Part 40

When you have made such proficiency in the study as to be familiar with a few species of each section of an extensive genus, the labour of investigation will sometimes be greatly facilitated by attending to that conformity between the proportions, general aspect, and figure of a known and an unknown insect, which Naturalists express by the name of _habit_, and which, though easily perceived by a practised eye, is described with such difficulty. Scientific Entomologists in their descriptions have usually taken care to place near to each other, species agreeing in habit. When therefore you know the name of one species, and find another of the same general habit, you may commonly take it for granted that if described at all by your author, it will be placed near that already known to you. Thus, supposing you are acquainted with that common weevil _Cionus Scrophulariæ_, and find its near relation _C. Blattariæ_; instead of comparing it one by one with the 161 species which compose the _Longirostres femoribus dentatis_ of the Fabrician genus _Rhynchænus_ in the _Systema Eleutheratorum_, you would at once turn to the former, very near which you would without further trouble discover it. Fortunate, would it be, could the Entomologist always depend on thus finding descriptions of allied species in the neighbourhood of each other; but unhappily the most distinguished authors have sometimes violated this important rule, so that we cannot always be certain that any given species is not elsewhere described than in its right place. Fabricius in many instances often removes widely asunder insects not merely related, but which are in reality scarcely more than varieties of the same species[1586]. In fact, the attention of this celebrated author was so distracted by the immensity of the materials he had to arrange, by the distance of the cabinets, in many cases, from each other, the new species of which he undertook to describe, and the rapidity with which they necessarily passed under his eye, that he seems never to have attained any nice perception of the _affinities_ of insects.

You must not conclude, however, that the investigation of a new insect is even to an adept always a work of ease and dispatch. Often, when seemingly ascertained by the rapid process above indicated, a further inquiry will be requisite; the more detailed description must be read, and figures consulted, before its name can be indisputably determined. In addition to the difficulty arising from the insufficient characters frequently given by Fabricius and the older authors, obstacles arising from their errors not seldom intervene. Thus they have sometimes selected for a _specific_ character,--as in the case of _Megachile centuncularis_, _Nomada ruficornis_, and various other insects,--what really only indicates a _family_. At other times _sexual_ characters common to many,--as in _Eucera longicornis_, _Locusta perspicillata_, &c.,--have been had recourse to. In these cases, in order satisfactorily to ascertain your species, you must further consult the _synonyms_ and _habitat_ given by the original describer, especially the figures he has referred to. When all these fail, as they sometimes will, the _dernier resort_ is a reference to the cabinet containing the original specimen from which the description was drawn. British Entomologists possess an invaluable privilege, which their continental brethren may well envy them, in having the most liberal access, indulged to them by the learned President of the Linnean Society, to Linné's collection of insects, from which a large proportion of the species he described may be ascertained[1587]. Several of the cabinets, especially the Banksian,--now the property of the Linnean Society,--from which Fabricius described his insects, may also still be consulted; and thus many mistakes rectified, which would otherwise greatly mislead[1588].

Though sometimes the limits that separate good species appear at first very slight, and require a practised eye to catch them, yet it occasionally happens that considerable apparent differences may safely be disregarded. The _colour_ of insects,--to which unhappily for want of better characters we are so generally forced to have recourse,--though usually constant, is in some species very variable[1589]. This is the case sometimes with _whole_ colours. Thus _Carabus arvensis_, _Pœcilus cupreus_, &c., are sometimes of a copper colour; at others, resemble brass; at others, they are green or blue, and even black. The colour of _spots_ also often varies. In some individuals of _Pentatoma oleracea_ they are pale, and in others red. The number and shape of spots are also often inconstant. Many of the species of _Coccinella_ so abound in these variations, that nothing short of the most careful examination can enable you to distinguish the species from the variety. Insects vary also in _size_: but as this is never assumed as a specific character, it will not occasion you much trouble. Where the difference in this respect between two specimens is very great, the presumption is that they are specifically distinct. Differences in _sculpture_ and _proportion_ do not always indicate different _species_; this being sometimes, as we have seen above, only a _sexual_ character[1590]. Authors also in their descriptions, in this respect sometimes mislead the young student. When Linné calls the _thorax_ of _Aphodius erraticus_ smooth (_lævis_) he would not expect to find it covered with impressed puncta, and with a longitudinal posterior impressed line. Likewise in describing _Chlænius vestitus_ and _nigricornis_, Fabricius passes without notice their punctate surface, so different from that of other _Harpalidæ_. Errors of this kind however, it is but fair to observe, are chiefly to be attributed to the circumstance that both Linné and Fabricius rarely employed a _microscope_ in making descriptions; though no one now attempts this, except where insects are large, without such an aid.

