Part 22
v. COLOUR.
1. NIVEOUS (_Niveus_). The pure unblended white of snow.--Ex. _Arctia chrysorhea_.
2. WHITE (_Albus_). White less intense than niveous. The colour of _chalk_.--Ex. _Spilosoma mendica_ ♀.
3. LACTEOUS (_Lacteus_). White with a slight tint of blue. The colour of _milk_.--Ex. _Minoa lactearia_.
4. CREAM-COLOURED (_Lactifloreus_). White with a proportion of yellow.--Ex. Pale part of the _Primary wings_ of _Euprepia Caja_.
5. FLESH-COLOURED (_Carneus_). White tinted with red. The colour of young and healthy _flesh_.--Ex. _Secondary wings_ of _Sphinx Ligustri_.
6. HOARY (_Incanus_). White with a small proportion of black. The colour of a _gray head_. N.B. _This term is usually confined to_ pubescence.--Ex. _Curculio sulcirostris_.
7. CINEREOUS (_Cinereus_). White with a shade of brown.--Ex. _Sitona diffinis_, _Dasychira pudibunda_.
8. GRISEOUS (_Griseus_). White mottled with black or brown.--Ex. _Curculio nebulosus_.
9. YELLOW (_Flavus_). Pure yellow.--Ex. _Bands_ on the _Abdomen_ of _Nomada_ (_Apis_ *. b. K.), _Crabro_, &c.
10. STRAW-COLOURED (_Stramineus_). Pale yellow with a very faint tint of blue.--Ex. _Ennomos cratægata_.
11. SULPHUREOUS (_Sulphureus_). Yellow with a tint of green. The colour of _brimstone_.--Ex. _Gonepteryx Rhamni_ ♂.
12. LUTEOUS (_Luteus_). Deep yellow with a tint of red. The colour of the _yolk_ of an _egg_.--Ex. _Primary wings_ of _Colias Edusa_.
13. ORANGE (_Aurantius_). Equal parts of red and yellow.--Ex. _Apex_ of _Wings_ of _Pontia Cardamines_.
14. SAFFRON-COLOURED (_Croceus_). The colour of _saffron_.--Ex. Yellow in the _Elytra_ of _Trichius fasciatus_.
15. MINIATOUS (_Miniatus_). The colour of _red lead_.--Ex. _Secondary wings_ of _Euprepia Caja_.
16. FULGID (_Fulgidus_). A bright fiery red.--Ex. _Lycæna Virgaureæ_ and _Hippothoe_.
17. RUFOUS (_Rufus_). A pale red.--Ex. _Apion frumentarium_.
18. TESTACEOUS (_Testaceus_). The colour of a _tile_, a dull red.--Ex. _Chrysomela Populi_.
19. SCARLET (_Coccineus_). A bright pale red.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Pyrochroa coccinea_.
20. RED (_Ruber_). Pure red.--Ex. _Under Wings_ of _Hypercampa Dominula_.
21. SANGUINEOUS (_Sanguineus_). Red with a tint of black. The colour of _blood_.--Ex. _Spots_ in _Chilocorus Cacti_, and _Prothorax_ of _Locusta morbillosa_.
22. ROSE-COLOURED (_Roseus_). Colour of the _rose_.--Ex. _Parts_ of the _Wings_ and _Body_ of _Deilephila Elpenor_.
23. CRIMSON (_Puniceus_). A bright red with a tint of blue.--Ex. _Base_ of the _Under Wings_ of _Catocala Sponsa_.
24. PURPLE (_Purpureus_). Equal parts of blue and red.--Ex. _Sagra purpurea_. _Vitta_ on the _Elytra_ of _Donacia fasciata_.
25. VIOLET (_Violaceus_). Blue with some red. The colour of _Viola odorata_.--Ex. _Chrysomela Goettingensis_, _Abdomen_ of _Geotrupes vernalis_.
26. LILAC (_Lilacinus_). Colour of the flowers of the lilac.--Ex. Part of the _Iris_ of the _Ocellus_, in the _Wings_ of _Vanessa Io_.
27. BLUE (_Cyaneus_). Pure blue. Colour of _Centaurea Cyanus_.--Ex. _Disk_ of the _Wings_ of _Papilio Ulysses_. _Callidium violaceum._
28. AZURE (_Azureus_). A paler and more brilliant blue.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Morpho Menelaus_, _Telemachus_, &c.
