Part 24
14. FALCIFORM (_Falciformes_). When the _Clavola_ of the _Antennæ_ grows gradually narrower towards the apex, and is arcuate or incurved so as to resemble a _sickle_. PLATE XI. FIG. 8.
15. NODOSE (_Nodosæ_). When antennæ have one, two, or more joints larger than those which precede or follow them. PLATE XII. FIG. 5.
16. MONILIFORM (_Moniliformes_). Antennæ consisting of oval or globular joints so as to resemble a necklace of beads. PLATE XI. FIG. 9.
17. DENTATE (_Dentatæ_). Toothed with teeth whose sides are _equal_. PLATE XI. FIG. 10.
18. SERRATE (_Serratæ_). Toothed with teeth whose sides are _unequal_ like those of a saw. PLATE XI. FIG. 11. PLATE XXV. FIG. 8.
19. BISERRATE (_Biserratæ_). So toothed on each side. PLATE XXV. FIG. 18.
20. IMBRICATE (_Imbricatæ_). When the summit of each joint is incumbent upon the base of that which precedes it. PLATE XI. FIG. 12.
21. DISTICHOUS (_Distichæ_). When the joints in general terminate in a _fork_. PLATE XI. FIG. 13.
22. CIRRATE (_Cirratæ_). When the joints terminate in a pair of curling hairy branches resembling _tendrils_. PLATE XXV. FIG. 4.
23. FLABELLATE (_Flabellatæ_). When the antennæ on one side send forth from the joints, except those at the base, long flat flexile branches, which open and shut like the sticks of a _fan_. PLATE XI. FIG. 17.
24. BIFLABELLATE (_Biflabellatæ_). When they are flabellate on both sides. PLATE XXV. FIG. 11.
25. PECTINATE (_Pectinatæ_). Antennæ furnished on one side with a number of parallel stiff branches, resembling somewhat the teeth of a _comb_. PLATE XXV. FIG. 25. PLATE XI. FIG. 14.
26. BIPECTINATE (_Bipectinatæ_). Pectinate on both sides. PLATE XXV. FIG. 22.
27. DUPLICATO-PECTINATE (_Duplicato-pectinatæ_). Bipectinate with the branches on each side alternately long and short. PLATE XI. FIG. 15.
28. RAMOSE (_Ramosæ_). Antennæ furnished on one side with two or three irregular longish branches. PLATE XI. FIG. 18.
29. FURCATE (_Furcatæ_). Antennæ divided at the end into two prongs or branches. PLATE XI. FIG. 19. PLATE V. FIG. 3.
30. BIPARTITE (_Bipartitæ_). When they are divided to the base into two nearly equal branches. PLATE XXV. FIG. 20.
31. PALMATE (_Palmatæ_). Very short antennæ which send forth externally a few long finger-shaped branches, giving them some resemblance of a _hand_. PLATE XI. FIG. 24.
32. IRREGULAR (_Irregulares_). When the joints of the antennæ vary so much in size and shape that they cannot well be defined. PLATE XI. FIG. 22.
h. TERMINATION.
α. VERSATILE ANTENNÆ.
1. SUBULATE (_Subulatæ_). When they terminate in a minute joint, much slenderer than the preceding one. PLATE XII. FIG. 16.
2. SETIGEROUS (_Setigeræ_). When they terminate in a bristle. PLATE XII. FIG. 14, 15. PLATE XXV. FIG. 29.
3. CAPILLACEOUS (_Capillaceæ_). When they terminate in a fine capillary joint. PLATE XII. FIG. 1.
4. MUCRONATE (_Mucronatæ_). When they terminate in a short point or mucro. PLATE XII. FIG. 2.
5. UNCINATE (_Uncinatæ_). When their apex is incurved so as to form a kind of _hook_. PLATE XII. FIG. 3.
6. UNGUICULATE (_Unguiculatæ_). When they terminate in a hard horny incurved sharp _claw_ resembling those of the tarsi of insects. PLATE XXV. FIG. 16. _a._
7. CLAVATE (_Clavatæ_). When their apex grows gradually thicker. PLATE XII. FIG. 4. PLATE XXV. FIG. 7, 14.
8. CAPITATE (_Capitatæ_). When they terminate suddenly in a larger knob of one or more joints. PLATE XII. FIG. 8-10, and XXV. 1-3, 5, 6.
