Part 23
29. DIVERGING (_Divergens_). Tending to different parts from one point.
XIV. SITUATION.
1. OBVERSE (_Obversa_). When an object is viewed with its _head_ towards you.
2. REVERSE (_Reversa_). When an object is viewed with its _anus_ towards you.
3. RESUPINE (_Resupina_). When an object lies upon its back.
4. PRONE (_Prona_). When an object lies upon its belly.
XV. CONNEXION.
1. COLLIGATE (_Colligata_). Adhering, or so fixed to any part as to have no separate motion of its own.
2. FREE (_Libera_). Having a motion independent of that of the part to which it is affixed.
3. CONNATE (_Connata_). When parts that are usually separated, are, as it were, soldered together, though distinguished by a suture.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Gibbium_.
4. COALITE (_Coalita_). When parts usually separate are distinguished neither by incisure, segment, nor suture.--Ex. _Trunk_ in _Mutilla_.
5. DISTINCT (_Distincta_). When parts are separated from each other by a _suture_.--Ex. Parts of the _Trunk_ in _Coleoptera_, &c.
6. DISTANT (_Distans_). When they are separated by an _incisure_.--Ex. _Head_, _Trunk_, and _Abdomen_, in _Hymenoptera_.
7. INOSCULATING (_Inosculans_). When one part is inserted into the cavity of another.--Ex. _Head_ in _Buprestis_.
8. SUSPENDED (_Suspensa_). When one part is joined to another by a ligature, without being inserted in it.--Ex. _Legs_ of _Orthoptera_. #/
XVI. ARMS.
1. TOOTH (_Dens_). A short flattish process, somewhat resembling a _tooth_.
2. HORN (_Cornu_). A longer process, resembling a _horn_.
a. LAMINATE HORN (_Cornu laminatum_). A horn dilated at its base into a flat plate.--Ex. _Onthophagus nutans_.
b. NODDING HORN (_Cornu nutans_). When a horn bends forwards.--Ex. _Onthophagus nutans_.
3. SPINE (_Spina_). A fine, long, rigid, pointed process.--Ex. Those on _Elytra_ of many _Hispæ_, and the _Posterior Tibiæ_ of _Locusta_.
4. MUCRO (_Mucro_). A short, stout, sharp-pointed process.--Ex. _Elytra_ of _Lixus paraplecticus_.
5. SPUR (_Calcar_). A spine that is not a process of the crust, but is implanted in it.--Ex. Those on the lower side of the _Tibiæ_ of _Acrida_.
XVII. APPENDAGES.
1. AURICLE (_Auricula_). An appendage resembling an ear.--Ex. _Thorax_ of _Ledra aurita_.
2. CARUNCLE (_Caruncula_). Having fleshy excrescences somewhat resembling the caruncles of birds.--Ex. _Prothorax_ of _Malachius_.
XVIII. MOTION.
1. VERTICAL (_Verticalis_). When it is up and down.
2. HORIZONTAL (_Horizontalis_). When it is from side to side.
3. COMPOUND (_Composita_). When a part is capable of both vertical and horizontal motion.
4. VERSATILE (_Versatilis_). When it moves partly round as if upon a pivot.--Ex. Head of _Hymenoptera_ and _Diptera_.
5. VIBRATILE (_Vibratilis_). When there is a constant oscillation of any part.--Ex. Antennæ of the _Chalcidites_. Legs of _Tipula_ when reposing.
6. ROTATORY (_Rotatoria_). When a body or a part of it turns wholly round, or describes a circle.--Ex. _Ants_ and _Moths_ in a certain _disease_[1093].
