Part 21
[1050] Marcel de Serres thinks he has discovered an organ of hearing in most insects, but he does not state its situation. _Mém. du Mus._ 1819. 99. Treviranus, with regard to the _Blattina_, suspects it to be situated between the eye and the base of the antennæ, perhaps alluding to the spot noticed above. (VOL. III. p. 505.) Carus, who mentions the above, says, "Is it not reasonable to ask if the sense of hearing may not reside in the membrane which connects the antennæ with the head?" _Introd. to Comp. Anat._ i. 80--.
[1051] Lehmann _De Sens. Extern. Anim. Exsang._ De Olfactu.
[1052] Cuv. _Anat. Comp._ ii. 675.
[1053] _Ubi supr._
[1054] Marcel de Serres says they are connected with _testes_ seated in the trunk (_Mem. du Mus._ 1819. 95); but Treviranus denies this (_Arachnid._ 36--. _t._ iv. _f._ 33).
[1055] VOL. II. p. 361--. III. p. 544--.
[1056] Lehmann _De Sens. Extern. &c._ De Olfactu.
[1057] Lehmann _ubi supr._ &c. 27.
[1058] _Ibid._ and _De Usu Antenn._ ii. 24--. Cuv. _Anat. Comp._ ii. 675.
[1059] Lehmann _De Usu Antenn._ ii. 28.
[1060] _Ibid._ 31.
[1061] _Ibid._ 35--.
[1062] VOL. III. p. 475--.
[1063] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xxiii. 210.
[1064] _Ubi supr._
[1065] See above, p. 63. Sprengel _Commentar._ 14--.
[1066] Huber _Abeilles_ ii. 375--. Dr. Bevan in his interesting work on the _Honey-Bee_ adopts the opinion here stated with respect to the organ of smell in that animal. 265, 303.
[1067] VOL. I. p. 352--.
[1068] VOL. III. p. 480--.
[1069] VOL. III. p. 454--.
[1070] _Introd. to Comp. Anat._ i. 76. The part he alludes to, is figured PLATE VI. FIG. 4. a. g´.
[1071] _Ibid._ This membrane likewise represents the Nose and Rhinarium in that fly.
[1072] VOL. III. p. 481.
[1073] Cuv. _Anat. Comp._ ii. 682--.
LETTER XLVI.
_ORISMOLOGY, OR EXPLANATION OF TERMS._
It was by the language of _terms_ that he invented and employed, as well as by his system and methods of arrangement, that Linné smoothed the way to the study of Natural History;--having therefore led you through a large portion of the _flowery_ fields of the Science of Entomology, I must now conduct you into that _arid_ but not barren or unprofitable region. To enable you to understand descriptions of insects, or to describe them yourself, you must have a knowledge of the _technical_ language by which their parts and characters are expressed. Much of this you already know from the definitions of external parts, furnished in a former letter[1074]: I shall now give you a more full and general explanation of terms, adding many new ones for unnoticed characters, that may be conveniently employed.
The science of terms, which I shall call _Orismology_[1075], may be divided into _two_ branches--_General_ Orismology, and _Partial_ Orismology; the first containing _general_ definitions, and the last those relating to _particular_ parts and organs.
A. GENERAL ORISMOLOGY.
I. SUBSTANCE.
1. MEMBRANOUS (_Membranacea_). A fine, thin, transparent substance. A _Membrane_.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Hymenoptera_ and _Diptera_.
2. PERGAMENEOUS (_Pergamenea_). A thin, tough, and less transparent substance, somewhat resembling _parchment_.--Ex. The _Tegmina_ of the _Orthoptera_[1076].
3. CORIACEOUS (_Coriacea_). A thicker, flexible substance, resembling _leather_.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Telephorus_ and the _Malacodermi_.
4. CORNEOUS (_Cornea_). A hard inflexible substance resembling _horn_.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Lucanus Cervus_ and many other _Coleoptera_.
5. CRUSTACEOUS (_Crustacea_). A rigid calcareous substance.--Ex. The _Shell_ of a _Lobster_ or _Crab_.
6. CALLOUS (_Callosa_). A substance without pores, harder than the surrounding matter, and usually elevated above it.--Ex. Elevated parts of the _Collar_ in _Nomada_. (_Mon. Ap. Angl._ Apis * b.)[1077] Spots on the _elytra_ of _Stenocorus_ (_Tylostagmus_ K. MS.) _bimaculatus_ and affinities.