_a._ FISSILE KNOB (_Capitulum fissile_). When it is divided into several _laminæ_ which the insect can open and shut. PLATE XXV. FIG. 1-3, 5.
_b._ TUNICATE KNOB (_Capitulum tunicatum_). When the laminæ, at least on one side, appear to inosculate or to be imbedded in each other. PLATE XII. FIG. 8. PLATE XXV. FIG. 5, 6.
_c._ PERFOLIATE KNOB (_Capitulum perfoliatum_). When the joints of the knob are connected by a pedicle, which has the appearance of passing through them. PLATE XII. FIG. 10.
_d._ SOLID KNOB (_Capitulum solidum_). When the knob consists of a single joint, or if of more, exhibits very faint traces of their separation. PLATE XII. FIG. 9. PLATE XXV. FIG. 33.
_e._ INFLATED KNOB (_Capitulum inflatum_). When the knob is disproportionably large, and looks as if blown out. PLATE XII. FIG. 28. PLATE XXV. FIG. 9.
β. INVERSATILE ANTENNÆ.
1. SETIGEROUS (_Setigeræ_). Antennæ furnished with a terminal bristle. PLATE XII. FIG. 14-16, 21, 22. PLATE XXV. FIG. 29.
_a._ GLOBIFEROUS (_Globiferæ_). When the setigerous joint is larger than the preceding one, and globose. PLATE XII. FIG. 12.
_b._ ANGUSTATE (_Angustatæ_). When the setigerous joint is not conspicuously larger than the preceding one. PLATE XII. FIG. 14, 15.
2. ARISTATE (_Aristatæ_). Antennæ terminated by a variously shaped flat joint longer and usually larger than the preceding one, laterally setigerous. PLATE XII. FIG. 21, 22.
_a._ SETARIOUS (_Setariæ_). When the awn or bristle is _naked_. PLATE XII. FIG. 21. _a._
_b._ PLUMATE (_Plumatæ_). When the awn is _feathered_. PLATE XII. FIG. 22. _a._
3. FILATE (_Filatæ_). When inversatile antennæ have neither a terminal nor a lateral bristle. PLATE XII. FIG. 17-20.
_a._ SIMPLE (_Simplices_). When the last joint is _exarticulate_. PLATE XII. FIG. 17, 18, 20.
_b._ COMPOUND (_Compositæ_). When the last joint is itself obsoletely _jointed_. PLATE XII. FIG. 19. _a._
i. PUBESCENCE.
1. VERTICILLATE (_Verticillatæ_). Antennæ beset with hair in whorls. PLATE XII. FIG. 27.
2. PLUMOSE (_Plumosæ_). Antennæ feathered on all sides with fine long hair. PLATE XII. FIG. 24.
3. CILIATE (_Ciliatæ_). Antennæ fringed with parallel hairs on _each_ side. PLATE XI. FIG. 16.
4. FIMBRIATE (_Fimbriatæ_). Antennæ fringed with parallel hairs on _one_ side.
5. BARBATE (_Barbatæ_). Antennæ hairy on _one_ side. PLATE XII. FIG. 26.
6. FASCICULATE (_Fasciculatæ_). Antennæ having several bundles of hair. PLATE XXV. FIG. 32.
7. SCOPIFEROUS (_Scopiferæ_). When they are furnished with one or more dense brushes of hair. PLATE XII. FIG. 25. _a._ PLATE XXV. FIG. 17.
k. ARTICULATION.
1. EXARTICULATE (_Exarticulatæ_). Without visible articulations.
2. BIARTICULATE (_Biarticulatæ_). Consisting of _two_ joints.
3. TRIARTICULATE (_Triarticulatæ_). Consisting of _three_ joints.
4. QUADRIARTICULATE (_Quadriarticulatæ_). Consisting of _four_ joints.
5. MULTIARTICULATE (_Multiarticulatæ_). Consisting of _many_ joints.
l. JOINTS.