If you ask, How am I to acquire this delicacy of tact which is to decide when the terms of a specific character are to be rigidly adhered to, and when taken with a certain latitude? I answer, In the same way in which a connoisseur attains the faculty of discerning the works of different masters in painting;--by such careful study of your author as will make you master of his style. Thus you will soon perceive in what cases expressions are to be taken literally and strictly, or with some allowance and abatement.

There yet remains more distinctly to be adverted to, the assistance that may be derived in the investigation of insects from _figures_. Generally speaking, these should never be referred to in the first instance, but be regarded as a resource when the ordinary methods leave the subject of inquiry doubtful. Those who begin their entomological studies by turning over figures usually end them there, and never attain to that nameless tact in making out insects that can only be the result of patient study. Indeed figures, though often very useful, and sometimes indispensable, can scarcely ever exhibit those nice characters, particularly as to sculpture, that distinguish some insects. Our modern artists, indeed, are remedying this defect of the art, by giving in many cases the thorax or elytrum apart, with all its sculptural peculiarities: but this is not, and cannot be, done so as to represent every one. But though in general figures should be your last resort, I know not whether an exception to the rule may not be advisable with respect to the _Lepidoptera_, which are more difficult to be intelligibly described than any other order of insects; while a good figure exhibits to the eye all those markings and shades, that scarcely any description can place clearly before the mind.

When every attempt to investigate the name of your unknown species fails, and you have consequently reason to believe that it is undescribed, the best mode you can pursue for retaining that knowledge of its characters, which from your long investigation you must have acquired, is to note them down in your _entomological journal_, inserting it under its proper genus with a trivial name of your own. Such a journal you will find almost a _sine qua non_ for containing a catalogue of your insects, and to register any observations concerning individuals you may have had an opportunity of making. With regard to this journal, I should recommend to you to get two blank books. One a duodecimo of 200 or 300 pages, to contain the mere catalogue of your insects, their habitat and localities, or the source from which you derived them. In this you should number the genera in Roman capitals, and the species under each by a figure; leaving considerable space at the end of each genus for the insertion of new species. The other book should be of an octavo size, containing 400 or 500 pages. Under the number of each genus and species you might describe and figure it, if undescribed; if described, note in what it varies from the description, and what characters are overlooked: and in general, insert such observations, with regard to its economy and habits, as you may have had an opportunity of making.--As to foreign insects, wherever you can, upon _good_ authority, be particular in indicating the country and station of each specimen.

I need not say much to you concerning the microscopes you should use for the examination of insects, a common pocket one of three glasses of different powers will answer every ordinary purpose[1591].

* * * * *

We have treated hitherto of insects as we find them now inhabiting our globe: but I must not conclude our correspondence without taking some notice of those that are found in a _fossil_ state. Fossil insects may be divided into those that are found in _amber_, and those that are found in _other_ substances.

It has been observed with respect to insectiferous amber, that the greater part of the insects found in it exist no longer in the countries that produce that amber, and that in every different locality the insects found in it are different. Thus the amber of Sicily contains various species of _Coleoptera_ not to be met with in other ambers, while that of the Baltic is rich in _Diptera_ and _Neuroptera_[1592]. It is further observed, that the insects inclosed in the amber of Prussia, and those figured by Sendelius in his _Historia Succinorum_, all belong to genera at this time found in Europe[1593]. Insects of the following genera are recorded as having been found in this singular substance: _Platypus_, _Elater_, _Atractocerus_; _Gryllus_, _Mantis_; larvæ of _Lepidoptera_; _Trichoptera_; _Ephemera_, _Perla_, _Termes_; _Formica_; _Tipula_, _Bibio_, _Empis_; _Scolopendra_; and various _Arachnida_[1594]. In a piece of amber in my collection I find _Evania_, _Formica_, _Chironomus_, and some _Arachnida_.