7. CARTILAGINEOUS (_Cartilaginea_). A gristly substance between bone and ligament.--Ex. The _Tongue_ of many _Hymenoptera_.
8. SUBEREOUS (_Suberea_). A soft elastic substance somewhat resembling _cork_[1078]. The _galls_ of some species of _Cynips_ when mature approach to this substance.
9. SPONGIOSE (_Spongiosa_). A soft elastic substance resembling _sponge_.--Ex. The _Pulvilli_ of _Thanasimus_, _Buprestis_, &c.
10. LIGNEOUS (_Lignosa_). A hard unelastic substance like _wood_.--Ex. _Galls_ of some species of _Cynips_.
11. CARNOSE (_Carnosa_). A soft, _fleshy_ substance.--Ex. _Caterpillars_ and _Grubs_.
12. TUBULOSE (_Tubulosa_). When the interior is _hollow_ or empty.
13. SOLID (_Solida_). When the interior is _full_.
II. RESISTANCE.
1. RIGID (_Rigida_). Hard, which does not bend or yield to pressure.--Ex. The weevils (_Rhyncophora_).
2. FLEXILE (_Flexilis_). Which easily bends, or yields to pressure without breaking.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Telephorus_.
3. SOFT (_Mollis_). Flexile and retaining the marks of pressure.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Meloe_.
III. DENSITY.
1. FOLIACEOUS (_Foliacea_). Very thin and depressed, scarcely thicker than a leaf.--Ex. _Aradus corticalis_ and _Coreus paradoxus_.
2. DEPRESSED (_Depressa_). When the _vertical_ section is shorter than the _transverse_.--Ex. _Trogosita mauritanica_.
3. COMPRESSED (_Compressa_). When the _transverse_ section is shorter than the _vertical_.--Ex. _Centrotus cornutus_: _Abdomen_ in _Cynips_.
4. PLUMP (_Pinguis_). Naturally and proportionably plump.--Ex. _Thylacites_, &c. Most of the _Cicadæ_.
5. OBESE (_Obesa_). Unnaturally enlarged and distended, as if from disease or too much food. Ex. _Chrysomela Polygoni_ ♀, _Galeruca Tanaceti_ ♀, _Brachycerus_.
6. VENTRICOSE (_Ventricosa_). Bellying out as if filled with air.--Ex. _Pneumora_.
IV. PROPORTION.
1. THICK (_Crassa_). Disproportionably thick throughout.--Ex. _Copris_.
2. INCRASSATE (_Incrassata_). Disproportionably thick in part.--Ex. _Base_ of the _Abdomen_ of _Æshna_ and many _Libellulina_. PLATE IX. FIG. 9.
3. SLENDER (_Tenuis_). Disproportionably slender throughout.--Ex. _Lixus paraplecticus_.
4. ATTENUATE (_Attenuata_). Disproportionably slender in part.--Ex. _Tail_ of _Scorpio_, _Raphidia_ ♂, &c.
5. BROAD (_Lata_). Disproportionably broad throughout.
6. DILATATE (_Dilatata_). Disproportionably broad in part.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Lycus fasciatus_, &c. PLATE XIII. FIG. 20.
7. NARROW (_Angusta_). Disproportionably narrow throughout.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Agrion_.
8. ANGUSTATE (_Angustata_). Disproportionably narrow in part.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Sitaris humeralis_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 19.
9. LONG (_Longa_). Disproportionably long throughout.--Ex. _Scolopendra_.
10. ELONGATE (_Elongata_). Disproportionably long in part.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Libellulina_.
11. SHORT (_Brevis_). Disproportionably short throughout.--Ex. _Copris_.
12. ABBREVIATE (_Abbreviata_). Disproportionably short in part.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Staphylinidæ_, _Atractocerus_, &c.
V. FIGURE[1079].
1. CIRCULAR (_Circularis_). Having the diameter every way equal. PLATE XXIX. FIG. 16, 17.
2. ROTUNDATE (_Rotundata_). Rounded at the angles or sides. PLATE XXIX. FIG. 19.
3. OVAL (_Ovalis_). Having the _longitudinal_ diameter _twice_ the length of the _transverse_, and the ends circumscribed by equal segments of a circle. PLATE XX. FIG. 6.
4. ELLIPTIC (_Elliptica_). Oval, but having the _longitudinal_ diameter _more_ than _twice_ the length of the _transverse_. PLATE XX. FIG. 19.
5. OBLONG (_Oblonga_). Having the _longitudinal_ diameter _more_ than _twice_ the length of the _transverse_, and the ends varying, or rounded. PLATE XX. FIG. 3, 9.