1. CAMPANULATE (_Campanulatæ_). Bell-shaped. When the joints are obconical, with the vertex of the cone rounded.
2. PATERIFORM (_Pateriformes_). When the joints are somewhat dilated and very short, shaped something like a shallow _bowl_.
3. PATELLATE (_Patellatæ_). When the whole joint is dilated and shaped something like a _patella_ or platter.--Ex. _Prosopis dilatata_ (_Melitta_ *. b. K.) PLATE XXV. FIG. 12. _a._
4. LOBATE (_Lobatæ_). When they are expanded at the tip into a lobe.--Ex. _Belostoma_, _Cerocoma_. PLATE XI. FIG. 21, 22.
5. TORULOSE (_Torulosæ_). When they are a little tumid.
m. APPENDAGES.
1. AURICULATE (_Auriculatæ_). When they have an ear-like process at their base.--Ex. _Gyrinus_, _Parnus_. PLATE XII. FIG. 29. a. PLATE XXV. FIG. 28. _a._
2. APPENDICULATE (_Appendiculatæ_). When they have one or two antenniform processes at their base.--Ex. _Otiocerus_. PLATE XXV. FIG. 29. _b._
III. TRUNK (_TRUNCUS_).
1. MONOMEROUS (_Monomerus_). When the trunk has _no_ suture or segment.--Ex. _Araneidea_.
2. DIMEROUS (_Dimerus_). When the trunk consists of _two_ greater segments.--Ex. _Coleoptera_, &c.
3. TRIMEROUS (_Trimerus_). When the trunk consists of _three_ greater segments.--Ex. _Neuroptera_, &c.
4. ISTHMIATE (_Isthmiatus_). When an isthmus is formed between the _Prothorax_ and _Elytra_, either in consequence of the former being constricted behind so as to form a neck, or the scutellum not being interposed between the elytra at their base, or the chief part of the mesothorax not being covered by the prothorax.--Ex. _Clerus_, _Passalus_, and _Spondylis_.
i. MANITRUNK (_MANITRUNCUS_).
a. PROTHORAX.
1. CLYPEIFORM (_Clypeiformis_). When the prothorax by its magnitude and distinct separation forms one of the most conspicuous pieces of the upper side of the trunk, so as nearly to represent the whole _thorax_; the mesothorax and metathorax being mostly hidden by the elytra and other organs for flight.--Ex. _Coleoptera_, _Orthoptera_, &c. PLATE VIII. FIG. 1, 10.
2. COLLIFORM (_Colliformis_). When the prothorax is short and narrow, and not so conspicuous as the other pieces of the trunk.--Ex. _Libellulina_. PLATE IX. FIG. 6.
3. CERVICULATE (_Cerviculatus_). When the prothorax is elongate, attenuate, and distinguished from the _Antepectus_ by no suture; so as to form a distinct and usually long _neck_. PLATE III. FIG. 6.
4. EVANESCENT (_Evanescens_). When no distinct prothorax is discoverable or it is only represented by _membrane_.--Ex. Most _Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_, &c.
5. MARGINATE (_Marginatus_). When an impressed line or channel separates the edge of the prothorax from the rest of its surface, and so forms a _margin_.--Ex. _Harpalus_, &c.
6. IMMARGINATE (_Immarginatus_). When it has _no_ such margin.--Ex. The _Rhyncophorous beetles_.
7. EXPLANATE (_Explanatus_). When its sides are so depressed and dilated as to form a _broad_ margin.--Ex. _Necrophorus_, _Silpha_.
8. EMARGINATE (_Emarginatus_). When a segment of a circle is taken out of its anterior part for the reception of the head.
9. AMBIENT (_Ambiens_). When this sinus is so large as to receive the _whole_ head.--Ex. _Chilocorus_.
10. CIRCUMAMBIENT (_Circumambiens_). When its sides are elongated anteriorly and curve inwards, their ends lapping over each other and the head, so as to form a circle round the posterior part of the latter, and leave a space open for the eyes to see objects above them.--Ex. _Heleus_.
