Part 25
9. RECURRENT (_Recurrentes_). When a nervure, or a branch of it, after running towards the apex of the wing, turns back and runs towards the base.--Ex. _Strategus Aloeus_, &c. PLATE X. Fig 4. _l^._.
10. CONNECTING (_Connectentes_). Nervures that running transversely or obliquely connect the longitudinal ones, and so form the areolets.
_I._ Areolets.
1. RADIATED (_Radiatæ_). When the areolets are chiefly formed by radiating longitudinal nervures.--Ex. _Forficula_, _Psychoda_. PLATE X. FIG. 5, 13.
2. AREATE (_Areatæ_). Radiated with a large basal area.--Ex. _Papilio_ and many other _Lepidoptera_[1110]. PLATE X. FIG. 6.
3. AREOLATE (_Areolatæ_). When the surface of the wing is divided into various areolets.--Ex. _Diptera_, _Hymenoptera_, and most _Neuroptera_. PLATE X. FIG. 7-14.
4. RETICULATE (_Reticulatæ_). When the areolets are extremely small and infinitely numerous.--Ex. _Libellulina_. PLATE III. FIG. 5.
5. OPEN (_Apertæ_). Areolets that terminate in the margin of the wing, or that are not surrounded on all sides by nervures.
_a._ MARGINAL (_Marginales_). Open areolets that terminate in the margin.--Ex. _Tenthredo_. PLATE X. FIG. 8.
_b._ INCOMPLETE (_Incompletæ_). Open areolets that terminate short of the margin.--Ex. _Apis_.
6. RADIANT (_Radiantes_). When a small roundish areolet is a centre from which several long ones diverge.--Ex. _Stratyomis_. PLATE X. FIG. 15.
7. PETIOLATE (_Petiolatæ_). When an areolet is connected with another by a stem like a footstalk[1111]. PLATE X. FIG. 8.
8. RAMULOSE (_Ramulosæ_). When an areolet sends forth a little unconnected branch.--Ex. _Pompilus_, _Sphex_, &c.[1112]
9. ANGULAR (_Angulatæ_). When an areolet juts out on one side into an angle from which no nervure proceeds, to form another areolet.--Ex. _Eristalis_, _Cerceris_.[1113] PLATE X. FIG. 14.
10. DIDYMOUS (_Didymæ_). When areolets are nearly divided into two by a nervure.--Ex. _Gyrostoma_.
11. SESQUIALTEROUS (_Sesquialteræ_). When a minute areolet is appended to a large one.--Ex. _Postcostal areolet_ of _Hylotoma_[1114].
* Areolets of the Costal Area.
1. COSTAL (_Costales_). Areolets, one or more, _below_ the _stigma_. PLATE X. FIG. 14. 15. a, b.
2. POSTCOSTAL (_Postcostales_). Areolets, one or more, _above_ the _stigma_. PLATE X. FIG. 8, 9. a, b.
* * Areolets of the Intermediate Area.
1. PROTOMESAL (_Protomesæ_). First series of the middle areolets (_Areolæ mediæ_), often consisting of _three_, and then divided into _upper_, _middle_, and _lower_, areolets. PLATE X. FIG. 8, 9. a.
2. DEUTEROMESAL (_Deuteromesæ_). Second series of the same, often consisting of two, and then divided into _upper_ and _lower_. _Ibid._ b.
3. TRITOMESAL (_Tritomesæ_). Third series of the same. _Ibid._ c.
_K._ Stigma.
1. BLIND (_Cœcum_). When the _stigma_ is wholly opaque, and neither begins nor terminates in a minute areolet.--Ex. Most _Hymenoptera_.
2. FENESTRATE (_Fenestratum_). When the stigma begins or terminates in a minute areolet. PLATE X. FIG. 11. _m´´´_.
_L._ Number.
1. APTEROUS (_Aptera_). Having _no_ wings.
2. DIPTEROUS (_Diptera_). Having _two_ wings.
3. TETRAPTEROUS (_Tetraptera_). Having _four_ wings.
ι. LEGS (_Pedes_).
_A._ Number.