Fossil insects have also been found in other substances. Parkinson figures larvæ of _Libellulina_ found in limestone[1595]; some _Melolonthæ_ in slate; a _Polistes_ in schistus; _Carabi_ and _Necrobia_ in vegetable debris: but some of these rather belong to a comparatively modern formation[1596].

* * * * *

I observed in the outset of our correspondence, that we were entering an august temple, exhibiting in its inmost sanctuary the symbols of the Divine Presence[1597]. In proportion as we have penetrated, glory from that Shechinah has more and more shone forth: and whether we have considered the uses of insects, their ways and instincts, their forms and structure, and their arrangement in a wondrous and complex system, the WISDOM, POWER and GOODNESS of their and our CREATOR have every where been marvellously conspicuous, and calculated to awaken in us every devotional feeling. If, indeed, we admire and study these little creatures, or any other department of nature, without reference to their CREATOR, and collect and love them merely for _themselves_, we shall be in some sense idolaters, and, like the ancient world, put the _works_ of GOD in his place. But if, while we admire them and store them up and study them, we see in them his glory reflected, and in the _creature_ love the CREATOR, the study of them, in conjunction with that of the written Word, will be highly beneficial to us, and at the same time that it ministers to our temporal enjoyment will promote our eternal interests.

Taking this view, I cannot better close our correspondence on the subject that has so long occupied us, than in the pious words of one of our most admired poets:

"Happy if full of days--but happier far, If, ere we yet discern life's evening star, Sick of the service of a world that feeds Its patient drudges with dry chaff and weeds, We can escape from custom's idiot sway, To serve the Sovereign we were born t' obey. Then sweet to muse upon his skill display'd (Infinite skill) in all that he has made! To trace, in Nature's most minute design, The signature and stamp of pow'r divine, Contrivance intricate, express'd with ease, Where unassisted sight no beauty sees, The shapely limb and lubricated joint, Within the small dimensions of a point, Muscle and nerve miraculously spun, His mighty work, who speaks and it is done, Th' Invisible in things scarce seen reveal'd, To whom an atom is an ample field: To wonder at a thousand insect forms, These hatch'd, and those resuscitated worms, New life ordain'd and brighter scenes to share, Once prone on earth, now buoyant upon air, Whose shape would make them, had they bulk and size, More hideous foes than fancy can devise; With helmet-heads and dragon-scales adorn'd, The mighty myriads, now securely scorn'd, Would mock the majesty of man's high birth, Despise his bulwarks, and unpeople earth: Then with a glance of fancy to survey, Far as the faculty can stretch away, Ten thousand rivers pour'd at his command From urns that never fail through every land; These like a deluge with impetuous force, Those winding modestly a silent course; The cloud-surmounting alps, the fruitful vales; Seas on which every nation spreads her sails; The sun, a world whence other worlds drink light; The crescent moon, the diadem of night; Stars countless, each in his appointed place, Fast anchor'd in the deep abyss of space:-- At such a sight to catch the poet's flame, And with a rapture like his own exclaim, These are thy glorious works, thou source of good! How dimly seen, how faintly understood! Thine, and upheld by thy paternal care, This universal frame, thus wondrous fair; Thy power divine, and bounty beyond thought, Adored and praised in all that thou hast wrought. Absorb'd in that immensity I see, I shrink abas'd, and yet aspire to thee; Instruct me, guide me to that heavenly day, Thy words, more clearly than thy works, display, That, while thy truths my grosser thoughts refine, I may resemble thee, and call thee mine.[1598]"

FOOTNOTES:

[1582] Compare what is said VOL. I. p. 47--.

[1583] VOL. III. p. 28--. See above, p. 377--.

[1584] See above, p. 546.

[1585] In _Elater_, Fabricius describes 137 species; in _Melolontha_, 149; in one section of _Rhynchænus_, 161; of _Curculio_, 183; and in his _Papiliones Heliconii_, 300.

[1586] Thus he places _Chlænius holosericæus_ and _nigricornis_, which might pass for varieties, far asunder; and _Dromius agilis_ is even put in a different section from _D. quadrimaculatus_, _truncatellus_, &c.

[1587] The continuance of this important privilege, by the lamented death of the learned President, is now rendered uncertain; but I trust we may anticipate, that by the liberality of the members of the Linnean Society, and if necessary of the public, this invaluable treasure, by being fixed in the Metropolis, will be more than ever accessible to the British Naturalist.

