Part 32

We next come to one of the greatest names in Entomology, the celebrated De Geer, who united in himself the highest merit of almost every department of that science. Both as a systematist, anatomist, and physiologist, and as the observant historian of the manners and economy of insects, his _Mémoires pour servir à l'Histoire des Insectes_ are above all praise. His system[1397] is contained in a posthumous volume published in 1778[1398].

This system, though built upon the instruments of flight; in its ternary groups, equivalent to the Orders of Linné, adds likewise the instruments of manducation, and is thus intermediate between that of Linné and Fabricius, who perhaps from the consideration of it might derive the first idea of assuming the last-mentioned organs as the basis of a new method. But, though partaking of both, it is nearer to nature than either; and had its illustrious author laid less stress upon the number and substance of the organs of flight, it would probably have been as near perfection in this respect as most that have succeeded it. But following too strictly these characters, he has been led to place in different Classes, or rather Orders, insects that ought not to have been so separated,--as in the case of the two sections of the _Hemiptera_, and the _Coccidæ_. In other respects the whole of De Geer's _Mémoires_ are a storehouse of valuable observations, in which he has furnished many a clue for threading the labyrinth of nature, and given most complete and interesting histories of the whole economy and habits of many tribes and genera,--as of the _Trichoptera_, _Aphides_, _Ephemerina_, &c.

In this latter department of the science a light shone during part of the era we are now considering, which eclipsed every one that appeared before it, and has scarcely been equalled by any one that succeeded it. The date of its first appearance, indeed, was a year before that of Linné's first outline of his _Systema Naturæ_ before alluded to; but it may properly be regarded as belonging to his era, since it did not disappear till some years after that had begun. A volume indeed would scarcely suffice to do justice to the preeminent merits of Reaumur, as exhibited in his admirable _Mémoires pour l'Histoire des Insectes_[1399]: I must therefore content myself with observing, that in judgement and ingenuity in planning his experiments; in patient assiduity in watching their progress; in the elegance of his language, and the felicity of his illustrations, he has rarely, if ever, been equalled. Every subject that he undertook was thoroughly investigated, and in the true spirit of philosophical inquiry. Every where you see him the same unprejudiced and profound observer, attached to no system, anxious only for truth and the advancement of science. If he has any fault, it is, perhaps, that of being sometimes too prolix; but we must recollect that from the nature of his subject much diffuseness was often necessary to render his meaning clear. A greater objection is his total inattention to all system, except with regard to _Lepidoptera_ and their larvæ[1400], so that it is often difficult to ascertain the insects whose history he gives. But with these exceptions, no observer of nature, who wishes his discoveries to be at once profound and interesting, can copy a better model or one nearer to perfection.

Next to that of Reaumur, the name of his admiring correspondent Bonnet may be mentioned. This great physiologist, though still more deficient in systematical knowledge[1401], was also an admirable observer of the economy and manners of insects. In this sense he became an Entomologist before he was seventeen years of age, in consequence of an impression made upon him by the account of the Antlion in that attractive work the _Spectacle de la Nature_. From verifying its wonderful history with his own eyes, he entered with enthusiasm upon the study of other insects, his observations on which he regularly communicated to Reaumur. Amongst other interesting inquiries, his experiments on that singular anomaly in nature the generation of _Aphides_[1402] do him the highest credit, and have set that question perfectly at rest[1403].

In another department of the science this period was distinguished by a work which may almost be deemed a prodigy. I am speaking of Lyonet's admirable treatise on the anatomy of the caterpillar of the Cossus,--a work which will uphold his reputation as long as Entomology shall be cultivated as a science, or the comparative Anatomist be delighted to trace the footsteps of Divine Wisdom in the gradually varying structure of animals. The plates to this publication, executed by the hand of its excellent author, are as wonderful as the work itself; and together, to use Bonnet's words, form a _demonstration_ of the existence of GOD. It is infinitely to be regretted that the author of this incomparable monument of scientific ardour and patient industry should have died before the full completion of his anatomical description of the _pupa_ and _imago_ of the same insect; of which he had prepared a considerable portion of the manuscript, and engraved upwards of twenty of the plates[1404].