1. TETRAPOD (_Tetrapus_). An insect having only _four_ perfect legs.--Ex. _Vanessa_.
2. HEXAPOD (_Hexapus_). An insect having _six_ legs.--Ex. _Insects Proper_ in general.
3. OCTOPOD (_Octopus_). Having _eight_ legs.--Ex. _Araneidea_.
4. POLYPOD (_Polypus_). Having more than _eight_ legs but under _fifty_.--Ex. _Glomeris_, _Cermatia_.
5. CENTIPEDE (_Centipes_). Having _more_ than _fifty_ legs but under _two hundred_.--Ex. _Scolopendra_.
6. MYRIAPOD (_Myriapus_). Having two hundred legs or more.--Ex. _Iulus_.
_B._ Situation.
1. ANTEPECTORAL (_Antepectorales_). The fore-legs or arms, affixed to the _Antepectus_.
2. MEDIPECTORAL (_Medipectorales_). The mid-legs, affixed to the _Medipectus_.
3. POSTPECTORAL (_Postpectorales_). The hind-legs, affixed to the _Postpectus_.
4. DISTANT (_Distantes_). When the pairs of legs are remote from each other at their base.--Ex. _Intermediate_ legs of _Copris_.
5. APPROXIMATE (_Approximati_). When they are near each other at the base.--Ex. _Posterior_ legs of _Copris_.
6. EQUIDISTANT (_Æquidistantes_). When all the three pair are equally distant at the base.--Ex. _Cassida_.
_C._ Duration.
1. PERSISTENT (_Persistentes_). Legs which the insect has in all its states.--Ex. _The legs attached to the trunk._ N.B. _These are called_ Legs (_Pedes_). PLATE XVIII. FIG. 11. _a._
2. DECIDUOUS (_Decidui_). Legs which the insect has _not_ in all its states.--Ex. _Membranous legs of Caterpillars_. PLATE XVIII. FIG. 11. _b._ N.B. _These are called_ Prolegs (_Propedes_).
3. ACQUIRED (_Acquisiti_). Legs which the insect has not in its _first_ state, but which it acquires subsequently.--Ex. _Abdominal legs_ in _Scolopendra_, _Iulus_, &c.
_D._ Denomination.
1. FORE-LEGS (_Antici_). The _first_ pair. Taken by themselves called _Arms_ (_Brachia_).
2. ANTERIOR (_Anteriores_). The _two first_ pair of legs.
3. MID-LEGS (_Intermedii_). The _middle_ pair of legs.
4. HIND-LEGS (_Postici_). The _last_ pair of legs.
5. POSTERIOR (_Posteriores_). The _two_ last pair of legs.
6. ABBREVIATE (_Abbreviati_). Legs with an imperfect tarsus.--Ex. _Vanessa_.
7. AMBULATORY (_Ambulatorii_). When the tarsi have a spongy sole.--Ex. _Chrysomela_.
8. CURSORIOUS (_Cursorii_). When, the fore tarsi of some males excepted, they have _not_ a spongy sole.--Ex. _Carabus_, _Cicindela_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 7.
9. SALTATORIOUS (_Saltatorii_). When the hind-legs have strong incrassated thighs formed for _leaping_.--Ex. _Haltica_, _Orchestes_, the _Locustina_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 5.
10. NATATORIOUS (_Natatorii_). When the legs are compressed or ciliated, and formed for _swimming_.--Ex. _Dytiscus_, _Gyrinus_, _Notonecta_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 6.
11. MOTATORIOUS (_Motatorii_). Legs, which when the insect is at rest, are in a perpetual vibratory motion.--Ex. _Tipula_.
12. FOSSORIOUS (_Fossorii_). Leg with either palmate or digitate tibiæ.--Ex. _Scarites_, _Clivinia_, _Gryllotalpa_. PLATE XV. FIG. 5, 6.
13. RAPTORIOUS (_Raptorii_). When the strong porrected thighs, usually of the fore-leg, have a channel for the reception of the tibiæ, which are inflexed, and both armed with a double series of spurs.--Ex. _Mantis_, _Nepa_.
14. PREHENSORIOUS (_Prehensorii_). When the thighs of the hind-legs converge and the tibiæ diverge so as to form an angle which is armed with spines.--Ex. _Gonyleptes_. PLATE XIV. Fig 8[1115].