11. CLYPEATE (_Clypeatus_). When it quite covers and overshadows the head.--Ex. _Lampyris_, _Cassida_, _Cossyphus_.
12. CUCULLATE (_Cucullatus_). When it is elevated into a kind of ventricose _cowl_ or hood which receives the head.--Ex. _Dictyonota crassicornis_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 18. _a_[1100].
13. ALATE (_Alatus_). When its sides are expanded into a kind of _wing_.--Ex. _Dictyonota crassicornis_.
14. AURICULATE (_Auriculatus_). When it expands on each side into two processes resembling _ears_.--Ex. _Ledra aurita_.
15. ANGULATE (_Angulatus_). When its sides or base jut out into one or more _angles_.--Ex. _Copris_.
16. CRUCIATE (_Cruciatus_). When it has two elevated longitudinal obtusangular lines, the angles of which approach each other in its middle, so as nearly to form a St. Andrew's _cross_.--Ex. _Locusta_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 17.
17. OBVOLVING (_Obvolvens_). When there are neither ora nor suture to separate it from the antepectus.--Ex. _Stenus_, _Curculio_ L.
18. PULVINATE (_Pulvinatus_). When in consequence of being depressed in one place, it seems to puff out in another.--Ex. _Aleochara canaliculata_, _picea_, &c.
19. PRODUCTED (_Productus_). When behind it terminates in a long scutelliform process which covers the _Mesothorax_, _Metathorax_, and great part of the _Abdomen_.--Ex. _Acrydium_, _Centrotus_.
b. ANTEPECTUS.
1. TRACHELATE (_Trachelatum_). When of itself it forms a neck, the prothorax being represented only by membrane.--Ex. _Xiphydria_.
2. UNARMED (_Inerme_). When it has _no_ prosternum.--Ex. The _Rhyncophorous beetles_.
3. ARMED (_Armatum_). When it _has_ a prosternum. N.B. _These two last terms may be extended also to the_ Medipectus _and_ Postpectus. _And also to the whole together. Thus, if there was no_ Sternum _at all, it should be called_ Pectus inerme; _and if one existed in all these divisions of the breast, it would be_ Pectus armatum.
c. ARM (_Brachium_).
α. CUBIT (_Cubitus_).
1. CLYPEATE (_Clypeatus_). When a concavo-convex plate is affixed to the outside of the cubit.--Ex. _Crabro clypeatus_, _scutatus_, &c. ♂. PLATE XV. FIG. 3. _a._
2. PALMATE (_Palmatus_). When towards the apex the cubit is armed laterally with several divaricate spiniform teeth.--Ex. _Scarites_, _Clivina_. PLATE XV. FIG. 5.
3. DIGITATE (_Digitatus_). When the apex of the cubit is divided into several long teeth or fingers.--Ex. _Gryllotalpa_. PLATE XV. FIG. 6.
4. DOLABRATE (_Dolabratus_). When the apex of the cubit is dilated and shaped something like the head of a hatchet. PLATE XV. FIG. 4.
β. HAND (_Manus_).
1. PATELLATE (_Patellata_). When several joints of the hand are dilated so as to form an orbicular patella furnished underneath either with suckers, or a dense brush of hairs.--Ex. _Dytiscus_ ♂, _Staphylinus_. PLATE XV. FIG. 9.
2. SCUTATE (_Scutata_). When a single joint of the hand is dilated into a broad scutiform plate.--Ex. _Hydrophilus piceus_ ♂. PLATE XV. FIG. 8.
3. STRIGILATE (_Strigilata_). When on the inner side of the first joint of the hand or palm the segment of a circle is taken out at the base opposite to the spur, the sinus being often pectinated with spines.--Ex. _Apis_[1101]. PLATE XXVII. FIG. 36. _a._
4. AURICULATE (_Auriculata_). When any of the joints are externally dilated into an auriform process.--Ex. _Gryllotalpa_. PLATE XV. FIG. 6. _t´´_.
ii. ALITRUNK (_ALITRUNCUS_).