29. SKY-BLUE (_Cæruleus_). A paler blue. The colour of the _sky_.--Ex. _Polyommatus Adonis_.
30. CÆSIOUS (_Cæsius_). Very pale blue with a little black. The colour of _blue eyes_.--Ex. _Under side_ of the _Wings_ of _Polyommatus Argiolus_.
31. GREEN (_Viridis_). Equal parts of blue and yellow.--Ex. _Cicindela campestris_.
32. ÆRUGINOUS (_Æruginosus_). Green with a blue tint. The colour of the _rust of copper_, _verdigris_.--Ex. _Polydrosus Cnides_.
33. PRASINOUS (_Prasinus_). Green with a mixture of yellow. The colour of the leaves of _leeks_ or _onions_.--Ex. _Pentatoma prasina_. _Under side_ of _Wings_ of _Thecla Rubi_.
34. GLAUCOUS (_Glaucus_). Pale blueish green. Sea green.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Dynastes Hercules_, _Alcides_, _Tityus_, &c.
35. MOUSE-COLOURED (_Murinus_). Black with a small proportion of yellow. The colour of the common _mouse_.--Ex. _Base_ of the _abdominal segments_ of _Cossus ligniperda_.
36. LURID (_Luridus_). Yellow with some mixture of brown. Dirty yellow.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Aphodius luridus_ and _nigrosulcatus_.
37. LIVID (_Lividus_). A pale purplish brown. The colour of a _bruise_.--Ex. _Berosus luridus_.
38. TAWNY (_Fulvus_). A pale dirty orange.--Ex. The _pale_ parts of the _Wings_ of _Hipparchia Pamphilus_.
39. FAWN-COLOURED (_Cervinus_). A reddish brown.--Ex. _Lasiocampa Rubi_.
40. OLIVE (_Olivaceus_). A brownish green. The colour of _olives_.--Ex. _Dytiscus marginalis_.
41. FUSCOUS (_Fuscus_). A dull brown.--Ex. _Hipparchia Semele_. _Prionus scabricornis_.
42. FERRUGINOUS (_Ferrugineus_). A yellowish brown with some red. The colour of the _rust of iron_.--Ex. _Base_ of _Under Wings_ of _Smerinthus Populi_. _Gastropacha quercifolia_.
43. CINNAMON-COLOURED (_Cinnamomeus_). A yellowish brown. The colour of _cinnamon_.--Ex. _Prionus cinnamomeus_.
44. BROWN (_Brunneus_). Pure brown.--Ex. _Dark_ parts in the _Primary Wings_ of _Euprepia Caja_.
45. BAY (_Badius_). Bright red brown of the _chestnut_.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Melolontha vulgaris_ when the hairs are rubbed off.
46. CHESTNUT (_Castaneus_). Colour of the _dark_ part of the chestnut.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Lucanus Cervus_.
47. PICEOUS (_Piceus_). Shining reddish black. The colour of _pitch_.--Ex. _Prionus coriarius_.
48. FULIGINOUS (_Fuliginosus_). The opaque black of _soot_.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Lithosia rubricollis_.
49. BLACK (_Niger_). A dull black with some brown.--Ex. _Pachygaster niger_.
50. ATROUS (_Ater_). Pure black of the deepest tint.--Ex. _Liparus anglicanus_.
vi. SPLENDOUR.
a. GEMMEOUS.
1. MARGARITACEOUS (_Margaritaceus_). Glossy, white with changeable tints of purple, green, and blue. The splendour of _pearls_.--Ex. The _drums_ in _Cicada capensis_.
2. OPALINE (_Opalinus_). A blueish white reflecting the prismatic colours. The splendour of the _opal_.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Notonecta glauca_ and some _Nepæ_.
3. CRYSTALLINE (_Crystallinus_). The white splendour of _crystal_ or glass.--Ex. _Stemmata_ of many _Hymenoptera_, &c.
4. TOPAZINE (_Topazinus_). The yellow splendour of the _topaz_.--Ex. Many _Stemmata_ of _Hymenoptera_, and _Eyes_ of _Spiders_.
5. RUBINEOUS (_Rubineus_). The red splendour of the _ruby_.
6. SMARAGDINE (_Smaragdinus_). The green splendour of the _emerald_.
7. AMETHYSTINE (_Amethystinus_). The purple splendour of the _amethyst_.
b. METALLIC.