_E._ Hip (_Coxa_).
1. FIXED (_Fixæ_). When they are _not_ moveable.--Ex. _Dytiscus_, _Gonyleptes_.
2. FREE (_Liberæ_). When they are moveable.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_, most _Coleoptera_.
3. LAMINATE (_Laminatæ_). When the posterior coxæ form a broad thin plate which covers the trochanter and the base of the thighs.--Ex. _Haliplus_. PLATE XV. FIG. 1. _p´´_.
4. FLOCCULATE (_Flocculatæ_). When the posterior coxæ are distinguished by a curling lock of hair (_Flocculus_).--Ex. _Andrena_[1116].
_F._ Trochanter (_Trochanter_).
1. FULCRANT (_Fulcrans_). When the trochanter merely props the thigh below at the base, but does not at all intervene between it and the coxa.--Ex. _Carabus_.
2. INTERCEPTING (_Intercipiens_). When the trochanter intervenes between the thigh and the coxa, so as intirely to separate them.--Ex. The _Petalocerous beetles_, _Hymenoptera_, &c.
3. MONOMEROUS (_Monomerus_). When it consists of only _one_ joint.--Ex. _Coleoptera_, &c.
4. DIMEROUS (_Dimerus_). When it consists of _two_ joints.--Ex. _Ichneumon_.
_G._ Thigh (_Femur_).
1. SIMPLE (_Simplex_). When it is no where particularly thick.
2. INCRASSATE (_Incrassatum_). When it is very thick, either
## partially or generally, and formed for leaping.--Ex. _Haltica_,
&c.
3. LORICATE (_Loricatum_). When the disk of the thigh appears covered with a double series of oblique scales like a coat of mail.--Ex. _Locusta_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 5.
_H._ Shank (_Tibia_).
1. ALATE (_Alata_). When the posterior tibia on each side is furnished with a dilated process which probably assists it in flight.--Ex. _Petalopus phyllopus_, &c. PLATE XV. FIG. 2. _a._
2. FOLIACEOUS (_Foliacea_). When the tibia is laterally dilated into a thin plate for carrying pollen.--Ex. _Euglossa cordata_, &c.
3. CORBICULATE (_Corbiculata_). When it is fringed with incurved hairs calculated for carrying kneaded pollen.--Ex. _Apis_, _Bombus_[1117].
4. SCOPATE (_Scopata_). When it is quite covered with a brush of hairs with which it brushes off the gross pollen, and in which it carries it.--Ex. _Andrena_[1118].
5. CALCARATE (_Calcarata_). When it is armed with one or more spurs (_Calcaria_).--Ex. _The majority of insects_.
6. EXCALCARATE (_Excalcarata_). When it has no such spurs.--Ex. _Apion_.
_I._ Foot (_Tarsus_).
1. SCOPULATE (_Scopulatus_). When the first joint on the under side is covered with a dense brush of rigid hairs.--Ex. _Apis_, _Andrena_, &c.[1119]
b. METATHORAX.
1. SIMULANT (_Simulans_). When the mesothorax is covered by the prothorax, and the _Metathorax_ only is visible, under the form of an elongated or enlarged scutellum.--Ex. The _Geocorisæ_. PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 12.
α. POSTDORSOLUM.
1. LATENT (_Latens_). When it is covered by the mesothorax; it is then usually a mere membrane.--Ex. Most _Coleoptera_.
2. EXPOSED (_Apertus_). When it is _not_ so covered.--Ex. _Atractocerus_, _Hymenoptera_, &c.
β. POSTSCUTELLUM.
1. DISTINCT (_Distinctum_). When the postscutellum is distinct from the postdorsolum.--Ex. _Locusta_. PLATE VIII. FIG. 12 _u´_.
2. COALITE (_Coalitum_). When it is not distinct.--Ex. _Blatta_.
3. SCUTELLIFORM (_Scutelliforme_). When it is a triangular elevated prominence resembling a _scutellum_.--Ex. _Locusta_.
4. CANALIFORM (_Canaliforme_). When it is a deepish elongate channel running from the postdorsolum to the abdomen.--Ex. _Coleoptera_. PLATE VIII. FIG. 3. _u´_. XXVIII. FIG. 10. _u´._
5. OBLITERATE (_Obliteratum_). When this channel is nearly or altogether obliterated.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_.
