle, And over long for yow to dwelle. Ther saw I grave, how Eneas Tolde Dido every cas, That him was tid upon the see. 255 And after grave was, how she Made of him, shortly, at oo word, Hir lyf, hir love, hir lust, hir lord; And dide him al the reverence, And leyde on him al the dispence, 260 That any woman mighte do, Weninge hit had al be so, As he hir swoor; and her-by demed That he was good, for he swich semed. Allas! what harm doth apparence, 265 Whan hit is fals in existence! For he to hir a traitour was; Wherfor she slow hir-self, allas! Lo, how a woman doth amis, To love him that unknowen is! 270 For, by Crist, lo! thus hit fareth; 'Hit is not al gold, that glareth.' For, al-so brouke I wel myn heed, Ther may be under goodliheed Kevered many a shrewed vyce; 275 Therfor be no wight so nyce, To take a love only for chere, For speche, or for frendly manere; For this shal every woman finde That som man, of his pure kinde, 280 Wol shewen outward the faireste, Til he have caught that what him leste; And thanne wol he causes finde, And swere how that she is unkinde, Or fals, or prevy, or double was. 285 Al this seye I by Eneas And Dido, and hir nyce lest, That lovede al to sone a gest; Therfor I wol seye a proverbe, That 'he that fully knoweth therbe 290 May saufly leye hit to his yë'; Withoute dreed, this is no lye. But let us speke of Eneas, How he betrayed hir, allas! And lefte hir ful unkindely. 295 So whan she saw al-utterly, That he wolde hir of trouthe faile, And wende fro hir to Itaile, She gan to wringe hir hondes two. 'Allas!' quod she, 'what me is wo! 300 Allas! is every man thus trewe, That every yere wolde have a newe, If hit so longe tyme dure, Or elles three, peraventure? As thus: of oon he wolde have fame 305 In magnifying of his name; Another for frendship, seith he; And yet ther shal the thridde be, That shal be taken for delyt, Lo, or for singular profyt.' 310 In swiche wordes gan to pleyne Dido of hir grete peyne, As me mette redely; Non other auctour alegge I. 'Allas!' quod she, 'my swete herte, 315 Have pitee on my sorwes smerte, And slee me not! go noght away! O woful Dido, wel away!' Quod she to hir-selve tho. 'O Eneas! what wil ye do? 320 O, that your love, ne your bonde, That ye han sworn with your right honde, Ne my cruel deeth,' quod she, 'May holde yow still heer with me! O, haveth of my deeth pitee! 325 Y-wis, my dere herte, ye Knowen ful wel that never yit, As fer-forth as I hadde wit, Agilte [I] yow in thoght ne deed. O, have ye men swich goodliheed 330 In speche, and never a deel of trouthe? Allas, that ever hadde routhe Any woman on any man! Now see I wel, and telle can, We wrecched wimmen conne non art; 335 For certeyn, for the more part, Thus we be served everichone. How sore that ye men conne grone, Anoon as we have yow receyved! Certeinly we ben deceyved; 340 For, though your love laste a sesoun, Wayte upon the conclusioun, And eek how that ye determynen, And for the more part diffynen. 'O, welawey that I was born! 345 For through yow is my name lorn, And alle myn actes red and songe Over al this lond, on every tonge. O wikke Fame! for ther nis Nothing so swift, lo, as she is! 350 O, sooth is, every thing is wist, Though hit be kevered with the mist. Eek, thogh I mighte duren ever, That I have doon, rekever I never, That I ne shal be seyd, allas, 355 Y-shamed be through Eneas, And that I shal thus Iuged be-- "Lo, right as she hath doon, now she Wol do eftsones, hardily;" Thus seyth the peple prevely.'