6. OVATE (_Ovata_). Oval, but having the ends circumscribed by unequal segments of circles. PLATE XX. FIG. 12, 13.
7. CORDATE (_Cordata_). Heart-shaped. Ovate or subovate and hollowed out at the base, without posterior angles. PLATE IX. FIG. 22.
8. SAGITTATE (_Sagittata_). Arrow-shaped. Triangular, hollowed out at the base with posterior angles. PLATE XXVII. FIG. 41. _w´´´_.
9. HASTATE (_Hastata_). Halberd-shaped. Triangular, hollowed out at the base and sides with the posterior angles spreading.--Ex. _Horn_ of the _prothorax_ of _Dynastes hastatus_. _Postfurca_ in many _Coleoptera_. PLATE XXII. FIG. 5. _b_ †.
10. TRIANGULAR; QUADRANGULAR; QUINQUANGULAR; SEXANGULAR (_Triangula_; _Quadrangula_; _Quinquangula_; _Sexangula_). Having _three_, _four_, _five_, or _six_ angles.
11. TURBINATE (_Turbinata_). Top-shaped, triangular with curved sides. PLATE XXV. FIG. 18.
12. ENSATE (_Ensata_). Gradually tapering till it ends in a point.--Ex. _Ovipositor_ of _Acrida viridissima_. PLATE XV. FIG. 19.
13. LANCEOLATE (_Lanceolata_). Oblong and gradually tapering towards each extremity.--Ex. The _Cerci_ in _Blatta_. PLATE XV. FIG. 23. _Q´´_.
14. SIGMOIDAL (_Sigmoidea_). S-shaped. Lanceolate and concave on one side at the base, and on the other at the apex.--Ex. _Ovipositor_ of _Cimbex_, PLATE XV. FIG. 21. _H´´_.
15. CUNEATE (_Cuneata_). Wedge-shaped. Having the _longitudinal_ diameter exceeding the _transverse_, and narrowing gradually downwards. PLATE X. FIG. 11.
16. ACINACICATE (_Acinacicata_). Falchion-shaped. Curved with the apex truncate, and growing gradually wider towards the end.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Ophion_, _Fœnus_, and other _Ichneumonidæ_[1080].
17. LUNULATE (_Lunulata_). Crescent-shaped. Curved with both ends acute, like the moon in her first quarter.--Ex. _Last_ joint of the _labial palpi_ of _Oxyporus_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 4. _a._
18. FALCATE (_Falcata_). Sickle-shaped. Curved with the apex acute.--Ex. _Ovipositor_ of _Acrida varia_. _Antennæ_ of _Atractocerus_. PLATE XI. FIG. 8.
19. LINEAR (_Linearis_). Narrow and of the same width throughout.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Pterophorus monodactylus_.
20. ARCUATE (_Arcuata_). Linear and bent like a bow.--Ex. _Rostrum_ of _Balaninus Nucum_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 12.
21. CULTRATE (_Cultrata_). Coulter-shaped. Straight on one side and curved on the other.--Ex. _Ovipositor_ of some _Saw-flies_. _Under-wing_ of many _Ichneumonidæ_.
22. SPATULATE (_Spatulata_). Spatula-shaped. Broader and rounded at the _apex_, linear and narrow at the _base_.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Ichneumon amictorius_ Panz.
23. CLEPSYDRATE (_Clepsydrata_). Hour-glass-shaped. Broader at the base and apex--Ex. The _Prosternum_ of many Capricorn beetles.
24. CLAVATE (_Clavata_). Club-shaped. Linear at the _base_, but towards the _apex_ growing gradually broader. PLATE XI. FIG. 4.
25. QUADRATE (_Quadrata_). Square. Quadrilateral with the sides _equal_ and the angles _right_ angles.
26. RHOMBOID (_Rhomboidea_). Quadrilateral with the sides equal, but with two opposite angles _acute_, and two _obtuse_. PLATE XXVII. FIG. 62. _t´´_.
27. TRAPEZATE (_Trapezata_). Quadrilateral with the _four_ sides unequal, and none of them perfectly parallel. PLATE XIV. FIG. 4.
28. TRAPEZOID (_Trapezoidea_). Quadrilateral, with _two_ sides unequal and parallel[1081]. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 34. b´.
29. PARALLELOGRAMICAL (_Parallelogramica_). Quadrilateral, with _all_ the angles right angles, and _all_ the sides parallel, but two longer than the others.