γ. POSTFRÆNUM.
1. TABULATE (_Tabulatum_). When it forms a broad pannel or table on each side the postscutellum.--Ex. Most _Coleoptera_.
2. FUNICULATE (_Funiculatum_). When it forms a narrow ridge.--Ex. _Pentatoma_, _Fulgora_, _Libellulina_. PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 11, 12. _v´_.
3. CRUCIATE (_Cruciatum_). When there are two funicular ridges diverging on each side, which inclosing a pannel form together a St. Andrew's cross, and are connected with the base of the wings.--Ex. _Libellulina_[1120]. PLATE IX. FIG. 7. _v´._
4. ADNATE (_Adnatum_). When a funicular _Postfrænum_ is closely adjacent to the sides of the metathorax till it nearly reaches the wings.--Ex. _Pentatoma_.
5. TRANSCURRENT (_Transcurrens_). When a postfrænum is at first adnate to the sides of the postscutellum, and then diverges across the pannel to the base of the wings.--Ex. _Belostoma grandis_.
IV. ABDOMEN.
1. COALITE (_Coalitum_). When the abdomen is not divided into segments.--Ex. _Araneidea_, _Chelonus_.
_a._ PLICATE (_Plicatum_). When it consists of transverse folds.--Ex. _Gonyleptes_, _Carkinodes_[1121]. PLATE XV. FIG. 11.
_b._ TENSE (_Tensum_). When it is not folded.--Ex. Most _Araneidea_.
2. INSECTED (_Sectum_). When it is divided into segments.--Ex. Most _insects_.
3. SESSILE (_Sessile_). When it has no footstalk, but is closely united to the trunk.--Ex. _Coleoptera_.
4. PETIOLATE (_Petiolatum_). When the first segment, or more, is longer and much narrower than the subsequent ones, so as to form a footstalk.--Ex. The _Sphecidæ_, _Ichneumon_.
5. ADJOINED (_Adjunctum_). When it is connected with the trunk by a very short petiole.--Ex. _Vespa_, _Apis_.
6. SUPERIMPOSITED (_Superimpositum_). When the footstalk of the abdomen is inserted in the upper part of the postscutellum, so as to leave a considerable space between it and the postpectus.--Ex. _Evania_. PLATE IV. FIG. 2.
7. RETRACTED (_Retractum_). When it is nearly withdrawn within the trunk.--Ex. _Gonyleptes_. PLATE XV. FIG. 11.
8. OBUMBRATE (_Obumbratum_). When it is overshadowed by the trunk and concealed under it.--Ex. _Carkinodes_. PLATE XV. FIG. 10.
9. SALTATORIOUS (_Saltatorium_). When the ventral segments or the anus are furnished with elastic processes which enable the animal to _leap_.--Ex. _Machilis_, _Podura_. PLATE XV. FIG. 14.
10. NATATORIOUS (_Natatorium_). When the abdomen is terminated by flat foliaceous appendages, or the tail is ciliated on each side with dense parallel hairs, which assist the insect in _swimming_.--Ex. _Larva_ of _Agrion_, and _Dytiscus_.
i. CAUDA.
1. UNCINATE (_Uncinata_). When the tail is inflected so as to form a kind of hook.--Ex. _Dolichopus_ ♂.
2. ADUNCOUS (_Adunca_). When it is crooked.--Ex. _Chelostoma maxillosa_ ♂. (_Apis_ ** c. 2. γ. K.)
3. DISTINCT (_Distincta_). When it is distinct from the abdomen.--Ex. _Scorpio_.
4. CHELIFEROUS (_Chelifera_). When it is terminated by a very thick forceps somewhat resembling a lobster's claw.--Ex. _Panorpa_ ♂. PLATE XV. FIG. 12.
5. PAPILLIFEROUS (_Papillifera_). When at the last segment but one the tail exerts two soft fleshy organs, which secrete a milky fluid and yield a powerful scent.--Ex. _Staphylinus_.
ii. OVIPOSITOR.