Numerous other writers in various departments of the science appeared during this era; but it would be useless to enter into a

## particular detail of their works and merits. I cannot however omit

noticing, on account of his inimitably accurate and chastely coloured representations of _Lepidoptera_, Sepp's beautiful _Nederlandsche Insecten_, in which the whole history of these animals, from the egg to the fly, is described and portrayed. In our own country this era was distinguished by no entomological work of any great eminence. Albin, Wilks, and Harris produced the principal. Gould, however, without having any thing of system, gave an admirable account of English ants, which I formerly noticed[1405].

One of our first poets, the celebrated Gray, was also much devoted to Entomology. From his interleaved copy of the _Systema Naturæ_, that venerable and able naturalist, Sir T. G. Cullum, Bart. copied the following characters of the genera of insects of Linné, drawn up in Latin Hexameters, which he kindly communicated to me.

COLEOPTERA.

_Alas lorica tectas_ Coleoptera _jactant_.

*

Serra pedum prodit _Scarabæum_ et fissile cornu. _Dermesti_ antennæ circum ambit lamina caulem Qui caput incurvum timidus sub corpore celat. In pectus retrahens caput abdit claviger _Hister_. Occiput _Attelabi_ in posticum vergit acumen. _Curculio_ ingenti protendit cornua rostro. _Silpha_ læves peltæ atque elytrorum exporrigit oras. Truncus apex clavæ, atque antennulæ _Coccionellæ_.

**

_Cassida_ sub clypei totam se margine condit. _Chrysomela_ inflexa loricæ stringitur ora. Gibba caput _Meloë_ incurvat thorace rotundo. Oblongus frontem et tenues clypei exerit oras _Tenebrio_. Abdomen _Mordellæ_ lamina vestit. Curta elytra ostentat _Staphylis_ caudamque recurvam.

***

Tubere cervicis valet, antennisque _Cerambyx_. Pectore _Leptura_ est tereti corpusque coarctat. Flexile _Cantharidis_ tegmen, laterumque papillæ. Ast _Elater_ resilit sterni mucrone supinus. Maxillâ exsertâ est oculoque _Cicindela_ grandi. _Bupresti_ antennæ graciles, cervice retractâ. Nec _Dytiscus_ iners setosâ remige plantâ. Effigiem cordis _Carabus_ dat pectore trunco. _Necydalis_ curto ex elytro nudam explicat alam. Curtum, at _Forficulæ_ tegit hanc, cum forcipe cauda.

HEMIPTERA.

_Dimidiam rostrata gerunt_ Hemiptera _crustam Fœmina serpit humi interdum, volat æthera conjux._

Depressum _Blattæ_ corpus venterque bicornis. Dente vorax _Gryllus_ deflexis saltitat alis. Rostro _Nepa_ rapax pollet chelisque. _Cicada_ Fastigio alarum, et rostrato pectore saltat. Tela _Cimex_ inflexa gerit, cruce complicat alas. _Notonecta_ crucem quoque fert remosque pedales. Cornua _Aphis_ caudæ et rostrum, sæpe erigit alas. Deprimit has _Chermes_, dum saltat pectore gibbo. _Coccus_ iners caudæ setas, volitante marito. _Thrips_ alas angusta gerit, caudamque recurvam.

LEPIDOPTERA.

_Squamam alæ, linguæ spiram_ Lepidoptera _jactant_.

_Papilio_ clavam, et squamosas subrigit alas. Prismaticas _Sphinx_ antennas, medioque tumentes: At conicas gravis extendit sub nocte _Phalæna_.

NEUROPTERA.

_Rete alæ nudum atque hamos_ Neuroptera _caudæ_.

Dente alisque potens secat æthera longa _Libella_. Caudâ setigerâ erectis stat _Ephemera_ pennis. _Phryganea_ elinguis rugosas deprimit alas. _Hemerinus_que bidens planas tamen explicat ille. Et rostro longo et caudâ _Panorpa_ minatur. _Raphidia_ extento collo setam trahit unam.

HYMENOPTERA.