VI. FORM[1082].
1. SPHERICAL (_Sphærica_). The shape of a _globe_. A body whose diameter every way is equal. PLATE XX. FIG. 5.
2. ORBICULATE (_Orbiculata_). A depressed globe, whose _horizontal_ section is circular, and _vertical_ oval. PLATE XX. FIG. 10, 11.
3. LENTICULAR (_Lenticularis_). Lens-shaped. Whose _horizontal_ section is circular, and _vertical_ lanceolate.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Cynips aptera_.
4. OVALIFORM (_Ovaliformis_). Whose _longitudinal_ section is oval, and _transverse_ circular. PLATE XX. FIG. 6.
5. ELLIPSOID (_Ellipsoidea_). Whose _longitudinal_ section is elliptical, and _transverse_ circular. PLATE XX. FIG. 19.
6. OVIFORM (_Oviformis_). Whose _longitudinal_ section is ovate, and _transverse_ circular. PLATE XX. FIG. 12, 13.
7. CUCUMIFORM (_Cucumiformis_). Cucumber-shaped. Whose _longitudinal_ section is oblong, and _transverse_ circular. PLATE XX. FIG. 18, excluding the _neck_.
8. CORDIFORM (_Cordiformis_). Oviform and hollowed out at the base without posterior angles. PLATE IX. FIG. 22.
9. CONICAL (_Conica_). Whose _vertical_ section is triangular, and _horizontal_ circular.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Cœlioxys conica_ (_Apis_ * * b. K.). PLATE XX. FIG. 7.
10. TURBINIFORM (_Turbiniformis_). Whose _vertical_ section is turbinate, and _horizontal_ circular.--Ex. _Joints_ of _antennæ_ of _Aleochara socialis_, and many others of that genus.
11. PYRAMIDAL (_Pyramidalis_). Whose _vertical_ section is triangular, and _horizontal_ quadrangular.
12. CUNEIFORM (_Cuneiformis_). Whose _vertical_ section is cuneate, and _horizontal_ parallelogramical.
13. TRIQUETROUS (_Triquetra_). Whose _horizontal_ sections are equilateral triangles. PLATE XI. FIG. 6.
14. ENSIFORM (_Ensiformis_). Whose _horizontal_ sections are _acute_-angled triangles gradually _diminishing_ in diameter from the base to the apex, and propagated in a _straight_ line. PLATE XI. FIG. 7.
15. ACINACIFORM (_Acinaciformis_). Whose _horizontal_ sections are _acute_-angled triangles gradually _increasing_ in diameter from the base to the apex, and propagated in a _curved_ line.
16. CULTRIFORM (_Cultriformis_). Whose _horizontal_ sections are equal acute-angled triangles, or a three-sided body with two equal sides large and the third small.
17. DELTOID (_Deltoidea_). Short with the horizontal section triangular and decreasing in diameter towards the base.--Ex. _Apex_ of the _posterior tibia_ in _Copris lunaris_.
18. TRIGONAL; TETRAGONAL; PENTAGONAL; HEXAGONAL; POLYGONAL (_Trigona_; _Tetragona_; _Pentagona_; _Hexagona_; _Polygona_). Whose horizontal section is triangular; quadrangular; quinquangular; sexangular; multiangular.
19. TRIEDRAL; TETRAEDRAL; PENTAEDRAL; HEXAEDRAL; POLYEDRAL (_Triedra_; _Tetraedra_; _Pentaedra_; _Hexaedra_; _Polyedra_). That hath _three_ sides; _four_ sides; _five_ sides; _six_ sides; _many_ sides.
20. PRISMOIDAL (_Prismoidalis_). Having more than _four_ sides and whose _horizontal_ section is a polygon[1083]. PLATE VI. FIG. 13. _a, b,_ d´.
21. TRAPEZIFORM (_Trapeziformis_). Whose _horizontal_ section is a _Trapezium_.
22. TRAPEZOIDIFORM (_Trapezoidiformis_). Whose _horizontal_ section is trapezoid.
23. RHOMBIFORM (_Rhombiformis_). Whose _horizontal_ section is rhomboidal. PLATE VIII. FIG. 11.
24. TWO-EDGED (_Anceps_). Whose _horizontal_ section is lanceolate.
25. CYLINDRICAL (_Cylindrica_). Whose _horizontal_ sections are all equal circles. PLATE XXI. FIG. 4.
26. FUSIFORM (_Fusiformis_). Spindle-shaped. Whose _vertical_ section is lanceolate or lineari-lanceolate, and _horizontal_ circular. PLATE XXIII. FIG. 12.