XIX. SCENT.
1. ACID (_Acidus_). A pungent acid scent.--Ex. Many _Formicæ_.
2. MOSCHATE (_Moschatus_). A scent of _musk_.
3. ALLIACEOUS (_Alliaceus_). A scent of _garlic_.--Ex. Some _Andrenæ_.
4. CIMICINE (_Cimicinus_). A scent like that of the Bed-bug.--Ex. _Cimex_.
5. ROSACEOUS (_Rosaceus_). A scent of _roses_.--Ex. _Cerambyx moschatus_.
6. AROMATIC (_Aromaticus_). A pungent scent of spices.--Ex. _Oxytelus rugosus_.
7. BALM-SCENTED (_Melissæus_).--Ex. The species of _Prosopis_ (_Apis_ *. b. K.).
8. SWEET-SCENTED (_Odoratus_). An undefined sweet scent.--Ex. _Philonthus suaveolens_.
9. FETID (_Fœtidus_). A disagreeable scent.--Ex. _Goerius olens_. _Chrysopa Perla_. #/
_GENERAL RULES._
In the above tables no notice is taken of diminutives, compounds, and similar terms, because it seemed best, with respect to these, to lay down only some general rules which may include the whole.
RULE I.
Terms in English ending in _cle_, _ule_, or _let_, and which in Latin add _lus_, _la_, or _lum_, to a word, _diminish_ its sense. As, Denti_cle_, a little tooth; Set_ule_, a little bristle; Eye_let_, a small eye: Denticu_lus_, a little dens; Guttu_la_, a little gutta; Punctu_lum_, a little punctum. N.B. Where length or breadth are concerned, the diminutive implies a diminution in the length of the predicate. As, Lineo_la_, Lineo_let_, a short line; Strio_la_, Strio_let_, a short stria; Fascio_la_, Fascio_let_, a short fascia.
RULE II.
The preposition _sub_ prefixed to any word _reduces_ the sense of it. As, _Sub_punctate, not fully punctate; _Sub_hirsute, not fully hirsute, &c.
RULE III.
The termination _culus_ in Latin words added to a comparative implies the state of the object comparatively. As, Convexius_culus_, rather convex than not; Majus_culus_, rather large than not. This is usually denoted in English by the termination _ish_, or the adverb _rather_; as, larg_ish_, _rather_ large, &c.
RULE IV.
The participle present used instead of the adjective implies a _tendency_ to the quality expressed by it. As, _Cinerascens_, cinerascent, tending to cinereous, &c.
RULE V.
The preposition _ob_ prefixed to a term reverses it. As, _Ob_conical, _Ob_cordate, a conical or heart-shaped body, of which the narrowest
## part is the base.
RULE VI.
In compound terms the _last_ member indicates the _preponderating_ character. For instance, when it is said of a body that it is _nigro-æneous_, it means that the æneous tint prevails: but if, _vice versâ_, it is termed _æneo-nigrous_, the black tint is predominant.--N.B. In Sculpture the terms punctato-striate, or punctato-sulcate, signify that striæ or furrows are drawn with puncta in them.
_Exception_ 1.
Some compound terms only indicate the union of two characters in one subject. As, when we say of wings that they are cruciato-incumbent, we mean both that they cross each other and are incumbent upon the body.
_Exception_ 2.
Compound terms are sometimes employed very conveniently to restrict the application of a character to particular circumstances. As, when we say hirsuto-cinereous, we mean that the hirsuties only of a body is cinereous.
RULE VII.
When the term ordinary (_ordinarius_) is added either to terms expressing impressed puncta, lines, spots, &c., it signifies that such puncta, lines, or spots are common to a particular section in any genus or tribe. As, the impressed lateral puncta on the thorax of _Scarabæidæ_; the lateral furrows and dorsal channel in the ground beetles (_Eutrech_in_a_), and the spots in the primary wings of _Xylina Polyodon_ and affinities[1094].
_SYMBOLS._
Male ♂. Female ♀. Neuter ⫯. Egg θ. Larva ⊕. Pupa ☽. Imago ⊙. Head △. Trunk □. Abdomen ▽[1095].
B. PARTIAL ORISMOLOGY.
I. BODY (_CORPUS_).
1. DISJUNCT (_Disjunctum_). When head, trunk, and abdomen are separated by a _deep_ incisure.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_. PLATE IV. FIG. 2, 3, 5.
2. COMPACT (_Compactum_). When head, trunk, and abdomen are _not_ separated by a _deep_ incisure, but inosculate in each other.--Ex. _Buprestis_, _Elater_, and many other _Coleoptera_, _Orthoptera_, and _Hemiptera_.
3. BISECT (_Bisectum_). When the head and trunk are not separated by a suture, so that the insect consists only of _two_ pieces.--Ex. _Araneidea_. PLATE V. FIG. 4.