1. ARGENT (_Argenteus_). The splendour of _silver_.--Ex. The _spots_ on the _under side_ of the _Wings_ in _Argynnis Lathonia_, &c.
2. GOLDEN (_Aureus_). The splendour of _gold_.--Ex. _Entimus imperialis_. _Spot_ in the _Wings_ of _Plusia Festucæ_.
3. ORICHALCEOUS (_Orichalceus_). A splendour intermediate between that of _gold_ and _brass_.--Ex. _Upper Wings_ of _Plusia Chrysitis_.
4. ÆNEOUS (_Æneus_). The splendour of _brass_.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Carabus clathratus_.
5. CUPREOUS (_Cupreus_). The reddening splendour of _copper_.--Ex. _Carabus nitens_.
6. CHALYBEOUS (_Chalybeus_). The blue splendour of _steel_ case-hardened, or of the mainspring of a watch.--Ex. _Helops chalybeus_. _Legs_ of _Lithosia Quadra_.
7. PLUMBEOUS (_Plumbeus_). The colour of _lead_.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Clytra dentata_?
8. INAURATE (_Inauratus_). When striæ or other _impressed_ parts have a metallic splendour.--Ex. _Margin_ of _Prothorax_ and _Elytra_ of _Carabus violaceus_. _Striæ_ of _Elytra_ &c. of _Phanæus Mimas_.
9. DEAURATE (_Deauratus_). A metallic hue which looks as if the gilding was worn off.--Ex. _Donacia ænea_, &c.
c. BOMBYCINE.
1. SERICEOUS (_Sericeus_). The splendour of _silk_.--Ex. _Cryptocephalus sericeus_.
2. TRAMOSERICEOUS (_Tramosericeus_). The splendour of _satin_.--Ex. _Chlamys Bacca_, _monstrosa_, &c.
d. REFLECTED.
1. RESPLENDENT (_Splendens_). Reflecting the light intensely.--Ex. The _Head_ and _Thorax_ of _Philonthus splendens_, _æneus_, _politus_, &c.
2. SHINING (_Nitidus_). Reflecting the light, but less intensely.--Ex. _Dytiscus marginalis_.
3. PRUINOSE (_Pruinosus_). When the splendour of the surface is somewhat obscured by the appearance of a bloom upon it like that of a plum, but which _cannot be rubbed off_[1091].--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Serica ruricola_ and _brunnea_.
4. OBSCURE (_Obscurus_). A surface which reflects the light but little.--Ex. _Pælobius Hermanni_.
5, OPAQUE (_Opacus_). A surface which does not reflect the light at all.--Ex. _Trox sabulosus_, _arenarius_. _Silpha opaca_.
vii. TRANSPARENCE.
1. HYALINE (_Hyalina_). The clear transparency of glass.--Ex. The _Wings_ of many _Neuroptera_, _Hymenoptera_, and _Diptera_.
2. DIAPHANOUS (_Diaphana_). Transparent, but less purely than hyaline. Semitransparent.--Ex. The _Wings_ of many _Coleoptera_.
3. ADIAPHANOUS (_Adiaphana_). Which does not transmit the light at all.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Coleoptera_.
viii. PAINTING.
1. ATOM (_Atomus_). A very minute dot.
2. IRRORATE (_Irrorata_). Sprinkled with atoms, as the earth with dew.--Ex. _Onthophagus Vacca_. _Papilio Paris._
3. GUTTA (_Gutta_[1092]). A roundish dot intermediate in size between an _atom_ and a _macula_.
4. GUTTATE (_Guttata_). Sprinkled with _guttæ_.--Ex. _Coccinella_.
5. MACULA (_Macula_). A larger indeterminately shaped spot.
6. MACULATE (_Maculata_). Painted with such spots.--Ex. _Abraxas grossulariata_.
7. LITURA (_Litura_). An indeterminate spot growing paler at one end, as if daubed or blotted.
8. LITURATE (_Liturata_). A surface painted with one or more such spots.--Ex. _Aphodius conflagratus_.
9. PLAGA (_Plaga_). A long and large spot.--Ex. _Aphodius plagiatus_.
10. ISLET (_Insula_). A spot of a different colour, included in a plaga or macula.--Ex. The _Ocelli_ in the _Primary Wings_ of _Hipparchia Semele_. A _spot_ in the _middle fascia_ of the _under side_ of the _Primary Wing_ in _Papilio Podalirius_.
