Part 43

_Je maintiendrai_, William III.

=Royal Style of Address.=

“My Liege,” the usual style till the Lancastrian usurpation.

“Your Grace,” Henry IV.

“Your Excellent Grace,” Henry VI.

“Most High and Mighty Prince,” Edward IV.

“Your Highness,” Henry VII.

“Your Majesty,” Henry VIII. So addressed in 1520, by François I.

“The King’s Sacred Majesty,” James I.

“Your Most Excellent Majesty,” Charles II.

“Your Most Gracious Majesty,” the present style.

=Royal Titles.=

WILLIAM I. called himself “Rex Anglorum, comes Normannorum et Cinomanentium.”

WILLIAM II. called himself “Rex Anglorum,” or “Monarchicus Britanniæ.”

HENRY I. called himself “Rex Anglorum et dux Normannorum.” Subsequent to 1106 we find “Dei gratia” introduced in charters.

HENRY II. called himself “Rex Anglorum, et dux Normannorum et Aquitannorum, et comes Andegavorum;” or “Rex Angliæ, dux Normanniæ et Aquitaniæ, et comes Andegaviæ.”

RICHARD I. began his charters with “Dei gratia, rex Angliæ, et dux Normaniæ et Aquitaniæ, et comes Andegaviæ.”

JOHN headed his charters with “Johannes, D.G. rex Angliæ, dominus Hiberniæ, dux Normanniæ et Aquitaniæ, et comes Andegaviæ.” Instead of “Hiberniæ” we sometimes find “Iberniæ,” and sometimes “Yberniæ.”

HENRY III. followed the style of his father till October, 1259, when he adopted the form “D.G. rex Angliæ, dominus Hiberniæ, et dux Aquitaniæ.”

EDWARD I. adopted the latter style. So did Edward II.[TN-137] till 1326, when he used the form “Rex Angliæ et dominus Hiberniæ.” Edward I.[TN-137] for thirteen years headed his charters with “Edwardus, Dei gratia rex Angliæ, dominus Hiberniæ, et dux Aquitaniæ.” But after 1337 the form ran thus: “Edwardus, D.G. rex Angliæ et Franciæ, dominus Hiberniæ, et dux Aquitaniæ;” and sometimes “Franciæ” stands before “Angliæ.”

RICHARD II. began thus: “Richardus, D.G. rex Angliæ et Franciæ, et dominus Hiberniæ.”

HENRY IV. continued the same style. So did HENRY V. till 1420, after which date he adopted the form, “Henricus, D.G. rex Angliæ, hæres et regens Franciæ, et dominus Hiberniæ.”

HENRY VI. began, “Henricus, D.G. rex Angliæ et Franciæ, et dominus Hiberniæ.”

EDWARD IV., EDWARD V., RICHARD III., HENRY VII. continued the same style.

From HENRY VIII. (1521) to GEORGE III. (1800) the royal style and title was “* by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland, king, Defender of the Faith.”

From GEORGE III. (1800) to the present day it has been, “* by the grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, king, Defender of the Faith.”

=Ru´bezahl=, Number Nip, a famous mountain-spirit of Germany corresponding to our Puck.

=Rubi=, one of the cherubs or spirits of wisdom who was with Eve in Paradise. He loved Liris, who was young, proud, and most eager for knowledge. She asked her angel lover to let her see him in his full glory; so Rubi came to her in his cherubic splendor. Liris, rushing into his arms, was burnt to ashes; and the kiss she gave him became a brand upon his forehead, which shot unceasing agony into his brain.--T. Moore, _Loves of the Angels_, ii. (1822).

=Ru´bicon= (_Napoleon’s_), Moscow. The invasion of Moscow was the beginning of Napoleon’s fall.

Thou, Rome, who saw’st thy Cæsar’s deeds outdone! Alas! why passed he [_Napoleon_] too the Rubicon ... Moscow! thou limit of his long career, For which rude Charles had wept his frozen tear.

Byron, _Age of Bronze_, v. (1821).

⁂ Charles XII. of Sweden formed the resolution of humbling Peter the Great (1709).