_At vitreas alas, jaculumque_ Hymenoptera _caudæ. Fœmineo data tela gregi, maribusque negata._

Telum abdit spirale _Cynips_, morsuque minatur. Maxillas _Tenthredo_ movet, serramque bivalvem. _Ichneumon_ gracili triplex abdomine telum: Et valde aurato resplendet corpore _Chrysis_. Haurit _Apis_ linguâ incurvâ, quod vindicat ense. _Sphex_ alam expandit lævem, gladiumque recondit. Alæ ruga notat _Vespam_, caudæque venenum. Squamula _Formicam_ tergi, telumque pedestrem, Dum minor alata volitat cum conjuge conjux. _Mutilla_ impennis, sed cauda spicula vibrat.

DIPTERA.

Diptera _sub geminis alis se pondere librant_.

Os _Œstro_ nullum, caudâque timetur inermi. Longa caput _Tipula_ est, labiisque et prædita palpis. Palpis _Musca_ caret, retrahitque proboscida labris. Qua _Tabanus_ gaudet pariter, palpis subacutis. Os _Culicis_ molli e pharetrâ sua spicula vibrat. Rostrum _Empis_ durum et longum sub pectore curvat. Porrigit articuli de cardine noxia _Conops_. Porrigit at rectum et conicum sitibundus _Asilus_. Longum et _Bombylius_ qui sugit mella volando. Unguibus _Hippobosca_ valet, vibrat breve telum.

APTERA.

Aptera _se pedibus pennarum nescia jactant_.

Exit tres setas cauda extendente _Lepisma_. Saltatrix est cauda _Poduræ_ inflexa bifurca. Armantur _Termis_ maxillis ora duabus. Fert telum quod ab ore _Pediculus_ edat acutum. _Pulicis_ inflexum rostrum est, telumque recondit. Octo _Acarus_ pedibus duplicique instructus ocello est. Lumina bis bina _octipedata Phalangia_ gestant. Octo oculis totidem pedibusque se _Aranea_ jactat. His etiam adjungit chelatos _Scorpio_ palpos. Dena pedum natura dedit fulcimina _Cancro_. _Unoculo_ bissena (duosque ambobus ocellos). Quorum his chelatos gerit, ille gemellos. Ovalis pedibus bis septem incedit _Oniscus_. Innumeris pedibus _Scolopendra_ angusta movetur. Secernit reliquis structura cylindrica _Iulum_.

During this era, and by the influence of Linné, in the year 1739 the Royal Academy of Sciences at Stockholm was established, which did for Natural History in Sweden what our own Royal Society had done for it in England. Other societies, with a similar object, were formed in different parts of Europe, and were attended by similar good effects. At Paris, at Berlin, at St. Petersburg, at Moscow, at Turin, at Lisbon, &c., the lovers of Nature, at that time and subsequently, have associated for this purpose; and I may mention here, that I may not revert to the subject, the great Natural History association of our own country, THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, named after the illustrious Swede, which was first instituted in 1788, and incorporated by royal charter in 1802. In the _Transactions_ of this learned body, the Zoologist in general, and particularly the Entomologist, will find much useful information and many interesting observations connected with his science. This flourishing society consists at this time of above 600 members, of whom more than 500 are Fellows;--a gratifying proof how widely Natural History is cultivated in the British Empire[1406].

5. _Era of Fabricius, or of the_ Maxillary _System_.--We are now arrived, if its consequences be considered, at one of the most important epochs of the science. Fabricius, a pupil of Linné, who highly estimated his entomological acquirements[1407], thinking that the system of his master was not built upon a foundation sufficiently fixed and restricted[1408], conceived the idea of doing for Entomology what the latter had done for Botany. As the learned and illustrious Swede had assumed the _Fructification_ for the basis of his system in that science, so the emulous and highly-gifted Dane, observing how happily those organs were employed as characters in extricating the genera of Vertebrate animals, assumed the _instruments_ of _manducation_, far more numerous and various in insects, for the basis of a new system of Entomology; which, from the _maxillæ_ being principally employed to characterize the _Classes_ or rather _Orders_, may be called the _Maxillary_ System. De Geer, indeed, as we have seen above, had, in the majority of his Classes, to the organs of flight added the parts of the _mouth_: but Fabricius pursued the idea much further, and made the _Trophi_[1409], or _Instrumenta Cibaria_ as he called them, the sole corner-stone of his whole superstructure. Though nothing seems to have been further from his intention than to follow _Nature_, since he complains that Linné by following her too closely had lost the Ariadnean thread of system[1410], yet it is singular that, by building upon this seemingly narrow foundation, he has furnished a clue, by the due use of which, instead of deserting her, his successors have been enabled with more certainty to extricate her groups: since the parts in question being intimately connected with the functions and economy of these animals, where they differ materially, indicate a corresponding difference in their character and station.