4. COALITE (_Coalitum_). When neither head, trunk, nor abdomen are separated by any incisure or suture.--Ex. Many _Acari_ L., _Phalangium_, &c.
5. MULTISECT (_Multisectum_). When an insect appears to have no distinct trunk and abdomen, but is divided into numerous segments.--Ex. _Scolopendra_; _Iulus_, &c. PLATE V. FIG. 6.
6. CYMBIFORM (_Cymbiforme_). When the margin of the thorax and elytra are recurved so as to give a body the resemblance of the inside of a _boat_.--Ex. _Heleus_, _Cossyphus_.
II. HEAD (_CAPUT_).
i. DIRECTION.
1. PROMINENT (_Prominens_). When the head is in the horizontal line, and forms no angle with the trunk.--Ex. _Carabus_. PLATE I. FIG. 1.
2. PORRECTED (_Porrectum_). When the head is prominent and elongate.--Ex. _Cychrus_.
3. NUTANT (_Nutans_). When the head forms downwards an _obtuse_ angle with the horizontal line, or trunk.--Ex. _Harpalus_.
4. CERNUOUS (_Cernuum_). When the head forms downwards a _right_ angle with the trunk.--Ex. Most _Gryllina_ and _Locustina_.
5. INFLEXED (_Inflexum_). When the head forms inwards an _acute_ angle with the trunk.--Ex. _Blatta_. PLATE II. FIG. 3.
6. TURRETED (_Turritum_). When the head is producted into a kind of columnar recurved turret or rostrum, in the sides of which, towards the end, the eyes are fixed.--Ex. _Truxalis_. #/
ii. INSERTION.
1. RETRACTED (_Retractum_). When the head is wholly withdrawn within the trunk.--Ex. _Parnus_.
2. INTRUDED (_Intrusum_). When the head is nearly withdrawn within the trunk.--Ex. _Melasis_.
3. INSERTED (_Insertum_). When the head is partly withdrawn within the trunk.--Ex. _Buprestis_.
4. EXSERTED (_Exsertum_). When the head is quite disengaged from the trunk.--Ex. _Tenebrio_, _Blaps_.
5. AMPLECTED (_Amplexum_). When the head is received into a sinus of the thorax.--Ex. _Hister_.
6. RECONDITE (_Reconditum_). When the head is _wholly_ covered and sheltered by the shield of the thorax.--Ex. _Cassida_, _Lampyris_.
7. SEMIRECONDITE (_Semireconditum_). When the head is _half_ covered by the shield of the thorax.--Ex. _Silpha_, _Cyphon_.
8. RETRACTILE (_Retractile_). When an insect can at pleasure exsert its head, or withdraw it within the trunk.--Ex. _Hister_, _Larva_ of _Lampyris_.
9. VERSATILE (_Versatile_). When the head can turn nearly round.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_.
10. PEDUNCULATE (_Pedunculatum_). When the head is constricted behind into a distinct neck.--Ex. _Apoderus Coryli_, &c.
11. SESSILE (_Sessile_). When the head does not move in the socket of the trunk, but is attached to it by a kind of ligament.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_.
iii. TERMINATION.
1. CLYPEATE (_Clypeatum_). When the _Nasus_, _Genæ_, &c. are dilated so as to shelter and overshadow the mouth.--Ex. _Scarabæus_, _Copris_, &c. PLATE XIII. FIG. 14.
2. CAPISTRATE (_Capistratum_). When the anterior part of the head is attenuated and subelongated into a kind of _flat rostrum_ or muzzle.--Ex. _Nitidula_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 13.
3. ROSTRATE (_Rostratum_). When the anterior part of the head is elongated and attenuated into a _cylindrical_ or _many-sided rostrum_ or beak.--Ex. The weevils (_Rhyncophora_). PLATE XIII. FIG. 12.
4. BUCCATE (_Buccatum_). When the _Nasus_ and anterior part of the head are inflated.--Ex. _Conops_ and other _Diptera_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 16.
iv. APPENDAGES.