27. COLUMNAR (_Teres_). Whose _vertical_ section is cuneate, and _horizontal_ circular. PLATE XVI. FIG. 2, 3.
28. CLAVIFORM (_Claviformis_). Whose _vertical_ section is clavate, and _horizontal_ circular. PLATE XI. XII. FIG. 4.
29. CUBICAL (_Cubica_). _Six_-sided, with sides quadrate.
30. PARALLELOPIPEDOUS (_Parallelopipeda_). _Six_-sided, with _four_ parallelogramical and _two_ quadrate sides.
31. PYRIFORM (_Pyriformis_). Pear-shaped. Whose _vertical_ section is spatulate, and _horizontal_ circular.--Ex. _Apion_, &c.
32. INFUNDIBULIFORM (_Infundibuliformis_). Funnel-shaped. Whose _horizontal_ sections are circular, at first equal and then progressively larger and larger. PLATE XXII. FIG. 12. c.
33. FORNICATE (_Fornicata_). Convex above and concave beneath. PLATE XIII. FIG. 18. _a._
34. COARCTATE (_Coarctata_). When the diameter of the _middle_ is less than that of the _ends_.--Ex. _Posterior thigh_ of _Locusta_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 5.
35. CALCEOLIFORM (_Calceoliformis_). Oblong, and somewhat coarctate in the middle.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Chelonus_.
36. LAGENIFORM (_Lageniformis_). Bellying out and then ending in a narrow neck, something like a _bottle_.--Ex. _Sperm-reservoir_ attached to the oviduct in _Pontia_. PLATE XXX. FIG. 12. _d._
37. CONSTRICT (_Constricta_). Suddenly and disproportionably smaller at one end. PLATE XXII. FIG. 15.
38. LUNIFORM (_Luniformis_). Whose longitudinal section is lunate. PLATE XIII. FIG. 4.
39. NODOSE (_Nodosa_). Having one or more knobs or swellings. PLATE XII. FIG. 5.
40. GENICULATE (_Geniculata_). Bent so as to form a knee or angle. PLATE XII. FIG. 7.
VII. SUPERFICIES.
i. PARTS.
1. DISK (_Discus_). The middle of a surface.
2. LIMB (_Limbus_). The circumference.
3. MARGIN (_Margo_). The extreme sides.
4. APEX (_Apex_). The summit.
5. BASE (_Basis_). The bottom.
6. SUPINE SURFACE (_Pagina superior_). The _upper_ surface.
7. PRONE SURFACE (_Pagina inferior_). The _under_ surface.
ii. ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION.
1. NAVICULAR (_Navicularis_). When two sides meet and form an angle like the _outer_ bottom of a _boat_.--Ex. _Notonecta glauca_.
2. CONVEX (_Convexa_). An elevation the arc of which _is_ the segment of a circle.--Ex. _Upper_ Surface of the body of most _Coleoptera_.
3. GIBBOUS (_Gibba_). An elevation the arc of which is _not_ the segment of a circle[1084].--Ex. _Shoulders_ of the _elytra_ of _Prionus coriarius_, and of many other _Coleoptera_.
4. PLANE (_Plana_). Flat. When the disk is not higher than the limb, nor the limb than the disk.
5. CONCAVE (_Concava_). A depression the arc of which _is_ the segment of a circle.
6. EXCAVATE (_Excavata_). A depression the arc of which is _not_ the segment of a circle.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Sinodendrum cylindricum_.
iii. SCULPTURE.
1. EQUATE[1085] (_Æquata_). Without _larger_ partial elevations or depressions.
2. SMOOTH (_Lævis_). Without _smaller_ partial elevations or depressions.
3. LEVIGATE (_Lævigata_). Without _any_ partial elevations or depressions.
4. PORE (_Porus_). A minute impression that _perforates_ the substance.
5. POROSE (_Porosa_). Beset with many pores.--Ex. _Elytra_ of most _Apions_.
6. A POINT (_Punctum_). A minute impression upon the surface, but _not perforating_ it.
7. PUNCTATE (_Punctata_). Beset with many points.--Ex. Impression on the _Head_ and _Prothorax_ of _Phyllopertha Horticola_, &c.
8. VARIOLE (_Variola_). A shallow impression like a mark of the small-pox.
9. VARIOLOUS (_Variolosa_). Beset with many varioles.--Ex. _Scarabæus variolosus_.
10. UMBILICATE (_Umbilicata_). When a variole, tubercle, granule, &c. has a _depression_ in its centre.--Ex. _Thorax_ of _Pachygaster scabrosus_.