11. CREPERA (_Crepera_). A gleam of paler colour upon a dark ground.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Dytiscus marginalis_.
12. SHADOW (_Umbra_). A slight shade, not easily perceptible upon a paler ground.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Acanthocinus Ædilis_. _Wings_ of _Plutella asperella_.
13. SIGNATURES (_Signaturæ_). Markings upon a surface resembling in some degree letters and characters.
14. SIGNATE (_Signatus_). Marked with signatures.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Acrocinus longimanus_.
15. INSCRIBED (_Inscriptus_). When the surface is marked with the resemblance of a letter of any language.--Ex. _Plusia Gamma_. _Vanessa C. album_.
16. HIEROGLYPHIC (_Hieroglyphicus_). Painted with characters somewhat resembling hieroglyphics.--Ex. _Acrocinus longimanus_. _Schizorhina Australasiæ_.
17. ANNULET (_Annulus_). A ring-shaped spot.--Ex. _Cyclophora omicronaria_, &c. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _o._
18. LUNULET (_Lunula_). A small crescent-shaped spot.--Ex. _Marginal spots_ above and below the _Secondary Wings_ in _Melitæa Artemis_, &c.
19. RENICULUS (_Reniculus_). A small kidney-shaped spot.--Ex. _Upper Wings_ of _Mamestra Persicaria_.
20. OCELLUS (_Ocellus_). An eye-like spot in the _Wings_ of many _Lepidoptera_, consisting of annuli of different colours, inclosing a central spot or pupil.
a. PUPIL (_Pupilla_). The central spot of the ocellus. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _t._ An ocellus is called bipupillate, tripupillate, &c., when there are two, three, &c. of these spots.--Ex. _Primary Wing_ of _Hipparchia Tithonus_, &c. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _p._
_a._ HASTATE PUPIL (_Pupilla hastata_). When the pupil is a halberd-shaped spot.--Ex. _Pupil_ of _Ocellus_ of _Aglia Tau_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _k._
_b._ SUFFULTED PUPIL (_Pupilla suffulta_). When the pupil shades into another colour.--Ex. _Primary Wing_ of _Vanessa Io_.
b. IRIS (_Iris_). The circle which incloses the pupil. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _u._
c. ATMOSPHERE (_Atmosphæra_). The _exterior_ circle of the ocellus. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _v._
21. BLIND OCELLUS (_Ocellus cæcus_). An ocellus without the pupil.--Ex. _Hipparchia Davus_.
22. SPURIOUS OCELLUS (_Ocellus spurius_). A circular spot without any defined iris or pupil.--Ex. _Spot_ in the _Disk_ of the _Primary Wings_ of _Colias Helice_.
23. SIMPLE OCELLUS (_Ocellus simplex_). When the ocellus consists only of iris and pupil.--Ex. _Ocelli_ on the _under side_ of _Primary Wings_ of _Hipparchia Semele_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _t, n, u._
24. COMPOUND OCELLUS (_Ocellus complexus_). When the ocellus consists of three or more circles.--Ex. _Saturnia Spini_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _l._
25. NICTITANT OCELLUS (_Ocellus nictitans_). When the ocellus includes a lunular spot of a different colour.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Wings_ of _Morpho Perseus_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _m._
26. FENESTRATE OCELLUS (_Ocellus fenestratus_). When an ocellus has a transparent spot.--Ex. _Attacus Paphia_ and _Cytherea_.
27. DIOPTRATE OCELLUS (_Ocellus dioptratus_). A fenestrate ocellus divided by a transverse line.--Ex. _Attacus Polyphemus_.
28. DOUBLE OCELLUS (_Ocellus geminatus_). When two ocelli are included in the same circle or spot.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Secondary Wing_ of _Morpho Perseus_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _r, v._
29. TWIN OCELLUS (_Ocellus didymus_). When such ocelli join each other.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Secondary Wing_ of _Hipparchia Hyperanthus_.
30. SESQUIALTEROUS OCELLUS (_Ocellus sesquialterus_). An ocellus with a smaller near it, called also _Sesquiocellus_.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Secondary Wing_ of _Colias Edusa_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _q._
31. SUPERCILIUM (_Supercilium_). An arched line resembling an eyebrow, which sometimes surmounts an eyelet.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Secondary Wing_ of _Morpho Achilles_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _i._
32. NEBULOSE (_Nebulosus_). Painted with colour irregularly darker and lighter, so as to exhibit some resemblance of _clouds_.--Ex. _Curculio sulcirostris_, _nebulosus_; _Catocala nupta_.