1. UMBRACULATE (_Umbraculatum_). When there is upon the head an umbrella-shaped process.--Ex. _Gryllus umbraculatus_.
2. LYCHNIDIATE (_Lychnidiatum_). When the _Vertex_, _Frons_, and _Postnasus_ are porrected so as to form a kind of _rostrum_ which gives light in the night.--Ex. _Fulgora_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 15.
v. MOUTH (_OS_).
1. TERMINAL (_Terminale_). When the mouth terminates the head.--Ex. _Coleoptera_, &c.
2. PRONE (_Pronum_). When the mouth is wholly under the head.--Ex. _Truxalis_, _Proscopia_.
3. PERFECT (_Perfectum_). When the mouth is furnished with all the _Trophi_. Viz. _Labrum_; _Labium_; _Mandibulæ_; _Maxillæ_; _Maxillary_ and _Labial Palpi_; and _Tongue_.--Ex. The _Masticating_ Orders.
a. FEEDERS RETRACTED (_Trophi retracti_). When, in a perfect mouth, the _Trophi_ are not capable of being much pushed out or drawn in.--Ex. Most _Coleoptera_, _Orthoptera_, &c.
b. FEEDERS RETRACTILE (_Trophi retractiles_). When, in a perfect mouth, the _Trophi_ can be considerably pushed forth or drawn in.--Ex. _Stenus_, _Apis_, &c.
4. IMPERFECT (_Imperfectum_). When the mouth wants any of the _Trophi_, or they exist in it only as rudiments.--Ex. The _Suctorious_ Orders.
5. ELABRATE (_Elabratum_). When an imperfect mouth has _Mandibulæ_, _Maxillæ_, _Labium_, and _Maxillary Palpi_, or what perform their office, but no _Labrum_.--Ex. _Araneidea_.
6. EMANDIBULATE (_Emandibulatum_). When an imperfect mouth has all the _Trophi_ but the _Mandibulæ_.--Ex. _Trichoptera_.
7. BIPALPATE (_Bipalpatum_). When an imperfect mouth has only either _Labial_ or _Maxillary Palpi_.--Ex. _Tabanus_, &c.
8. EXPALPATE (_Expalpatum_). When an imperfect mouth has no _Palpi_.--Ex. _Hemiptera_.
9. STOMAPODOUS (_Stomapodum_). When the _Legs_ and _Sternum_ act the part of _Maxillæ_, _Labium_, and _Palpi_.--Ex. _Araneidea_, _Scolopendra_, &c.
a. UPPER LIP (_Labrum_).
1. WHISKERED (_Mystacinum_). When the upper lip is furnished with whiskers (_Mystax_), or bearded.--Ex. _Creophilus hirtus_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 30.
b. UPPER JAWS (_Mandibulæ_).
1. CHELATE (_Chelatæ_). When the upper jaws are furnished at the end with a _chela_ or thumb.--Ex. _Scorpio_, _Phalangium_.
2. UNGUICULATE (_Unguiculatæ_). When they are armed with a moveable _claw_.--Ex. _Araneidea_. PLATE VII. FIG. 10. c´.
3. BURIED (_Sepultæ_). When they are covered and quite concealed by the upper lip.--Ex. _Colliuris_.
4. OPEN (_Apertæ_). When they are _not_ quite concealed by the upper lip.--Ex. Most _Coleoptera_.
5. TOOTHLESS (_Edentulæ_). When they are _not_ armed with teeth.--Ex. _Apogonia gemellata_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 22.
6. TOOTHED (_Dentatæ_). When they are armed with teeth.--Ex. _Cicindela_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 19.
7. SUCTORIOUS (_Suctoriæ_). When they have an orifice by which they imbibe their food.--Ex. _Larva_ of _Dytiscus_, _Myrmeleon_, &c. PLATE XIII. FIG. 6.
c. UNDER JAWS (_Maxillæ_).
1. SIMPLE (_Simplices_). When the under jaws have but one lobe.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_. PLATE VII. FIG. 2, 3. d´.
2. COMPOUND (_Compositæ_). When they have more than one lobe.--Ex. _Staphylinus_ and many other _Coleoptera_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 9, 10. d´´´. e´´´.
3. ADNATE (_Adnatæ_). When they adhere to the lower lip through their whole length.--Ex. _Trichoptera_. PLATE VII. FIG. 1. d´.