1. ENSATE (_Ensatus_). When it is long, compressed, and shaped like a _sword_.--Ex. _Acrida_.
2. NAVICULAR (_Navicularis_). When it is shaped like a _boat_.--Ex. _Cicada_, _Scaphura_.
3. TELESCOPIFORM (_Telescopiformis_). When it consists of several tubes retractile within each other like the pieces of a _telescope_. PLATE XVI. FIG. 2, 3.
4. ACULEIFORM (_Aculeiformis_). The ovipositors of Hymenopterous insects, which consist of the same parts, with the exception of the poison-bag (_Ioterium_), whether used as weapons or merely in oviposition.
_a._ EXERTED (_Exertus_). When the vagina unemployed is _partly_ out of the body.--Ex. _Cleptes_.
_b._ EXTRICATED (_Extricatus_). When the valves and vagina unemployed are _wholly_ out of the body.--Ex. _Pimpla_. PLATE XVI. FIG. 1.
_c._ REFLEXED (_Reflexus_). When the ovipositor is turned up and lies upon the back of the abdomen.--Ex. _Leucospis_.
_APPENDIX._
TERMS particularly applicable to LARVÆ and PUPÆ.
LARVÆ.
1. SPINNERET (_Fusulus_). The organ which spins the silk. PLATE XXI. FIG. 9.
2. FORCIPATE LIP (_Labium Forcipatum_). Mask of larvæ and pupæ of _Libellulina_[1122]. PLATE XVI. FIG. 5. _a._
3. UNGUIFORM MANDIBLES (_Mandibulæ unguiformes_). The parallel claw-shaped mandibles of many _Diptera_. PLATE XX. FIG. 1, 2. _c´._
4. PROP (_Ereisma_). A bipartite retractile glutinous organ exerted from between the legs of the genus _Sminthurus_, and employed by the animal to support itself when its legs fail it[1123].
5. FECIFORK (_Fæcifurca_). The anal fork on which the larva of _Cassidæ_, &c. carry their feces. PLATE XVIII. FIG. 2. _a._
6. MASTIGIA (_Mastigia_). Two anal organs in the larvæ of _Cerura Vinula_, exerting from their apex a retractile flexible thread, with which they endeavour, by lashing their sides, to drive away the _Ichneumons_. PLATE XIX. FIG. 2. _a._
7. SYRINGES (_Syringia_). Organs situated in various parts of larvæ, from which they ejaculate a watery fluid to annoy or drive away their enemies[1124].
8. RUMULES (_Rumulæ_). Teat-like fleshy protuberances observable on the bodies of various larvæ[1125].
9. AERIDUCTS (_Aëriductus_). Respiratory organs often foliaceous, with which the sides of the abdomen, the tail, and sometimes the trunk of aquatic larvæ and pupæ are often furnished. PLATE XXIX. FIG. 3-7.
10. PROLEGS (_Propedes_). Fleshy exarticulate pediform often retractile organs, which assist various larvæ in walking and other motions, but which disappear in the perfect insect. PLATE XVIII. FIG. 11, 12. _b._
a. CORONATE PROLEGS (_Propedes coronati_). Prolegs that have an _intire coronet_ of crotchets. PLATE XXIII. FIG. 1.
b. SEMICORONATE PROLEGS (_Propedes semicoronati_). Prolegs that have a _semicoronet_ of crotchets.
c. UNARMED (_Inermes_). Prolegs that have _no_ crotchets.
d. STILT PROLEGS (_Propedes grabati_). Prolegs that are unnaturally long, and elevate the animal. PLATE XXIII. FIG. 7. _a._
α. COALITE STILT PROLEGS (_Propedes grabati coaliti_). When stilt prolegs unite so as to form only one leg bifid at its apex. PLATE XXIII. FIG. 7. _b._
PUPÆ.
1. ADMINICULA (_Adminicula_). Semicoronets of minute teeth which arm the back of the abdomen of subterraneous pupæ, by which they are enabled to emerge from under the earth. PLATE XVI. FIG. 13. _e._
2. CREMASTRÆ (_Cremastræ_). The anal hooks by which many pupæ suspend themselves. PLATE XXIII. FIG. 8. _a._
3. COCOON (_Folliculus_). The silken case in which the pupæ of many insects are inclosed. PLATE XVII. FIG. 5-8.
N.B. Other terms for Pupæ are explained VOL. III. p. 249.