33. TESTUDINARIOUS (_Testudinarius_). Painted with red, black and yellow, like tortoise-shell.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Aphodius testudinarius_.
34. CONSPERSE (_Conspersus_). Thickly sprinkled with minute irregular dots often confluent.--Ex. _Biston Betularia_.
35. ACHATINE (_Achatinus_). Painted with various concentric, curved, or parallel lines, resembling the veining of an agate.--Ex. _Cossus labyrinthicus_. _Cerura vinula_.
36. USTULATE (_Ustulata_). So marked with brown as to have the appearance of being _scorched_.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Ennomos dolabraria_.
37. MARMORATE (_Marmorata_). So painted with streaks, veins, and clouds, as to resemble _marble_.--Ex. _Under side_ of the _Wings_ of _Vanessa Io_. _Marmarina marmorata_.
38. TESSELLATE (_Tessellata_). Painted in checquerwork.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Sarcophaga carnaria_ and _Musca maculata_.
39. FASCIA (_Fascia_). A broad transverse band.
a. PYRAMIDATE FASCIA (_Fascia pyramidata_). A band which juts out into an angle on one side.--Ex. _Wing_ of _Apatura Iris_. _Argynnis Paphia._ PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _h_.
b. MACULAR FASCIA (_Fascia macularis_). A band consisting of distinct spots.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Abraxas grossulariata_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _b._
c. ARTICULATE FASCIA (_Fascia articulata_). A band consisting of contiguous spots.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Wings_ of _Melitæa Dictynna_. _Upper side_ of _Primary Wing_ of _Morpho Menelaus_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _a._
d. DIMIDIATE FASCIA (_Fascia dimidiata_). A band traversing only _half_ the wing.--Ex. _Primary Wing_ of _Papilio Turnus_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _f._
e. ABBREVIATE FASCIA (_Fascia abbreviata_). A band traversing _less_ than _half_ the wing.--Ex. _Primary Wing_ of _Papilio Podalirius_, _Ajax_, &c. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _g._
f. SESQUIALTEROUS FASCIA (_Fascia sesquialtera_). When both wings are traversed by a continued band, and either the primary or secondary by another.--Ex. _Endromis versicolor_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _d, c._
g. SESQUITERTIOUS FASCIA (_Fascia sesquitertia_). When both wings are traversed by a continued band, and more than half of either the primary or secondary by another; or, when a wing or elytrum contains a band and the third of a band.--Ex. _Tortrix Avellana_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _d, e._
40. STRIGA (_Striga_). A narrow transverse streak.
41. STRIGOSE (_Strigosa_). Painted with several such streaks.--Ex. _Ennomos prunaria_.
42. LINE (_Linea_). A narrow _longitudinal_ stripe.
43. LINEATE (_Lineata_). Painted with several such stripes. N.B. If with two, we say _bilineata_, with three, _trilineata_, &c.--Ex. _Elater lineatus_.
44. VITTA (_Vitta_). A broad longitudinal stripe.
45. VITTATE (_Vittata_). Painted with several such stripes.--Ex. _Chrysomela fastuosa_, _cerealis_, &c.
46. UNDULATE (_Undulata_). When fasciæ, strigæ, lines, &c. curve into alternate sinuses resembling the rise and fall of waves.
47. SINUATO-UNDULATE (_Sinuato-Undulata_). When the sinuses are obtuse.--Ex. _Boarmia repandaria_.
48. ANGULOSO-UNDULATE (_Anguloso-Undulata_). When they go in a zigzag direction, or with alternate acute sinuses.--Ex. _Acidalia undulata_.
49. RADIATE (_Radiata_). When a dot, spot, &c. appear to send forth rays.--Ex. The large blue _area_ common to all the _Wings_ of _Papilio Ulysses_.
50. VENOSE (_Venosa_). Painted with lines that branch like veins.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Wings_ of _Pontia Napi_.
51. CANCELLATE (_Cancellata_). Painted with transverse lines crossing longitudinal ones at right angles.--Ex. _Macaria clathrata_.
52. AREOLATE (_Areolata_). Painted with lines which intersect each other in various directions, so as to exhibit the appearance of net-work.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Tetanocera marginata_ and _Cossus ligniperda_.