1. BURIED (_Sepultus_). When its upper surface is wholly or nearly covered and hidden by the thorax, elytra or other organs of flight[1102].--Ex. _Coleoptera_, _Orthoptera_.
2. REVEALED (_Revelatus_). When it is not so covered, but is equally conspicuous with the _Prothorax_, or even more so.--Ex. _Neuroptera_, _Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_. _Atractocerus_ in _Coleoptera_.
3. COALITE (_Coalitus_). When it is not separable into two segments, the _Medipectus_ and the _Postpectus_ forming one piece.--Ex. _Cimex_ L.
4. BISECTED (_Bisectus_). When it is separable into two segments.--Ex. _Lamellicorn beetles_.
a. MESOTHORAX.
α. COLLAR (_Collare_).
1. UNCOVERED (_Apertum_). When it is _not_ concealed by the shield of the prothorax.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_.
2. COVERED (_Tectum_). When it is quite concealed by the prothorax.
3. AREATE (_Areatum_). When it is larger than the prothorax, and terminates towards the wings in two oblique areas, inclosed by a ridge often crowned anteriorly with little teeth.--Ex. _Libellulina_. PLATE IX. FIG. 7. _g^., a._ N.B. _The space between these_ areas _is fitted with a membrane capable of tension and relaxation, which in flight causes them to approach to and recede from each other._
4. AMPLECTENT (_Amplectens_). When posteriorly it is so curved as to form a large sinus which embraces the dorsolum.--Ex. _Vespa_ L. PLATE IX. FIG. 11. _g^._.
5. PHONETIC (_Phoneticum_). When its posterior angles, approaching the wings, cover the _vocal_ spiracles[1103].--Ex. _Hymenoptera_.
β. DORSOLUM.
1. THORACIFORM (_Thoraciforme_). When it forms the principal part of the upper surface of the trunk.--Ex. _Bombus_, _Apis_, _Vespa_ &c. PLATE IX. FIG. 11. _i^._.
γ. SCUTELLUM.
1. DISTINCT (_Distinctum_). When it is separated from the dorsolum by a suture.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_, _Diptera_. PLATE IX. FIG. 11, 19, &c. _k´_.
2. COALITE (_Coalitum_). When it is _not_ separated from the dorsolum by a suture.--Ex. _Coleoptera_, &c. PLATE VIII. FIG. 3. _k´_.
3. SCUTELLATE (_Insectum scutellatum_). An insect having a visible _scutellum_.--Ex. _Melolontha_.
_a._ REJECTED (_Rejectum_). When, though visible, it does not intervene between the elytra at their base.--Ex. _Passalus_.
_b._ RECEIVED (_Receptum_). When it intervenes between the elytra at their base.--Ex. Most scutellate _Coleoptera_.
4. EXSCUTELLATE (_Insectum exscutellatum_). When an insect has no visible scutellum, it being wholly covered by the _Prothorax_.--Ex. _Copris_.
5. ASCENDING (_Ascendens_). When it curves upwards from the dorsolum.--Ex. _Sagra_.
6. TABULAR (_Tabulare_). When it is elevated on a footstalk above the dorsolum, and forms a tabular or flat surface.--Ex. _Elater_.
7. OBUMBRANT (_Obumbrans_). When it overhangs the metathorax.--Ex. _Musca_. PLATE IX. FIG. 19. _k´_.
δ. BASE-COVERS (_Tegulæ_).
1. CONCHIFORM (_Conchiformes_). When they are a semicircular concavo-convex scale something resembling the valve of a bivalve shell.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_. PLATE IX. FIG. 11, 12. _g´´_.
2. LACINIFORM (_Laciniformes_). When they are long, of an irregular shape, and appear like lappets on each side of the trunk.--Ex. _Lithosia_, &c. PLATE IX. FIG. 5.[1104]
ε. ELYTRA.