The _first_ outline of his System, I believe, appeared in his _Systema Entomologiæ_ published in 1775; and the _last_, in his _Supplement_ to his _Entomologia Systematica_ in 1798. In this the series and characters of his Classes (for so, after De Geer, he denominates his primary groups) were as follows:--

*

1. ELEUTHERATA[1411]. (_Coleoptera_ L.) _Maxilla_ naked, free, palpigerous.

2. ULONATA[1412]. (_Orthoptera_ Oliv.) _Maxilla_ covered by an obtuse galea or lobe.

3. SYNISTATA[1413]. (_Neuroptera_ L., excluding the _Libellulina_, and taking in _Termes_ L. and _Thysanura_ Latr.) _Maxilla_ geniculate at the base and connate with the labium.

4. PIEZATA[1414]. (_Hymenoptera_ L.) _Maxilla_ corneous, compressed, often elongate.

5. ODONATA[1415]. (_Libellulina_ M^cL.) _Maxilla_ corneous, toothed, two palpi.

6. MITOSATA[1416]. (_Myriapoda_ Leach.) _Maxilla_ corneous, vaulted, not palpigerous.

**

7. UNOGATA[1417]. (_Pulmonary Arachnida_ Latr.) _Maxilla_ corneous, armed with a claw.

***

8. POLYGONATA[1418]. (_Isopod_ and _Branchiopod Crustacea_ Latr.) _Palpi_ mostly six; _Maxillæ_ many _within_ the labium.

9. KLEISTOGNATHA[1419]. (_Brachyurous Decapod Crustacea_ Latr.) Many _Maxillæ without_ the labium, closing the mouth.

10. EXOCHNATA[1420]. (_Macrurous Decapod Crustacea_ Latr.) _Maxillæ_ many _without_ the labium, covered by palpi.

****

11. GLOSSATA[1421]. (_Lepidoptera_ L.) _Mouth_ with a spiral tongue between reflexed palpi.

12. RYNGOTA[1422]. (_Hemiptera_ Latr.) _Mouth_ with a rostrum, having a jointed sheath.

13. ANTLIATA[1423]. (_Diptera_ L., _Anoplura_ Leach., _Trachean Arachnida_ Latr. &c.) _Mouth_ with a haustellum without joints.

The _Orders_ of Fabricius are equivalent usually to the _primary_ groups of the Linnean Orders, and are regulated chiefly by the _antennæ_.

In estimating the value of the above system, we must bear in mind that, according to the statement of its author, it was intended to be partly artificial and partly natural: artificial as to its _Classes_ and _Orders_; natural as to its _genera_, _species_, and _varieties_[1424]. He admitted, however, that natural Classes, &c. do exist; but he contended that artificial ones should be substituted for them, till further discoveries had cleared the way for their satisfactory development[1425]. As therefore his system, in its primary and secondary groups, was confessedly artificial, and the only use of an _artificial_ system being to facilitate the study of any department of Natural History, its value must be estimated by the facilities it affords to the entomological student. But here, it must be allowed, that instead of enlarging the entrance to the temple of his science, it has made it narrower, and has placed most discouraging impediments in his way.

If you examine the definitions of his Classes, you will find them in a variety of cases calculated rather to mislead than to instruct a learner. Thus that of the _Eleutherata_ would equally well suit the _Piezata_ and several others: that of the _Piezata_ is scarcely to be found in it; since in this the maxilla, instead of being _corneous_, is usually _coriaceous_[1426], and its lobe sometimes nearly membranous. In the _Unogata_ he even mistakes the mandibles for maxillæ. Let any young Entomologist endeavour to make out the Fabrician class of a _Cicindela_ for instance; and finding its maxillæ corneous and armed with a claw, he would conclude that it belonged to the _Unogata_ rather than to the _Eleutherata_. Besides all this, the necessity of examining minute parts not easily come at without dissection, is very discouraging to a beginner.