53. LIMBATE (_Limbata_). When the disk is surrounded by a margin of a different colour.--Ex. _Dytiscus marginalis_.
54. ARMILLATE (_Armillata_). When a leg, antenna, &c. is surrounded by a _broad_ ring of a different colour.--Ex. _Posterior Tibia_ of _Prosopis annulata_ (_Melitta_ * b. K.).
55. ANNULATE (_Annulata_). When a leg, antenna, &c. is surrounded by a _narrow_ ring of a different colour.--Ex. _Antennæ_ of many _Ichneumons_.
56. CINGULATE (_Cingulata_). When the abdomen or the trunk is wholly surrounded by one or more belts of a different colour.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of many _Nomadæ_ (_Apis_ *. b. K.).
57. DECOLORATE (_Decolor_). When the colour appears to be discharged from any part.--Ex. _Margin_ of the _Abdominal_ segments in _Stelis punctulatissima_ Latr. (_Apis_ ** _c._ 1. β. K.).
58. UNICOLORATE (_Unicolor_). When a surface is of one colour.
59. CONCOLORATE (_Concolor_). Of the same colour with another part. If speaking of _Lepidoptera_, when the upper and under sides of the wings are of the same colour.--Ex. _Hesperia Linea_, _Paniscus_.
60. DISCOLORATE (_Discolor_). Of a different colour from another part. When the upper and under sides of the wings of _Lepidoptera_ are of a different colour.--Ex. _Polyommatus Corydon_, _Argiolus_, &c.
61. VERSICOLORATE (_Versicolor_). When a surface changes its colour as the light varies.--Ex. _Apatura Iris_ ♂.
62. IRIDESCENT (_Iricolor_). When a surface reflects the colours of the rainbow.--Ex. _Mesothorax_ of _Xylocopa iricolor_. _Wings_ of _Hymenoptera_, &c.
63. INFUSCATE (_Infuscata_). When a colour is darkened by the superinduction of a brownish shade or cloud.--Ex. _Apex_ of the _Upper Wings_ of _Cossus ligniperda_.
ix. DISTINCTION.
1. DISTINCT (_Distincta_). When spots, puncta, granules, &c. do not touch or run into each other, but are completely separate.--Ex. _Under side_ of _Wings_ of _Lycæna Hippothoe_.
2. ORDINATE (_Ordinata_). When spots, puncta, &c. are placed in _rows_. Thus we say ordinato-punctate, ordinato-maculate, &c.--Ex. _Spots_ on the _Abdomen_ of _Spilosoma lubricipeda_, _erminea_, &c.
3. CONTIGUOUS (_Contigua_). When spots, &c. are so near that they almost or altogether touch each other.--Ex. _Spots_ in the _margin_ of the _Wings_ of _Argynnis Aglaia_.
4. CONFLUENT (_Confluens_). When spots, &c. run into each other.--Ex. _Apex_ of the _Primary Wings_ and _Under side_ of the _Secondary_ in _Pontia Daplidice_.
5. OBLITERATE (_Obliterata_). When the borders of spots fade into the general ground-colour; and when elevations and depressions, &c. are so little raised or sunk from the general surface, as to be almost erased.--Ex. _Streak_ in the _Wings_ of _Hipparchus papilionarius_, &c. _Striæ_ in the _Elytra_ of _Sphodrus leucophthalmus_.
6. OBSOLETE (_Obsoleta_). When a spot, tubercle, punctum, &c. is scarcely discoverable. Ex. _Lycæna Hippothoe_ ♂ and ♀.--N.B. _This term is often employed where one sex, kindred species, or genera, want, or nearly so, a character which is conspicuous in the other sex, or in the species or genus to which they are most closely allied._
7. GEMINOUS (_Gemina_). When there is a pair of spots, tubercles, puncta, &c.--Ex. _Head_ of one sex of _Dorcus parallelopipedus_. _Upper Wings_ of _Odenestis potatoria_.
8. DIDYMOUS (_Didyma_). When this pair of spots, &c. touch or are confluent.--Ex. _Spots_ in _Elytra_ of _Tylostagmus quadrimaculatus_.
9. CONNIVENT (_Connivens_). The meeting of two lines so as to form an angle.--Ex. _Streaks_ on the _Under side_ of _Secondary Wings_ of _Thecla Pruni_.