=Rubo´nax=, a man who hanged himself from mortification and annoyance at some verses written upon him by a poet.--Sir P. Sidney, _Defence of Poesie_ (1595).

=Rubrick= (_The Rev. Mr._), chaplain to the baron of Bradwardine.--Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II.).

=Ruby= (_Lady_), the young widow of Lord Ruby. Her “first love” was Frederick Mowbray, and when a widow she married him. She is described as “young, blooming and wealthy, fresh and fine as a daisy.”--Cumberland, _First Love_ (1796).

=Rucellai= (_John_), _i.e._ Oricellarius, poet (1475-1525), son of Bernard Rucellai, of Florence, historian and diplomatist.

As hath been said by Rucellai.

Longfellow, _The Wayside Inn_ (prelude, 1863).

=Ruddymane= (3 _syl._), the name given by Sir Guyon to the babe rescued from Amavia, who had stabbed herself in grief at the death of her husband. So called because:

... in her streaming blood he [_the infant_] did embay his little hands.

Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, ii. 1, 3 (1590).

=Rudge= (_Barnaby_), a half-witted young man of three and twenty years old; rather spare, of a fair height and strong make. His hair, of which he had a great profusion, was red and hung in disorder about his face and shoulders. His face was pale, his eyes glassy and protruding. His dress was green, clumsily trimmed here and there with gaudy lace. A pair of tawdry ruffles dangled at his wrists, while his throat was nearly bare. His hat was ornamented with a cluster of peacock’s feathers, limp, broken, and trailing down his back. Girded to his side was the steel hilt of an old sword, without blade or scabbard; and a few knee-ribbons completed his attire. He had a large raven named Grip, which he carried at his back in a basket, a most knowing imp, which used to cry out in a hoarse voice, “Halloa!” “I’m a devil!” “Never say die!” “Polly, put the kettle on!”

Barnaby joined the Gordon rioters for the proud pleasure of carrying a flag and wearing a blue bow. He was arrested and lodged in Newgate, from whence he made his escape, with other prisoners, when the jail was burnt down by the rioters; but both he and his father and Hugh, being betrayed by Dennis, the hangman, were recaptured, brought to trial, and condemned to death, but by the influence of _Gabriel Varden_, the locksmith, the poor half-witted lad was reprieved, and lived the rest of his life with his mother in a cottage and garden near the Maypole.

Here he lived, tending the poultry and the cattle, working in a garden of his own, and helping every one. He was known to every bird and beast about the place, and had a name for every one. Never was there a lighter-hearted husbandman, a creature more popular with young and old, a blither and more happy soul than Barnaby.--Ch. lxxxii.

_Mr. Rudge_, the father of Barnaby, supposed to have been murdered the same night as Mr. Haredale, to whom he was steward. The fact is that Rudge himself was the murderer both of Mr. Haredale and also of his faithful servant, to whom the crime was falsely attributed. After the murder, he was seen by many haunting the locality, and was supposed to be a ghost. He joined the Gordon rioters when they attacked and burnt to the ground the house of Mr. Haredale, the son of the murdered man, and being arrested (ch. lvi.), was sent to Newgate, but made his escape with the other prisoners when it was burnt down by the rioters. Being betrayed by Dennis, he was brought to trial for murder, but we are not told if he was executed (ch. lxxiii.). His name is not mentioned again, and probably he suffered death.

_Mrs. [Mary] Rudge_, mother of Barnaby, and very like him, “but where in his face there was wildness and vacancy, in hers there was the patient composure of long effort and quiet resignation.” She was a widow. Her husband (steward at the Warren), who murdered his master, Mr. Haredale, and his servant, told her of his deed of blood a little before the birth of Barnaby, and the woman’s face ever after inspired terror. It was thought for many years that Rudge had been murdered in defending his master, and Mrs. Rudge was allowed a pension by Mr. Haredale, son and heir of the murdered man. This pension she subsequently refused to take. After the reprieve of Barnaby, Mrs. Rudge lived with him in a cottage near the Maypole, and her last days were her happiest. C. Dickens, _Barnaby Rudge_ (1841).