11. FOVEOLET (_Foveola_). A roundish and rather deep depression, larger than a variole.
12. FOVEOLATE (_Foveolata_). Having one or more foveolets.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Geotrupes stercorarius_.
13. FOSSULET (_Fossula_). A somewhat long and narrow depression.
14. FOSSULATE (_Fossulata_). Having one or more fossulets.--Ex. _Oxytelus rugosus_, &c.
15. UNEQUAL (_Inæqualis_). Having very slight and indeterminate excavations.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Silpha thoracica_, _Cerambyx moschatus_, &c.
16. LACUNOSE (_Lacunosa_). Having a few scattered, irregular, broadish but shallow excavations.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Donacia vittata_, _Sagittariæ_, &c.
17. RIMOSE (_Rimosa_). Chinky, resembling the bark of a tree. Having numerous minute, narrow and nearly parallel excavations, which run into each other.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Colymbetes adspersus_ ♀, and _Cybister Rœselii_.
18. UNDOSE (_Undosa_). Having undulating nearly parallel broader depressions which run into each other, and resemble the sand of the sea-shore when left by the tide.--Ex. _Cymatodes_[1086] _undosus_ K. MS.
19. VERMICULATE (_Vermiculata_). Having tortuous excavations as if eaten by worms.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Colymbetes Hybneri_ and _transversalis_.
20. RETICULOSE (_Reticulosa_). Having a number of minute impressed lines which intersect each other in various directions like the meshes of a net.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Cybister Rœselii_.
21. ACUDUCTED (_Acuducta_). Scratched across very finely as if with the point of a needle or pin.--Ex. _Colymbetes acuductus_.
22. STRIATE (_Striata_). Having rather _slightly_ impressed longitudinal parallel lines.--Ex. _Amara communis_, &c.
23. SULCATE (_Sulcata_). Having _deeper_ impressed longitudinal parallel lines.--Ex. _Dytiscus marginalis_ ♀.
24. CLATHROSE (_Clathrosa_). When strias or furrows cross each other at right angles.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Micropeplus porcatus_.
25. RIVOSE (_Rivosa_). When furrows do not run in a parallel direction and are rather sinuate.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Elophorus stagnalis_, &c.
26. INTERSTICE (_Interstitium_). The space between elevations and depressions running in lines.
27. INTERVAL (_Intervallum_). The space between irregular and scattered elevations and depressions.
28. COMPLANATE (_Complanata_). A convex or irregular surface having a plane slight depression.--Ex. _Sides_ of the _Prothorax_ of _Prionus cervicornis_.
29. CANALICULATE (_Canaliculata_). Having a longitudinal impressed line or channel.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Geotrupes_, _Broscus cephalotes_, &c.
30. CARINATE (_Carinata_). Having a longitudinal elevated line.--Ex. _Rostrum_ of _Curculio nebulosus_. _Bicarinate_, _Tricarinate_, &c., having _two_ or _three_ such lines.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Silpha recta_.
31. CRISTATE (_Cristata_). Having one or two very elevated lines usually crenate.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Pterophylla laurifolia_.
32. PORCATE (_Porcata_). Having several parallel elevated longitudinal ridges.--Ex. _Onthophilus striatus_.
33. COSTATE (_Costata_). Having several broad elevated lines.--Ex. _Brachinus bimaculatus_, &c.
34. CLATHRATE (_Clathrata_). Having several elevated lines which cross each other at right angles.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Micropeplus porcatus_.
35. RETICULATE (_Reticulata_). Having many small elevated lines which intersect each other in various directions like the meshes of a net.--Ex. _Lycus reticulatus_. _Wings_ of the _Libellulina_.
36. RUGOSE (_Rugosa_). Wrinkled. Intricate with approximating elevations and depressions whose direction is indeterminate.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Prionus coriarius_.
37. CICATRICOSE (_Cicatricosa_). Having elevated spots of a different colour from the rest of the surface, resembling _scars_.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Ptomaphila lachrymosa_ K. MS[1087].
38. EMBOSSED (_Cælata_). Having several plane tracts of a different shape higher than the rest of the surface.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Prionus damicornis_, _maxillosus_, &c.