4. ADHERENT (_Adhærentes_). When they adhere to it only at their base.--Ex. _Coleoptera_, _Hymenoptera_, &c. PLATE VI. VII. FIG. 3. d´.
5. SPINOSE (_Spinosæ_). When they are armed at the apex with _spines_.--Ex. _Libellulina_. PLATE VI. FIG. 12. f´´´.
6. DENTATE (_Dentatæ_). When they are armed with _teeth_.--Ex. _Melolonthidæ_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 15. g´´.
7. PECTUNCULATE (_Pectunculatæ_). When the stipes below the feeler has a row of minute spines set like the teeth of a comb.--Ex. _Apis_[1096].
8. DISENGAGED (_Liberæ_). When they do not adhere to the lower lip at all, or are only connected by membrane or ligaments.--Ex. _Apis_, &c. PLATE VII. FIG. 3. d´.
9. MANDIBULIFORM (_Mandibuliformes_). When they are hard and horny and shaped like the upper jaws.--Ex. _Melolonthidæ_, _Anoplognathidæ_, &c. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 13, 15.
10. UNGUICULATE (_Unguiculatæ_). When they terminate in a moveable claw.--Ex. _Cicindela_.
d. FEELERS (_Palpi_).
1. MANIFORM (_Maniformes_). When they are chelate or furnished with a finger and thumb.--Ex. _Scorpio_, _Chelifer_. PLATE XV. FIG. 7.
2. PEDIFORM (_Pediformes_). When they resemble the _legs_ either in structure or use.--Ex. _Araneidea_, _Acarina_. PLATE VII. FIG. 10. h´´.
3. ANTENNIFORM (_Antenniformes_). When they are very long resembling _antennæ_.--Ex. _Hydrophilus_, _Bryaxis_, _Culex_ ♂.
4. UNGUICULATE (_Unguiculati_). When they are armed with a claw at the end.--Ex. _Gonyleptes_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 1.
5. SECURIFORM (_Securiformes_). When the last joint of the feeler is triangular, and the preceding joint is connected with the vertex of the triangle.--Ex. _Cleridæ_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 2. _a._
6. LUNULATE (_Lunulati_). When the last joint is shaped like a half-moon or crescent.--Ex. _Oxyporus_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 4. _a._
7. FASCICULATE (_Fasciculati_). When the feeler terminates in a bunch of very slender laminæ.--Ex. _Lymexylon flavipes_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 3.
8. LAMELLATE (_Lamellati_). When the last joint is divided into transverse lamellæ.--Ex. _Atractocerus_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 1.
9. INFLATED (_Inflati_). When the last joint of the feeler is very large and tumid.--Ex. _Araneidea_ ♂. PLATE XIII. FIG. 3.
10. APPENDICULATE (_Appendiculati_). When from one of the joints there issues an accessory joint or appendage.--Ex. _Atractocerus_, _Trombidium_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 1. _a._ PLATE XXIII. FIG. 13. _a._
11. MAMMILLATE (_Mammillati_). When the last joint is very short, smaller than the preceding one, and retractile within it.--Ex. _Pæderus_[1097].
12. SUBULATE (_Subulati_). When the last joint is short, and vastly smaller than the preceding one.--Ex. _Bembidium_, _Aleochara_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 7.
13. FUSIFORM (_Fusiformes_). When the two last joints are conical, and the base of the cones forms the point of union.--Ex. _Trechus_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 8.
14. HETEROMORPHOUS (_Heteromorphi_). When the two intermediate joints are vastly larger than the first and the last.--Ex. _Cerocoma_ ♂. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 2.
e. TONGUE (_Lingua_).
1. LINGUIFORM (_Linguiformis_). When the tongue is quite distinct from the labium, usually retracted within the mouth, short and shaped something like a vertebrate tongue.--Ex. _Gryllina_, _Libellulina_. PLATE VI. FIG. 6, 12. e´.
2. LIGULIFORM (_Liguliformis_). When it emerges from the labium, is short, flat, and not concealed within the mouth.--Ex. _Vespa_ and many _Hymenoptera_. PLATE VII. FIG. 2. e'.