-- 360 But that is doon, nis not to done; Al hir compleynt ne al hir mone, Certeyn, availeth hir not a stre. And whan she wiste sothly he Was forth unto his shippes goon, 365 She in hir chambre wente anoon, And called on hir suster Anne, And gan hir to compleyne thanne; And seyde, that she cause was That she first lovede [Eneas], 370 And thus counseilled hir therto. But what! when this was seyd and do, She roof hir-selve to the herte, And deyde through the wounde smerte. But al the maner how she deyde, 375 And al the wordes that she seyde, Who-so to knowe hit hath purpos, Reed Virgile in Eneidos Or the Epistle of Ovyde, What that she wroot or that she dyde; 380 And nere hit to long to endyte, By god, I woldë hit here wryte. But, welaway! the harm, the routhe, That hath betid for swich untrouthe, As men may ofte in bokes rede, 385 And al day seen hit yet in dede, That for to thenken hit, a tene is. Lo, Demophon, duk of Athenis, How he forswor him ful falsly, And trayed Phillis wikkedly, 390 That kinges doghter was of Trace, And falsly gan his terme pace; And when she wiste that he was fals, She heng hir-self right by the hals, For he had do hir swich untrouthe; 395 Lo! was not this a wo and routhe? Eek lo! how fals and reccheles Was to Briseida Achilles, And Paris to Enone; And Iason to Isiphile; 400 And eft Iason to Medea; And Ercules to Dyanira; For he lefte hir for Iöle, That made him cacche his deeth, parde. How fals eek was he, Theseus; 405 That, as the story telleth us, How he betrayed Adriane; The devel be his soules bane! For had he laughed, had he loured, He mostë have be al devoured, 410 If Adriane ne had y-be! And, for she had of him pitee, She made him fro the dethe escape, And he made hir a ful fals Iape; For after this, within a whyle 415 He lefte hir slepinge in an yle, Deserte alone, right in the see, And stal away, and leet hir be; And took hir suster Phedra tho With him, and gan to shippe go. 420 And yet he had y-sworn to here, On al that ever he mighte swere, That, so she saved him his lyf, He wolde have take hir to his wyf; For she desired nothing elles, 425 In certein, as the book us telles. But to excusen Eneas Fulliche of al his greet trespas, The book seyth, Mercurie, sauns faile, Bad him go into Itaile, 430 And leve Auffrykes regioun, And Dido and hir faire toun. Tho saw I grave, how to Itaile Daun Eneas is go to saile; And how the tempest al began, 435 And how he loste his steresman, Which that the stere, or he took keep, Smot over-bord, lo! as he sleep. And also saw I how Sibyle And Eneas, besyde an yle, 440 To helle wente, for to see His fader, Anchises the free. How he ther fond Palinurus, And Dido, and eek Deiphebus; And every tourment eek in helle 445 Saw he, which is long to telle. Which who-so willeth for to knowe, He moste rede many a rowe On Virgile or on Claudian, Or Daunte, that hit telle can. 450 Tho saw I grave al tharivaile That Eneas had in Itaile; And with king Latine his tretee, And alle the batailles that he Was at him-self, and eek his knightes, 455 Or he had al y-wonne his rightes; And how he Turnus refte his lyf, And wan Lavyna to his wyf; And al the mervelous signals Of the goddes celestials; 460 How, maugre Iuno, Eneas, For al hir sleighte and hir compas, Acheved al his aventure; For Iupiter took of him cure At the prayere of Venus; 465 The whiche I preye alway save us, And us ay of our sorwes lighte! Whan I had seyen al this sighte In this noble temple thus, 'A, Lord!' thoughte I, 'that madest us, 470 Yet saw I never swich noblesse Of images, ne swich richesse, As I saw graven in this chirche; But not woot I who dide hem wirche, Ne wher I am, ne in what contree. 475 But now wol I go out and see, Right at the wiket, if I can See o-wher stering any man, That may me telle wher I am.' When I out at the dores cam, 480 I faste aboute me beheld. Then saw I but a large feld, As fer as that I mighte see, Withouten toun, or hous, or tree, Or bush, or gras, or ered lond; 485 For al the feld nas but of sond As smal as man may see yet lye In the desert of Libye; Ne I no maner creature, That is y-formed by nature, 490 Ne saw, me [for] to rede or wisse. 'O Crist,' thoughte I, 'that art in blisse, Fro fantom and illusioun Me save!' and with devocioun Myn yën to the heven I caste. 495 Tho was I war, lo! at the laste, That faste by the sonne, as hyë As kenne mighte I with myn yë, Me thoughte I saw an egle sore, But that hit semed moche more 500 Then I had any egle seyn. But this as sooth as deeth, certeyn, Hit was of golde, and shoon so bright, That never saw men such a sighte, But-if the heven hadde y-wonne 505 Al newe of golde another sonne; So shoon the egles fethres brighte, And somwhat dounward gan hit lighte.