1. BASE (_Basis_). The part next the _Prothorax_.
2. APEX (_Apex_). The part next the _Anus_.
3. HUMERAL ANGLE (_Angulus Humeralis_). The _exterior_ basal angle.
4. SCUTELLAR ANGLE (_Angulus Scutellaris_). The _interior_ basal angle.
5. COLEOPTRA (_Coleoptra_). The two elytra spoken of together.
6. SPINIGEROUS (_Spinigera_). When the _Coleoptra_ have a spine common to them both.--Ex. _Cassida bidens_.
7. AURICULATE (_Auriculata_). When the _Elytra_ have an elongate process at the shoulders.--Ex. _Cassida bicornis_, _Taurus_, &c.
8. INTIRE (_Integra_). When they have neither abbreviations nor incisions.
9. FASTIGIATE (_Fastigiata_). When of equal or greater length than the abdomen, and transverse at the end.
10. TRUNCATE (_Truncata_). When they are shorter than the abdomen, and transverse at the end.
11. ABBREVIATE (_Abbreviata_). When they are shorter than the abdomen, but cover _more_ than _half_ its length. PLATE I. FIG. 4.
12. DIMIDIATE (_Dimidiata_). When they are about _half_ the length of the abdomen. PLATE I. FIG. 5.
13. VERY SHORT (_Brevissima_). When they are _not_ half the length of the abdomen. PLATE I. FIG. 2, 3, 7.
14. MUTILATE (_Mutilata_). When they appear _unnaturally_ short or curtailed as if mutilated.--Ex. _Acrydium_.
15. SUBULATE (_Subulata_). When they are attenuated towards the end.--Ex. _Sitaris humeralis_.
16. ELONGATE (_Elongata_). When they extend beyond the anus.--Ex. _Trox_.
17. OBVOLVING (_Obvolventia_). When their _Epipleuræ_ cover a considerable portion of the sides of the alitrunk. PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 7.
18. COMPLICANT (_Complicantia_). When they lie a little over each other.--Ex. _Meloe_. PLATE I. FIG. 6.
19. DEHISCENT (_Dehiscentia_). When they diverge a little at the apex.--Ex. _Pyrochroa_.
20. AMPLIATE (_Ampliata_). When they are disproportionably wide at the end.--Ex. _Lycus fasciatus_. PLATE XIII. FIG. 20.
21. PLICATE (_Plicata_). When they have two or three contiguous abbreviated furrows which exhibit the appearance of folds.--Ex. _Pselaphidæ_.
22. PERFORATE (_Perforata_). When a little hole appears drilled through them.--Ex. _Cassida perforata_.
N.B. _Many of the above terms will apply to_ Tegmina, Hemelytra, Wings, &c.
_A._ Side-covers (_Epipleuræ_).
1. MARGINAL (_Marginales_). When they are only an inflexed continuation of the margin.--Ex. _Buprestis_.
2. DISCOIDAL (_Discoidales_). When they are a process from the disk of the under surface of the elytra.--Ex. _Lampyris_, _Cossyphus_, _Cassida_, _Notoclea_[1105].
ζ. TEGMINA.
1. FENESTRELLA (_Fenestrella_). A transparent eye-like spot in the _Anal Area_ of the Tegmina of _Acrida_ ♂[1106].
2. CONVOLVENT (_Convolventia_). When the _Anal Area_ is horizontal, incumbent on the back of the insect, and forms a right angle with the rest of the tegmen, which is vertical and covers the sides.--Ex. _Locusta_. N.B. _In this case the_ Anal Area _of one_ Tegmen _covers that of the other._
3. ALIFORM (_Aliformia_). When their substance approaches to membrane, and they nearly resemble _Wings_.--Ex. Most _Homopterous Hemiptera_.
η. HEMELYTRA.
1. OBTECTED (_Obtecta_). When the Hemelytra are covered by a scutelliform mesothorax.--Ex. _Scutellera_.
2. DETECTED (_Detecta_). When they are not so covered.--Ex. Most _Heteropterous Hemiptera_.
θ. WINGS (_Alæ_).
_A._ Denomination.