From hence it is evident, that the system of Fabricius, considered as an _artificial_ one or a _method_, was no improvement upon the classification of his master Linné, but rather a retrograde movement in the science.

As to that part of his system in which he professes to take _nature_ for his guide, his _genera_,--though even with respect to them he seems fearful of following her too closely[1427],--he certainly has rendered most essential services to Entomology, and laid the foundation of all that has since been done for its improvement. But it must be observed, that the series of his genera is often altogether artificial; as where he separates and places far asunder the Saprophagous and Thalerophagous Petalocerous beetles.

Entomology, however, in other respects was deeply indebted to this great man. He first, as was lately observed, directed the attention of her votaries to parts which enabled them better to follow the chain of affinities, and to trace out natural groups. In his _Philosophia Entomologica_, drawn up on the plan of Linné's _Philosophia Botanica_, he bequeathed to the science a standard work that ought to be studied by every Entomologist. His incredible labours in defining new genera and describing new species, with which view he travelled into various parts of Europe, and _seven_ times into Britain, have been of infinite service[1428], and placed the science upon a footing much nearer to that of Botany than it had ever before attained.

6. _Era of Latreille, or of the_ Eclectic _System_. The system of Fabricius, though generally adopted in Germany and Switzerland, did not meet with a _universal_ reception. It seems to have gained no permanent footing in the North of Europe, Britain, or France. In the latter country the Linnean phraseology and characters of the Orders were retained by the celebrated Olivier; while at the same time his definitions of genera were constructed, after the Fabrician model, upon the antennæ and the oral organs. But a new and brilliant genius had now appeared in France, whose indefatigable labours and singular talents have thrown more light over entomological science than those of all his predecessors. In 1796, about two years after Fabricius had completed his _Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta_, M. Latreille published his _Précis de Caractères Génériques des Insectes_; in which important work, walking in the steps of his great compatriot Bernard de Jussieu, he disregarded all _artificial_ systems of Entomology, and attempted to construct one upon a _natural_ basis: and to this end, uniting the consideration of the instruments of manducation with that of the organs for flight and motion, and of other external characters,--or the system of Linné with that of Fabricius,--he became the founder of the modern or _Eclectic_ system[1429]; for he judiciously adopted that sensible _dictum_ of Scopoli, "Classes et Genera naturalia, non sola _instrumenta cibaria_, non solæ _alæ_, nec solæ _antennæ_ constituunt, sed structura _totius_, ac cujusque vel minimi discriminis diligentissima observatio[1430]." His object has been in the above and subsequent works, by dividing his Classes into _natural_ Groups, from the Order to the Genus, to trace out in all its windings, to its inmost recesses, the perplexing labyrinth of the true system of the CREATOR:--of what he has effected, the subjoined tables will give you a sufficient idea[1431].

1817.

_Entoma_

CLASS: I. Crustacea.

CLASS: II. Arachnida

ORDER: Pulmonariæ

FAMILY: Araneides

Sedintariæ TRIBE: Territelæ. TRIBE: Tubitelæ. TRIBE: Inequitelæ. TRIBE: Orbitelæ. TRIBE: Laterigradæ.

Vagantes TRIBE: Citigradæ. TRIBE: Saltigradæ.

FAMILY: Pedipalpæ.

FAMILY: Scorpioides.

ORDER: Tracheariæ

FAMILY: Pseudoscorpiones.

FAMILY: Holetra

TRIBE: Phalangita.

TRIBE: Acaridia SUBTRIBE: Trombidites. SUBTRIBE: Riciniæ. SUBTRIBE: Hydrachnellæ. SUBTRIBE: Microphthiræ.

CLASS: III. Insecta

ORDER: 1. Myriapoda FAMILY: Chilognatha. FAMILY: Chilopoda.