FOOTNOTES:
[1074] VOL. III. p. 353--.
[1075] Ibid. p. 527.
[1076] The elytra of this Order in general differ so materially both from membrane and corium, that it was requisite to invent a term to distinguish them.
[1077] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ v. _f._ 8. _b, c._
[1078] We use this term because _subcrosa_ is employed in a quite different sense.
[1079] We restrict the term _Figure_, to the shape of a _superficies_.
[1080] The term _falcate_ has usually been applied to signify this figure, as well as that to which we have restricted it; but as the truncate and sharp extremity forms a striking difference, we thought it best to invent a new term.
[1081] We have departed from the more usual definition of _trapezoid_, "An irregular figure whose four sides are not parallel," because the above is best suited to forms in insects.
[1082] We use this term to denote the shape of solid bodies.
[1083] The word employed in Botany to denote a Polygon is _prismatical_; but since, properly defined, this term is synonymous with _triquetrous_, we thought it best to use an adjective derived from _prismoid_, which implies a body that approaches to prismatical.
[1084] This term in _Anatomy_ denotes any unnatural protuberance or convexity of the body, as a person hunched, or hump-backed. In _Astronomy_ it is used in reference to the enlightened parts of the moon, whilst she is moving from the first quarter to the full, and from the full to the last quarter; for all that time the dark part appears horned or falcated, and the light one hunched out, convex or gibbous.
[1085] We employ the term _æquatus_ instead of _æqualis_ commonly used in this sense, because _æqualis_ is also applied to magnitude, to which we would restrict it.
[1086] I do not find in Schönherr (_Curculionid. Method. Disp._) any genus or subgenus of Rhyncophorous beetles the characters of which correspond with those of the insect here alluded to, which I once thought might be a _Cyphus_ Germ. but it is not. It appears common in Brazil, and I have at least two species of it.
[1087] _Linn. Trans._ vi. 194. _t._ xx. _f._ 5.
[1088] Germ. _Insect. Spec. Nov._ 332--. To this genus _Curculio Tribulus_ and _quadridens_ appear to belong.
[1089] This kind of pubescence has usually been denominated sericeous (_sericea_); but it certainly does not resemble _silk_; and is very different from the proper sericeous splendour, exhibited by _Cryptocephalus sericeus_.
[1090] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ 1. _t._ iv. ** c. _f._ 1. _a._
[1091] See above, p. 283. n^o 7.
[1092] Linné in _Coccinella_ has employed the term _Gutta_ for a white or yellow spot in a darker ground, and _Pustula_ for a red spot in a black ground. We thought one term sufficient to express spots bigger than atoms.
[1093] See above, p. 208--.
[1094] As this work is intended for general readers as well as for the learned, the above rules, &c. it is hoped will not be deemed without use.
[1095] These symbols are inserted here, because they may be very conveniently adopted in a correspondence on the subject of Entomology.
[1096] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xii. * *. e. 1. _neut._ _f._ 6. _c._ and _t._ x. * *, d, 1, _f._ 1. _c._
[1097] Oliv. _Ins._ N^o. 44. _Pæderus._ _t._ i. _f._ 1. e.
[1098] Germ. _Insect. Spec._ 486--.
[1099] _Fn. Suec._ 1183. Fabricius has not admitted this moth among his _Noctuæ_, I know not why.
[1100] Curtis, _Brit. Ent._ _t._ 154.
[1101] _Monogr. Ap. Angl._ i. 97. _t._ xii. _Apis_ **. e. 1. Neut. _f._ 21. _d._
[1102] This term may be applied to the _Mesothorax_ in heteropterous _Hemiptera_, in which that part lies _buried_ under the _Prothorax_. PLATE VIII. FIG. 20. _i, k._
[1103] Chabrier _Sur le Vol des Insectes_. _Mém. du Mus._ _t._ viii. 55.
[1104] In many moths, particularly _Spilosoma ocularia_, and affinities, the insect looks as if its neck was ornamented with a beautiful _tippet_ formed by the _Patagia_, and its shoulders by these _lappets_.