=Ru´diger=, a wealthy Hun, liegeman of Etzel, sent to conduct Kriemhild to Hungary. When Günther and his suite went to visit Kriemhild, Rudiger entertained them all most hospitably, and gave his daughter in marriage to Giselher (Kriemhild’s brother). In the broil which ensued, Rudiger was killed fighting against Gernot, but Gernot dropped down dead at the same moment, “each by the other slain.”--_Nibelungen Lied_ (by the minnesingers, 1210).

_Rudiger_, a knight who came to Waldhurst in a boat drawn by a swan. Margaret fell in love with him. At every tournament he bore off the prize, and in everything excelled the youths about him. Margaret became his wife. A child was born. On the christening day, Rudiger carried it along the banks of the Rhine, and nothing that Margaret said could prevail on him to go home. Presently, the swan and boat came in sight, and carried all three to a desolate place, where was a deep cavern. Rudiger got on shore, still holding the babe, and Margaret followed. They reached the cave, two giant arms clasped Rudiger, Margaret sprang forward and seized the infant, but Rudiger was never seen more.--R. Southey, _Rudiger_ (a ballad from Thomas Heywood’s notes).

=Rufus= (or _the Red_), William II. of England (1057, 1087-1100).

=Rugby=, servant to Dr. Caius, in _Merry Wives of Windsor_, by Shakespeare.

=Rugg=, (_Mr._) a lawyer living at Pentonville. A red-haired man, who wore a hat with a high crown and narrow brim. Mr. Pancks employed him to settle the business pertaining to the estate which had long lain unclaimed, to which Mr. Dorrit was heir-at-law. Mr. Rugg delighted in legal difficulties as much as a housewife in her jams and preserves.--C. Dickens, _Little Dorrit_ (1857).

=Ruggie´ro=, a young Saracen knight, born of Christian parents. He fell in love with Bradamant (sister of Rinaldo), whom he ultimately married. Ruggiero is especially noted for possessing a hippogriff, or winged horse, and a shield of such dazzling splendor that it blinded those who looked on it. He threw away this shield into a well, because it enabled him to win victory too cheaply.--_Orlando Innamarato_[TN-138] (1495), and _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

=Rukenaw= (_Dame_), the ape’s wife, in the beast-epic called _Reynard the Fox_ (1498).

=Rule a Wife and Have a Wife=, a comedy by Beaumont and Fletcher (1640). Donna Margaritta, a lady of great wealth, wishes to marry in order to mask her intrigues, and seeks for a husband a man without spirit, whom she can mould to her will. Leon, the brother of Altea, is selected as the “softest fool in Spain,” and the marriage takes place. After marriage, Leon shows himself firm, courageous, high-minded, but most affectionate. He “rules his wife” and her household with a masterly hand, wins the respect of every one, and the wife, wholly reclaimed, “loves, honors, and obeys” him.

=Rumolt=, the chief cook of Prince Günther of Burgundy.--_Nibelungen Lied_, 800 (1210).

=Rumpelstilzchen= [_Rumple.stiltz.skin_], an irritable, deformed dwarf. He aided a miller’s daughter, who had been enjoined by the king to spin straw into gold; and the condition he made with her for this service, was that she should give him for wife her first daughter. The miller’s daughter married the king, and when her first daughter was born, the mother grieved so bitterly that the dwarf consented to absolve her of her promise, if, within three days she could find out his name. The first day passed, but the secret was not discovered; the second passed with no better success; but on the third day, some of the queen’s servants heard a strange voice singing:

Little dreams my dainty dame Rumpelstilzchen is my name.

The queen, being told thereof, saved her child, and the dwarf killed himself from rage.--_German Popular Stories._

=Runa=, the dog of Argon and Ruro, sons of Annir, king of Inis-Thona, an island of Scandinavia.--Ossian, _The War of Inis-Thorna_.[TN-139]

=Runners.=

1. Iphiclês, son of Phylakos and Klymĕnê. Hesiod says he could run over ears of corn without bending the stems; and Demarātos says he could run on the surface of the sea.--_Argonauts_, i. 60.

2. Camilla, queen of the Volsci, was so swift of foot that she could run over standing corn, without bending the ears, and over the sea without wetting her feet.--Virgil, _Æneid_, vii. 303; xi. 433.

Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain, Flies o’er th’ unbending corn, and skims along the main.

Pope.

3. Lădas, the swift runner of King Alexander. He ran so fast that he never left a foot-print on the ground.

4. Phidippĭdês, a professional courier, ran from Athens to Sparta (150 miles) in two days.

5. Theagĕnês, a native of Thasos, was noted for his swiftness of foot.

⁂ The Greek hemerodromos would run from twenty to thirty-six leagues in a day.

=Runnymede=, the _nom de plume_ of Benj. Disraeli, in the _Times_ (1805-1881).

=Rupert=, _i.e._ Major Roselheim, the betrothed of Meeta, “the maid of Mariendorpt.”--S. Knowles, _The Maid of Mariendorpt_ (1838).

_Rupert_ (_Prince_), in the service of Charles II. Introduced by Sir W. Scott, in three of his novels.--_Woodstock_, _Legend of Montrose_, and _Peveril of the Peak_.

_Rupert_ (_Sir_), in love with Catharine.--S. Knowles, _Love_ (1840).

=Rupert of Debate.= Edward Geoffrey, earl of Derby, when he was Mr. Stanley, was so called by Lord Lytton (1799-1869).

=Rupert Clare.= Desperate lover, who skates with “handsome Madge” straight toward the rotten ice. Seeing their danger and his revengeful resolve, she shrieks out the name of her betrothed who, unknown to her and the rejected suitor, has followed them. “He hurls himself upon the pair,” and rescues his affianced.

“The lovers stand with heart to heart, ‘No more,’ they cry, ‘no more to part!”[TN-140] But still along the lone lagoon The steel skates ring a ghostly tune, And in the moonlight, pale and cold, The panting lovers still behold The self-appointed sacrifice Skating toward the rotten ice!”

Fitz-James O’Brien, _Poems and Stories_.

=Rush= (_Friar_), a house-spirit, sent from the infernal regions in the seventeenth century to keep the monks and friars in the same state of wickedness they then were.

⁂ The legends of this roistering friar are of German origin. (_Bruder Rausch_ means “Brother Tipple.”)

Milton confounds “Jack-o’-Lantern” with Friar Rush. The latter was not a _field bogie_ at all, and was never called “Jack.” Probably Milton meant a[TN-141] friar with a rush-[light].” Sir Walter Scott also falls into the same error:

Better we had thro’ mire and bush Been lantern-led by Friar Rush.

_Marmion_ (1808).

=Rusil´la=, mother of Roderick, the last of the Goths, and wife of Theodofred, rightful heir to the Spanish throne.--Southey, _Roderick, etc._ (1814).

=Rusport= (_Lady_), second wife of Sir Stephen Rusport, a City knight, and step-mother of Charlotte Rusport. Very proud, very mean, very dogmatical, and very vain. Without one spark of generosity or loving charity in her composition. She bribes her lawyer to destroy a will, but is thwarted in her dishonesty. Lady Rusport has a _tendresse_ for Major O’Flaherty; but the major discovers the villainy of the old woman, and escapes from this Scylla.

_Charlotte Rusport_, step-daughter of Lady Rusport. An amiable, ingenuous, animated, handsome girl, in love with her cousin, Charles Dudley, whom she marries.--R. Cumberland, _The West Indian_ (1771).

=Russet= (_Mr._), the choleric old father of Harriot, on whom he dotes. He is so self-willed that he will not listen to reason, and has set his mind on his daughter marrying Sir Harry Beagle. She marries, however, Mr. Oakly.--(See HARRIOT.)--George Colman, _The Jealous Wife_ (1761).

=Russian Byron= (_The_), Alexander Sergeiwitch Pushkin (1799-1837).

=Russian History= (_The Father of_), Nestor, a monk of Kiev. His _Chronicle_ includes the years between 862 and 1116 (twelfth century).

=Russian Murat= (_The_), Michael Miloradowith (1770-1820).