EXPLICIT LIBER PRIMUS.

_The authorities are_ F. (Fairfax 16); B. (Bodley 638); P. (Pepys 2006); Cx. (Caxton's ed.); Th. (Thynne's ed. 1532). _I follow_ F. _mainly, correcting the spelling._

1. P. drem; _rest_ dreme. 8. _All have_ And why; _I omit_ why. 9, 10. F. swevene, evene; Cx. Th. sweuen, euen. 11. Th. B. a fantome; P. a fauntom; Cx. a fanton; F. affaintome; _after which, all needlessly insert_ why. 12. F. Th. B. P. not; Cx. note (= noot). _Elide_ o _in_ so. 20. _All wrongly insert_ is _before_ more. 24. B. of the; _rest_ of her; _I omit_ the (her). 26. F. B. stewe; P. stoe; Cx. stryf; Th. stryfe. 35. P. sweche; _rest_ suche, such. 45. F. B. forwote; _rest_ wote. 50. F. vnderstonde, _followed by a metrical mark, indicating a pause: I add_ n. 58, 62. MSS. dreme (= dreem). 63. _See_ note. 64. B. P. now; F. yow; _rest om._ 71. P. strem; _rest_ streme (= streem); _so_ P. drem (_rest_ dreme) _in_ l. 80. MSS. cometh (= com'th). 73. Cx. Th. clepe; F. clepeth. 77. F. That; _rest_ And. 78. Th. wol; P. wol; Cx. wyl; F. B. wolde. 85. F. B. stonde; Cx. Th. stande; P. stond. Cx. alle; F. Th. al (_wrongly_). 88. _All_ pouerte. 89. B. ech; F. eche. 100. _I supply_ that. 103. P. _om._ a. 109, 110. Cx. seyd, abreyd; _the rest_ seyde (sayde), abreyde (abrayde). _Grammar requires_ seyd, abreyd; (abreyde _also occurs_). 117, 118. Cx. P. leonard, hard; F. Th. B. leonarde, harde. P. _om._ of. 119. MSS. slept, slepte; _read_ sleep, _as in_ l. 438. 122. F. Th. golde; Cx. P. gold; B. goold. 126. _All_ queynt. 127. F. B. olde; Th. golde; Cx. P. gold. F. sawgh. 131. Th. This; _rest_ The. 132. F. sawgh. 134. Th. heed; B. hed; F. Cx. hede. Cx. Th. P. parde; F. B. partee (!). 135. B. red; F. Th. rede; Cx. Rose garlondes smellynge as a mede. 136. MSS. combe. B. hed; _rest_ hede. 139. Cx. P. brown; F. broune. 140. Cx. down; F. dovne. 141. P. fond; F. Cx. B. fonde; Th. founde. Cx. Th. wal; B. wall; F. walle. 143. F. B. say; _rest_ synge. F. B. P. _om._ that. 146. F. B. Troy. 148. Cx. Th. P. Lauyne; F. B. Labyne. 152. Cx. Th. P. Troye; F. B. Troy; _see_ l. 155. 153. _All om._ That. F. B. P. fals; Cx. fals vntrewe; Th. false vntrewe. 159. Cx. Th. kyng; F. B. kynge. F. y-slayne; _rest_ slayn. 160. Th. Polytes; F. B. Polite. _From this point I make no further note of obvious corrections in spelling._ 172. Cx. P. Th. goddes; F. B. goddesse (_wrongly_) 173. F. B. -brende; _rest_ -brenned. 174. Cx. P. this; F. B. his. 184. F. P. That dede not I how she was; B. That ded not I how she was; Cx. That rede note I how it was; Th. That rede nat I howe that it was. _Read_ deed, _and insert_ but. 188. Cx. Th. destyne; F. destanye. 193. Cx. Th. grauen; P. graven; F. grave; B. graue. 