[1588] It may not be amiss to mention a few:--_Sphæridium dytiscoides_ is a _Hydrophilus_ related to _H. fuscipes_. _S. glabratum_ is heteromerous, probably one of the _Helopii_ Latr. _Carabus retusus_ and _Maderæ_ both belong to _Calosoma_. _Cistela angustata_ is a true _Choleva_. See _Linn. Trans._ xi. 138.--S.

[1589] See above, p. 406.

[1590] VOL. III. p. 304.

[1591] For dissections the one recommended above, p. 201, may be used. Sometimes a watchmaker's eye-glass, which also sets the hands at liberty, will be found useful.

[1592] _N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat._ xxxii. 264.

[1593] _Ibid._ xvi. 281.

[1594] _Ibid._

[1595] _Organic Remains_ iii. _t._ xvii. _f._ 2.

[1596] _Ibid._ 281--.

[1597] VOL. I. p. 20.

[1598] Cowper's _Retirement_.

APPENDIX.

_DE GENITALIBUS ET GENERATIONE INSECTORUM._

Inter tot et tanta OPTIMI CREATORIS miracula, quæ _Regnum Animale_ tantopere illustrant, vix ulla sunt majori admiratione digna, et Physiologi eruditi introspectione, quam quæ ad generationem insectorum spectant. Quamvis enim inter sexûs organa vertebratorum animalium et insectorum analogia haud parva locum habet; numero tamen, figura et proportione partium, miro modo sæpius differunt; et organa insuper plura in insectis reperiuntur quorum in vertebratis exempla frustra quæsiveris.

Hoc argumentum tractando duo sunt imprimis consideranda, _genitalia_ nempe ipsa utriusque sexûs, et _coitus_.

I. De _genitalibus_ in genere prima observatio erit, "quo minor horum, habita corporis ratione, moles, eo magis nervorum systema, et cephalicum imprimis ganglium, predominans fit; eo major igitur intellectûs facultas (instincto naturali consociata) reperitur," ut in principibus, _Apibus_ nempe, _Formica_, &c.[1599] In _Hymenopteris_, iterum, _Dipteris_, et _Neuropteris_, hæc organa maxime retracta sunt; dum in _Lepidopteris_, _Coleopteris_, et _Orthopteris_ (quorum insuper mascula et feminea insigniter inter se congruunt[1600]), magis exserta jacent[1601]. Genitalia plerumque in extremitate postica abdominis sub _ano_ sita sunt[1602], sed in _Arachnidis_ et _Libellulinis_ masculis in basi _ventris_, in _Phalangio_ sub _ore_, et in _Chilognathis_ in anteriore corporis parte subtus latitant[1603]. Ubi organa duplicantur, ut _testes_, semper symmetrica sunt. Non obliviscendum est quòd in diversis generibus habitu externo persimili consociatis, imò in diversis unius generis speciebus genitalia diversa interdum reperiuntur[1604]: sic in Lamellicornibus _stercorariis_ (_Scarabæus_, _Copris_, &c.), testes tantummodo sunt _duo_; in _arboreis_ (_Melolontha_, &c.) _duodecim_, et in _floralibus_ (_Cetonia_, &c.) _viginti-quatuor_.

Genitalia sunt vel _mascula_ vel _feminea_.

i. Genitalia _mascula_, sunt _penis_; _canalis excretorius_; _vesiculæ seminales_; _vasa deferentia_; _testes_; _prehensores_; et _semen_.

1. _Penis_[1605] quoad _substantiam_ plerumque membranaceus, at interdum corneus est, et intus cavernosus[1606]; in _Coleopteris_ apice vagina bivalvi vulvam aperiente instructus est[1607]: _figura_ variat admodum, sæpius tamen cylindricus vel subcylindricus est; in _Blattis_ apicem versus sensim attenuatus[1608]; in _Cherme Pyri_ capitatus[1609]; in _Vespa vulgari_ cochleariformis[1610]; in _Crabrone_ bilobus[1611]; in _Poliste gallica_? incurvus et apice bicornis[1612]; in _Sarcophaga carnaria_ apice spinosus[1613]; in _Megachile muraria_ difformis[1614]; in _Tyrophaga Casei_ et quibusdam aliis _Muscidis_, spiralis[1615]; in _Cordulia ænea_ et _Phalangio_ biarticulatus[1616]. Utplurimum nudus est, sed in _Tephrite_ fimbriatus. In insectis proprie dictis _simplex_ est hoc organon, in _Scorpionibus_ autem _duplex_ evadit; quod fit etiam in quibusdam reptilibus, _Serpentibus_ nempe et _Lacertis_[1617].