3. TUBULOSE (_Tubulosa_). When it emerges from the labium, is long and tubular, and capable of inflation.--Ex. _Apis_. PLATE VII. FIG. 3. e´.
4. SETIFORM (_Setiformis_). A short minute sharp tongue discoverable between the _scalpella_ of a _promuscis_.--Ex. _Cimex_ L. PLATE VII. FIG. 14. e´.
5. PALATIFORM (_Palatiformis_). When the tongue forms the inner surface of the _Labium_, but is not separate from it.--Ex. Most _Coleoptera_.
vi. NOSE (_NASUS_).
1. INCLUDED (_Inclusus_). When the nose is included between the two sides of the _Postnasus_ which run towards the upper lip.--Ex. _Geocorisæ_.
2. VAULTED (_Fornicatus_). When the nose is elevated, convex and hollow underneath.--Ex. _Vespa_.
vii. CANTHUS.
1. ENTERING (_Intrans_). When the _Canthus_ takes a little angle or sinus out of the eye.--EX. The _Capricorn beetles_, _Mylabris_. PLATE VI. FIG. 1. h´.
2. CLEAVING (_Findens_). When the _Canthus_ cleaves the eye half through or more.--Ex. The _Petalocerous beetles_.
3. DIVIDING (_Dividens_). When the _Canthus_ passes right through the eye and divides it into two.--Ex. _Gyrinus_, _Tetraopes_.[1098] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 36.
4. SEPTIFORM (_Septiformis_). When the _Canthus_ forms an elevated ridge or _septum_.--Ex. Many _Petalocerous beetles_.
viii. EYES (_OCULI_).
1. SIMPLE (_Simplices_). Eyes which do not consist of an aggregate of hexagonal lenses.--Ex. _Araneidæ_, _Scorpio_, _Phalangium_. PLATE VII. FIG. 9. h.
_a._ SCATTERED (_Sparsi_). When simple eyes are separate from each other and not arranged in a certain order.--Ex. Eyes of _Caterpillars_, and some _Scolopendræ_.
_b._ ORDINATE (_Ordinati_). When simple eyes are arranged in a certain order.--Ex. _Araneidea_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 37.
_c._ CONGLOMERATE (_Conglomerati_). When a number of simple eyes are collected together so as to exhibit the appearance of a compound one.--Ex. _Iulus_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 11.
_d._ DORSAL (_Dorsales_). When they are placed on the back.--Ex. _Phalangium_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 43. h.
2. COMPOUND (_Compositi_). Eyes which consist of an aggregate of hexagonal lenses.--Ex. All the _Winged Orders_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 10. and XXVI. FIG. 38-42. h.
_a._ SESSILE (_Sessiles_). Eyes that do not sit upon a footstalk.--Ex. _Most insects_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 40, 41.
α. SUPERIOR (_Superiores_). When they are placed in the _upper_ part of the head.--Ex. _Libellulina_.
β. LATERAL (_Laterales_). When they are placed in the _side_ of the head.--Ex. _Apis_.
γ. INFERIOR (_Inferiores_). When they are placed in the _lower_ side of the head.--Ex. The _lower_ pair in _Gyrinus_.
δ. POSTERIOR (_Posteriores_). When placed in the _posterior_ part of the head.--Ex. _Locusta_.
ε. ANTERIOR (_Anteriores_). When placed in the _anterior_ part of the head.--Ex. _Crabro_, _Goerius olens_, &c.
ζ. MEDIAL (_Medii_). When placed in the _middle_ part of the head.--Ex. _Harpalus_, &c.
η. BELTING (_Cingentes_). When the eyes nearly meet both _above_ and _below_ the head, so as to form a kind of belt round it.--Ex. _Culex pipiens_, _Cordylia Palmarum_.
θ. IMMERSED (_Immersi_). When they are quite imbedded in the head.--Ex. The _Melasoma_ or _Darkling beetles_.
ι. PROMINENT (_Prominuli_). When they stand out from the head.--Ex. _Cicindela_.
_b._ COLUMNAR (_Columnares_). When they sit upon a _short_ footstalk or pillar.--Ex. _Strepsiptera_, _Ephemera_ ♂. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 38, 39. h.