1. ANTERIOR (_Anticæ_). The fore or upper wings.
_a._ SUPERIOR (_Superiores_). The anterior wings are so denominated if when at rest they are placed upon the posterior wings.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_.
_b._ PRIMARY (_Primores_). The anterior wings are so denominated if when at rest they are _not_ placed upon the posterior.--Ex. _Lepidoptera diurna_, _Libellulina_.
2. POSTERIOR (_Posticæ_). The hind or lower wings.
_a._ INFERIOR (_Inferiores_). The posterior wings are so denominated if the anterior wings, when at rest, are placed upon them.
_b._ SECONDARY (_Secundariæ_). The posterior wings are so denominated if the superior wings, when at rest, are _not_ placed upon them.--Ex. _Lepidoptera diurna_, _Libellulina_.
_B._ Magnitude.
3. EQUAL (_Æquales_). When the four wings are of _equal_ length.--Ex. _Libellulina_.
4. UNEQUAL (_Inæquales_). When they are _not_ of equal length.--Ex. _Hymenoptera_.
_C._ Complication.
5. PLANE (_Planæ_). Flat wings that are neither plicatile nor tumid.--Ex. _Apis_.
6. TUMID (_Tumidæ_). When the membrane between the nervures that form an areolet is bigger than the areolet, which gives it convexity.--Ex. _The Serrifera_ or _saw-flies_. N.B. _The object of this structure is to expose a larger surface to the
## action of the air._
7. PLICATILE (_Plicatiles_). When the wings at rest are folded in one or more longitudinal plaits.--Ex. _Vespa_ L.
8. DUPLICATILE (_Duplicatæ_). When they are folded transversely.--Ex. _Coleoptera_.
9. CONVOLUTE (_Convolutæ_). When the wings so envelope the body as to give it a cylindrical form.--Ex. _Crambus_.
10. INCUMBENT (_Incumbentes_). Wings which when at rest cover the back of the insect.--Ex. The _Noctuidæ_, _Geometra_.
11. CRUCIATO-COMPLICATE (_Cruciato-complicatæ_). Wings crossed and folded.--Ex. _Pentatoma_, &c.
12. CRUCIATO-INCUMBENT (_Cruciato-incumbentes_). Wings crossed but not folded, and covering the back.--Ex. _Apis_.
13. EXTENDED (_Extensæ_). Wings that when at rest do not lie upon the body.--Ex. _Libellula_, _Æshna_, &c.
_a._ EXPANDED (_Patentes_). Wings that when at rest are horizontally extended and do not cover each other.--Ex. _Libellula_, &c.
_b._ HORIZONTAL (_Horizontales_). Very narrow wings which when at rest are extended _horizontally_ forming a right angle with the body, and covering the posterior wings.--Ex. _Pterophorus_[1107].
_c._ ERECT (_Erectæ_). Wings which when at rest are extended vertically.--Ex. _Vanessa_, _Agrion_.
_d._ ERECTO-PATENT (_Erecto-patentes_). When the primary wings at rest are erect and the secondary horizontal.--Ex. _Hesperia_.
_e._ CONNIVENT (_Conniventes_). When erect wings are so closely applied to each other that the corresponding margins touch.--Ex. _Vanessa_.
_f._ DIVARICATE (_Divaricatæ_). When wings at rest are somewhat erect but diverge from each other.
14. PATULOUS (_Patulæ_). When wings at rest partly cover each other.
15. APPLICANT (_Applicantes_). When wings at rest are parallel with the abdomen.--Ex. _Tipula_.
16. DIVERGENT (_Divergentes_). When wings at rest recede from the abdomen.
17. DEFLEXED (_Deflexæ_). When wings at rest covering each other are so bent downwards as to imitate a roof, of which their interior margin forms the ridge.--Ex. _Homopterous Hemiptera_.
18. REVERSED (_Reversæ_). When wings at rest are deflexed, but so that the anterior margin of the inferior projects beyond the anterior margin of the superior.--Ex. _Gatropacha quercifolia_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 2.