ORDER: 2. Thysanura FAMILY: Lepismenæ. FAMILY: Podurellæ.

ORDER: 3. Parasita FAMILY: Mandibulata. FAMILY: Edentula.

ORDER: 4. Suctoria.

ORDER: 5. Coleoptera.

ORDER: 6. Orthoptera.

ORDER: 7. Hemiptera.

ORDER: 8. Neuroptera.

ORDER: 9. Hymenoptera.

ORDER: 10. Lepidoptera.

ORDER: 11. Rhiphiptera.

ORDER: 12. Diptera.

1825

_Hyperhexapi._

CLASS: I. Crustacea.

CLASS: II. Arachnides.

ORDER: Pulmonariæ

FAMILY: Pedipalpi TRIBE: Scorpionides. TRIBE: Tarentulæ.

FAMILY: Araneides

SECTION: Tetrapneumones.

SECTION: Dipneumones. TRIBE: Tubitelæ. TRIBE: Inæquitelæ. TRIBE: Orbitelæ. TRIBE: Laterigradæ. TRIBE: Citigradæ. TRIBE: Saltigradæ.

ORDER: Tracheariæ FAMILY: Pycnogonides. FAMILY: Pseudoscorpiones. FAMILY: Phalangita. FAMILY: Acarides. FAMILY: Hydrachnellæ. FAMILY: Riciniæ. FAMILY: Microphthira.

CONDYLOPA.

CLASS: III. Myriapoda.

ORDER: Chilognatha FAMILY: Anguiformia. FAMILY: Penicillata.

ORDER: Chilopoda FAMILY: Inæquipedes. FAMILY: Æquipedes.

CLASS: _Aptera._

ORDER: Thysanoura FAMILY: Lepismenæ. FAMILY: Podurellæ.

ORDER: Parasita FAMILY: Mandibulata. FAMILY: Siphunculata.

ORDER: Siphonaptera.

_Hexapoda._

CLASS: IV. Insecta.

CLASS: _Alata_ ORDER: Coleoptera } ORDER: Orthoptera }FAMILY:_Elytroptera_. ORDER: Hemiptera }

ORDER: Neuroptera } ORDER: Hymenoptera }FAMILY:_Anelytra_ _quadripennia_. ORDER: Lepidoptera }

ORDER: Rhiphiptera }FAMILY:---------- _bipennia_. ORDER: Diptera }

Having given you these tables of the _Orders_, from a comparison of which you will be able to trace the improvements in his system made by this learned Entomologist in the interval of eight years, I shall proceed to give those of his subordinate groups arranged under each. This I have already done, to save space, in the _Arachnida_ and _Insecta aptera_.

Column Key: A = ORDER. B = SECTION. C = FAMILY. D = SUBFAMILY. E = TRIBE. F = SUBTRIBE.

A. B. C. D. E. F.

{Cicindeletæ. {Terrestres { {Truncatipennes. { { {Bipartiti. {Adephagi { {Carabici {Thoracici. { { {Abdominales. { { {Subulipalpi. { {Aquatica {Hydrocanthari. { {Gyrinites. { { {Fissilabres. {Brachyptera {Longipalpi. { {Depressi. { {Microcephali. { { {Sternoxi {Buprestides. {Serricornes{ {Elaterides. {Pentamera { { { { { {Cebrionites. { { { {Lampyrides. { { {Malacodermi{Melyrides. { { {Clerii. { { {Xylotragi. { { {Ptiniores. { { { { {Histeroida. { { {Peltoides. { { {Palpatores. { {Clavicornes {Dermestini. { { {Byrrhii. { { {Macrodactyli. { { { {Palpicornes {Hydrophilii. Coleo-{ { {Sphæridiota. ptera.{ { {Coprophagi. { { {Arenicolæ. { { {Xylophili. { { {Scarabæides {Phyllophagi. { {Lamellicornes { {Anthobii. { { {Melitophili. { {Lucanides. { { {Pimeliariæ. { {Melasoma {Blapsides. { { {Tenebrionites. { { { { {Dioperiales. { {Taxicornes {Cossyphenes. { { {Crassicornes. {Heteromera{ { {Helopii. { {Cistelides. {Stenelytra {Securipalpi. { {Œdemerites. { {Rhyncostoma. { { {Lagriariæ. { {Pyrochroides. {Trachelides {Mordellonæ. {Anthicides. {Horiales. {Cantharidiæ.