=Rust= (_Martin_), an absurd old antiquary. “He likes no coins but those which have no head on them.” He took a fancy to Juliet, the niece of Sir Thomas Lofty, but preferred his “Ænēas, his precious relic of Troy,” to the living beauty; and Juliet preferred Richard Bever to Mr. Rust; so matters were soon amicably adjusted.--Foote, _The Patron_ (1764).

=Rustam=, chief of the Persian mythical heroes, son of Zâl “the Fair,” king of India, and regular descendant of Benjamin, the beloved son of Jacob, the patriarch. He delivered King Caïcāus (4 _syl._) from prison, but afterwards fell into disgrace because he refused to embrace the religious system of Zoroaster. Caïcaus sent his son, Asfendiar (or Isfendiar) to convert him, and, as persuasion availed nothing, the logic of single combat was resorted to. The fight lasted two days, and then Rustam discovered that Asfendiar bore a “charmed life,” proof against all wounds. The valor of these two heroes is proverbial, and the Persian romances are full of their deeds of fight.

_Rustam’s Horse_, Reksh.--Chardin, _Travels_ (1686-1711).

In Matthew Arnold’s poem, _Sohrab and Rustum_, Rustum fights with and overcomes Sohrab, and finds too late that he has slain his own son.

_Rustam_, son of Tamur, king of Persia. He had a trial of strength with Rustam, son of Zâl, which was to pull away from his adversary an iron ring. The combat was never decided, for Rustam could no more conquer Rustam than Roland could overcome Oliver.--Chardin, _Travels_ (1686-1711).

=Rusticus’s Pig=, the pig on which Rusticus fed daily, but which never diminished.

Two Christians, travelling in Poland, ... came to the door of Rustĭcus, a heathen peasant, who had killed a fat hog to celebrate the birth of a son. The pilgrims, being invited to partake of the feast, pronounced a blessing on what was left, which _never diminished in size or weight_ from that moment, though all the family fed on it freely every day.--J. Brady, _Clavis Calendaria_, 183.

This, of course, is a parallelism to Elijah’s miracle (1 _Kings_ xvii. 11-16).

=Rut= (_Doctor_), in _The Magnetic Lady_, by Ben Jonson (1632).

=Ruth=, the friend of Arabella, an heiress, and ward of Justice Day. Ruth also is an orphan, the daughter of Sir Basil Thoroughgood, who died when she was two years old, leaving Justice Day trustee. Justice Day takes the estates, and brings up Ruth as his own daughter. Colonel Careless is her accepted _amé de cœur_.--T. Knight, _The Honest Thieves_.

=Ruthven= (_Lord_), one of the embassy from Queen Elizabeth to Mary Queen of Scots.--Sir W. Scott, _The Abbot_ (time, Elizabeth).

=Rutil´io=, a merry gentleman, brother of Arnoldo.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Custom of the Country_ (1647).

=Rutland= (_The Countess of_), wife of the earl of Essex, whom he married when he started for Ireland. The queen knew not of the marriage, and was heart-broken when she heard of it.--Henry Jones, _The Earl of Essex_ (1745).

_Rutland_ (_The duchess of_), of the court of Queen Elizabeth.--Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (time Elizabeth).

=Rutledge= (_Archie_), constable at Osbaldistone Hall. Sir W. Scott, _Rob Roy_ (time, George I.).

_Rutledge_ (_Job_), a smuggler.--Sir W. Scott, _Redgauntlet_ (time, George III.).

=Rut´terkin=, name of a cat, the spirit of a witch, sent at one time to torment the countess of Rutland (sixteenth century).

=Ruy´dera=, a duenna who had seven daughters and two nieces. They were imprisoned for 500 years in the cavern of Montesi´nos, in La Mancha, of Spain. Their ceaseless weeping stirred the compassion of Merlin, who converted them into lakes in the same province.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. ii. 6 (1615).

=Ryence= (_Sir_), king of Wales, Ireland, and many of the isles. When Arthur first mounted the throne, King Ryence, in scorn, sent a messenger to say “he had purfled a mantel with the beards of kings; but the mantel lacked one more beard to complete the lining, and he requested Arthur to send his beard by the messenger, or else he would come and take head and beard too.” Part of the insolence was in this: Arthur at the time was too young to have a beard at all; and he made answer, “Tell your master, my beard at present is all too young for purfling; but I have an arm quite strong enough to drag him hither, unless he comes without delay to do me homage.” By the advice of Merlin, the two brothers, Balin and Balan, set upon the insolent king, on his way to Lady De Vauce, overthrew him, slew “more than forty of his men, and the remnant fled.” King Ryence craved for mercy; so “they laid him on a horse-litter, and sent him captive to King Arthur.”--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, i. 24, 34 (1470).