_c._ PEDUNCULATE (_Pedunculati_). When they sit upon a _long_ footstalk which also bears the antennæ.--Ex. _Diopsis_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 9.
_d._ OPERCULATE (_Operculati_). When the eyes are covered by an _operculum_.--Ex. _Xylina conspicillaris_[1099].
_e._ CILIATE (_Ciliati_). When the margin of the socket of the eye is fringed with hairs, so as to resemble an _eyelash_.--Ex. _Apion vernale_ and _Malvarum_.
ix. STEMMATA.
1. VERTICAL (_Verticalia_). When they are placed in the _Vertex_.--Ex. _Reduvius personatus_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 40. i.
2. FRONTAL (_Frontalia_). When placed in the _Frons_.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_. PLATE VII. FIG. 2. i.
3. INTRAOCULAR (_Intraocularia_). When placed in the space _between_ the eyes.--Ex. _Cercopis_, _Ledra_, &c. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 42. i.
4. SUBOCULAR (_Subocularia_). When placed in the space _below_ the eyes.--Ex. _Fulgora laternaria_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 41. i.
5. SPURIOUS (_Spuria_). A flat subdiaphanous space above the base of the antennæ, which seems to represent them.--Ex. _Blatta_, _Gryllus_.
x. ANTENNÆ.
a. NUMBER.
1. DICEROUS (_Dicera_). Insects that have _two_ antennæ.--Ex. _Insects in general_.
2. ACEROUS (_Acera_). Insects that have _no_ antennæ.--Ex. The _Acarina_, &c.
b. SITUATION.
1. PREOCULAR (_Præoculares_). When antennæ are inserted _before_ the eyes.--Ex. _Chrysis_.
2. INTEROCULAR (_Interoculares_). When inserted any where _between_ the eyes.--Ex. _Leptura_, _Haliplus_.
3. INOCULAR (_Inoculares_). When inserted in the _Canthus_ of the eyes.--Ex. The _Capricorn beetles_.
4. SUBOCULAR (_Suboculares_). When inserted _under_ the eyes.--Ex. _Fulgora_, _Nepa_. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 41. k.
5. EXTRAOCULAR (_Extraoculares_). When inserted _without_ the eyes.--Ex. _Notonecta_, _Delphax_.
6. ROSTRAL (_Rostrales_). When seated on a rostrum.--Ex. The _Rhyncophorous beetles_.
7. SUPERIOR (_Superiores_). When inserted in the _upper_ surface of the head.--Ex. Most _insects_.
8. INFERIOR (_Inferiores_). When inserted _under_ the head.--Ex. _Copris_, &c.
c. APPROXIMATION.
1. DISTANT (_Distantes_). When _remote_ at their base.--Ex. _Buprestis rustica_.
2. APPROXIMATE (_Approximatæ_). When they _approach_ each other at their base.--Ex. _Donacia_, _Galeruca_.
3. CONTIGUOUS (_Contiguæ_). When they nearly or altogether _touch_ each other at their base.--Ex. _Imatidium MacLeayanum_.
4. CONNATE (_Connatæ_). When _united_ at their base.--Ex. _Ceria_. PLATE XII. FIG. 13.
d. PROPORTION.
1. VERY SHORT (_Brevissimæ_). When shorter than the head.--Ex. The _Muscidæ_, &c.
2. SHORT (_Breves_). When as long as the head.--Ex. _Hister_.
3. SHORTER (_Breviores_). When longer than the head and shorter than the body.--Ex. _Dytiscus_.
4. MEDIOCRAL (_Mediocres_). When of the length of the body.--Ex. _Callidium violaceum_.
5. LONGER (_Longiores_). When longer than the body.--Ex. _Monochamus Sutor_.
6. VERY LONG (_Longissimæ_). When much longer than the body.--Ex. _Acanthocinus ædilis_.
e. DIRECTION.
1. INTIRE (_Integræ_). When they have no elbow or angle.--Ex. _Antennæ_ of most _Coleoptera_.
2. BROKEN (_Fractæ_). When the _Clavola_ forms an angle with the _Scapus_.--Ex. _Curculio_, _Apis_, &c. PLATE XXV. FIG. 15.