2. _Canalis excretorius_ e concursu vesicularum seminalium formatur, et a _pene_ excipitur in quo terminat et cui semen reddit; interdum brevissimus est, ut in _Blatta_[1618], et interdum iterum prælongus, ut in _Blapte Mortisaga_, _Tyrophaga Casei_, et aliis[1619]. Plerumque cylindricus est, musculosus, compactus, et externe tracheis pertextus[1620].

3. _Vesiculæ seminales_ conniventes formant, ut jam dictum est, canalem excretorium communem cujus prolongatio bifida esse videntur; vasa deferentia hinc excipiunt. Interdum vasa hæc ac vesiculæ seminales eodem loco in canali excretorio communi terminant, unde canalis hic tumidior fit[1621]. Vesiculæ supradictæ maxime variant: modo canalem exhibent ventricosum, tortum, implexum, longissimum; modo rectum, breviorem. In plerisque _duæ_ sunt vesiculæ seminales, etiam in _Lepidopteris_ monorchidis; in quibusdam (_Tenebrione Molitore_, _Hydrophilo piceo_) _quatuor_[1622]; in aliis (_Dytisco marginali_) _sex_[1623]; et, in _Locustis_ et _Blatta_, _plurimæ_[1624]. Breves admodum sunt in _Orthopteris_ et quibusdam _Coleopteris_[1625]; sed in aliis longissimæ; in _Orycte nasicorni_ vicies, et in _Cetonia aurata_ ter decies corpus longitudine superant[1626]. In hisce organis semen e testibus per vasa deferentia acceptum ante emissionem elaboratur.

4. _Vasa deferentia_ ita appellantur quia semen e testibus acceptum ad vesiculas seminales _deferunt_. Ex utroque teste unum vas deferens exit, et si utrinque plures sint testes, ut in _Melolontha_[1627], _Cetonia_, &c., omnia ad unicum utrinque canalem formandum confluunt, qui vesiculis supradictis semen reddit: interdum, ut in _Lepidopteris_[1628], ab his nullo modo separantur, unum canalem aut tubum formantia; sed in aliis penitus sunt distincta[1629]. Ex eodem filo quo contexuntur testes vasa deferentia sæpius deducuntur.

5. _Testes_ organa sunt semen primum secernentia: variant _compositione_, _numero_, et _figura_. In quibusdam (_Lepidopteris_ et _Hymenopteris_) sunt compacti vasculis visui se subducentibus; in aliis (_Orthopteris_, _Neuropteris_, _Dipteris_, et quibusdam _Coleopteris_) e vasculis brevibus cæcis variique voluminis conformati sunt, atque tunica densa tenaci vel rete tantum mucoso obducti[1630]; vel iterum ex unico variisque modis tecto canali varie contorto et implexo, qui deduci potest et haud raro massam ovalem trachearum ope contextam refert, conflantur, ut in _Coleopteris Prædaceis_ tam aquaticis quam terrestribus[1631].

_Numero_ etiam variant testes. Quædam _Lepidoptera_, ut _Pontia Brassicæ_, item _Iulidæ_[1632], _unico_ gaudent; pleraque tamen insecta animalia vertebrata hic æmulantur, et testibus instruuntur _duobus_; in _Nepa cinerea_ et reliquis _Hemipteris_ quatuor vel quinque[1633], in _Melolontha vulgari_ sex[1634], et in _Cetonia aurata_ duodecim[1635], utrinque deteguntur. Interdum ex acinis pluribus compacti videntur, et bacciformes appellari possunt. In _Lamia_ duodecim glandulæ in utroque teste coalitæ inveniuntur[1636], et in _Tenebrione Molitore_ plurimæ[1637].

Quoad _figuram_, interdum, ut in _Pontia_ Papilionum genere, spherici evadunt[1638]; in _Gryllo_ pyriformes[1639]; in _Ape mellifica_ oblongi[1640]; lineares et longissimi in _Procruste coriaceo_, in quo _decies_ longitudine corpus superant[1641]; in _Nepa cinerea_ sub-ovati, et singuli filamento longo varie convoluto et contorto terminati[1642].