=Rymar= (_Mr. Robert_), poet at the Spa.--Sir W. Scott, _St. Ronan’s Well_ (time, George III.).

=Ryno=, youngest of the sons of Fingal, king of Morven. He fell in the battle of Lena between the Norsemen led by Swaran and the Irish led by Fingal.

“Rest!” said Fingal; “youngest of my sons, rest! Rest, O Ryno, on Lena! We, too, shall be no more. Warriors must one day fall.”--Ossian, _Fingal_, v.

=Ryparog´rapher of Wits=, Rabelais (1495-1553).

⁂ Greek, _rupăros_ (“foul, nasty”). Pliny calls Pyrĭcus the painter a “ryparographer.”

=Rython=, a giant of Brittany, slain by King Arthur. (See RITHO.)

Rython, the mighty giant, slain, By his good brand relieved Bretagne.

Sir W. Scott, _Bridal of Triermain_, ii. 11 (1813).

=Saadi= or =Sadi=, the Persian poet, called “The Nightingale of a Thousand Songs.” His poems are _The Gulistan_ or “Garden of Roses,” _The Boston_ or “Garden of Fruits,” and _The Pend Nâmeh_, a moral poem. Saadi (1184-1263) was one of the “Four Monarchs of Eloquence.”

=Saba= or =Zaba= (_The Queen of_), called Balkis. She came to the court of Solomon, and had by him a son named Melech. This queen of Ethiopia or Abyssinia is sometimes called Maqueda.--Zaga Zabo, _Ap. Damian. a Goes._

The _Korân_ (ch. xxvii.) tells us that Solomon summoned before him all the birds to the valley of ants, but the lapwing did not put in an appearance. Solomon was angry, and was about to issue an order of death, when the bird presented itself, saying, “I come from Saba, where I found a queen reigning in great magnificence, but she and her subjects worship the sun.” On hearing this, Solomon sent back the lapwing to Saba with a letter, which the bird was to drop at the foot of the queen, commanding her to come at once, submit herself unto him, and accept from him the “true religion.” So she came in great state, with a train of 500 slaves of each sex, bearing 500 “bricks of solid gold,” a crown, and sundry other presents.

=Sabbath-Breakers.= The fish of the Red Sea used to come ashore on the eve of the Sabbath, to tempt the Jews to violate the day of rest. The offenders at length became so numerous that David, to deter others, turned the fish into apes.--Jallâlo´ddin.--_Al Zamakh._

=Sabellan Song=, incantation. The Sabelli or Samnites were noted for their magic art and incantations.

=Sabine= (_The_). Numa, the Sabine, was taught the way to govern by Egĕrĭe, one of the Camēnæ (prophetic nymphs of ancient Italy). He used to meet her in a grove, in which was a well, afterwards dedicated by him to the Camenæ.

Our statues--she That taught the Sabine how to rule.

Tennyson, _The Princess_, ii. (1830).

=Sablonnière= (_La_), the Tuilleries. The word means the “sand-pit.” The _tuilleries_ means the “tile-works.” Nicolas de Neuville, in the fifteenth century, built a mansion in the vicinity, which he called the “Hotel des Tuilleries,” and François I. bought the property for his mother in 1518.

=Sabra=, daughter of Ptolemy, king of Egypt. She was rescued by St. George from the hands of a giant, and ultimately married her deliverer. Sabra had three sons at a birth: Guy, Alexander, and David.

Here come I, St. George, the valiant man, With naked sword and spear in han’, Who fought the dragon and brought him to slaughter, And won fair Sabra thus, the king of Egypt’s daughter.

_Notes and Queries_, December 21, 1878.

=Sabreur= (_Le Beau_), Joachim Murat (1767-1815).