ORDER. SECTION. FAMILY. TRIBE.

{Bruchelæ. {Anthribides. {Rhynchophora {Altelabides. { {Brentides. { {Curculionites. { { {Scolitarii. {Xylophagi {Bostrichini. { {Paussili. { {Trogossitarii. {Platysoma. {Tetramera { {Prionii. { { {Cerambycini. { {Longicornes {Necydalides. { { {Lamiariæ. { { {Lepturetæ. { { { {Eupoda {Sagrides. Coleoptera { { {Criocerides. { { { { {Cassidariæ. { {Cyclica {Chrysomelinæ. { {Galerucidæ. { {Clavipalpi. {Trimera {Aphidiphagi. { {Fungicolæ. { {Pselaphii. {Monomera. {Forficularia. {Blattariæ. { I. {Mantides. { {Spectra. Orthoptera { { II. {Gryllides. { {Locustariæ. { { III. {Acridites. {Longilabra. {Membranaceæ. {Geocorisæ {Nudicolles. { {Oculatæ. {Heteroptera { {Ploteres. { { { {Hydrocorisæ {Nepides. { {Notonectides. Hemiptera { { {Stridulantes. { {Cicadariæ {Fulgorellæ. { { {Membracides. { { {Cicadellæ. { { {Homoptera { {Psyllides. {Hymenelytra {Physapi. { {Aphidii. {Gallinsecta.

ORDER. SECTION. FAMILY. TRIBE. SUBTRIBE.

{Subulicornes {Libellulina. { {Ephemerina. {Panorpatæ. Neuroptera { {Myrmeleonides. { {Hemerobini. { {Planipennes {Psoquillæ. {Filicornes { {Termitinæ. { {Raphidinæ. {Plicipennes. {Semblides. {Perlides.

{Securifera {Tenthredinetæ. { {Urocerata. { {Terebrantia { {Evaniales. { { {Ichneumonides. { { {Gallicolæ. { {Pupivora {Chalcidites. { {Chrysides. { {Oxyuri. { { {Heterogyna {Formicariæ. Hymenoptera { { {Mutillariæ. { { { { {Scolietæ. { { {Sapygites. { { {Pompilii. { {Fossores {Sphegides. { { {Bembecides. { { {Larratæ. {Aculeata { {Nyssonii. { {Crabronites. { {Diploptera {Vespariæ. { {Masarides. { { {Andrenetæ. { { {Solitariæ. {Mellifica { {Andrenoides. { {Dasygastræ. {Apiariæ {Cuculinæ. {Scobulipedes. {Sociales.

{Hexapoda. {Papilionides{Perlata. {Diurna { {Argus. { {Hesperides. { { {Hesper-sphinges. {Crepuscularia {Sphingides. Lepidoptera { {Zygænides. { { {Bombycites. { {Pseudo-Bombyces. { {Tineites. { {Noctuælites. {Nocturna {Tortrices. {Phalænites. {Crambites. {Pterophorites.

ORDER. SECTION. FAMILY. TRIBE. SUBTRIBE.

{Culicides. {Culiciformes. {Nemocera { {Gallicolæ. { {Tipulariæ {Terricolæ. { {Fungivoræ. { {Tabanii. {Florales. { {Sicarii. { {Mydasi. { {Leptides. { {Dolichopoda. { I. {Tanystoma {Asilici. { { {Hybotina. { { {Empides. { { {Anthracii. { { {Bombyliarii. { { {Vesiculosa. { { Diptera { {Notacantha {Xylophagei. { { {Stratyomides. { { { { {Syrphiæ. { { {Conopsariæ. { {Athericera {Œstrides. { { {Cryptogastræ. { { {Creophilæ. { { {Carpomyzæ. { {Muscides {Dolichoceræ. { {Gonocephalæ. { {Scathophilæ. { {Apteræ. { II. {Pupiparæ {Coriaceæ. {Phthiromyiæ[1432].