[1105] Neither _Chrysomela_ nor _Imatidium_ have a discoidal _Epipleura_; which furnishes a further proof that _Notoclea_ is distinct from _Chrysomela_, and _Imatidium_ from _Cassida_.
[1106] For the reason of this change of the name of _Locusta_ F., see _Zool. Journ._ N^o iv.
An _Acrida_ with this spot is figured by Professor Lichtenstein. _Linn. Trans._ iv. _t._ v. A.
[1107] Reaum. i. _t._ xx. _f._ 12-15.
[1108] _Linn. Trans._ v. _t._ iv. _f._ 10, 11. From my specimens, which are not in a very good state, I cannot ascertain whether this belongs to any of the modern genera into which the _Ichneumones minuti_ of Linné are now divided.
[1109] To this genus or subgenus _Scarabæus Syphax_, _Antæus_, _Titanus_, &c. belong.
[1110] Jones. _Linn. Trans._ ii. _t._ viii. _f._ 1, 3-6, 8.
[1111] Jurine _Hymenopt._ _t._ i. _f._ 3. _b._
[1112] _Ibid._ _t._ iii. Gen. 4, 5.
[1113] _Ibid._ _t._ x. Gen. 23, 24.
[1114] _Ibid._ _t._ vi. Gen. 2.
[1115] See Kirby in _Linn. Trans._ xii. 450--. _t._ xxii. _f._ 16.
[1116] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ iv. _Melitta_ **. c. _f._ 10. _a._
[1117] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ i. _t._ xii. _f._ 19. _a, b._
[1118] _Mon. Ap. Angl._ _t._ iv. **. c. _f._ 14 *. a. _f._ 12.
[1119] _Ibid._ _t._ xxi. _f._ 20.
[1120] Chabrier _Sur le Vol des Insectes_. _Ann. du Mus._ xiv. _t._ viii. _f._ 1. K. _n._
[1121] VOL. III. p. 396.
[1122] VOL. III. p. 125--.
[1123] De Geer vii. 38--. _t._ iii. _f._ 10. _rr._
[1124] VOL. II. p. 248--.
[1125] De Geer ii. 507. _t._ xi. _f._ 16. m. n.
LETTER XLVII.
_SYSTEM OF INSECTS._
Having considered insects as to their History, Anatomy and Physiology, we must next enter a new and ample field, in which, like most of our predecessors, we shall often be perplexed and bewildered by the infinite variety of devious paths which traverse it, and by the mazy labyrinths in which the more we wander the less ground we seem to gain.--You will easily perceive I am speaking of the _System of Insects_. System is a subject which has engaged the attention of Naturalists from the time of Aristotle to the present day; and even now that it has been so much and so ably discussed, they are far from being agreed concerning it. In our own country a clue has, however, of late been furnished, which upon the whole seems better calculated to enable us to thread the intricate labyrinth of nature, than any thing previously excogitated.
There are two words relating to this subject concerning which Naturalists seem not to have very precise ideas--_Method_ and _System_. They have often been confounded and used indifferently to signify the same thing. Thus we hear of a Natural Method and a Natural System. Linné seems to have regarded the _former_ of these terms as representing the actual disposition of objects in nature[1126], while by _System_ he understands their classification and arrangement by Naturalists[1127]. But if we consider their real meaning,--a _Method_ should signify an _Artificial_, and a _System_ a _Natural_ arrangement of objects[1128]. As many systematists, however, have aimed at giving a _natural_ arrangement, though with various success,--some, as the French school, (to which we are principally indebted for the progress already made,) approximating nearer to the true idea than others,--and none having a _perfect_ conception of it, of which probably in our present state, our minds, from its intricacy, are incapable,--it might perhaps be as well to call every arrangement whose object is confessedly artificial, a _Method_; and that which aims at the plan of nature, a _System_. Under this view system-makers would be divided into two classes,--the _Methodists_ and _Systematists_.
The system of nature, which we are now to consider, may be viewed under a double aspect; for with regard to all created objects there is a _System_ of _Distribution_, and a _System_ of _Correlation_, which appear to be quite independent of each other. The former will best fall under our notice when we are treating of the _Geography_ of insects: I shall therefore now confine myself to the latter.