3. GENICULATE (_Geniculatæ_). When they form an elbow in the middle but not with the _Scapus_.--Ex. _Meloe_. PLATE XII. FIG. 7.
4. STRAIGHT (_Rectæ_). When they are without any angle, convolution, or curvature. PLATE XI. FIG. 5.
5. PORRECT (_Porrectæ_). When they are placed parallel with each other, and in the same line with the body.--Ex. _Trichoptera_ in flight.
6. EXCURVED (_Excurvæ_). When they curve outwards.
7. INCURVED (_Incurvæ_). When they curve inwards.
8. DECURVED (_Decurvæ_). When they curve downwards.
9. RECURVED (_Recurvæ_). When they curve upwards.
10. REFLEXED (_Reflexæ_). When they are bent back over the body.
11. DEFLEXED (_Deflexæ_). When they are bent downwards.
12. CONVOLUTE (_Convolutæ_). When they roll inwards. PLATE XII. FIG. 6.
13. REVOLUTE (_Revolutæ_). When they roll outwards.
14. SPIRAL (_Spirales_). When they are convoluted spirally. PLATE XXV. FIG. 31.
15. RIGID (_Rigidæ_). When they are very stiff and inflexible.--Ex. _Libellulina_, _Fulgora_. PLATE XII. FIG. 12, 15.
f. REPOSITION.
1. HIDDEN (_Receptæ_). Antennæ which when the animal reposes, are hidden under the head or trunk.--Ex. The _Lamellicorns_, _Elater_, _Belostoma_.
2. EXPOSED (_Apertæ_). Antennæ which when the animal reposes are not concealed.--Ex. _Cerambyx_.
g. FIGURE and SIZE.
1. SETACEOUS (_Setaceæ_). Long flexile antennæ which taper somewhat from the base to the apex. PLATE XI. FIG. 1.
2. SETIFORM (_Setiformes_). Short rigid antennæ which taper from the base to the apex like a bristle. PLATE XII. FIG. 14-16.
3. CAPILLARY (_Capillares_). Antennæ nearly as slender as a hair. PLATE XI FIG. 2.
4. FILIFORM (_Filiformes_). Antennæ every where of an equal thickness. PLATE XI. FIG. 3.
5. THICK (_Crassæ_). Antennæ disproportionably thick. PLATE XII. FIG. 29.
6. INCRASSATE (_Incrassatæ_). Antennæ disproportionably thick in any part: at the _base_, _middle_, or _apex_. PLATE XXV. FIG. 34, 19, 7.
a. GRADUALLY INCRASSATE (_Sensim Incrassatæ_). When they grow gradually thicker from the base to the apex. PLATE XXV. FIG. 10.
b. SUDDENLY INCRASSATE (_Subito Incrassatæ_). When they grow suddenly thicker in any part. PLATE XXV. FIG. 18, 19, 24.
7. BROAD (_Latæ_). Antennæ disproportionably _wide_. PLATE XXV. FIG. 24.
8. DILATED (_Dilatatæ_). When they are disproportionably wide in any part; _base_, _middle_, or _apex_. PLATE XXV. FIG. 12. PLATE XII. FIG. 1, 20.
9. SLENDER (_Tenues_). When they are disproportionably _slender_. PLATE XI. FIG. 2.
10. ATTENUATE (_Attenuatæ_). Antennæ disproportionably slender in any part; _base_, _middle_, or _apex_. PLATE XXV. FIG. 8, 21, 34.
a. GRADUALLY ATTENUATE (_Sensim Attenuatæ_). When they grow gradually more slender from the base to the apex. PLATE XI. FIG. 7.
b. SUDDENLY ATTENUATE (_Subito Attenuatæ_). When they grow suddenly slender in any part. PLATE XII. FIG. 1. PLATE XXV. FIG. 18, 34.
11. FUSIFORM (_Fusiformes_). Antennæ thickest in the middle and tapering more or less towards each extremity. PLATE XI. FIG. 5. PLATE XXV. FIG. 8.
12. PRISMATIC (_Prismaticales_). Antennæ with three nearly equal sides. PLATE XI. FIG. 6.
13. ENSIFORM (_Ensiformes_). Antennæ compressed and three-sided, with one side much narrower than either of the others. PLATE XI. FIG. 7.