196. F. B. Towardes. 199. P. Iubiter; _rest_ Iupiters; _read_ Iupiteres. 204. F. blowe; P. Cx. Th. blowen. 210. Th. herte; _rest_ hert. 220. F. _omits from_ lisse _to_ tempest _in next line; the rest are right_. 221, 222. F. B. stent, went; Cx. Th. stente, wente. 227. P. Cx. Th. Metten; F. B. Mette. 235. F. P. comfort; _rest_ comforte. 237. P. folk; _rest_ folke; _but_ shulde _is here dissyllabic_. 242. F. tel; B. tell_e_; P. Cx. Th. tellen. 257, 8. _All_ worde, lorde. 260. Th. the; _rest omit_. 270. F. vnknowe; _rest_ vnknowen. 278. Th. Or speche; _rest_ Or (F. Of!) for speche; _read_ For speche. _Lines 280-2 3 are in_ Th. _only, which reads_ some; fayrest; lest; than. 285. Cx. Th. (_3rd_) or; F. B. P. _om._ 290. F. B. therbe (= the herbe); P. Cx. Th. the herbe. 305. Cx. Th. one; P. on; F. B. love. 309, 310. _All_ delyte, profyte. 313. _For_ mette, Cx. Th. _have_ mette dremyng (!). 314. F. auttour = auctour. 315. F. he; _the rest_ she. 320. F. Th. wol; P. will_e_; Cx. wyl. 322. F. ha; P. B. haue; _rest om._ 328. _All_ had. 329. _I insert_ I; _which all omit_. 332. P. hadde; _rest_ had. 334. Cx. telle; P. tellen; F. tel. 340. F. _omits this line; the rest have it_. 347. F. B. al youre; Cx. Th. P. myn (_om._ al). 352. F. B. _om._ be. 353. Th. duren; F. B. dure. 358. Th. done; _rest omit_. 362. _All insert_ But _before_ Al. 363. Cx. Th. P. Certeyn; F. B. Certeynly. 365. Cx. goon; P. gon; F. agoon; B. agon. 366. in] _All_ in to. 370. _All_ Allas (alas); _read_ Eneas. 371. F. B. As; _rest_ And. 375. Cx. Th. P. But; F. B. And. 381. F. And nor hyt were to; Cx. And nere it were to; Th. And nere it to; B. P. And ner it were to. Th. B. to endyte; F. Cx. tendyte. 387. P. thenken; F. B. thynke; Cx. Th. thynken. 391. F. B. _om._ was. 402. Cx. Th. P. And; F. B. _omit_. 410. Th. al; Cx. all; P. alle; F. B. _om._ 426. F. B. _om._ as _and_ us. 428. F. B. _om._ greet. 429. B. Mercure; F. Mercur_e_; _rest om._ 433. F. B. how that; _rest_ how. 434. Cx. P. to saylle; Th. for to sayle; F. B. for to assayle. 446. Th. longe is for; F. B. is longe. Cx. P. whyche no tonge can telle. 451. _For_ tharivaile, F. B. Th. _have_ the aryvayle; Cx. the arryuaylle; P. the arevaille. 458. F. labina; _rest_ Lauyna. 468. Cx. P. seyn; _rest_ seen (sene). 473. F. B. grave; _rest_ grauen. 475. F. B. _omit_ in. 478. Th. sterynge any; _the rest_ any stiryng (sterynge). 486. Cx. Th. P. was but of sonde (sande); F. B. nas but sonde. 491. _I insert_ for. Cx. Th. P. _insert_ I _after_ saw; _but it is in_ l. 489. 496. F. B. _omit_ lo. 504. F. B. _omit lines_ 504-507. COLOPHON AND TITLE. _So in_ Cx.; _the rest omit them_.

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