10. COMMON (_Communis_). Common to two. When a spot for instance is
## partly on one elytrum and partly on the other.--Ex. _Coccinella
septempunctata_.
VIII. MARGIN.
1. CRISP (_Crispa_). When the _Limb_ is disproportionably larger than the _Disk_, so as to render the margin uneven with irregular rises and falls.
2. UNDULATE (_Undulata_). When the surface rises and falls obtusely, not in angles.--Ex. _Margin_ of _Wings_ of _Hipparchia Semele_.
3. CORRUGATE (_Corrugata_). When the surface rises and falls acutely in angles.--Ex. _Acidalia luteata_, &c.
4. PLICATE (_Plicata_). Longitudinally or transversely folded; or so impressed with striæ as to have that appearance.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Staphylinus_.
5. DILATATE (_Dilatata_). Dilated disproportionably with respect to the Disk.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Necrophorus_.
6. FILATE (_Filata_). When the _edge_ is separated by a channel, often producing a very slender threadlike margin.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Choleva_.
7. INCRASSATE (_Incrassata_). When the margin is disproportionably thick.--Ex. Mr. Marsham's Family of _Chrysomela_ "thorace utrinque incrassato."
8. INTIRE (_Integra_). When the margin has neither teeth, serratures, nor other incisions.
9. CHANNEL (_Canalis_). An impressed line more or less wide, which attends the edges, and is usually produced by its reflexion.
10. EDGE (_Acies_). The extreme termination of the margin.
IX. TERMINATION.
1. SUMMIT (_Fastigium_). The tip or extreme termination of the upper part.
2. APEX (_Apex_). The top or upper termination of any part.
3. BOTTOM (_Fundus_). The extreme termination of the lower part.
4. BASE (_Basis_). The lower termination of any part.
5. ACUTE (_Acuta_). Terminating in an acute angle. PLATE XV. FIG. 17.
6. OBTUSE (_Obtusa_). Terminating bluntly, but within the segment of a circle. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. f.
7. ROTUNDATE (_Rotundata_). Terminating in the segment of a circle.--PLATE VI. FIG. 1. e.
8. TRUNCATE (_Truncata_). Terminating in a transverse line. PLATE XIII. FIG. 5. a´´´.
9. PREMORSE (_Præmorsa_). Terminating in an irregular truncate apex, as if bitten off.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Lebia_, _Dromia_, _Lomechusa_, &c.
10. RETUSE (_Retusa_). Terminating in an obtuse sinus.--Ex. _Back_ part of the _Head_ in _Cimbex_.
11. EMARGINATE (_Emarginata_). When the end has an obtuse notch taken out.--Ex. _Nose_ of _Pedinus arenosus_.
12. EXSCINDED (_Excisa_). When the end has an angular notch taken out.--Ex. _Nose_ of _Opatrum sabulosum_.
13. PRODUCTED (_Producta_). Disproportionably long.
14. MUCRONATE (_Mucronata_). Terminating suddenly in a strong point.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Lixus paraplecticus_. _Abdomen_ of _Sirex Gigas_ ♀.
15. ACUMINATE (_Acuminata_). Terminating gradually in a sharp point.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Sirex Juvencus_ ♀.
16. APICULATE (_Apiculata_). Terminating suddenly in a small filiform truncate apex.--Ex. _Abdomen_ of _Thelyphonus_.
17. CUSPIDATE (_Cuspidata_). Terminating in a long setiform point.--Ex. _Tail_ of _Scorpio_.
X. INCISION.
1. INCISED (_Incisa_). Cut into equal marginal segments.
2. CLEFT (_Fissa_). Cut into equal and deep segments, but not reaching the base. PLATE XIV. FIG. 3. _a._
a. BIFID (_Bifida_). Cut into _two_ segments.
b. TRIFID (_Trifida_). Cut into _three_.
c. QUADRIFID (_Quadrifida_). Cut into _four_.
d. MULTIFID (_Multifida_). Cut into _more_ than _four_.
3. LACINIATE (_Laciniata_). Cut into unequal, irregular, and deep segments.
4. SQUARROSE (_Squarrosa_). Cut into laciniæ that are elevated above the plane of the surface.
5. PARTITE (_Partita_). Divided to the base. PLATE XIV. FIG. 3. _b._
a. BIPARTITE (_Bipartita_). Divided thus into _two_ parts.
b. TRIPARTITE (_Tripartita_). Divided into _three_ parts.
c. QUADRIPARTITE (_Quadripartita_). Divided into _four_ parts.
d. MULTIPARTITE (_Multipartita_). Divided into _more_ than _four_ parts.