19. BROAD (_Latæ_). When the interior margin is shorter than the posterior.--Ex. _Papilio_.
20. NARROW (_Angustæ_). When the posterior margin is shorter than the interior.--Ex. _Heliconius_.
_D._ Shape.
1. FALCATE (_Falcatæ_). Wings having their posterior margin concave, and the posterior angle acute and curved.--Ex. _Attacus Atlas_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 4.
2. DIGITATE (_Digitatæ_). Wings cleft to the base into several subdivisions.--Ex. _Pterophorus_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 3.
_a._ RADIUS (_Radius_). A single subdivision of a digitate wing.
3. CAUDATE (_Caudatæ_). When wings terminate in a tail-like process.--Ex. _Papilio Machaon_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. _s._
_a._ BICAUDATE (_Bicaudatæ_). Having _two_ such tails. _Tricaudatæ_ having _three_, &c.
_E._ Surface.
1. SQUAMATE (_Squamatæ_). Wings covered with minute scales.--Ex. _Lepidoptera_. PLATE XXII. FIG. 16. _a, b, c, d_, &c.
2. DENUDATE (_Denudatæ_). When the wings of _Lepidoptera_ appear more or less as if the scales had been rubbed off, either
## partially or generally.--Ex. _Heliconius_, _Sesia_, _Zygæna_,
_Nudaria_.
3. FENESTRATE (_Fenestratæ_). When one or two definite spaces in a Lepidopterous wing are denuded of scales.--Ex. _Attacus Atlas_, &c.
4. BARE (_Nudæ_). When wings have neither perceptible hairs nor scales.--Ex. _Coleoptera_.
_F._ Margin.
1. ANTERIOR or EXTERIOR (_Anterior_ or _Exterior_). The _outer_ margin of the wing, or that _from_ the body. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. a.
2. INTERIOR (_Interior_). The _inner_ margin of the wing, or that _next_ the body. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. b.
3. POSTERIOR (_Posterior_). The _terminal_ margin of the wing, or apex. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. c.
4. PLECTRUM (_Plectrum_). A marginal bristle stronger than the rest, observable about the middle of the costa and standing out from it.--Ex. Many _Muscidæ_.
_G._ Angles.
1. HUMERAL (_Humeralis_). Basal angle next the _head_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. d.
2. SCUTELLAR (_Scutellaris_). Basal angle next the _scutellum_ or its region. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. e.
3. POSTERIOR (_Posterior_). _Outer_ apical angle. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. f.
4. ANAL (_Analis_). _Inner_ apical angle. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. g.
_H._ Nervures.
1. NERVULET (_Nervulus_). A little nervure diverging obliquely from the costal into the disk of the wing towards the apex.
_a._ SIMPLE (_Simplex_). When the nervulet does _not_ terminate in a round punctum.--Ex. _Eulophus_.
_b._ CORONATE (_Coronatum_). When it terminates in a round punctum.--Ex. _Ichneumon penetrans_[1108].
2. NEUROSE (_Neurosæ_). Wings that have nervures besides the marginal ones.
3. ANEUROSE (_Aneurosæ_). Wings that have no nervures besides the marginal ones.--Ex. _Psilus_.
4. CIRCUMSEPTED (_Circumseptæ_). Wings whose margin is every where strengthened by a nervure.--Ex. _Tabanus_.
5. VARICOSE (_Varicosæ_). When the nervures are disproportionably swelled in any part.--Ex. _Forficula auricularia_. PLATE X. FIG. 5.
6. SERPENTINE (_Serpentinæ_). Nervures that run in a serpentine direction.--Ex. _Strategus Aloeus_ K. M.S[1109]. PLATE X. FIG. 4.
7. INSULATE (_Insulatæ_). Discoidal nervures that are entirely unconnected with any others, or with the base of the wing.--Ex. _Strategus Aloeus_. PLATE X. FIG. 4. a, b.
8. UNCINATE (_Unicinatæ_). Nervures, that after running from the base towards the apex, turn back, and running a little towards the base, form a hook.--Ex. _Strategus Aloeus_. PLATE X. FIG. 4. _i^._.