39. GIBBOSE (_Gibbosa_). Having one or more large elevations.--Ex. _Sides_ of the _Prothorax_ of _Brachycerus barbarus_.
40. TUBERCLE (_Tuberculum_). A pimple-like knob.
41. _Tuberculate_ (_Tuberculata_). Having several tubercles.--Ex. _Apoderus gemmatus_. _Base_ of _Prothorax_ of _Cerambyx moschatus_.
42. VERRUCA. A small flattish wart-like prominence.
43. VERRUCOSE (_Verrucosa_). Having several _verrucæ_.--Ex. _Pimelia muricata_.
44. MURICATE (_Muricata_). Armed with sharp thick, but not close, elevated points like a _Murex_.--Ex. _Bronchus Tribulus_, _quadridens_[1088], &c.
45. ECHINATE (_Echinata_). Armed with sharp spines like a hedgehog or _Echinus_.--Ex. _Hispa atra_.
46. RUGGED (_Salebrosa_). When a surface is rough with mucros, spines and tubercles intermixed.--Ex. Numerous species of _Bronchus_.
47. GRANULE (_Granulum_). A very minute elevation.
48. GRANULATE (_Granulata_). Beset with many granules like _shagreen_.--Ex. _Otiorhynchus sulcatus_. _Prothorax_ of _Copris Molossus_.
49. SCABROUS (_Scabra_). Rough to the touch from granules scarcely visible.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Otiorhynchus Ligustici_.
50. PAPILLULE (_Papillula_). A tubercle or variole with an elevation in its centre.
51. PAPILLULATE (_Papillulata_). Beset with many papillules.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Dynastes Hercules_ ♀.
52. CATENULATE (_Catenulata_). Having a series of elevated oblong tubercles resembling a _chain_.--Ex. _Carabus catenulatus_.
53. SPHERULATE (_Sphærulata_). Having one or more rows of minute tubercles.--Ex. _Trox lutosus_, _Limnius tuberculatus_.
54. CONSUTE (_Consuta_). Having very minute elevations in a series at some distance from each other, of a different colour from the rest of the surface, and somewhat resembling _stitching_.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Oryctes Sylvanus_ (_Cœlosis_ K. MS.).
55. INTRICATE (_Intricata_). When depressions or elevations so run into each other as to be difficult to trace.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Carabus intricatus_.
56. CORRUGATE (_Corrugata_). When a surface rises and falls in parallel angles more or less acute.--Ex. _Front_ of _Nothiophilus aquaticus_.
57. OBLITERATE (_Obliterata_). Applied to impressions and elevations when almost effaced. #/
iv. CLOTHING.
a. GENERAL.
1. SCUTATE (_Scutata_). Covered with large flat scales.--Ex. _Machilis polypoda_.
2. SQUAMOSE (_Squamosa_). Covered with minute scales.--Ex. _Lepidoptera_.
3. PULVERULENT (_Pulverulenta_). Covered with very minute powder-like scales.--Ex. _Ceutorhynchus Sisymbrii_.
4. POLLINOSE (_Pollinosa_). Covered with a loose mealy and often yellow powder resembling the _pollen_ of flowers.--Ex. _Lixus paraplecticus_.
5. FARINOSE (_Farinosa_). Covered with a fixed mealy powder resembling _flour_.--Ex. _Spots_ on the _Elytra_ of _Cetonia aurata_, _variegata_, &c.
6. LUTOSE (_Lutosa_). Covered with a powdery substance resembling _mud_ or dirt, which _easily rubs off_.--Ex. _Trox lutosus_.
7. RORULENT (_Rorulenta_). Covered like a plum with a bloom which may be rubbed off.--Ex. _Peltis limbata_.
8. STUPEOUS (_Stupea_). Covered with long loose scales resembling _tow_.--Ex. The _Palpi_ of _Lepidoptera_. _Antennæ_ of some _Diptera_. PLATE XII. FIG. 23.
9. PILOSE (_Pilosa_). Covered with long distinct flexible hairs.--Ex. _Thorax_ of _Vespa Crabro_.
10. VILLOSE (_Villosa_). Covered with soft flexible hairs thickly set.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Amphimalla solstitialis_.
11. LANATE (_Lanata_). Covered with fine, very long, flexible and rather curling hairs like _wool_.--Ex. _Melolontha lanigera_ F.
12. LANUGINOSE (_Lanuginosa_). Covered with longish very soft fine down.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Trichius fasciatus_. _Thorax_ and _base_ of the _Abdomen_ of _Megachile circumcincta_ (_Apis_ **. c. 2. α K.).