6. LOBATE (_Lobata_). Divided to the middle into parts with convex margins, which recede from each other.--Ex. _Acanthia paradoxa_. _Bilobate_, with _two_ lobes. _Trilobate_, with _three_ lobes, &c.
7. CRUCIATE (_Cruciata_). Divided to the middle into four opposite arms, the angles being either four right ones, or two obtuse and two acute.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of many _Locustæ_.
8. SINUATE (_Sinuata_). Having large curved breaks in the margin resembling bays. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1.
9. EROSE (_Erosa_). Sinuate, with the sinuses cut out into smaller irregular notches as if gnawed.--Ex. _Wings_ of _Vanessa C. album_.
10. CRENATE (_Crenata_). Cut into segments of small circles.
11. SERRATE (_Serrata_). Cut into teeth like a saw, with teeth whose sides are unequal.--Ex. _External margin_ near the _Apex_ of the _Elytra_ of many species of _Buprestis_.
12. DENTATE (_Dentata_). Cut into teeth, with teeth whose sides are equal or nearly so.--Ex. The _Wings_ of many _Butterflies_.
13. REPAND (_Repanda_). Cut into very slight sinuations, so as to run in a serpentine direction. PLATE XXII. FIG. 11. _s._
XI. RAMIFICATION.
1. DICHOTOMOUS (_Dichotoma_). Dividing regularly in pairs.
2. FURCATE (_Furcata_). Dividing into two. PLATE XVIII. FIG. 11.
3. RAMOSE (_Ramosa_). Furnished with lateral branches. PLATE XI. FIG. 18.
4. DECUSSATE (_Decussata_). Sending forth lateral branches which alternately cross each other.
5. DIVARICATE (_Divaricata_). Standing out very wide.
XII. DIVISION.
1. SEGMENT (_Segmentum_). The great inosculating joints of the body.
2. JOINT (_Articulus_). The joints of a limb or member.
3. INCISURE (_Incisura_). A deep incision between the segments, when they recede from each other.
4. SUTURE (_Sutura_). The line of separation of any two parts of a crust which are connected only by membrane or ligament, but do not inosculate.
a. SPURIOUS SUTURE (_Sutura spuria_). An impressed line in any part of a body, which resembles a suture, but does not really divide the crust.
XIII. DIRECTION.
1. LONGITUDINAL (_Longitudinalis_). Running lengthwise.
2. TRANSVERSE (_Transversa_). Running across: when the longitudinal line is cut through at _right_ angles.
3. OBLIQUE (_Obliqua_). Running sideways. When the longitudinal line is cut through at _acute_ angles.
4. HORIZONTAL (_Horizontalis_). Parallel with the horizon.
5. ERECT (_Erecta_). Nearly perpendicular.
6. VERTICAL (_Verticalis_). Perpendicular.
7. SLOPING (_Declivis_). A gentle descent.
8. DESCENDING (_Descendens_). A steeper descent.
9. ACCLIVOUS (_Acclivis_). A gentle ascent.
10. ASCENDING (_Ascendens_). A steeper ascent.
11. RECLINED (_Reclinata_). Leaning towards any thing as if to repose upon it.
12. RECUMBENT (_Recumbens_). Leaning or reposing upon any thing.
13. REFLEXED (_Reflexa_). Bent back or upwards.
14. INFLEXED (_Inflexa_). Bent inwards.
15. RECURVED (_Recurva_). Curving outwards.
16. INCURVED (_Incurva_). Curving inwards.
17. REVOLUTE (_Revoluta_). Rolled outwards.
18. INVOLUTE (_Involuta_). Rolled inwards.
19. FORWARDS (_Antrorsum_).
20. BACKWARDS (_Retrorsum_).
21. UPWARDS (_Sursum_).
22. DOWNWARDS (_Deorsum_).
23. OUTWARDS (_Extrorsum_).
24. INWARDS (_Introrsum_).
25. STRAIGHT (_Recta_).
26. PORRECT (_Porrecta_). Reaching forth horizontally as if to meet something advancing.
27. BROKEN (_Fracta_). Bent with an elbow, as if broken.
28. CONVERGING (_Convergens_). Tending to one point from different parts.