In _larvis_ etiam hæc organa detegere est. Sic in eruca _Pontiæ_ quatuor testes sunt utrinque, vel potius unicus ex quatuor serie ordinatis, conflatus[1643]. Hi sensim coacervantur donec in sphæricum testem antea descriptum coalescant.

6. _Prehensores_[1644] sunt organa figura varia quibuscum mas in coitu feminæ anum corripit et comprimit. Quoddam analogum in quibusdam _Mammaliis_, _Avibus_, _Piscibus_, et _Reptilibus_[1645] invenitur, sed in insectis maxime conspicui. Eorum _situs_, _numerus_; et _forma_, sunt notandi.

Quoad _situm_--circa foramen per quem prodit penis sub ano plerumque sunt inserti, sed in _Conope_ cornu prehensorium in segmento ventrali antepenultimo deprehenditur[1646]; et in _Libellulinis_, præter prehensores _anales_, par est aliud anum spectans, in secundo _ventris_ segmento pone penis ipsius situm[1647]. Prehensorum _numerus_ minime constans: plerumque _duo_ sunt, sed in _Cicada_, _unicus_ furcatus tantummodo videre est[1648]; in _Lepidopteris_ variis, _Conope_, _Libellulidis_, _tres_ anum armant, difformes tamen[1649]; _duo paria Culicem_ signant[1650], _Megachilem murariam_[1651], et _Agrionidas_[1652]; in _Locustis_ veris intra abdomen retracta sunt hæc organa; in pupa tamen _L. morbillosæ_, in nostro musæo asservata, _quinque_ apparent; _sex_ in _Formicis_ De Geerius detexit, sed in cognato genere _Myrmica_, _duo_ tantum[1653]; _quatuor paribus_ postremo _Tipula oleracea_ instructa est. Prehensorum _forma_ multifarie variat, imò haud raro in specie eadem: interdum enim _prehensioni_ soli hujusmodi instrumenta sunt adaptata, aliis diversæ figuræ _compressionem_ efficientibus; interdum et utroque munere funguntur. In _Pontia Brassicæ_, in qua par _unicum_, concavo-convexi sunt, deltoidei, intus setis rigidis fimbriati, et apice dente incurvo armati[1654]; in _Acrida varia_ tenues, simplices, recurvi; in _Spilosomate lubricipeda_, quæ _tribus_ gaudet, laterales sunt concavo-convexi, ovati, dum intermedius brevior est, triangularis et unguiculo armatus[1655]; in _Cordulia ænea_, et affinibus, _duo superiores_ sunt lineares et undulati, et _inferior unicus_ profunde bifidus[1656]; in _Vanessa Urticæ_ exteriores duo sunt conchiformes, par autem interius unguiforme[1657]; in _Culice_ superiores longiores conici hirsuti, inferiores breviores et ut in præcedente unguem referunt[1658]; in _Tipula oleracea_, in qua _octuplici_ prehensore anus armatus, valvulæ omnes figura diversæ--par exterius nempe concavum membranaceum reliquos includens, secundum unguiculatum, tertium subclavatum, et ultimum fere lunatum[1659]; in _Megachile muraria_, inter alios diversos, unum par literæ T formam habet[1660]; in _Bombo_ forceps analis bivalvis est intus ramosus[1661]; et in _Panorpa_ cheliformis[1662].

7. De _semine_ ipso insectorum paucula sunt notanda. Fluidum est spissum, lacteum, granulis repletum; sub lente punctula numerosa, nigra, oblonga, incurva, in illo deteguntur. Quoad _analysin_ ejus, neque alkalinum neque acidum est, sed quoddam neutrum inter hos intermedium. Ex sanie vel sanguine deoxydato, et durante coitu copiosissime secernitur: in aqua tepida solvitur, et conquassatum fundum petit: spiritu vini rectificato superfuso flocculi quidam formantur[1663].

ii. _Genitalia_ feminea _vulva_ excepta antea tractavi[1664], hæc est tubus subcylindricus, foramine ovali vel lunato ab ano distincto, cum matrice connexus, et per quem semen in coitu transmittitur. In _Scorpionibus_ duplicem esse vulvam affirmatur duobus ovariis connexum[1665].