13. HIRSUTE (_Hirsuta_). Covered with long stiffish hairs very thickly set.--Ex. _Bombus_.
14. PLUMULOSE (_Plumulosa_). When the hairs branch out laterally like feathers.--Ex. _Hair_ on the _base_ of the _Maxilla_ of _Eucera_ (_Apis_ ** d. 1. K.).
15. HAIRY (_Hirta_). Covered with short stiffish sub-distinct hairs.--Ex. Genus _Lagria_.
16. TOMENTOSE (_Tomentosa_). Covered with short interwoven inconspicuous hairs.--Ex. _Acanthocinus Ædilis_.
17. PUBESCENT (_Pubescens_). Covered with very fine decumbent short hairs.--Ex. _Harpalus ruficornis_, &c.
18. STUPULOSE (_Stupulosa_). Covered with coarse decumbent hairs.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Melolontha vulgaris_.
19. VELUTINOUS (_Velutina_). Covered with very thick-set upright short hairs or pile, resembling _velvet_.--Ex. _Trombidium holosericeum_. _Scutellum_ of _Staphylinus hybridus_.
20. HOLOSERICEOUS (_Holosericea_). Covered with thick-set shining short decumbent hairs, resembling _satin_[1089].--Ex. _Under side_ of the body of _Elophorus stagnalis_, _Argyroneta aquatica_, &c.
21. SETOSE (_Setosa_). Bristly. Sprinkled with stiff scattered hairs like bristles.--Ex. _Echinomyia grossa_.
22. SETULOSE (_Setulosa_). Setose with the bristles truncated.--Ex. _Thylacites setosus_.
23. HISPID (_Hispida_). Rough from minute spines, or very stiff rigid bristles.--Ex. _Hispa atra._ _Phoberus horridus_, &c.
24. ROUGH (_Aspera_). Rough from pubescence in general.
25. BALD (_Calva_). A part of a surface with little or no hair, when the rest of it is very hairy.--Ex. _Vertex_ of _Melitta_ and _Apis_ Kirby.
26. GLABROUS (_Glabra_). Without any hair or pubescence.
27. LUBRICOUS (_Lubrica_). Slippery as if lubricated.--Ex. _Dynastes Centaurus_.
b. PARTIAL.
1. CIRRUS (_Cirrus_). A lock of curling hair.
2. CIRROSE (_Cirrosa_). Having one or more _cirri_.--Ex. _Antennæ_ of _Acanthocinus araneiformis_.
3. FASCICULE (_Fasciculus_). A bundle of thick-set hairs often converging at the apex. PLATE XIX. FIG. 6. _c._
4. FASCICULATE (_Fasciculata_). Having one or more fascicules.--Ex. Catenulated lines in the _Elytra_ of _Trox arenosus_. _Buprestis fascicularis_.
5. PENICIL (_Penicillus_). A small bundle of diverging hairs. PLATE XIX. FIG. 6. _a._
6. PENICILLATE (_Penicillata_). Having one or more penicils.--Ex. _Larva_ of _Orgyia antiqua_.
7. VERRICULE (_Verriculum_). A thick-set tuft of parallel hairs. PLATE XIX. FIG. 6. _b._
8. VERRICULATE (_Verriculata_). Having one or more verricules.--Ex. _Larva_ of _Dasychira pudibunda_. _Under side_ of _Abdomen_ of _Megachile_ ♀. (_Apis_ **. c. 2. α. K.).
9. BARBATE (_Barbata_). When any part is clothed with longer hairs, resembling a _beard_.--Ex. _Anus_ of _Macroglossa stellatarum_. _Antennæ_ of _Cerambyx Ammiralis_ L. PLATE XII. FIG. 26.
10. CILIATE (_Ciliata_). When the margin is fringed with a row of _parallel_ hairs.--Ex. The _base_ and _apex_ of the _Prothorax_ of _Lucanus Cervus_.
11. FIMBRIATE (_Fimbriata_). When a part is terminated by hairs or bristles that are not parallel.--Ex. _Anus_ of many _Andrenæ_[1090]. (_Melitta_ **. c. K.).
12. COMATE (_Comata_). When very long flexible hairs thickly cover a space in the upper surface.
13. CRINITE (_Crinita_). When very long hairs thinly cover any space.
14. JUBATE (_Jubata_). Having long pendent hairs in a continued series.--Ex. _Intermediate Legs_ of _Anthophora pilipes_ (_Apis_ **. d. 2. α. K.).
15. FURRED (_Pellita_). When shorter decumbent hairs thickly cover any space, as in the _Bombyces dorso cristato_ L.